The appearance on the evolutionary arena of the first primates falls on the line of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic ER, and this is not by chance. The fact is that at the end of the chalk period, ending with Mesoza, from the face of the earth, the dominant dotoles on land and in the water giant reptiles (dinosaurs, ichthyosaurics, plesiosaurs, etc.) disappeared and in the water, plesiosavra, etc.) and many habitats and ecological niches were freed. Mammals, modestly labored for tens of millions of years in the shadow of the reptiles, finally came to "operational space" and began to actively fill out the formed emptiness. The development of different ecological niches led to the fact that in behavior, physiology and anatomy, even close-friendly groups accumulated more specific features, and their evolutionary pathways eventually diverged further. The consequence of this process, referred to in the language of biologists by adaptive radiation, was the formation at the end of the Cretaceous period and at the beginning of the Paleogen of many new types, birth, families and detachments of animals.

Very interesting, the question of how the further history of life on Earth would have developed, if there were no mass extinction of biota at the turn of the last two geological er. This question is not so meaningless, as it may seem at first glance, since it is possible that the extinction is explained in many ways of random reasons, and among those whom it affected, there could be applicants for promotion in the category of thinking creatures. According to the well-known and well-substantiated hypothesis, the disappearance of dinosaurs at the end of the chalk period was caused by a catastrophe of cosmic origin, i.e., the drop in a large meteorite, which caused a sharp climate change (it is sometimes compared with the effect of "nuclear winter"). Some researchers assume that this cataclysm does not happen, violating the natural, organic course of the development of earthly nature, then the planet would have been owned by lizards, and the mind would not appear in its current material shell, but in the brain of some of these animals, for example, Coruses. Of course, this is nothing more than a hypothesis, besides the hypothesis unchecked, but in principle there is nothing incredible in it, and it illustrates the idea of \u200b\u200bpotential multivariate the evolutionary process.

Let's come back, however, to our primates. According to some calculations based on the number of known species (modern and fossil) and the average duration of "life" of the species (1 million years), the first officials of the detachment had to exist already 80 million years ago, but most experts seem unlikely such antiquity, since significantly exceeds the age of all available fossil findings. The earliest of these finds occurred from Paleocene deposits and fall into the chronological range from 55 to 60 million years ago (see Fig. 2).

The initial stages of the evolution of primates are not yet sufficiently studied, and the problem of the origin of the detachment is far from the final permit. Neither its genealogical roots nor the place of appearance is not yet defined. True, it is practically no doubt that the ancestors of primates were some representatives of the detachment of insectivores ( Insectivora), but, at the same time, among the fossil findings that are now there are no such, which, with complete confidence, could be considered as a link, binding two of these groups of animals. Usually, as an initial anestick group, intermediate between insectivores, on the one hand, and primates, on the other, consider the genus Purgatorius ( Purgatorius.), famous for the few bones originating from the lateral sediments of North America. Fossil remains of representatives of this kind and some other, close to them, forms allow you to more or less confidently judge the appearance and some features of the behavior of the oldest primates. According to the existing reconstructions, these were small (from about one hundred grams to several kilograms weighing) insectivore and partly, apparently, vegetative animals. They were mainly a woody lifestyle and, unlike their ancestors, already had adapted to capture the limbs with relatively long phalanges of fingers and flat nails instead of claws. Minus the last feature appearance they may most like the modern tropical protein, and only due to the specific structure of the teeth are identified now as primates.

Judging by the geography of finds, in Paleocene (65-54 million years ago), representatives of the new detachment were inhabited, mainly in North America and Western Europe, connected at that time a wide sushi strip (Fig. 3). In addition, individual fossils comparable antiquity were found in South and East Asia and Africa, which at the beginning of the Cenozoic era also had several other outlines than now.

Fig. 3. Location of continents at the beginning of the Cenozoic era

First monkeys

In early Eocene (54-45 million years ago) within the detachment of primates there are already many families, childbirth and species, among which there are ancestors of modern lemurs and long-life. Usually these early semi-esshynes are divided into lemuriforms (lemurs and their ancestors) and taris-mounted (long-term and their ancestors). No later than 40 million years ago, i.e., most likely, in the middle or even the beginning of the Eocenta, it happens, judging by the finds in East Asia and North Africa, the extraction of the highest primacy line - anthropoids ( Anthropoidea.), or, in other words, the monkeys actually (Fig. 4).

Fig. four. Evolutionary branch of higher primates ( Anthropoidea.). Only lines are shown, representatives of which are preserved today

It should be borne in mind that in the domestic literature the term anthropoid was often used, and sometimes used now, to designate human-like monkeys. However, this consumption is, although it finds some excuse in the etymology of the word "anthropoid" (it comes from Greek ???????? - a person and literally means "human-like"), undesirable and leads to confusion. Anthropoids, according to the generally accepted zoological nomenclature, are all monkeys in general, and for a separate designation of man-like monkeys exists and is used throughout the world the term "hominoids" (from Latin homo. - human).

The question of where the first monkeys appeared is not yet solved. Africa and Eastern Asia are claiming their role, but to make the choice between these regions with the current state of our knowledge is not possible. In recent years, some important finds that can shed light on the problem of origin of anthropoids were made in China, Burma and neighboring countries, although Africa, for sure, did not say her last word in the dispute between the continents, and here the paleontologists are also waiting for new discoveries.

Already the first monkeys differed noticeably from the lower primates, or in other words, a semoressean by many features of the structure of the dental system and the head of the skull, indicating the change in the nature of the diet towards greater herbivoring (more precisely, frugvores, i.e. food with fruit) and the transition from the night Lifestyle to daylight. These features in their behavior are associated with the fact that their vision is much better developed than most animals, and the smell, on the contrary, has lost sharpness. According to the last two signs to monkeys are close to long, on the basis of what both groups combine sometimes in the Haplor sub surcharge (????? in Greek means "simple", and ????? - "nose"). More importantly, however, that anthropoids are inherent in such a feature, as a relatively large size of the brain than they can not boast. Dolghivatov, like the rest of primates, the volume of the brain is approximately the same as other animals similar size, whereas the monkeys are on average twice as much as it should be expected from the mammals of their "weight category".

Most paleontologists remove anthropoids from tarismal primates, a minority - from lemuroforms, and, in addition, it is suggested that they may be an independent branch that takes place directly from the general primates of the original stem. Subsequently, this branch is divided into two: wide monkeys ( Platyrrhini.), living now only in South America, and narrow-skinned ( Catarrhini.) inhabiting the old light. The most ancient bones of widely discovered in Bolivia, in sediments about 25 million years old, and the second - in North Africa and in the Arabian Peninsula, where they clutched in geological layers, formed 31-35 million years ago, and partly, perhaps earlier. The ancestors of wide, the former, apparently, from Africa, could accidentally get into South America on natural "roofs" from plants in water. Some likely there seemed like the probability of a prosperous outcome of such a journey, cases of this kind, apparently, they still took place. In addition to the ancestors of wide monkeys, some African rodents are believed to be the same path.

Almost everything we know today about the early stages of the evolution of the iconic monkeys, it became known thanks to the findings in the Fairywood, located west of the Nile in the territory of Egypt. This is the largest location of the medium-grade fauna gave the remains of many types of primates. They originate from the sediments of the geological formation Jebel Catrani, belonging to the period from 31 to 35 million years ago. The greatest interest among the monkeys whose bones were found in the file, have so-called propagopitecides for us, usually allocated as the foresight. The properopitecid is attributed to the propropitec; Propliopithecus.) and Egyptopiteka ( Aegyptopithecus.). In them, many researchers see the most likely ancestors of contemporary vocal monkeys, including humanlike.

Origin and evolution of human monkeys

Approximately on the turn of oligocene and miocene (23 million years ago), or a little earlier (see Fig. 2) there is a separation of dotol of a single trunk of narrow-axis monkeys into two branches: churches, or dog-like ( CERCOPITHECOIDEA.) and hominoids, i.e. humanlike ( Hominoidea.). This separation, apparently, was largely due to the fact that part of the vector-axis (the ancestors of the churches) moved to nutrition with leaves, while the other part (ancestors of hominoids) retained the loyalty of the fruit diet. Differences in the menu affected, in particular, on the structure of the teeth, which is extremely important for paleontologists, since it is the teeth that make up the whole part of the fossil findings. The surface of the chewing teeth of the churches of the churches is characteristic, only to them inherent in the pattern formed by four tubercles. On the teeth of man-like monkeys, five rounded tubercles separated by U--shaped grooves are the so-called "pattern of dripiteca" (Fig. 5).

Fig. five. The surface of the indigenous teeth of churches (s) and hominoids (b)

The churches of the churches, represented by the only but very numerous family of mardy-shaped, are often referred to as the lowest cloth monkeys, and hominoids are higher. In addition to the features of the shape of the teeth, hominoids distinguishes from the lower vocal monkeys also the absence of tail, shorter (relative to the limbs), flat and wide torso and, finally, the specific structure of the shoulder joint, ensuring greater freedom of rotation of the upper limbs in different planes. Apparently, all listed features were acquired by early hominoids as a result of adaptation to such methods of movement in trees that require vertical and at least partially straightened body position. It is a support with a support for the lower limbs, as well as the so-called brachiation, i.e. transferring or throwing a body from the branch of the branch using the upper extremities (Fig. 6). For the lower monkeys, neither the other, in general, not peculiar, and they, in contrast to humans, even on the branches move, as a rule, on four limbs, like all the other mammals from the protein to the leopard.

Fig. 6. Gibments - Classic Brachiators

At one time, some researchers believed that the churches and hominoids were divided in early oligocene, and that there were already princehiteks and Egyptopites, who lived about 30-35 million years ago should be considered as hominoids. Indeed, the teeth of these monkeys found in the Fairymskaya Wpadine, carry a well-pronounced pattern of dripiteca, but the bones of their skull and a skeleton in their structure closer to the similar bones of churches. Such a mosaic of signs allows you to see in these kinds a more or less close similarity of the ancestral form from which the churches of churches and hominoids occurred. Unfortunately, a huge temporary interval, exciting all late oligocene, still remains almost uncompheried fossil material, and therefore it is impossible to imagine any detail of the process of discrepancies of two branches of cloth monkeys.

One time as the earliest form of hominoids was allegedly considered the genus of camoupite ( Kamoyapithecus.), highlighted by the finds on the late-altitude location of the losions in Northern Kenya. Due to its location between the two well-dated CalyaRon's layers of basalt, the lower of which has an age of 27.5 ± 0.3 million, and the upper 24.2 ± 0.3 million years, these finds have reliable chronological binding. However, they are still too small and fragmented so that they can with complete confidence could be defined as the remains of a man's monkey. A more representative material that sheds the light into the early stages of the evolution of hominoids occurs from a number of locations in the West Kenya, but even the oldest of them - Mesba Bridge - about 3 million years younger than the solo.

Now, thanks to the finds in Africa and Eurasia, about 30 kinds of Miocene hominoids are known, but it is assumed that this material and half does not reflect their actual diversity. According to some estimates, the number of births that existed in the named period could be five times more, and those of them who are critical to understand the phylogenetic relationships of different groups within the foresight of humans are not yet open. So it is or not, but the ideas about the phylogenesis of hominoids are both fossil and modern - while indeed far from clarity.

From the mid-60s. XX century To construct the genealogical tree, the detachment of primates (as well as many other animal groups) began to use the information contained in the macromolecules of proteins and especially nucleic acids. The principle underlying the methods used for this, partly akin to the one on which radioisotope dating methods are based. If in the latter, the rate of decay of radioactive elements (for example, C 14 - radioactive carbon) is used in the latter as the basis of the calculations (for example, C 14 - radioactive carbon), then the so-called neutral point mutations play a similar role. Such mutations, although they lead to a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence, do not have, as expected, values \u200b\u200bfor natural selection and are distributed over time (of course, we are talking about sufficiently long segments) more or less evenly. If so, then comparing through various, very sophisticated, techniques structure of DNA molecules in different groups of organisms, one can judge the degree of their kinship (what it is closer, the less differences should be), and at a well-known mutitation rate even about the approximate time discrepancies from the general ancestor. Of course, biomolecular methods of phylogenetic studies cannot be considered absolutely reliable and self-sufficient, and there are still many unsolved problems in this area. However, as experience shows, in terms of the evolution of primates, the biomolecular and paleontological analysis is provided in general, as a rule, quite close results.

Comparison of nucleotide sequences in DNA molecules taken from modern churches and human-like monkeys, according to most of the specialists, that the evolutionary routes of these groups have separated somewhere in the range from 22 to 28 million years ago. Thus, the paleontological and molecular data taken together make it possible to believe that the independent phylogenetic history of the daily formation of hominoids, which, from now living primates, includes people and human monkeys (chimpanzees, gorilla, orangutang, gibbon, siamang), about 25 million began Back (Fig. 4).

Until recently, three families were made to allocate three families as part of the hominide prosperity: gobatide ( Hylobatidae.) represented by Gibbon and Siamang, Pongid ( Pongidae.) who attributed to the genera of Orangutan ( Pongo.), gorilla ( Gorilla.) and chimpanzees ( Pan.), and hominid ( Hominidae.), i.e., a person and his arms of his own ancestors. This classification was based on external anatomical signs, first of all, such as the proportions of the limbs, the features of the structure of fangs and indigenous teeth, etc. The widespread use of biomolecular methods in the systematics, however, showed that rearrangement of the taxa taken to date. In particular, it turned out that Orangutang in the genetic plan is from African man-like monkeys (gorilla and chimpanzees) further than the last of the person, and should be allocated to a special family. In addition, there were data that speakers that the genetic distance between man and chimpanzees can even be less than between chimpanzees and gorilla, and, if so, then, it means that the corresponding changes in the systematics are also necessary.

There is practically no doubt that hominoids appeared in Africa, and almost 10 million their history remained linked exclusively with this continent. In not considering the controversial materials mentioned above, the earliest hominoids found on the Nizhniotane locomotives of East Africa belong to the genus Proconsul ( ProConsul) (Fig. 7). True, there is a point of view, according to which Proconsul was also not yet a hominoid itself, but her supporters admit that some of the species of this kind could well be the general ancestor of all the later man-like monkeys.

Fig. 7. Reconstruction of the skeleton and skulls of Proconsula

At the end of the early Miocene in Africa, there were already representatives of several kinds of hominoids: Dendropite, Micropita, Afrophites, Turcanopiteca, etc., but the phylogenetic significance of these forms is unclear. It is difficult to say whether any of them had a direct attitude to the pedigree of modern gorillas or chimpanzees. In the size of the body, African early-dealer hominoids ranged from very small, up to 3 kg weighing ( Micropithecus Clarki.), to large ( ProConsul Major., Turkanapithecus Heseloni.), weighing about 100 kg, like a female of modern gorilla, and their diet turned on the main fruit and young leaves. All listed forms were mainly a woody lifestyle, and when moving on Earth remained four-legged. The only exception to the last rule was, possibly, oropes, or, more precisely, the view Oreopithecus Bamboli.But he did not dwell in Africa, but in Europe, and not at the beginning, but at the end of Miocene. The study of bone remains of the Oteropiteka, found in Italy in sediments of 8-9 million years old, led a number of paleontologists to the assumption that this is a creature when it turned out to be on Earth, preferred to use not four for walking, and two legs.

On average, Miocene, when a land jumper was established between Africa and Eurasia, (16-17 million years ago), the habitat of hominoids was significantly expanded due to the inclusion of the territories of the South of Europe and Asia. The most ancient fossil representatives of this group in Europe are about 13-15 million years old (Polyopitek ( Pliopithecus.), dripitek ( Dryopithecus.), later Uranopitek ( Oranopithecus.)), and in Asia about 12 million years. However, if in Asia, at least on its southeastern outskirts, they managed to thoroughly entrenched, preserved there until later (orangutans, gibbons, siamanga), then in Europe the conditions turned out to be less suitable, and, surviving a short period of heyday, to The end of the Miocene of the hominoids here die. In sediments of age younger than 7 million, their remains in Europe were not found. In Africa during the period under review (from 15 to 5 million years ago), there is also a significant reduction in the number of known types of hominoids, but, despite this, it is also it remains the place of major events in their evolution. On the most important of these events directly related to the origin of a person, and will be discussed in the following chapters.

Notes:

See, for example: Tatarinov L. P. Essays on the theory of evolution. M., 1987. P. 186-188; Budyko M. I. Time travel. M., 1990. P. 16.

In Greek "nose" - ???, the word "?????" - The form of this noun in the parental case. ( Note. ed.)

Ward C. V. et al. FUNCTION AND PHYLOGENY IN MIOCENE HOMINOIDS // FUNCTION, PHYLOGENY, AND FOSSILS: MIOCENE HOMINOID EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATIONS. NEW YORK, 1997. P. 1-2.

Pilbeam D. Research on Miocene Hominoids and Hominid Origins. The Last Three Decades // Function, Phylogeny, And Fossils: Miocene HominoID Evolution and Adaptations. NEW YORK, 1997.

• Primates (lat. Primates, Fr. Primat, from Primas, letters. "The first") is one of the most progressive detachments of placental mammals, including, including monkeys and man. The detachment has more than 400 species.

  Primates ancestors lived on trees in rainforest. With trees lifestyle and most modern primates. Accordingly, they are adapted to a three-dimensional habitat.

  With the exception of a person who inhabits all continents, most primates live in tropical or subtropical regions of Northern and South America, Africa and Asia. The body weight of primates varies from 30 g at Lemur Microcebus Berthae to more than 200 kg in the eastern plain gorilla. In accordance with the paleontological data, the ancestors of primates appeared at the end of the chalk period of about 65 million years ago; The most ancient primates (representatives of Plesiadapis clan) are known from Late Paleocene, 55-58 million years ago. The method of molecular hours indicates that primates could separate from the ancestral forms in the middle of the chalk period of about 85 million years ago.

  The detachment of primates was traditionally divided into two sub-trainers - semorestation and monkeys. Primates from the sub-trainer sub-train have signs characteristic of ancient primates. This subverse included, in particular, lemurs, Lorurovy and Dolgovati. Primates from the monkeys subdomains were represented by anthropoids, including human and human people. IN lately Primates are classified on Strepsirrhini recorder or wet primates, and the Haplorhini recorder or dry brimates, to which are attributed to long-sighted monkey. Monkey-like divide on wide, or new light monkeys (living in southern and central America), and narrow-axis, or old light monkeys (living in Africa and Southeast Asia). New World monkeys include, in particular, Capuchins, Rezunov and Saymyiri. Focalous are represented by mamyshko-shaped (for example, baboons and macales), gibbons and large man-like monkeys. The person is the only representative of the narcotic monkeys, spread outside Africa, South and East Asia, although the fossil remains indicate that many other species also lived in Europe. Constantly describe new types of primates, more than 25 species have been described in the first decade of the XXI century, eleven species are described since 2010.

  Most primates lead a woody lifestyle, but some (including large man-like monkeys and baboons) switched to ground. However, primates leading a terrestrial lifestyle retain to the trees for climbing. Methods of movement include tree jumps on a tree, walking on two or four limbs, walking on the back limbs with a support for the fingers of the front limbs, as well as brachia - movement in which the animal is swinging on the front limbs.

  For primates, the larger than that of other mammals, the brain is characteristic. Of all the senses, stereoscopic vision is most important, as well as smell. These features are stronger than the monkeys and weaker - Laurie and Lemurov. For some primates, three-color vision is characteristic. Most have a thumb opposed to others; Some have a tenacious tail. For many species, a sexual dimorphism is characteristic, which is manifested in the mass of the body, the size of the fangs, color.

  Primates are developing and reaching maturity slower than other mammals similar size, but they live long. Depending on the species, adults can live singly, couples or groups to hundreds of individuals.

Primates are mainly inhabited by trees, to move on which they are adapted and their limbs. They are long and thin, and the brushes and the stops of grabbing type: thumbs are usually opposed to the rest. Limbs are easily rotated in the femoral and shoulder joints; The front and to lesser extent can be rotated with palm and soles inside and even up. The teeth in more primitive primates (in particular, the dupsy and lemurs) are covered with sharp strurs and are adapted for grinding, except for plant foods, also solid insect covers. The muzzle is elongated and pointed. In monkeys, the face is shortened; The two branches of the lower jaw in front were merged without a seam, and the teeth carry rounded bumps and adapted to grind the soft parts of the plants. The upper fangs are usually well developed, especially in males, and are used in fights.

The reproductive system of primates is similar to the human, except for small details. Many monkeys of the placenta double discoomal, but long hence and humanlike it is formed by the only disk as a person. Lemurs have a diffuse unpaid placenta. As a rule, one cub is born.

The smell of primates, in contrast to most mammals, developed weakly, but the vision and hearing are sharp. The eyes are in the front plane of the person, which provides a wide field of binocular, i.e. Stereoscopic, view. In monkeys, especially humane, well developed brain; It looks like human, but it works easier.

Zoologists divide the detachment of primates in different ways. In the system offered here, the squad is divided into two suburbs: semoressean and higher primates, i.e. Monkeys and man. Every subverse is divided into three superstamism, including, in turn, one or more family.

Prosimiae (semoresyans)

Tupaiidae (Tupaya)

Tupay often refer to insectivores, but most likely they are close to the ancestral form of all primates and can be considered a special half-ease of semolstery. They have claws on their paws, five fingers are able to spread wide. The chewing surface of the indigenous teeth carries a W-shaped ridge. The eyeball is surrounded by a solid bone ring, like lemurs. Fossil plumbing, close to modern forms, found in Mongolia and are dated by the lower oligogenic.

Lemuridea (Lemurs)

The oldest lemore-like primates are known from Paleocene and Eocene North America and Europe. Lemuridae family includes Lemur Madagascar. Only there is also the only type of the Farknowkovy family (Daubentoniidae) - Ayj-Aya. Fossil remnants found in France and dated Eocene showed that earlier this family was spread more widely. Loriyev (Lorisidae) includes Lori, Potto and Galago, living in Southeast Asia and Tropical Africa.

Tarsioidea (Disclaimers)

Currently, this important supersaturation is represented by three species in the Malay archipelago, but in Eocene, similar forms were distributed in Europe and North America. On many signs, they approach the highest primates.

Anthropoidea (Higher Primates, Monkeys)

Ceboidea (wide, new light monkeys)

Perhaps this is the foremost, regardless of other monkeys, it happened from the ancient lemural. Their nostrils are separated by a wide partition, and the surface (two-liquid) teeth are three. At the chamber (Callithricidae), except Callimico.The last indigenous teeth are absent on both jaws, and the fingers, except for the first finger, all species are armed with claws. Kapuchin (Cebidae) on all fingers flat nails, but the tail in many cases chain, grasping; Thumbs in the hands are often very small or even absent. One fossil view from the lower Miocene of Patagonia is very similar to modern forms.

CERCOPITHECOIDEA (lower fabric, or dog-like, monkeys)

At the monkeys of the old world from the Martish-shaped family (Cercopithecidae), only two pre-seams, and their tails are never grateful. Martyshek, Mangrobyev, Macak, Pavians and other Martychkovy (Cercopithecinae's subfamily) there are grinding bags. They feed on plants, insects and other small animals. Gleder, Langurov and other representatives of the subfamily of thin-robbed monkeys (colobinae) of the grinding bags are not. They feed in the main leaves, and their stomachs consist of three departments. The ancestors of the monkey of the old world appeared no later than the early oligocene.

Hominoidea (humanoid)

Three families include three families of admitted primates: Hylobatidae (Gibbon), Pongidae (man) and Hominidae (people). The similarity between them is not less than inside groups of dogs-like and wide monkeys: very close tooth systems, the structure of the brain, placenta, embryonic development and even serological reactions. Fossil shapes that could give the beginning of all over future, are known from Egypt and date back to the Lower oligogenic ( Propliopithecus.); The oldest gibbone remnants were found in the Miocene sediments of Central Europe; Early people are represented by many finds of Miocene and Pliocene age ( Dryopithecus. and Sivapithecus.), and kind Paleosimia., very similar to modern orangutans, is described from the formation of a silicle (Upper Miocene) in the north of India.

Of all mammals, primates (monkeys and semolstery) are distinguished, perhaps the greatest variety and wealth of forms. But, despite the external differences, they are combined by many common features of the body of the body, which have been developed in the process of evolution in the conditions of woody lifestyle.

Primates have a well-developed five-layer, grabbing limb adapted to Lazagan on the branches of trees. For all primates, the presence of a clavicle and the full separation of radiation and elbow bones, which ensures the mobility and variety of movements of the front limb. The thumb is moving and many species can oppose the rest of the fingers. The end phalanges of the fingers are equipped with nails. For those forms that possess claw-visible nails or have a claw on individual fingers, the thumb always carries a flat nail. When moving on the ground, primates are based on the entire foot.

With woody life, they are associated with the reduction of sense of smell and increased development of organs of vision and hearing. There are only 3-4 nasal shells. The eyes are more or less directed forward, and the sockets are separated from the temporal pit with a sloppy ring (tupayia, lemurs) or a bone partition (long-distance, monkeys). On the face of the lower primates there are 4-5 groups of tactile hair - Vibribuss, at the highest - 2-3. Skin scallops in monkeys, like a person, are developed on the entire palm and plantar surface, the semi-addies are only on the pads

.

The active life and diversity of the functions of the forelimbs led to the primates a strong development of the brain, and in connection with this, an increase in the cranial box volume and, accordingly, reducing the facial skull department. But well-developed big hemispheres of the brain with abundant furrows and convulsions are characteristic only for higher primates. The lowest representatives of the brain detachment smooth or has little furrow and the sorus.

Primates are mainly powered by mixed foods with a predominance of plant, less often - insecto. In connection with the mixed nutrition, they have a simple stomach. Four-type teeth are cutters, fangs, small (premolars) and large (molars) are indigenous; Molars with 3-5 tubercles. There is a complete change of teeth - dairy and constant.

Significant variations are noted in the size of the body of primates - from small mouse lemurs to the gorilla grow 180 cm and above. The hair cover is thick, with a subhead at the semoressean, most monkeys are poorly developed. Many species wool and skin are brightly painted, brown eyes or yellow. The tail is long, but there are short and tailless forms.

Primates are multiplied all year round, the female is usually born one (at the lower forms - sometimes 2-3) the cub. As a rule, Primates live on trees, but there are terrestrial and midnight views. Lifestyle of primates day, old, less frequently pair or single; They dwell mainly in the tropical and subtropical forests of Africa, Asia and America are also in high-altitude areas.

Modern primates are known about 200 species. They are combined in 57 genera, 12 families and 2 sub-trainers - semobesian (Prosimii) and monkey (Anthropoidea).

According to the most common classification in the detachment of primates, tupaii are included, which, as an independent Tupaiidae family, together with lemurs and long adopts, constitute a semi-esshyan cross. Through lemurs, they bind insectivore animals with primates, recalling the oldest ancestors of the latter.

In our description of primates, we adhere to the most common classification adopted by J. and P. Nea-Pirii (J. V. Napier and P. N. Napier. A Handbook of Living Primates. London - NEW-YORK, 1967).

It is believed that primitive insectivore mammals were believed that primitive insectivorous mammals were very similar to modern stupid. The rest of them are detected in the Upper Mongolia sediments. These ancient primates, in all likelihood, settled from Asia to other places of Old World and North America, where they gave the basis for the development of lemures and long hex. The initial forms of monkeys of the new and old world were probably the beginning of primitive long-standing (some authors ancestors of monkeys consider ancient lemurs). American monkeys arose independently of the monkeys of the old world. The ancestors penetrated them from North America to the southern, here they developed and specialized, adapting to the conditions of solely wood life.

A person in many anatomical and biological devices belongs to the highest primates, where the individual family of people (Hominidae) is with a family (HOMO) and one species is a modern reasonable person (N. Sapiens Recents).

The practical importance of primates is very large. Like live and funny creatures, monkeys have always attracted human attention. They were the subject of hunting, they were sold in the zoos and for home entertainment. Meat of many monkeys and are now eating aborigines. Meat and semolstery are considered very tasty. Some types of primates are used on the release of certain things.

In recent years, monkeys are increasingly acquired in biological and medical experiments. According to many anatomy-physiological signs of monkeys (not only humans, but also the lower) detect the striking similarity with man. They are even subject to many inherent diseases (for example, dysentery, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtherite, measles, angina), in general, the person flowing as well as in humans. Sometimes man-like monkeys die from appendicitis.

All this indicates the morphological and biochemical similarity of blood and tissues of monkeys and man. That is why some monkeys are used in the treatment of people (for example, the kidney of macales, green monkeys and some other monkeys serve as a nutrient medium for growing viruses, turning then, after appropriate processing, in a vaccine against poliomyelitis).

Life of animals: in 6 volumes. - M.: Enlightenment. Edited by Professors N.A. Gladkova, A.V. Mikheev. 1970 .

Watch what is "Primate detachment (Primates)" in other dictionaries:

- (Primates) * * Primate detachment (primates) combines almost 200 species, including a person. Primates naturally disintegrated into two suburbs of the semoressean and monkeys, whose representatives differ markedly outdoor ... ... animal life

Magota (Macaca Sylvanus) ... Wikipedia

- (Primates), the detachment of higher mammals. placental. P.'s ancestors were primitive insectivorous mammals; In the uppermal sediments of Mongolia found, apparently, Naib, an ancient representative of this source group (Zalambdaleces). ... ... Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary

The first detachment of mammals, to which modern zoologists include a man and a monkey. A dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. Primates The first detachment of mammals, to which Linny attributed a person ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- (Primates), a detachment of mammals, which includes a person, humans and other monkeys, as well as semoressean. Perhaps it should be attributed to Tupy from South East Asia. The name of primates, meaning the first, leading, is given to a detachment ... ... Encyclopedia Color

- (Primates) detachment of mammals. Most scientists subdivides them on 2 sub-trainers: semoresens and monkeys. Body size from 13 15 cm (mouse lemurs and dwarf toys) up to 175 cm and more (gorilla standing); Weigh from 60 100 g (mouse lemurs) ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

primates - OV, MN. Primates Pl., m. Lat. PRIMATES of the primary. Zool. The highest detachment of mammals, including semoressean, monkeys and man. SIS 1985. Man with low mental abilities. I am afraid that the abyss between a member of the party ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicalism Russian Language

Primates - (PRIMATES detachment) An extensive group of mammalian species (detachment), to which a systematic relations applies to a modern person and its evolutionary predecessors. In the surprise of monkeys (which is not very true). The most important distinctive ... ... Physical anthropology. Illustrated Dictionary.

Primates, primates, units. Primat, Primate, Husband. (from lat. Primates primary) (Zootal). The detachment of higher mammals, to which are semoresens, monkeys and people. Explanatory dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary Ushakov

- (Primates; Lat. Primates One of the first) detachment of placental mammals, to which monkeys and man are ... Big Medical Dictionary

The detachment unites the most developed and progressive mammals. "Primates" in translation means "first", as representatives of the type of monkeys are one of the most highly organized animals. There are more than 200 types of primates - these are small dwarf toys (up to 10 cm in length), and huge gorillas (up to 180cm in length) with weight of about 250kg.

General characteristic detachment

Primates inhabit the tropical zones: prefer to live in thick thickets. Other types of wood animals climb trees with sharp claws. But primates use long fingers that wrap the branch.

The front and hind limbs are the five-plated, the first finger, as in humans, is opposed to the rest. So animals are securely enough for the branches and are held on them. There are no claws on the fingers, and flat nails grow. Primate limbs are used not only for moving, but also to capture food, cleaning and combing hair.

Primate detachments:

• Binocular vision;
• fines with five fingers;
• the body is thickly covered with hair;
• instead of claws, nails are developed;
• the first finger is opposed to the rest;
• weak sense of smell;
• developed brain.

Evolution

Primates is the oldest group of placental mammals. With the help of the remains managed to investigate their evolution for 90 million years, it was then primitive to be divided into primates and helmocks.

Following 5 million years, new two groups were formed: dry and mocon-free primates. Then there were long-shaped, neotic-shaped, lemural.

Global cooling, which came 30 million years ago, led to mass extinction of primates, representatives remained only in Africa, America and Asia. Then the first true ancestors of modern primates began to appear.

These animals lived on trees and fed in insects. They went from orangutans, gibbons, dripiteca. The latter is an extinct group of primates, which evolved into other types: chimpanzees, gorilla, man.

The opinion of scientists that a person originated from Dryochitenkov is based on a multitude of similarities in structure and appearance. Strying - the main feature, first separated by a person from primates during evolution.

Simplicity of man with primates
Similarity	Characteristic
Appearance	Large sizes, long limbs with the same building plan (five-trough, opposition of the first finger), similar form of exterior ear, nose, mimic muscles, nail plates
Inner skeleton	12-13 pairs of ribs, similar departments, the same bone structure
Blood	One cellular composition, four blood groups
Chromosomal set	The amount of chromosomes from 46 to 48, similar shape and structure
Metabolic processes	Dependence on enzyme systems, hormones, identical mechanisms for the splitting of nutrients
Diseases	Tuberculosis, diphteria, cortex, poliomyelitis proceed equally

Sense organs

Among all the mammals in monkeys the most developed brain, with many sorts of hemispheres. Rumor and vision is well developed. Eyes at the same time focusing on the object, allowing you to accurately determine the distance, which is very important when leaping on the branches.

Monkeys are able to distinguish between the surrounding items and their color, being at a distance, they see the mature fruits and edible insects. The olfactory receptors are poorly distinguished by smells, and for the touch, fingers, palms and feet, deprived of the hairproof, are answered.

Lifestyle

Eat plants and small animals in food, but preference is preferred still vegetable food. Newborn primates are capable of seeing from the first days, but they cannot move independently. Young clings to females wool, which keeps him with one hand and carries with him.

Take an active lifestyle during the daytime. Combine in herd with a leader - the strongest male. All obey him and follow his instructions that are sent with the help of facial expressions, gestures, sounds.

Habitat

Primates with wide nostrils are common in America (wide monkeys), with an elongated tail, which is easily clinging to the branch. A well-known representative of the wide-axis is a spider monkey, which received such a name due to long limbs.

Furious primates live in Africa and tropical Asia. The tail, for example, at Martis, during Lazagna does not play a significant role, and some species are completely deprived. Pavians prefer to live on Earth, moving on four limbs.

Classification of detachment

There are several classifications of the adhesive detachment. Modern allocates two sub-traines: Mokrone Primates and Sukhoniy.

Symptoms from the Mokrone sublit are distinguished by the drying species. The main difference is a wet nose that makes it possible to better perceive odors. The first finger is in a lesser extent opposed to other fingers. Mokrose give more prolulled offspring - up to several young, and the ducts basically wear one child.

An older is considered to be the separation of primates into two groups: semi-discharge (lower primates) and monkeys (higher primate):

1. Semobesseans include lemurs and long-sized animals, are active at night. Inhabiting the territory of tropical Asia and Africa.
2. Monkeys are highly organized animals, whose representatives include different types of monkeys, informants, gibbons, as well as man-like monkeys.

Manoid monkeys include African Gorilla, Chimpanzees, Orangutans. Man-like monkeys in the day of the trees in search of food, sit at night in nests from the busts. They skillfully and quickly move on the hind limbs, maintaining the equilibrium with the rear surface of the brush, which rests about the soil. Manoid monkeys are deprived of a tail.

Representatives of the family have a well-developed brain, which determines their behavior. They are endowed with excellent memory and intelligence. Man-like monkeys can make a primitive instrument from prisoners. Chimpanzee with the help of a branch pulls out of the narrow gorges of insects, applies straws as a toothpick. Large knots, piles of monkey earth are used as a weapon.

Due to the developed facial muscles, chimpanzees can communicate, sending mimic signs to each other: can be depicted fright, anger, joy. In this regard, man-like monkeys are very similar to people.

For a person as a representative of primates, it is also characteristic: a five-palarable grabbing limb, tactile pattern, dental differentiation, a significant development of sensory systems, small fecundity and more. That is why people refer to the family of man-like monkeys. A distinctive feature of people is a consciousness that arose due to labor activities.