Therefore, a license is required for collection, transportation, storage, and disposal. Licenses are issued for:

• export;
• transportation;
• recycling;
• collection;
• polygon;
• disinfection.

Licensing

Law of the Russian Federation dated May 4, 2011 No. 99-FZ “On licensing individual species activities" as amended on October 14, 2014 No. 307-FZ requires a license when accumulating, recycling and using waste of hazard categories I–IV is carried out.

The licensing authority is represented by federal service, exercising supervision in the field of environmental management. The permit is valid for an indefinite period. Issued within 2.5–3 months. Licenses are obtained by specialized enterprises that have the appropriate technical base and the ability to comply with sanitary, epidemiological, environmental and other regulatory requirements. Most often, to obtain paper, people turn to companies that collect and submit documents to the necessary authorities.

There are Russian classifiers of economic activity OKVED (code for this type of activity 90.00.2) and OKPD (code for solid waste removal 93 190), which were updated in September 2014.

Accounting

There are three groups of consumers: population, budget and others.

Each group has its own tariff system. For each person, tariffs are set according to the standards for the accumulation of solid waste. Tariffs are developed by local governments and are changed only after passing a special examination.
This industry needs improvement.

There is a methodology for calculating tariffs per 1 m3, which depends on the distance to the place of waste disposal and on the make of the car in which they are removed. The initial cost calculation is the cost of work and the profit received. Cost includes:

• waste collection and unloading;
• delivery of solid waste to disposal sites;
• visits to houses to collect solid waste;
• zero runs.

Often, problems in organizing source accounting lead to excess volumes of solid waste. The result is the presence huge amount unauthorized dumps throughout the country. It is estimated that one representative of humanity can produce about three hundred kilograms of garbage in 365 days.

Currently, this trash contains a lot of plastic, plastic, used appliances. It has everything a long period decay, which, accordingly, greatly pollutes the environment. Many issues related to waste disposal are very pressing and affect many areas of our lives.

The use of national economy products (food, household products) tend to change their consumer value and become waste. What is MSW? Waste is a concept that does not have a clear definition. It is unknown what is waste and what can be disposed of as secondary raw materials. The environmental movement to use waste as a secondary resource proposes to subject waste collection to a sorting system.

Management companies regulate their activities in accordance with the regulations adopted legislative level resolution on inclusion in the fee for handling MSW. What is in the receipt, and how will this service be provided? In accordance with the innovations of 2016, this column in the receipt appeared as a separate line for payment for maintenance services apartment buildings. This column determines the fee for the removal of municipal waste.

Waste classification

When asking the question, “Handling solid waste - what’s on the receipt?”, you need to understand everything in order. All stored waste is divided into classes according to the degree of danger of impact on the environment. There are five of them in total, only the last one (5th) includes municipal or household waste. The remaining four classes are industrial waste.

Municipal solid waste has the following sources of formation:

• residential areas;
• municipal facilities, public catering;
• cemeteries;
• street sweeps, melted snow;
• retail establishments, with the exception of industrial sales areas, such as office equipment, auto showrooms, etc.;
• consumer service enterprises.

What is MSW, what does the concept consist of? Waste is divided into state of aggregation into solid, liquid and gaseous. Solid waste is generated in municipal services, during the production of products as unused by-products or output products. - in chemical plants, metallurgical plants and where solvents and many other liquid substances are used. Gaseous wastes are emissions (decomposition products) from industrial enterprises generated during the recycling of household waste.

Municipal solid waste

Every year, tons of household waste is sent to landfills.

Until 2016, waste was considered household waste and was understood as waste from residential areas. What is MSW and MSW? What is the difference? The answer is not difficult. These are wastes classified as non-hazardous wastes, and their sources of generation do not differ. The reform of payment for housing and communal services and the development of new rules for the name and management of waste made its own adjustments, which were reflected in utility bills.

Waste management

Waste management activities consist of a set of operations such as collection, accumulation, processing, disposal, neutralization and disposal of waste. This activity is regulated by Decree No. 458-FZ of 2016 on waste management. It is carried out by the regional solid waste management operator. In some cases, this service is provided in conjunction with management company.

Tariffs for MSW management are determined by the regional operator that services the territory. Distribution and appointment to the position of regional operator is carried out on a territorial basis.

What does “solid waste management” mean on the receipt? When waste is accumulated and collected, it is disposed of. The cost of these services and the standards for their accumulation are calculated by the regional operator (according to tariffs). The fee for maintenance services for apartment buildings is reduced by the amount for waste disposal by the operator.

The management company, concluding an agreement with the waste management operator, ensures regular and constant collection and removal of waste, followed by its neutralization and disposal. The same company must keep the areas near the containers clean. Still, what is this “handling of solid waste” in the receipt? This is the amount of the service fee distribution apartment building(based on the number of residents of this house). The amount of the fee depends on the sorting of waste, which is taken into account at a separate rate.

Tariffs for MSW management

Regulation of waste management activities includes a tariff system for paying for activities and develops a system of tariffs for each item of this activity.

Waste accumulation is the starting unit for determining tariffs. The tariff system is provided for activities related to the services of the regional operator, processing, disinfection and disposal of them. Regulated tariffs are reviewed every six months and are broken down by territorial scheme with their differentiation by type and technological features. The removal of MSW and its frequency or frequency is included in the components of tariff charges.

Waste collection

Organizing waste collection requires an equipped site and the availability of containers for collecting and storing waste.

MSW handling, what's on the receipt? Is this included in the container fee? Separate collection of waste is advisable if after sorting it will be used as secondary raw materials ( plastic bottles, glass, paper, bulky waste).

Waste accumulation

After systematic storage and accumulation, MSW must be removed. Waste is transported to special landfills or some other places provided for these purposes. This is also integral part fees for handling MSW in the receipt.

Before the owners had time to figure out one abbreviation, a new concept arose. MSW and MSW: what is the difference? Solid waste is not subject to treatment until 2016. commercial accounting, which is made by calculation and based on their mass. Accumulation standards are determined based on the number of residents of an apartment building. The average mass of waste per resident is calculated. Regular removal of waste from places of its accumulation allows for adequate accounting of it and calculation of the accumulation standard according to the tariff. Measuring instruments are subject to certification. To work with them you must have permission.

Waste treatment

Sorting waste, collecting it and preparing it for disposal is processing for its subsequent use or disposal. The waste that is most suitable for use as secondary raw materials is sorted. For example, paper that has retained its consumer qualities may become suitable for use after processing as a raw material in paper and pulp production.

Disinfection/neutralization and disposal of waste

Disinfection is carried out using the combustion method in order to extract ferrous and non-ferrous metals from waste with their subsequent reclamation. Solid municipal waste has properties that are determined by its morphological and fractional composition.

This composition has variable values ​​in different climatic zones and seasonal changes. These parameters determine the humidity, heat capacity and size of the waste, which are taken into account to select methods for their neutralization. Humidity promotes their sticking together, and when they are neutralized in furnaces - to the walls of the drum. Fractional components of MSW can have abrasive properties and abrade each other when compacted; such components include glass, porcelain, and metal parts. The density of waste has a seasonal nature, which determines it to be most pronounced in the summer. The mass depends on the size of the settlement.

At specialized authorized landfills, which are called landfills for municipal solid waste.

These are engineering structures that ensure waste disposal and create conditions for its safe storage for a long period of time. The extraction of filtrate during the process of compacting and pressing them in landfill conditions is carried out in a special filtration compartment.

Impact of waste on the environment

Environmental pollution by waste is an environmental problem. To solve problems of ensuring the environmental safety of humans and the natural environment, it is necessary to develop schemes that ensure safety in waste management. Now it is clear that in the receipt “MSW management” is a payment for environmental, sanitary and epidemiological safety, which consists of services that guarantee it.

The environmental tension created by waste has not been solved by innovations in the management of solid waste since 2016, but creates the prerequisites for creating a safe environment within the city. Fulfillment of legally valid requirements when arranging places for accumulation and collection of waste creates conditions for their safe transportation. Reforms include handling MSW in the utility billing system. This is reflected in the receipt and payments are received regional operator, which geographically serves public utilities.

Municipal solid waste or MSW is all waste materials consumed in containers of apartment and private buildings.

Throughout Russia, more than 60 million tons of waste are generated annually.

There are even certain standards for the accumulation of solid household waste per person. Reliable information about the volume in which solid household waste accumulates and its separation by elemental composition is an opportunity to competently plan and organize the collection, transportation and disposal of waste.

Classification of municipal solid waste

What is household waste classification? All solid household waste is systematized according to composition, origin and level harmful effects. The properties of household waste may vary depending on the climatic characteristics of the region, the welfare of the population, and the season.

Classification of solid waste:

• Food leftovers
• Paper
• Textile
• Polymers
• Rubber
• Glass
• Ferrous and non-ferrous metals

According to the characteristics of their formation, waste materials are divided into two groups, each with its own properties:

• Organic origin
• Created artificially

The first option does not pose a threat to the environment. Most inorganic waste has a long decomposition time. natural conditions, during which harmful substances are released.

In a number of countries, there is an existing classification of solid waste, which helps to group them according to the characteristics of their handling. For example, in Japan, a principle has been developed for separating waste into hazardous household waste that is subject to disposal (incineration, burial), and those that are subject to recycling. Solid waste of category 5 cannot be disposed of.

In Russia, the annual amount of mining in hazard classes 1-5 is significant - approximately 65 million tons. Of this number, only 4% is processed, the rest of the raw materials are disposed of. This waste, belonging to different classes, is sent to landfills, where more than 80 billion tons have already been buried. Removing this amount of waste is impossible without the right approach. Disposal via landfills is not an option.

Household waste hazard class

Based on the level of harmful impact on the environment and the properties they have, all waste is classified as municipal solid waste and is divided into 5 categories.

All these categories are found in solid waste:

• Hazard class I – materials that pose a real and serious threat to the environment and people. This includes the following types: mercury-containing materials (thermometers, batteries, fluorescent lamps).
• Category II – also destroys the environment and is dangerous to humans, but in this case nature can recover if such garbage is removed in a timely manner. These include batteries with electrolytes and engine oils.
• III category of danger is capable of causing less harm to humans and nature. But if damage is caused to nature, the period of restoration of the previous state will take at least 10 years. These are types of cement mortar, paint, acetone, metal objects.
• Hazard class IV solid waste is a slightly harmful waste material, practically not dangerous to humans. They contain valuable raw materials that can be used as secondary raw materials. These are wood, waste paper, car tires, plastic.
• Waste hazard class V – substances whose properties are absolutely harmless to humans. Shards of ceramic tiles and dishes, broken bricks, food debris, wood shavings.

Solid waste, the hazard class of which belongs to the most harmful substances, although infrequently, is still found in the household waste of the population. Sending such waste to landfills can be regarded as nothing other than an irresponsible attitude towards the environment and the health of the future generation. Therefore, waste separation plays a huge role.

Measures to reduce waste materials

The amount of solid waste is gradually increasing. A comprehensive waste reduction strategy can be achieved in two ways: waste removal and recycling. In the first case, solid waste is subject to disposal at landfills or incineration. On the scale of our country, the creation of new testing grounds is not technically difficult, but the problem cannot be solved using such methods. Incineration is also not the best option, as it creates harmful emissions in atmosphere.

Recycling of raw materials involves their reuse. The main aspect for the development of the solid waste recycling program is the separate collection of waste. The program is already running in major cities. Classification and handling solid waste provides for the distribution of solid waste into recyclable raw materials and garbage to be disposed of.

In our country, the conditions for solving the garbage problem are just beginning to develop. The number of processing enterprises is increasing, waste incineration plants are being re-equipped modern equipment, and multi-colored tanks appear in the courtyards for separate collection household waste, which can reduce waste collection fees.

Collection and handling standards for solid waste

A comprehensive strategy and standards by which solid waste must be collected are established by SanPiN:

1. The temporary storage procedure should prevent the possibility of waste rotting and decomposition. In this regard, in winter time(temperature below - 5 °C) waste materials should be stored for no more than three days, and for summer - no more than a day. In populated areas, the period for which the collection is carried out is agreed upon with the local administration.
2. The regulations require collection in standardized metal containers.
3. Containers are installed at least 20 meters from residential complexes, but not more than 100 meters.
4. IN summer time containers must be washed at least once every ten days.
5. Sampling of waste from collection sites for use as secondary raw materials is strictly prohibited.
6. Updated building regulations state that new residential buildings, starting from five floors, must have waste chutes installed into which waste collection takes place.
7. The garbage chute and waste collection point where collection is carried out must comply with all departmental requirements building regulations(VSN) class 8 - 72
8. Collection and subsequent removal of oversized solid waste is carried out once a week. The institution in charge of the residential complex is responsible for this.

The presented comprehensive strategy according to which collection is carried out is mandatory. In case of non-compliance with SanPiN rules, penalties are imposed.

OKVED

The General Classifier of Types of Economic Activities (OKVED) is a document that reflects all types of economic activities and their description.

The OKVED structure is:

• Letter codes A - U OKVED. You could say that this is the title of the section. In OKVED 2 (from 2014), the letter encoding does not carry any semantic meaning and it is prohibited to use it as a basis for designations.
• Six-digit numeric code designation. These are the values ​​assigned to each activity in OKVED.

According to OKVED, the collection of non-hazardous waste is included in section E: water supply, organization of waste collection and disposal, processing of waste materials. Code designation OKVED 38.11.

This group according to OKVED includes the collection of:

• Relatively safe municipal solid waste within the designated area
• Textile waste
• Recyclable material

Each organization whose activities are related to waste must register with government agencies in accordance with OKVED. Waste disposal and treatment are in 90.00.2. Not every activity received its own individual code. OKVED has section S, which describes other services.

Garbage accumulation standards for the population

The accumulation rate is the amount of waste generated per person per unit of time, usually a day or a year. The rate of accumulation is measured in kilograms or volume.

The following aspects influence accumulation standards:

• Construction of a house or other housing complex. This includes the presence of a garbage chute and sewerage system.
• Number of floors, heating type
• Climate conditions. The most significant factor in this case is the difference in heating duration.

It is quite difficult to say specific figures for the accumulation of waste materials for the population across the country, since it is different in each region. But it is still possible to establish approximate standards:

• Well-maintained residential complexes. The standard for waste accumulation is 200 - 300 kilograms per person per year.
• Private and public institutions. The accumulation rate for organizations is 50% of the standard for residential buildings. Approximately 160 kilograms per person.
• General accumulation rate. Taking into account the standards described above, the average accumulation value for cities with a population above 100,000 is 260 - 330 kilograms per person.

Waste management logbook

The Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste” obliges persons operating in the field of waste management to maintain a kind of reporting journals on solid household waste. This journal is maintained responsible person enterprises.

General tips for keeping records:

• For structural divisions the journal for application No. 1 is used
• An enterprise operating in the field of waste generation is obliged to annually submit a log in the form of Appendix No. 3 and No. 4. And for institutions - carriers - No. 2.
• The log is filled in upon completion of each waste operation. That is, after education, transportation, reception.

The magazine is a mandatory attribute of every company in the field of solid waste waste management. If the rules for filling it out are violated, the institution may be fined or closed. Title page The journal is filled out in free form. The accounting data in the journal is summarized based on the results of the next quarter.

Payment for removal of solid waste

A new law that regulates fees for transporting waste from residential complexes came into force on December 1, 2015. Waste collection fees are now included in the utilities section.

Accordingly, according to the new rules, transportation fees are calculated according to the population of the house. The total amount is calculated as the number of population (number of residents) multiplied by the housing and communal services tariff. Back in 2014, the fee was calculated based on the area of ​​living space. According to housing and communal services, innovations have led to a reduction in the cost of services, but this is far from the case. A few important notes:

• The fee for removal of the category of waste is described in the receipt under the section on maintenance and servicing of the premises. Depending on the number of removals, the fee may vary.
• The rules for transporting waste for private organizations have not changed. The fee and other treatment features in this case are established by the contract.

Household waste dumps are attractive places for rats, which are carriers of dangerous infections. Various containers, including cans and bottles, can pose a serious threat to wildlife and insects. Many animals that fall into such containers in order to obtain food cannot get out of them and therefore die. This is just one of several problems due to which the government has adopted several laws on the disposal and removal of household and industrial waste.

The main part of waste is consumer waste, which is divided into:

• Household waste;
• Biological solids.

There is no such thing as “garbage” in the waste disposal law. All legal provisions use the term "Waste".

The Government of the Russian Federation cares about the safety of the environment. To prevent the spread of infections and germs, waste goes through several stages of processing.

These are:

1. Garbage collection in appropriate areas;
2. Neutralization of toxic objects;
3. Export;
4. Storage and burial.

Removal methods used by government authorities must be safe for public health and the environment. The law prohibits burning waste residues or taking them to places not intended for their storage.

The Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste” controls the proper handling of production residues. Its main goal is to prevent the harmful effects of waste on the environment and human health. Legislative provisions also provide for the possibility of using recycled materials as raw materials.

Basic principles of this Federal Law:

• Ensuring the health safety of citizens of the Russian Federation;
• Save or restore favorable conditions environment;
• Ensuring the economic and environmental interests of society;
• Usage modern technologies for waste recycling;
• Recycling of materials to reduce the volume of residues and increase the production of raw materials.

The government is developing a special public policy, the main purpose of which is as follows:

• waste prevention;
• their removal;
• maximum use of source materials and raw materials;
• disposal;
• treatment;
• neutralization of materials.

The procedure for the removal and disposal of waste in the Russian Federation

The procedure for the removal and disposal of waste in the Russian Federation was created on the basis of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On approval of the Rules for the provision of removal services
solid and liquid household waste." Its main goal is to reduce waste. Legal entities and individual entrepreneurs whose activities leave behind waste are required to take the waste to waste sorting facilities. Individual entrepreneurs and legal entities that bypass waste sorting complexes must remove and sort materials themselves.

Waste is sorted into the following subject types:

• Waste paper;
• Rags;
• Plastics;
• Polymer waste;
• Glass;
• Metal;
• Old car tires.

Such residues are handed over to waste recycling organizations.

During the processing of residues, specialized enterprises will receive:

• Energy;
• Items;
• Materials;
• Other raw materials suitable for reuse.

Managers of such enterprises, after receiving materials as secondary raw materials:

• Recycle waste on their own;
• Enter into contracts with other companies that use recycled waste as a raw material;
• They enter into contracts with special companies that transport or sell materials under the guise of recycled materials.

Special government entities collect household and industrial waste. The collected materials are then transferred to waste recycling companies or specialized enterprises for other purposes.

The transfer and sale of materials to third parties must be properly documented. The following documents will be required:

• Invoice;
• Agreement;
• Order;
• Other supporting documents.

Disposal of solid household waste

There are several ways to dispose of waste:

• Processing waste into secondary raw materials

One of the most productive and safe methods for removing residues. Everything is sorted according to the types described above. Then it is sent for processing to obtain the raw material.

• Waste incineration

Garbage is disposed of using heat treatment. This is a popular and one of the most economical disposal methods.

The following methods of waste incineration are used in modern society::

• Chamber;
• Layered;
• In a fluidized bed.

Heat treatment at minimum temperatures is the most dangerous waste incineration. The temperature should be within 850 degrees Celsius. Scientists have found that at such rates neutralization occurs toxic substances, which are released along with the smoke.

• Burial

Municipal solid waste can be disposed of by landfill. This is one of the oldest and cheapest methods. The essence of the method is to bury waste in the top layer of soil. For this purpose, special land areas are selected. (Study and find out what the punishment is for their incorrect use).

• Briquetting

Briquetting is one of the modern methods of waste disposal. This method involves packaging homogeneous residues into defined briquettes. This approach will reduce the volume of residual materials by approximately half. And pre-sorting household items will allow you to set aside some of the residues as raw materials for recycling.

Removal of construction waste according to the law

Export construction waste is not included in the list of services regulated by the Housing Code of the Russian Federation. In other words, the Federal Law on Garbage in the Russian Federation does not regulate the removal and disposal of building materials. Waste removal services are provided by commercial companies that set their own prices. Residents of apartment buildings are required to remove oversized construction debris themselves. Or enter into an appropriate agreement with a management company, the payment for whose services will be included in monthly receipts.

GOSSTROY OF RUSSIA

Federal Center improvement and environmental safety of urban and rural settlements in Russia

CONCEPT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MDS 13-8.2000

Approved by a resolution of the board of the Gosstroy of Russia
dated December 22, 1999 No. 17.

Moscow 1999

This material was developed on the basis of the “Concept of housing and communal services reform in the Russian Federation”, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 28, 1997 No. 425, as well as in development of the main provisions of the federal target program “Waste” and the subprogram “Technical policy in the field of solid waste management”, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 30, 1996 No. 1098.

Concept prepared:

creative team of the Academy of Public Utilities named after. K.D. Pamfilova: head. Department of Sanitary Cleaning of Cities, Ph.D. tech. sciences N.F. Abramov, head Laboratory of Environmental Problems of Cities, Doctor of Technical Sciences. Sciences A.N. Peaceful, head Laboratory of Thermal Methods of Solid Waste Neutralization B.M. Spassky;

deputy Head of the Housing and Communal Sphere Department of the Gosstroy of Russia V. P. Kovalevsky;

deputy Head of the Department of Housing and Communal Services of the Gosstroy of Russia L.N. Gavrikov;

head laboratory of the Institute NIIECHGOS named after. Sysina RAMS, Doctor of Medicine. sciences N.V. Rusakov;

hands regional branch of the Academy natural sciences, Doctor of Engineering. Sciences L.S. Skvortsov;

beginning Department of Environmental Protection Institute GIPROKOMMUNSTROY V. S. Maslov;

technical director of PET CJSC B.I. Levin;

gene. Director of OJSC "KOMTEKHMASH", Doctor of Engineering. sciences V.A. Samoilov;

V.N.S. MOSVODOKANALNIIPROEKT, Ph.D. tech. sciences V.N. Abramov.

The concept is intended for managers of housing and communal services of cities and regions of Russia, as well as for senior officials of the Russian State Construction Committee carrying out long-term planning in the field of solid waste management.

INTRODUCTION

Solid household waste (MSW) includes waste generated in residential and public buildings, trade, entertainment, sports and other enterprises (including waste from routine renovation of apartments), waste from local heating devices, waste, fallen leaves collected from courtyard areas , and bulky waste.

Solid waste is generated from two sources:

Residential buildings;

Administrative buildings, institutions and public enterprises (catering, educational, entertainment, hotels, kindergartens, etc.).

The main problem of reforming the housing and communal services is its transition to full self-sufficiency. The main directions of work to solve this problem are:

Introduction of comprehensive mechanization of urban sanitary cleaning; increasing the technical level, reliability, reducing metal consumption for all groups of machinery and equipment;

Two-stage waste transportation system;

Maximum possible disposal, recycling;

Environmentally safe processing and storage of the remaining waste;

Development of the market for secondary raw materials and its products;

Incentive tax, credit and depreciation policies in the field of solid waste management;

Introduction of a system of state accounting and control of collection, transportation, disposal and storage of solid waste;

Optimization of tariffs for collection, transport and disposal of solid waste;

Reducing the cost of services for the population and increasing the efficiency of the solid waste management system.

The main task of achieving these goals is to integrated use all levers of management and resource conservation: environmental, technical, economic, regulatory, legal and information.

1. ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SITUATION IN THE FIELD OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

Currently, the activities of housing and communal services in the field of solid waste management are accompanied by very large losses of resources, as well as an increase in environmental pollution.

The first stage of the waste management system is the organization of collection at the places of waste generation. Collection is carried out in metal containers installed on the territory of the household. The type and capacity of the containers used depend on the amount of accumulated waste, the type and number of floors of the building, as well as on the method of loading and removal of solid waste. Containers made of metal have significant weight, low corrosion resistance and adhesion to wet waste, as well as high operating costs. The service life of such containers does not exceed 2 years, which is 2-2.5 times lower than the norm. The country's actual losses amount to 5-7 million tons of sheet steel annually.

Enough is produced in Russia wide range machines for solid waste removal, which differ:

Purpose (vehicles for removing waste from residential and public organizations, machines for removing bulky waste);

Body capacity (mini-garbage trucks with a capacity of 7-10 m3; medium-sized garbage trucks with a capacity of 16-45 m3; heavy-duty transport garbage trucks with a capacity of more than 45 m3);

Waste loading mechanisms;

The nature of the waste compaction process (continuous, cyclic);

A system for unloading waste from the body (tipper or forced using an ejector plate).

A comparison of indicators of the technical level of special machines produced by the domestic industry for sanitary cleaning of cities with the best foreign analogues showed that domestic machines mainly provide technological process loading, transportation and unloading of solid waste, but lag behind the best foreign models in the following indicators:

=> mass of machines and special equipment;

=> rated engine power;

=> fuel consumption;

=> operating efficiency of the hydraulic drive of the working bodies.

There are no domestic machines for servicing the cities of the North and the Far North, which must be made in a special design, which increases the cost of solid waste removal in these areas by 2-2.5 times. Also, machines for washing permanent containers are not produced commercially, which worsens the environmental situation in cities.

Due to the growth of the urban population, the problem of long-distance waste disposal is becoming increasingly important.

The average distance for solid waste removal in Russia is 20 km; in large cities with a population of more than 500 thousand inhabitants it increases to 45 km or more. According to a survey of 100 cities of the Russian Federation (excluding Moscow and St. Petersburg), about 45% of all solid waste is transported over a distance of 10-15 km, 40% - over 15-20 km, and 15% of all waste - over 20 km. As statistical data show, the distance of solid waste removal annually increases by an average of 1.5 km, and the cost of their transportation correspondingly increases by 15-20%.

One of the real ways to reduce transportation costs is the transition to a two-stage solid waste removal system using waste transfer stations (MTS) and heavy-duty transport garbage trucks. The analysis shows that by introducing two-stage export, transport costs can be reduced by 30%. At the same time, emissions into the atmosphere from waste transport are reduced.

The accumulation of solid waste in the Russian Federation in 1998 amounted to about 30 million tons. Taking into account the increase in specific accumulation rates, their growth is projected to reach 35 million tons by 2005. The bulk of solid waste is transported from cities and urban-type settlements to landfills and landfills occupying the country's over 40 thousand hectares of land; In addition, about 50 thousand hectares are the area of ​​closed (filled) landfills and landfills. Additionally, about 1 thousand hectares are alienated annually for solid waste disposal.

Of the total number of landfills, only about 8% meet sanitary requirements; most landfills pose a significant epidemiological danger, disturb the natural landscape and are a source of pollution of soil, groundwater and groundwater, and atmospheric air. It should be noted that, despite the danger to the environment, many of the already overcrowded and formally closed landfills continue to accept significant volumes of solid waste, which provides their owners with high incomes.

When handling solid waste, it is necessary to take into account that they contain valuable waste components. In table Figure 1 shows the approximate morphological and physico-chemical composition of solid waste in Russian cities located in different climatic zones.

Table1. Morphological and physico-chemical composition of solid waste for different climatic zones, % by weight

As can be seen from the above data, the solid waste of Russian cities contains such valuable components as paper, cardboard, glass, polymer materials, and metals.

When solid waste is buried in landfills, these waste fractions are irretrievably lost. In particular, 9 million tons of waste paper, 1.5 million tons of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, 2 million tons of polymer materials, 10 million tons of food waste, 0.5 million tons of glass are lost.

Currently, there are 4 waste incineration plants and 4 waste processing plants ( and ) in operation in Russia. All waste incineration plants are equipped with imported equipment, all waste processing plants are equipped with domestic equipment.

The main disadvantage of waste incineration plants is the difficulty of purifying gases released into the atmosphere from harmful impurities, especially dioxins and nitrogen oxides.

Waste incineration plants use a single-stage gas purification scheme, which does not allow for complete purification and can cause air pollution. Technologies for deeper gas purification are currently being developed.

All waste incineration plants provide heat recovery and recovery of ferrous scrap metal.

During the combustion of solid waste at an incineration plant, along with flue gases, two more types of waste are formed: slag and ash. An important task in the operation of waste incineration plants is the disposal or disposal of toxic ash and slag, the mass of which amounts to up to 30% of the dry mass of solid waste. The problem of recycling ash and slag has now been solved and is in the implementation stage.

Waste processing plants operate using aerobic biothermal composting technology, in which a significant (more than 50%) part of solid waste is neutralized and converted into compost - a valuable organic fertilizer.

Table 2. Technical and operational indicators of waste incineration plants operating in the Russian Federation

During processing at factories, scrap ferrous and non-ferrous metals and other waste fractions are extracted from solid waste, for which enterprises are equipped with a set of special equipment: separators for ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass, plastics, as well as screens, crushers, etc.

Table 3. Technical and operational indicators of waste processing plants operating in the Russian Federation

Along with useful components (organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, etc.), compost contains microelements of metals, therefore, when adding it to the soil, it is necessary to take into account the background concentrations of these elements in the soil, so as not to exceed the maximum values permissible concentrations(MPC) in soil and agricultural products.

The feasibility of using one or another of the listed methods of handling solid waste depends on the size of the city, the composition and properties of the solid waste of a given city or region, the need for waste fractions, thermal energy or fertilizer, climatic conditions and many other factors.

The selected technology for neutralizing solid waste must be justified by the following criteria:

1. Environmental acceptability from the point of view of reducing pollution of the atmosphere, water sources, and land.

2. Sanitary and epidemiological safety of the entire system of waste collection, transportation, neutralization and disposal.

3. Execution legislative norms on the release of pollutants into the environment from waste disposal complexes (environmental safety), including gas purification systems, ash and slag removal and wastewater treatment systems.

4. Efficiency of technological and constructive solutions, including:

=> technology performance;

=> level of its automation;

=> degree of protection from emergency situations and salvo emissions;

=> utilization rate of energy resources used in technology.

5. Capital investments and implementation deadlines capital investments, the given cost specific costs for the neutralization of a unit mass of solid waste.

Over the past 15 years, both in industrial developed countries Oh, and in Russia, the strategy in the field of waste management is undergoing significant changes. The main reasons for such changes were the increase in environmental pollution and its negative impact on public health, as well as changes in environmental policy and legislation.

In 1998, Russia adopted the Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste”, which defines the legal framework for the management of household and industrial waste in order to prevent the harmful effects of waste on human health and the environment, as well as the inclusion of such waste into economic circulation as additional sources of raw materials.

Currently, work is underway to restore the normal functioning of the entire complex of urban sanitary cleaning enterprises. The main objectives of waste management in Russia are:

a) maximum use of selective collection of solid waste in order to obtain secondary resources and reduce the volume of neutralized waste;

b) optimal operation of solid waste landfills, taking into account subsequent reclamation of the territories;

c) further construction of highly mechanized integrated waste processing plants.

Thus, waste management policies are mainly focused on reducing the amount of waste generated and developing methods for maximizing its use.

With this formulation of the problem, one of the most important elements is the selective collection and sorting of waste before its disposal in order to extract useful and hazardous components for burning or composting.

However, currently the country has a centralized state system for recording, collecting and using secondary resources absent. During the transition to a market economic system, conditions were not created that would stimulate the use of secondary resources. Specialized enterprises involved in the processing of secondary materials partially switched to other types of activities during corporatization. Destruction of the centralized waste collection and recycling system and general decline industrial production sharply reduced the volume of collection and use of secondary raw materials. Therefore, the Russian Government faces a big task in creating a system for the collection and use of secondary resources in new socio-economic conditions.

The problem of collecting and sorting solid waste is complicated by the lack of a regulatory framework for the practical implementation of the system. It is necessary to develop and adopt by-laws for the management of solid waste, regional laws that would ensure the implementation of the Federal Law “On Industrial and Consumption Waste”, the introduction of a system of state accounting and control of the collection, transportation, disposal and storage of solid waste, optimization of tariffs for the collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste.

Despite the fact that residential waste is a significant source of secondary raw materials, the practical implementation of selective collection of valuable components is a complex problem associated with the organization of collection and processing of contaminated material, as well as with the price level for raw materials of appropriate quality. From this point of view, at the first stage of development of the solid waste management system, the greatest interest is in the collection of secondary raw materials from waste of public and commercial organizations and institutions, the quantity and quality of which is higher than the quality of recyclable materials contained in residential solid waste.

The existing system of accounting and control over the generation and disposal of waste does not allow, due to its decentralization, to obtain reliable information about the actual volumes of waste generation both in Russia as a whole and in individual regions, as well as to exclude unauthorized disposal. This led to the formation of numerous spontaneous, unauthorized landfills. The current situation with waste disposal negatively affects the state of the natural environment and the sanitary and epidemiological situation both throughout the country and especially near large cities.

The length of waste disposal routes, the location of repair bases, parking lots for special vehicles, waste transfer stations, disposal plants and other sanitary cleaning services of the city depend on the architectural and planning composition of the city.

With the growth and emergence of new cities, the need for urban areas is constantly increasing. Approximately every five years, the size of residential land in cities increases by an average of 20%, which leads to an increase in the distance to solid waste landfills and transportation costs.

A significant territory of Russia occupied by residential development is determined by the low and medium-rise housing stock. Even in the largest and largest cities of the country, a significant part of the residential area is occupied by one-story buildings. The country currently has a strong house-building industry; The share of multi-storey residential buildings has sharply increased.

The organizational and practical measures taken in the regions to stabilize and improve the environment from consumer waste do not lead to a significant effect, mainly for the following reasons:

=> lack of a unified ideology in the system of collection and disposal of consumer waste in the Russian Federation;

=> unsatisfactory coordination of work;

=> insufficient funding;

=> lack of an effective economic mechanism for the purpose of:

stimulating the creation of waste processing industries;

resource saving;

implementation of environmentally friendly technologies and waste reduction.

An analysis of the state of solid waste management in developed countries has shown that, depending on the specific situation, different decisions can be made. Thus, in 1989, according to literature data, in the USA, 80% of solid waste was sent to landfills and only 9% was burned; on the contrary, in 1998, the recycling rate for solid waste management was 30%. Comparative data on the prospects for solid waste management in the USA, Holland, France and Portugal allow us to conclude that there is a noticeable reduction in the use of landfills for solid waste disposal and an unconditional increase in the volume of their recycling and processing.

2. MAIN DIRECTIONS OF COLLECTION, TRANSPORTATION AND DISPOSAL OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

The organization of sanitary cleaning of cities from solid waste, the technical means and forms of service used are largely determined by specific conditions, of which the main ones are:

=> size and density of urban population;

=> level of improvement of the housing stock (presence of sewerage, centralized heating and heat supply, number of floors and presence of a garbage chute);

==> climatic and other natural conditions;

=> architectural and planning composition of the city;

=> the state and prospects for the development of residential development;

=> economic opportunities.

2.1. Collection and transportation of solid household waste

The size of the urban population is one of the main factors determining the volume of work on the collection and disposal of solid waste, as well as the choice of the optimal option for their disposal. Currently, the urban population is growing mainly due to influx from rural areas, which leads to excessive density in agglomeration centers and insufficient population density in peripheral areas. Therefore, in large cities it is necessary to create a system that ensures centralized collection and transportation of solid waste, as well as the functioning of waste disposal and recycling enterprises using waste transfer stations and heavy vehicles.

Climatic conditions are also one of the determining factors in organizing the collection and disposal of waste and choosing a technology for neutralizing solid waste. These conditions determine the specifics of the development, special requirements to the operation of technical equipment (containers and special vehicles), timing of solid waste removal, etc. From the point of view of organizing the cleaning of households, the territory of the Russian Federation can be conditionally divided into three climatic zones: northern, middle and southern.

The majority of the urban population lives in middle zone, it contains the overwhelming majority of cities with a population of over 400...500 thousand inhabitants. Therefore, the basic requirements for the conditions for the collection and disposal of solid household waste are usually determined for the middle zone, indicating the specific requirements that must be taken into account when handling waste in the northern and southern zones.

Important factors in the northern zone from the point of view of city cleaning technology are: long periods of prevailing low temperatures, large amounts of precipitation in winter, snow transfers, and the presence of permafrost soils. Due to the remoteness from densely populated, developed industrial areas and the isolation of northern cities, it becomes difficult to provide them with energy and water resources.

Low temperatures determine the difficulty of operating special vehicles and special equipment. Due to the increased fragility of metal and rubber, premature wear and breakdown of equipment occurs, the service life of which is sharply reduced. Low temperatures also cause waste to freeze to collection points and vehicles.

In areas of heavy snowfall and snow transport, access to container parking areas and conditions for loading and unloading operations become more difficult. The presence of permafrost soils complicates the construction and operation of solid waste landfills, while at the same time reducing their environmental hazard. The absence of consumers of recyclable materials and compost determines the requirements for solid waste collection and disposal systems.

The southern zone is characterized by high temperatures and the duration of the warm period, an abundance of vegetables and fruits and the length of the season for their consumption.

High outdoor temperatures contribute to the rapid decomposition of organic matter in waste, the accelerated development of microflora, including pathogenic microorganisms, and the breeding of flies. All this causes the need to reduce the storage period of solid waste, increased requirements for the tightness of containers and vehicles, and the need for their systematic and thorough washing and disinfection.

In the current situation, to successfully solve problems in the solid waste collection and disposal system, the following main directions can be identified:

In low-rise buildings, waste should be collected in small plastic or paper containers, which are manually or mechanically loaded into the back of a collection truck, similar to the method used in industrialized countries;

In high-rise buildings or for a group of low-rise buildings, install a standard sealed container on wheels made of galvanized iron, plastic, metal, treated with anti-corrosion and anti-adhesive coating;

For bulky waste, install removable container bodies;

For the regions of the North and the Far North it is necessary to use bunker waste containers (Norilsk). At the same time, waste removal from apartments is possible at any time of the year; solid waste does not mix with snow. Loading of waste is carried out indoors using machines with removable container bodies.

When the range of solid waste removal is more than 20 km, a significant economic and environmental effect can be obtained by introducing waste transfer stations and heavy transport garbage trucks.

Currently, the industry produces 6 standard sizes of collecting body and removable body garbage trucks on GAZ, ZIL and KamAZ chassis, as well as single series production of heavy-duty transport garbage trucks on KamAZ and MAZ chassis with a payload capacity of 15-25 tons. At the same time, there is no serial production in the country production of equipment for the Ministry of Railways. Therefore, for the successful implementation of two-stage waste removal it is necessary:

=> put into serial production equipment for waste transfer stations;

=> increase the production of heavy-duty transport garbage trucks.

For the regions of the North and the Far North, it is advisable to use a collection system with replaceable container bodies. Solid waste can be removed every 3 days in winter.

Control over the movement of waste should currently be carried out with the help of regulatory documents and acts. However, with regard to consumer waste, the effect of documents is very limited, which does not allow full control over their formation and movement. The reasons for this situation are the following:

Lack of real specific rates of accumulation both from the housing stock and from institutions and public enterprises;

Lack of ongoing analysis of the real state in the field of generation and movement of consumer waste.

The feasibility of introducing waste transfer stations, as well as a system of centralized waste collection and sorting in cities, is determined by the following factors:

Reduction by 20-25% per year of waste flow to landfills and, consequently, the load on the natural environment;

More rational use the space of the landfill due to the orderly placement of compact pressed briquettes of the “non-business” part of the waste after sorting;

Reducing the city's costs for the removal and disposal of solid waste;

Return of secondary material resources into the sphere of production and consumption with market sales of recyclable materials and thereby compensating part of the budget costs for the creation of sorting production.

2.2. Strategy for neutralization and recycling of waste in new conditions

One of the main conditions for overcoming the current situation in the field of solid waste disposal is the reduction of waste flows through selective collection and the organization of preliminary sorting. It is necessary to begin the development and serial production of special equipment for selective collection, control and preliminary sorting of recyclable materials at collection points, as well as to develop a network of collection points. From the practice of European countries, it is known that the optimal location is one point for the integrated collection of secondary raw materials (waste paper, polymers, glass, metal cans) per 10-15 thousand inhabitants. The area of ​​one collection point is about 100 m2.

Practical experience of solid waste processing in Russia and foreign countries shows that there is no one universal method that meets modern economic and resource saving requirements. Specifically for each region and locality, the method of processing solid waste is selected based on local conditions:

=> composition and properties of solid waste, changes by season;

=> annual rate of solid waste accumulation;

=> climatic conditions;

=> needs for organic fertilizers, energy resources and secondary raw materials;

=> economic factors.

For megacities, the design and construction of integrated plants that ensure the use of waste as a source of energy and secondary raw materials are most suitable. The construction of industrial technology precisely on the principle of combining various methods of processing solid waste eliminates the disadvantages of each method taken separately. Exactly complex processing Solid waste in total ensures low production waste and its maximum environmental and economic feasibility. When using the “sorting + combustion” technology, the amount of slag is reduced to 15% of the original solid waste, and ash - to 1%, and the slag can be involved in industrial processing (production of building materials using known technologies). At the same time, pre-sorting improves and accelerates the process of composting organic matter of solid waste, facilitates the purification of compost from impurities, reduces the required productivity of equipment for thermal and biothermal treatment of solid waste, improves the composition of waste gases, and facilitates the thermal treatment process in an optimal mode.

For cities with a population of 100-200 thousand inhabitants, it is advisable to develop a simplified technology for the neutralization and disposal of solid waste.

For cities with a population of about 100 thousand inhabitants located in the southern regions, it is advisable to use field composting of solid waste with preliminary selection of waste fractions.

Storing waste in landfills remains the main method of waste disposal. To reduce the area for landfills, methods of multi-tiered storage with multiple compaction have been developed, which can significantly increase the load per unit area. In a high-rise scheme, solid waste is stacked at a height of more than 20.0 m.

Experience in the construction and operation of landfills for solid waste requires:

Development of economical and effective materials for intermediate insulation and impervious screens at the base of solid waste landfills;

Development and implementation of special compactor rollers;

Development of equipment for collection and purification of filtrate, collection and utilization of biogas.

3. ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

The problem of environmental hazards from municipal solid waste is acute for Russia. This danger affects all stages of solid waste management, from its collection and transportation to preparation for the use of waste components and destruction or disposal of unused fractions.

Until now, there is no unified system of regulatory documents for municipal solid waste and similar waste. Some documents define the conditions for handling solid waste, others - with industrial, medical, biological waste, third - with production and consumption waste. The degree and class of hazard of solid waste has not yet been determined depending on the content of toxic substances in its composition, in particular heavy metals (lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium, etc.), carcinogens and mutagens, pathogenic microorganisms and viable helminth eggs.

When transporting waste, the need to minimize the passage of vehicles, which itself is an intense source of air pollution, is not always taken into account. Therefore, the problem of creating waste transfer stations and using highly loaded garbage trucks is important not only from the point of view of fuel economy, but also from an environmental point of view.

The existing solid waste disposal system in the Russian Federation (see) is based on the disposal of the vast majority of waste (about 98%) in landfills and unorganized landfills. The situation is aggravated by the fact that due to the lack of separate collection of solid waste, medications with expired expiration dates, broken mercury-containing thermometers and fluorescent lamps, containers are thrown into a common container, and often next to it, along with paper, polymer, glass and metal containers, food waste with residues of pesticides, varnishes, paints, etc. All this, under the guise of low-hazard solid waste, is transported to landfills, which are most often located in mined-out quarries, ravines, and wetlands near settlements, which is unacceptable from an environmental and hygienic point of view. They are often called landfills, but they do not meet the requirements for waste disposal facilities and do not have a waterproofing (concrete, clay or other) base that prevents the spread of toxic contaminants through aquifers.

As a result, wastewater (filtrate), which flows from the body of the landfill as a result of the influence of natural precipitation and processes in solid waste, contains a large volume of extremely toxic organic and inorganic contaminants. Uncontrolled processes in the body of the landfill lead to the formation of pathogenic microflora, which also aggravates the danger of leachate. In the absence of the necessary waterproofing, the filtrate enters the soil and penetrates into The groundwater and through drains - into open bodies of water, poisoning water supplies. The toxicity of the leachate leads to the destruction of vegetation surrounding the landfill.

In addition to the release of filtrate from the body of the landfill, gaseous decay products of solid waste - methane, ammonia, etc. - are constantly released into the atmosphere. They are a source of systematic fires in landfills, which, in turn, pollute the atmosphere. In addition, methane is a gas that contributes to the destruction of the ozone layer.

The data presented indicate the extreme environmental danger of unorganized landfills, even for those who do not come into direct contact with waste. As a result of the spread of pollution through water and air, residents living near landfills experience increased morbidity and mortality, and the birth of children with deformities. Our landfills are not only time bombs, they are already affecting those living today and will have an even greater impact on future generations.

Due to the lack of territory, organized landfills are moving further and further away from cities. In order not to carry it far, waste is thrown into places not intended for these purposes. A huge number of unauthorized landfills are spread out in countless numbers along highways and railways, in places of rest and swimming, around dacha and garden communities. There is practically no control over them; principles and conditions that prevent their formation have not been developed. Administrations and territorial leaders do not notice them and do not organize control and elimination work.

Further work in order to reduce the environmental hazard of solid waste management should be carried out in the following directions:

1. Conduct an inventory of generated, processed and buried production and consumption waste on the territory of the Russian Federation.

2. Conduct a screening inventory of former waste disposal sites in order to identify additional raw material resources for the country and assess the impact of these sites on the environment and human health.

3. Develop by-laws on the main provisions of the federal law “On production and consumption waste”.

4. Develop technologies for the separate collection, processing and disposal of production and consumption waste.

5. Introduce existing domestic resource-saving and environmentally friendly waste processing technologies. Create and distribute a directory of domestic safe technologies for processing solid waste and obtaining secondary raw materials, fuel, and energy from them.

6. Organize a system of environmental and hygienic education for managers of administrative territories, enterprises, and organizations for the management of production and consumption waste.

7. Organize a system of separate collection of production and consumption waste for the purpose of using it as raw materials; systematically carry out explanatory work with the population on the separate collection of consumer waste.

9. Develop a system of strict control over unauthorized dumps and create conditions that exclude the possibility of their occurrence.

4. MAIN FEATURES OF PROCESSING SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS AND THE MARKET FOR PRODUCTS BASED ON IT

One of the main indicators that determine the effectiveness of a solid waste management system is the degree of recycling. Developed processes for primary sorting of solid waste, as well as manual or mechanized separation at processing plants, make it possible to isolate such valuable waste components as ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastic, glass, and convert the bulk of solid waste into organic fertilizer, thermal energy, Construction Materials.

Thus, already at the current level of recycling technology it is possible to practically use more than 70% of solid waste.

The problem of preparing waste fractions and converting them into secondary raw materials is not always solved simply and effectively. Ferrous and non-ferrous metal waste, after being separated from the bulk of solid waste, is pressed and packaged, which ensures its readiness for shipment to the appropriate foundries.

Glass waste can be used for processing into technical glass products, for example, for construction, where the purity of the glass is not of decisive importance.

The main difficulties in the recycling of polymer materials are due to two factors: contamination and the discrepancy between the properties of the secondary polymer and the properties of the original raw material (pellets for melt processing). An assessment of the cost of processing recycled polymer containers into the same products shows that this process is unprofitable - the pre-material of the required purity is more expensive than the original and is therefore uncompetitive.

Analysis of the use of recycled plastics focuses its market primarily on non-polymer areas, for example, the production of wood-polymer boards, concrete, etc. For these purposes, such a high degree of purification and sorting of secondary polymers is not required. However, even in this case, the processes of their collection, preparation and processing must be carried out under strict control. The main stages of such work include:

=> determination of technical requirements for a secondary polymer for a specific application;

=> development of material based on its specified characteristics;

=> checking the quality of the manufactured material.

The first stage is especially effective when working with regular suppliers of solid waste, in particular with commercial and industrial enterprises. Retail waste is mainly represented by packaging film of various thicknesses. Waste from enterprises - substandard products and waste itself, for example, from granulation or casting processes.

Drink bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) occupy a special place among polymer waste. The volume of their production in the country exceeds 200 thousand tons per year. For the production of such bottles, special food-grade polyester is used, which does not contain, in particular, aldehydes. The main production of PET, created in the USSR, is currently located in Belarus. The small production of this polymer in Kursk does not provide the necessary raw materials for the production of lavsan fiber. Food grade PET comes from abroad. Therefore, the problem of bottle recycling is extremely acute. Regenerated PET can be used to make polyester staple fiber filler for insulated products (jackets, coats, etc.), for carpets, containers, trays and pallets for non-food products, bumpers, car grilles and door panels, etc. Currently, the main difficulty in using bottles is their selection and transportation to the recycling site. A radical solution to this issue could be the creation of plants for mechanized processing of solid waste with the selection of bottles as one of the waste fractions.

Despite the growth in the production of synthetic polymers and products made from them, natural polymers, and primarily cellulose, will continue to dominate in the total production of polymer materials for technical and household purposes for a long time. Currently, the annual production of only two types of products - paper and fiber based on cellulose raw materials - is five to six times higher than the volume of production of synthetic polymer materials. This ratio increases even more when taking into account the use of cellulosic materials in construction.

Consequently, the amount of waste paper in waste will increase, which is confirmed by research data over the past ten years. Since cellulose material is universal, it is widely used for the manufacture of printing products, packaging, thermal and electrical insulation, etc. However, it must be taken into account that the characteristics of waste cellulose material are influenced by the time factor, heavy metal salts, moisture, contamination with water-repellent impregnations and a number of other factors.

The increase in the share of waste paper in solid waste has not led to an increase in its use in the industrial sector of the economy. The volume of waste paper in production over five recent years fell by 16.5 times, but the level of waste paper use in relation to the volume of its generation decreased overall from 22.6 to 3.3%.

The decrease in the share of used waste paper makes it necessary to include over 10 million m 3 of wood in the turnover of the pulp and paper complex. Currently, the need for waste paper in such industries as construction, packaging, thermal and electrical insulation is 6-8 million tons.

The sale of waste raw materials from solid waste will not only reduce the amount of waste in landfills, but also generate income of over 1 million rubles at today's prices for these types of raw materials.

To significantly increase the volume of processing and use of secondary raw materials, it is absolutely necessary to carry out a set of organizational measures that would create an effectively functioning market for waste, secondary raw materials and products made from secondary raw materials. At the same time, there is currently no need to purchase specialized equipment and complex lines for processing secondary raw materials into products and complex lines for processing most of the waste into secondary materials.

A set of organizational measures to increase the share of utilization of waste fractions of solid waste comes down to the following:

1. Organization of collection centers and primary processing waste.

2. Creation of a regulatory framework obliging legal entities (industrial enterprises, shopping centers, shops, wholesale markets, banks) to transport waste to collection and primary processing centers. At the same time, this regulatory framework must ensure the economic efficiency of the activities of these centers.

3. Creation of a regulatory and legislative framework that ensures the use of products made from recycled materials in the urban economy.

In order to direct waste to collection and sorting points, it is necessary to economically stimulate the entire system of collection, processing and disposal of secondary raw materials. It is necessary to develop prices for the removal of waste to collection points depending on the amount of waste, its type, the degree of contamination with mechanical impurities and packaging residues.

In world practice, federal and local authorities of all developed countries stimulate the use and consumption of secondary polymers. Incentive methods include reducing tax rates on enterprises engaged in the production of products from recycled materials and ensuring state (federal and local) orders for products from recycled materials. A government order typically requires businesses fulfilling federal and local orders to use a certain amount of products made from recycled materials.

The world practice of stimulating enterprises producing products from recycled materials should be used in Russian conditions. To do this, it is necessary to select from the range of products made from materials consumed in the urban economy those that can be made from recycled materials, and prepare regulatory documents that would guarantee their sale. When drawing up these documents, it is necessary to ensure that the enterprises themselves are interested in using recycled materials. In particular, for sales packaging materials from secondary polymers, European experience can be used. In Switzerland, according to the legislation, packaging of household waste, hotel waste, shopping centers carried out only in bags made of recycled materials. Local authorities They do not accept garbage if it is packed in other bags. At the same time, these bags, which have a so-called green mark and a special stamp of the municipality, are sold to owners of private houses, hotels and shopping centers by the municipalities themselves, who are wholesale buyers of bags from manufacturing companies. Municipalities have additional income from the sale of packaging bags and are interested in selling them.

There is currently no developed market for recycled materials in Russia. However, an analysis of the activities of companies operating in the secondary materials market allows us to draw the following conclusions:

1. Prices of recycled materials on the market are determined by the degree of their preparation for processing into products. You can consider the price level for recycled materials using the example of the most common product on the Russian market - low-density polyethylene film. The price of clean, crushed, ready-to-recycle polyethylene film ranges from 8 to 13% of the cost of the virgin polymer. The price of polyethylene film agglomerate is from 20 to 30% of the cost of the primary polymer. The price of polyethylene film granules ranges from 45 to 60% of the cost of the primary polymer.

2. The price of most granular secondary polymers, averaged by composition, ranges from 45 to 70% of the price of primary polymers.

3. The price of recycled polymers greatly depends on their color, that is, on the preliminary sorting of polymer waste by color. The difference in the price of recycled polymers of pure colors and mixed colors can reach 10-20%.

4. Prices for products made from primary and secondary polymers are, as a rule, almost the same, which makes the use of secondary polymers in production extremely profitable.

5. IMPROVING THE ECONOMIC MECHANISM IN THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The complexity of the situation in the field of waste management requires that, in parallel with the improvement of existing financial and economic mechanisms, new economic mechanisms are created and organizational measures are taken aimed at covering the costs of sanitary cleaning of populated areas from extra-budgetary sources, which is fully consistent with the approaches reflected in the concept of housing reform. -municipal services.

5.1. Organization of work

Organization of work to improve economic mechanisms in the waste management system should be carried out in the following directions:

· strengthening state financial and technical control over the collection, removal and disposal of solid waste;

· improvement and adjustment of existing and development of new regulatory documents that meet the real situation;

· operational information and methodological support for regions in the field of changes in economic mechanisms in the waste management system.

Coordination of efforts in these areas should be entrusted to the newly created under the Gosstroy of Russia on the basis of the Academy of Public Utilities named after. K.D. Pamfilova Federal Center for Improvement and Environmental Safety.

The Center’s objectives in improving the economic mechanism are information and methodological support:

=> state and municipal enterprises, working in the field of waste management systems;

=> commercial enterprises;

=> non-profit target organizations (funds).

Increasing the efficiency of the functioning of housing and communal services in the field of waste management can be achieved both through funds received from potential investors, and through attracting extra-budgetary sources of funding, stricter control over subjects of uncontrolled indirect pollution.

For potential investors, improving the system for regulating utility tariffs is one of the most important and attractive factors in guaranteeing their investments. However, an upward change in tariffs cannot but cause an increase in social tension in society. In this connection, it becomes relevant to introduce the principle generally accepted in world practice when calculating for the collection and disposal of solid waste - the polluter pays.

The subjects of uncontrolled indirect pollution of urban areas are enterprises and organizations that rent areas of these territories for trade and storage needs. Their extraction of commercial income is accompanied by the formation of volumes and specific nomenclature of solid waste. It follows from this that reimbursement of costs associated with sanitary cleaning should be carried out at the expense of the tenant enterprises. This approach seems all the more justified since sanitary cleaning is one of the forms of simple reproduction of urban areas, and financing of related expenses is always considered as the responsibility of the tenant (as part of the rent). Funds received in this way should be accumulated in regional funds under the control of the administration and spent in a targeted manner.

Normative and methodological Information Support necessary to prepare for the newly created Center.

The economic mechanism for waste management should be based on the following organizational and economic principles:

1. Establishing a fee for the generation of a standardized volume of waste and exceeding the allocated limit, as well as differentiation of payments depending on factors such as:

suitability (readiness) of waste for subsequent processing;

level of technogenic and environmental safety (waste hazard class);

feature of the territory;

the need for this type of secondary resources;

placement volume;

preparedness of waste for disposal.

2. Providing (depending on the state of the market and regional policy) tax, credit and other benefits to subjects entrepreneurial activity when:

their waste disposal;

use of low-waste technologies;

participation in the collection, procurement and supply of secondary raw materials.

3. Development and periodic revision of a list of wastes for which a special regime may be established to stimulate their collection, processing into raw materials and use.

4. Education of specialized sources Money for targeted financing of measures to modernize solid waste collection and processing systems.

5. Introduction (on a competitive basis) of a system of subsidies for experimental and research work in the field of waste management, including those aimed at developing and optimizing processes for their recycling and disposal.

IN general case The economic mechanism for solid waste management should include:

creation of a special state organization responsible for control and management of the entire system of collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste;

implementation of optimal tariff policy;

searching for additional sources of financing in entities that create and sell products that include potential waste.

5.2. Waste generation fee

Entities that generate waste in the course of their activities are charged a fee for their generation.

Payment for waste generation is established on the basis of the standard price per unit volume of waste, taking into account the class of its environmental hazard. The fee may be differentiated depending on the state of the environment of the territories, their recreational and land-use value. For waste generation above the limit, the fee is charged in multiples. Collection of fees for waste generation does not relieve waste producers from responsibility for their safe storage, neutralization and disposal.

Payment for waste generation is not charged for those volumes of waste that are used at the enterprise itself as raw materials, were sold or transferred to other enterprises and specialized procurement organizations.

The procedure for establishing standards and collecting payments for waste generation, as well as exemptions from fees, is determined by the State Construction Committee of Russia.

5.3. Benefits (incentives) for waste management

Benefits are established for subjects of legal relations who:

· introduce new technologies aimed at minimizing waste,

· dispose of waste during production (performance of work),

· carry out waste collection,

· carry out the construction of enterprises and workshops, as well as organize the production of equipment and devices for waste processing,

· take part in co-financing of measures to reduce the formation and safety of waste disposal.

The listed entities are entitled to the following benefits:

· establishing a reduced tax rate on income (profit) received from the sale of products made using waste;

· establishment of privileges related to value added tax;

· priority presentation of government loans;

· receiving special government subsidies to reduce interest on loans (bank loans) associated with investments in waste processing and the manufacture of related equipment;

· allocation of regional transport subsidies for the transportation of waste and raw materials or semi-finished products obtained from these wastes;

· application of accelerated depreciation standards for fixed production assets;

· provision of funds from specialized funds or funds from extra-budgetary funds for environmental protection on contractual terms;

· free receipt of information related to the resource and technological capabilities of waste processing and disposal.

The procedure for establishing appropriate benefits, their composition and size are determined by the State Construction Committee of Russia.

State and local government bodies may establish, within the framework of their powers, additional measures of economic incentives for the use of certain categories of waste and the introduction low-waste technologies(reduced prices for equipment and devices for neutralization and destruction of waste, exemption from land tax, etc.).

5.4. Benefits for the procurement of secondary raw materials

Legal entities and individuals - entrepreneurs carrying out in the prescribed manner collection and delivery of secondary raw materials (according to a special list) to procurement organizations or directly to processing enterprises are entitled to a reduction in the tax rate or to exemption from taxation of income (profit) received from this account.

Business entities specializing in the procurement of secondary raw materials have the right to be exempt from paying tax on the growth of funds in the consumption fund.

The list of types of secondary raw materials for which the specified benefits can be established, and the procedure for their establishment are determined by the State Construction Committee of Russia.

5.5. Financing waste management activities

1. Funds received from collecting fees for the generation and disposal of waste are directed to the system of state environmental funds, federal, regional and local budgets and are used for activities in the field of waste management, as well as for other types of environmental activities in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

2. Financing of waste management activities is carried out at the expense of waste producers and owners, at the expense of local budgets, extra-budgetary environmental funds, voluntary contributions from enterprises, institutions, organizations, citizens and their associations, as well as insofar as they relate to activities vital for Russia , knowledge-intensive work, measures for the rehabilitation of waste-contaminated areas, etc., at the expense of regional and federal budgets.

CONCLUSIONS AND OFFERS

Currently, the activities of housing and communal services in the field of solid waste management are accompanied by very large losses of resources, as well as an increase in environmental pollution.

The problem of environmental hazards from municipal solid waste is acute for Russia. This danger affects all stages of solid waste management, from its collection and transportation to preparation for the use of waste components and destruction or disposal of unused fractions.

The existing system of accounting and control over the generation and disposal of waste does not allow, due to its decentralization, to obtain reliable information about the actual volumes of waste generation both in Russia as a whole and in individual regions, as well as to exclude unauthorized disposal.

Waste management policies are mainly focused on reducing the amount of waste generated and developing methods for maximizing its use.

Further work in order to reduce the environmental hazard of solid waste management should be carried out in the following directions:

1. Conduct an inventory of generated, processed and buried production and consumption waste on the territory of the Russian Federation.

2. Conduct a screening inventory of former waste disposal sites in order to identify additional raw material resources for the country and assess the impact of these sites on the environment and human health.

3. Develop by-laws on the main provisions of the federal law “On production and consumption waste”. Create a Federal Center for Improvement and Environmental Safety under the State Construction Committee of Russia on the basis of the Academy of Public Utilities.

4. Improve technologies for separate collection and two-stage removal of solid waste.

5. Introduce existing domestic resource-saving and environmentally friendly waste processing technologies. Create and distribute a data bank of domestic safe technologies for processing solid waste and secondary raw materials obtained from them.

6. In order to exclude the construction of enterprises for the processing and disposal of solid waste that do not meet the advanced technical level, with low technical and economic indicators that do not ensure environmental safety, it is necessary, before signing contracts with equipment supply companies, to send raw materials to the State Construction Committee of Russia for consideration for Export -technical advice.

7. Organize a system of environmental and hygienic education for managers of administrative territories, enterprises, and organizations for the management of production and consumption waste.

8. Organize a system of separate collection of solid waste for the purpose of using it as a raw material; systematically carry out explanatory work with the population on the separate collection of consumer waste.

9. Develop a system of strict control over unauthorized dumps and create conditions that exclude the possibility of their occurrence.

10. Establish optimal tariffs for the processing of solid waste, ensuring economically justified operation of enterprises and excluding the system of subsidies.

11. Increase the attraction of extra-budgetary sources of funding in the waste management system, for which the newly created Federal Center for Improvement and Environmental Safety will prepare an information, legal, regulatory and methodological base to ensure the organization and functioning of regional non-profit trust funds.

The main task of implementing this program is the integrated use of all levers of solid waste management and resource conservation: technical, economic, regulatory, legal and information.