Artificial reservoirs are structures that are designed to provide a solution to water problems in the regions of each state. They have a significant impact on the surrounding areas, creating complex system connections, as a result of which new ones are formed natural complexes. Their importance is difficult to overestimate. Since ancient times, people have been building artificial ponds to provide for their economic needs, and a little later they began to decorate their estates and gardens with them, turning it into a whole art.

Classification

A reservoir of unnatural origin is a stable or temporary accumulation of water in an artificial lowland. The water in it has no movement, or there is barely noticeable movement. Depending on the topography of the territory and the purpose of the water body, its external shape, outline coastline, depth and width may vary. Based on the same factors, power can be provided through surface runoff, a pumping unit, groundwater, and a combination.

Reservoirs are classified:

• by design characteristics (combined, dam reservoirs, dug, small);
• by purpose (multifunctional, household, sports, decorative, recreational);
• by location (in excavations, slopes, river beds, floodplains, watersheds and others).

In total, there are three main groups of artificial reservoirs: reservoirs (volume from 1 million cubic meters), ponds (volume no more than 1 million cubic meters) and pools, which are characterized by full regulation of the water regime and isolation from external environment.

Reservoirs

Constant seasonal level fluctuations river water necessitated the construction of reservoirs. This name of an artificial reservoir speaks for itself - an object for storing water. In size it can be compared to big lake and is created in river valleys by constructing a dam to block the river bed.

The following features are characteristic of the reservoir:

• seasonal fluctuations in water levels, rising in autumn and spring and falling in winter and summer periods;
• cool water (compared to lake water) due to constant flow;
• regarding rivers - early freezing of small reservoirs and later - large ones, the convergence of ice in both cases is observed much later than in rivers;
• water contains a large amount of dissolved minerals;
• The composition of the reservoir, in addition to the bowl, includes a dam and a water purification station.

The water of this group of reservoirs is in low mobility, maintaining the slow movement of the river flow.

Ponds

The creation of ponds is quite widespread: in city parks, in areas private property, in gardens or cottages. Their first analogues were noted in the ancient states of the Middle East, when the construction of these objects was of purely practical importance.

Ponds are artificial reservoirs with a small water surface area (up to 1 square kilometer), created for decorative, technical or economic purposes. They are erected on natural channels, sloping hollows or by excavating depressions on the surface of the earth. They are divided by type of nutrition: natural (groundwater, precipitation) and artificial (pipeline, wells). Depending on their purpose, ponds can have different depths and lengths of coastline.

Artificial swimming pond

Swimming pools are the simplest and most common group water bodies, built for swimming, as well as sports, therapeutic and educational events. In addition, swimming pools of a decorative nature are also defined. Their appearance maybe the most different shapes- depending on the allocated territory and the adopted architectural solution. The bottom, sides and walls of such reservoirs are made of concrete and brick and covered with facing material (ceramics, glazed tiles).

The pools are completely isolated from the external environment, so water circulation will be ensured installed system pumps and filters. The areas around the bowl of the object are mainly decorated with tiles, gravel or sown with certain grass.

Design

The design of an artificial reservoir will directly depend on its type and type. Based on this, he will either have strict simple shapes(reservoirs), or freer outlines (ponds). In addition to the main groups of artificial water bodies, there are others where creative thought There are truly no restrictions on the decorator.

Waterfall - water falling from a height is one of the original elements landscape design. Such a pond is an excellent solution for placement on an area with uneven terrain.

A fountain is a simple or complex structure where water shoots upward or sideways from a fixed source.

Cascade is a group of small reservoirs located on different levels. The peculiarity of their design is that water from the upper level reservoir flows down through a closed system.

Mini-pond - water in a small container decorated with living plants, river pebbles and other decorative elements.

A stream is a body of water decorated to look like a natural element. It is local and fits freely into any area of ​​the territory.

A swamp is a reservoir that will look good and natural in any part of the garden and park next to a rock garden or alpine slide.

1. IN Russian state construction during the reign of Peter the Great artificial reservoirs on estates and estates it was very welcome and was good form. For this purpose, wealthy aristocrats were invited from abroad the best masters their business, Italian and French designers.
2. The largest artificial swimming pool is the pool of the San Alfonso del Mar resort on south coast Chile (city of Algarrobo). Its length is more than a kilometer and its area is 8 hectares.
3. The first mentions of the experience of constructing an artificial reservoir are contained in manuscripts of the Ancient East.
4. Abraham Pond, formed after the construction of a dam on the North Saskatchewan River, attracts crowds of travelers. Its magic manifests itself in winter: methane bubbles, rising to the surface, freeze and form amazingly picturesque pictures.
5. The first reservoirs in Russia were built in 1701-1709 during the construction of the Vyshnevolotsk water system.

Reservoirs are natural or artificial accumulations of water, which can be permanent or temporary in nature, decorative, and located in parks and gardens. The flow of reservoirs is slow or absent.

Rivers are classified as watercourses because they have a constant, sometimes strong, current.

Natural bodies of water: lakes

Ponds are fresh water bodies. To simplify churn excess water form artificial drains. Ponds are often found in rural areas. Here they have a certain economic role - raising fish, storing water for irrigation, and sometimes doing laundry.

There are two types of ponds: dug and dam. The inhabitants of reservoirs are protozoa, algae, and fish. Special ponds are created for breeding valuable species of fish - trout, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon. Reservoirs are specially cleaned and their own ecosystem is formed.

The importance of reservoirs

Reservoirs are artificial reservoirs formed to store water in industrial scale. There are channel and lake reservoirs, depending on their origin. They can also be covered, open or dammed.

The largest in the world are Rybinsk - in Russia, Smallwood - in Canada, Nasser - in Egypt and Sudan. The creation of such reservoirs has enormous consequences, but not always positive ones. The main one is fundamental change landscape. This applies to both fauna and flora. They have a negative impact on fish spawning conditions.

Not the best consequence of the creation of such reservoirs is the siltation of reservoirs. The process represents the formation of large sediments at the bottom. at the same time it decreases. This process has been studied in detail because it harms the ecosystem. The inhabitants of reservoirs may change.

Where do oxbows come from?

Oxbow lakes as natural reservoirs are part of the channel where a river previously flowed. Another name is old speech. Such reservoirs often have a bizarre shape - a sickle or crescent, a loop, a curl. How are oxbow lakes formed? The formation process occurs when, for some reason, the channel straightens, and the previous curl or curvature remains cut off from the main body of water. main reason- high water, when the river finds a more convenient path.

Sometimes the bends of one river unite - this is how oxbow lakes can also form. This process takes place when there is large quantity sleeves The entrances to the oxbow lake are gradually covered with silt, and the reservoir itself turns into a lake or swamp. If there is food, it can function, but if not, it can dry out. The largest oxbow lakes can be more than 500 meters long.

What do reservoirs feed on?

The type of nutrition is one of the main characteristics of a reservoir. It can characterize its structure and functions.

How can bodies of water feed? Firstly, external surface runoff - rain, other hydro objects. Secondly, which can come close to the surface. Thirdly, artificially - the basin of the reservoir is filled forcibly. Fourthly, replenishment with combined type waters.

Drinking groundwater is the most environmentally friendly because it is clean. If the lake has such nutrition, then duckweed and mud will form in it less often. The most common type of nutrition is combined.

A guarantee of constant filling with water is the forced implementation of this process. Fill the reservoir with either tap or irrigation water. Most frequent meals- combined. Its sources can be rain, melted snow, groundwater and much more.

Reservoirs and their location on the ground

Reservoirs are hydraulic objects located in a certain area. Where can they form? Places of formation, for example, lakes, may be. The reservoir may be dammed or dug. Power is supplied, as a rule, from the river. Slope, watershed, and floodplain reservoirs are formed on the relief. In such cases, the relief of the lake or pond is clearly visible.

In the floodplain, reservoirs with underground, combined, and channel feeding are formed. They can form in an oxbow where sluices are installed. A dam and pumps can also be located here to use such a reservoir in industry.

Slope reservoirs are formed on the terraces of river valleys. They differ from others only in some design features.

Watershed reservoirs are constructed in watershed areas. They can feed on groundwater or artificially. Water can be forcibly supplied from a river or well.

There are also reservoirs in embankments or excavations. They are quite widespread, they are easy to form and organize their nutrition. They can have any area. They are quite expensive to build.

In embankments, reservoirs serve primarily to store water. Such an object could become the basis for a hydroelectric power station.

Creating a decorative pond

Decorative pond - what is it? It's artificial water body, which performs the function of decorating the site, forming its complete appearance. Most often, owners of private houses and summer cottages come up with the idea of ​​​​creating a decorative pond.

Artificial ponds are beautiful and stylish. What do you need to know to successfully create such a site decoration?

Creating a pond with your own hands is a feasible task for everyone. The shape and design of such a cozy corner of the garden can be very diverse. An artificial pond will fit perfectly into any landscape and can become its structural dominant.

To begin, choose a place that is not very close to your home (it is better to consult with landscape design specialists). Close proximity to the house can harm the foundation.

You need to create a project. To do this, determine the shape of the reservoir: oval, rectangle or intricate figure. The project will allow you to determine costs, materials, and location of filtration systems. Next, you should choose high-quality materials - the durability and beauty of the pond depend on them.

When everything is selected and purchased, proceed. Preferably, not on your own, but with the help of qualified specialists. The final stage is decoration with plants. This will complete the image of an ideal pond. You will get a gorgeous pond - the photo below represents one of the possible options for your garden.

Conclusion

Ponds, natural or artificial, are functional but can also be the perfect, beautiful addition to your garden design.

An aesthetic pond near your home will allow you to express your individuality and highlight the style of your garden. It is especially popular to create such elements in Japanese, classic, rustic style. The main thing is to properly design the pond. Sometimes fish live in such reservoirs. The presence of inhabitants of such miniature lakes is a matter of taste for the garden owners.

" Water! You have no taste, no color, no smell, you cannot be described,
enjoying you without understanding what you are.
You are not just necessary for life, you are life...
You are the greatest wealth in the world, but also the most fragile - you,
so pure in the bowels of the earth... You cannot tolerate impurities, you cannot stand
nothing foreign, you are a deity who is so easily frightened. Notes
you give us infinitely simple happiness"
Antoine de Saint-Exupery,
French writer.

Creation artificial reservoirs one of the best solutions decorative design plot. Artificial bodies of water revive landscape. With them, gardens take on a more complete, attractive look. This is a small oasis of beauty and originality, creating an excellent microclimate. Planning to create in your garden artificial pond, it is necessary to organically and competently fit it into the surrounding landscape.

Reservoirs can be of either natural or artificial origin. Natural bodies of water are natural lakes and ponds.

Artificial reservoirs can be divided into 3 main groups:

reservoirs (water volume more than 1 million m3);

ponds (water volume less than 1 million m3);

swimming pools characterized by complete isolation from the external environment and complete regulation of the water regime.

Reservoirs are most often installed at landscape architecture sites, which are classified according to their design characteristics and main purpose, as well as depending on their location on the terrain, in the riverbed, floodplain, etc.

Based on structural characteristics, reservoirs are divided:

For small and ultra-small reservoirs with ready-made lining of the bottom and sides, made in the factory (this is, as a rule, a film or a ready-made bath).

Dam reservoirs that are built on both permanent and temporary watercourses.

Dug reservoirs, which are constructed by constructing a pit in the ground and then filling it with water.

Combined reservoirs.

By main purposebodies of water are divided:

For decorative reservoirs, which mainly include small and ultra-small reservoirs made from ready-made forms.

Reservoirs for landscape and decorative purposes, which are an important part of the planning structure of the facility.

Recreational reservoirs, which differ from landscape and decorative ones in terms of recreational load.

Reservoirs for water sports.

Reservoirs for sport fishing.

Reservoirs for fish farming.

Reservoirs for irrigation of the territory of the facility, which are created to accumulate and warm water used for irrigation.

Multifunctional reservoirs.

Before starting to design a future artificial reservoir, it is necessary study the place of its installation:

it is necessary to find out the geophysical condition of the soil;

the presence of cavities (calcareous rocks);

determine the depth groundwater and its changes;

the presence of gases in the soil (peat bogs, organic matter);

check the soil for resistance to subsidence and crumbling (loose and crumbly soil);

determine the risk of internal soil erosion (karst soils, sand).

When you choose the location of the future reservoir, several conditions need to be considered, to ensure long-term preservation of all performance qualities of the film and avoid problems in the future:

The type of soil, its water and gas permeability, and the density of the geological formation under the film must be determined.

It is necessary to study the groundwater level. If the level groundwater above the level of the bottom of the reservoir, then the film will be subject to hydrostatic pressure. The air will also be blocked, causing pressure when the groundwater level rises.

For proper operation drainage system, for easy maintenance of the reservoir (if it is open), for forced movement of gases, it is recommended to make the slope of the bottom of the reservoir at least 2 degrees. This slope becomes even more important for bodies of water with a large water surface and must be made taking into account the level of land subsidence.

How longer length reservoir in the direction of the prevailing winds and the higher the slope of the embankment, the stronger the wave action will be.
Harmful effects waves can be weakened by:

• building a smaller but deeper pond;

  choose a different pond shape with a shorter size in the area of ​​prevailing winds;

  build several small ponds instead of one large one.

Depending on the wave height, soil conditions and bank slope, we recommend the following:

to protect the film, make concrete, rock riprap or soil cover along the slope of the reservoir;

secure the film correctly;

compact the soil correctly;

lay geotextiles under the film to protect it.

Using geotextiles as a protective layer. It is also necessary to compact and level the layer of sand or clean soil under the film. It is recommended to install geotextiles between the supporting soil layer and the film. It is absolutely necessary for strengthening embankments, when it is quite difficult to create an additional supporting layer. Depending on the type of soil, the weight of the geotextile used can range from 250 to 500 grams. per 1 sq.m.

The base of the pond bed (the soil layer that is in direct contact with the sheets of film) must be clean, smooth, without small sharp objects, stones and holes. It is this layer that should be able to compensate for soil subsidence and, if required, facilitate the installation of a drainage system. All plants from the bottom to the edges of the pond must be removed in order to avoid any accumulation of gases and swelling of the pond bed. The support layer under the film should be compacted as much as possible either naturally or mechanically (its density should be between 85% and 95% of the usual optimal density).

The need for a drainage system depends on the local conditions of the site for the reservoir, such as, for example, the presence of clay in the soil. Also, in all cases where water or gas can cause soil instability, the amount of water in the ground should be limited. This can be done through a drainage system or ultimately a flat two-layer drainage pad between two layers of film.

The construction of a pit for a reservoir on a site can be done in the following ways:

excavation of soil using an excavator;

build on the embankment of the reservoir;

combine the first and second: partially dig a foundation pit and build and build on a coastal rampart.

Preparation of the supporting layer of the reservoir.

All soil making up the support layer should be compacted to 95% of its optimum density. This is achieved either by conventional compaction or by mechanical means. In the latter case, the soil should be compacted layer by layer with maximum thickness each layer from 200 to 500 mm, either with a vibrating machine or a road roller. The soil compaction operation is carried out after all weeds have been removed. The surface of the bottom of the reservoir should not contain any pebbles with a diameter greater than 5 mm. If the top layer of the reservoir bed consists of soft materials such as sand and clay, then the film can be laid directly on such a surface. In most cases, however, geotextiles with a density of at least 300 g must be installed. per 1 sq.m.

Film for creating artificial reservoirs.

To create artificial ponds, experts recommend using either rubber film for decorative ponds (USA) and (Spain), with a thickness of at least 1 mm.

Artificial reservoirs come in two types: formal (strict forms) and free outlines.

formal pond has regular, sometimes slightly rounded geometric shapes (square, oval, rectangle), and sometimes more bizarre shapes - polygonal, round and elliptical. A formal pond is a great option for a small space because it has clean lines and can do without riparian plants.

The simple and neat shape of such a pond can easily be combined with any style of garden.

Pond of free outlines takes up significant space and is created in gardens big size. Its shape is as close as possible to natural, and the coastal zone and the reservoir itself are decorated with plants.

The design of a pond with free outlines should take into account the style and layout of the garden itself, so as not to conflict with them and form a single whole with other decorative elements of the garden.

An artificial reservoir does not have to look flat and ordinary. Show off your design talent, use your imagination and plant interesting and unusual plants reservoir and coastal zone.

Types of garden ponds

Waterfall. Its charm lies in the sound of water falling from a height into the bowl of an artificial reservoir. The sun's glare is reflected in the jets, and the air is saturated with moisture and freshness. Such garden ponds are made in areas with uneven terrain where the landscape requires the construction of terraces.

Cascade- This is a series of waterfalls of small height. The flow of water rolls along the steps of the cascade more quietly and calmly. You can organize a cascade at the top of an alpine hill or rock garden, and then, flowing along steeper steps, the water will fall spectacularly, breaking against the stones in shallow water. There are quite enough materials and equipment on sale that will allow you to create a waterfall on any site.

For an effective compositional solution, build a beautiful line along which the water will move. And also choose the best angle so that it is convenient to observe the movement of the flow.

And most importantly, in an artificial reservoir with a waterfall and cascades, you can safely plant plants and even keep fish. After all, water in movement and fall is well saturated with oxygen and cools better in the heat, which is especially useful for fish and pond plants. And oxygenated water is always clearer and cleaner than standing water.

Source. Most often it is a small cute stream with an outlet for collecting water. It is important to remember that in order for water to flow in a stream, it is necessary to create a slope. To do this, the stream bed is gradually deepened during work as it moves away from the source.

It’s easy to arrange. Any ideas, from cold stone sculptures with a stream flowing from them, to round platforms with keys breaking through in the center, will look great in gardens of different styles. Near such a stream, plants grow luxuriantly and butterflies gather.

Swamp. It’s unusual and interesting, and at the same time very natural, to decorate your garden with a wonderful swamp. The bog looks natural in any garden. Having dropped off at coastal zone plants with lush, fresh greenery will transform any dull landscape. The microclimate of the swamp will allow you to grow plant species that need moisture and humid air.

A swamp can become a convenient neighbor and an excellent addition to an ascetic alpine hill or rock garden.

Mini pond. It is enough to find a suitable container and you can build a stationary or portable reservoir. There is a place for a mini-pond both in a large garden and in a modest-sized garden. It will perfectly enliven a small space.

If in a small garden a mini-reservoir will be an independent object, then in a large space it will most likely serve as decor for a recreation area or may be part of a rock garden. It is no less attractive than a pond, a waterfall and a spring.

In a small container you can place floating plants or a fountain with its own water cycle. Perennial grasses and ferns are suitable for decorating the shore.

Fountain. The effectiveness of a fountain is hard to beat. Its jets may have different direction, cross or form arches.

The strength of the fountain jet can also change, which gives it a certain character and creates a mood. By equipping the fountain with lighting, you can get additional emotions in the evening and at night.

Water can be saturated with air bubbles, which also looks very impressive. A huge selection of nozzles for shaping and highlighting the jet makes it easy to create the miracle fountain of your dreams.

Carefully approach the issue of choosing plants for this type of reservoir. Not all plants can grow under the jets of a fountain and with bubbling water. For example, beautiful nymphs do not like splashes and feel good only on the still, mirror-like surface of water.

In Japanese style. Install a gazebo on the shore of a pond, plant ornamental plants with neat shapes. Coast plants, in this case, should have beautiful flowering, textured leaves of different tones and a neat general form(watch three-leaved, Siberian iris, small daylily).

Sprawling, wild compositions will not fit into the overall picture of peace and restraint; even sedge can be chosen that is low-growing and compact, for example, yellow sedge.

Natural pond. For those who prefer to surround themselves natural objects, a natural pond with a group of nymphs and a frogfish on a water surface is suitable. The frog plant fully lives up to its name - frogs constantly climb onto its convenient leaves.

Relaxing near such a pond, you can watch them scurry between flat plates of leaves. On warm evenings you will listen to their serenades.

Artificial reservoirs

Artificial reservoirs

are created by man. There are two main ones. method of their construction: filling artificially created containers with water outside natural reservoirs ( most of sports bass., dig, some vdkhr.); construction of dams on rivers (most of the reservoirs and ponds). Basic the mass of water in artificial reservoirs is concentrated in reservoirs– artificial reservoirs with a volume of more than 1 million m³ of water. They may also include dammed lakes. Like others artificial reservoirs, vdhr. are created for the purpose of accumulating and subsequent use of water, to combat floods, since natural, very uneven from year to year and throughout the year water regime usually does not meet the needs of various households. requirements for water resources.
For water storage are characterized by: increasing depths towards the dam (excluding some that included lakes), very slow water exchange and flow speed compared to the river, as well as a number of other hydrological features. There are water reservoirs. daily, weekly, seasonal and long-term regulation of flow with redistribution of natural flow, respectively, within a day, within a week, between individual seasons and years.

Being cost-effective, vdhr. at the same time have a number of negative influences on environment(flooding, flooding and waterlogging of areas, sometimes deterioration of water quality, etc.).
K con. 20th century More than 30 thousand reservoirs have been created in the world. total area St. 400 thousand km², including more than 3000 with a volume of St. 0.1 km³ each. Their total volume exceeded 6300 km³. Among the largest reservoirs. world - Victoria in Africa (together with the dammed lake of the same name, the volume is 204.8 km³, Bratskoe on the Angara River - 169.3 km³. The Volta Reservoir in Africa has the largest area - 8.5 thousand km². Whole line rivers, including such large ones as the Volga and Kama, turned into a cascade of reservoirs.

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

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