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God is with us! |
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Stand up for the faith, Russian land! |
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"Russian Monarchist" |
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Russian monarchist party- Russian monarchical, Black Hundred organization, arose on April 24 (May 8), 1905 in Moscow. WITH - Russian monarchical union.
Symbolism
The RMS Banner (Article 9) is the imperial flag adopted by Alexander III in 1883 (silver-gold-black), which bears the RMS coat of arms.
The coat of arms of the RMS (Article 10) is a double-headed eagle surrounded by a green wreath, symbolizing unity.
RMS slogans (Article 11):
- “For Faith, Tsar and Fatherland!”
- “God is with us!”
- “For the Great, United and Indivisible Russia!”
- “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality!”
Ideology and goals
The ideology of the party is based on monarchical and patriotic principles.
RMS pursues state and public goals:
- Re-creation of the Great, United and Indivisible Russian Empire;
- Historical, cultural and religious education of Russians;
- Preservation and settling historical accuracy Russian and Russian History;
Basic documents
Charter of the organization "Russian Monarchical Union" - drawn up Supreme Council August 1, 2009. Approved at the founding congress of the party on October 10, 2009. The charter of the organization regulates the organization and procedure of the party’s activities in relations with the state and society.
Activity
RMS branches in Russia:
- Moscow Department of the RMS named after St. George the Victorious;
- St. Petersburg Department of the RMS named after Peter the Great;
- Yekaterinburg Department of the RMS named after the Holy Emperor Nicholas II;
- Kursk Department of RMS;
- Vladivostok Department of RMS;
- Kandalaksha Department of the Russian Monarchical Union (KORMS);
- 1st Siberian Department of RMS in the city of Omsk named after A.V. Kolchak;
- 2nd Siberian Department of RMS in the city of Irkutsk;
- 1st Little Russian Department of RMS in the city of Sevastopol;
- 2nd Little Russian Department of the RMS in the city of Kyiv;
- 1st Belorussian Department of RMS in Minsk;
Notable members
- Ivan Vostorgov - Saint in Russian history. You can help the project by adding to it.
An excerpt characterizing the Russian Monarchist Party
Then suddenly it was as if some kind of door opened in my memory - I remembered what I knew about these neighbors...
It was quite a “famous” house for its oddities (which, in my opinion, only I believed in in our entire district) house. There were rumors among the neighbors that the owner was apparently not completely normal, since she constantly told some “wild” stories with objects flying in the air, writing pens, ghosts, etc. etc... (similar things are shown very well in the film "Ghost", which I saw many years later).
The neighbor was a very pleasant woman of about forty-five, whose husband actually died about ten years ago. And from then on, all these incredible miracles began in her house. I visited her several times, eager to find out what was going on there, but, unfortunately, I was never able to get my reclusive neighbor to talk. So now I completely shared her impatience. strange husband and hurried to enter as quickly as possible, anticipating in advance what, according to my concepts, was supposed to happen there.
“My name is Vlad,” my former neighbor croaked.
I looked at him in surprise and realized that he was very afraid... But I decided not to pay attention to it and entered the house. A neighbor was sitting by the fireplace embroidering a pillow. I said hello and was about to explain why I came here, when she suddenly said quickly:
- Please, honey, leave quickly! It can be dangerous here.
The poor woman was scared half to death, and I suddenly understood what she was so afraid of... She apparently always felt the presence of her husband when he came to her!.. And all the poltergeist manifestations that had happened to her before apparently occurred through his fault. Therefore, again feeling his presence, the poor woman just wanted to “protect” me from possible shock... I gently took her hands and said as softly as possible:
– I know what you are afraid of. Please listen to what I have to say and this will all end forever.
I tried to explain to her as best I could about the souls coming to me and how I was trying to help them all. I saw that she believed me, but for some reason she was afraid to show it to me.
“Your husband is with me, Milya, and if you want, you can talk to him,” I said carefully.
To my surprise, she was silent for a long time, and then quietly said:
“Leave me alone, Vlad, you’ve tormented me long enough.” Leave.
Russian monarchist party originated in 1905 around the editorial office of the Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper on the initiative of editor-publisher V.A. Greenmouth. The party occupied the right flank of the conservative movement and advocated the preservation of unlimited autocratic power and the dominant position of the Russian people. The party program initially completely rejected the idea of creating a representative elected body, believing that the main legislative body under the emperor should be the State Council appointed by him. The Russian Orthodox Church was considered by the ideologists of the Russian Monarchist Party as the spiritual basis of society and the state. The party demanded the preservation of the unity and indivisibility of the Russian Empire. It was considered unacceptable to create national schools and any national political organizations.
The most important factor in the stability of society was the preservation of classes, among which the clergy, nobility and peasantry were recognized as the support of the state. Fearing an increase in the number of the proletariat, the party called for strengthening peasant farms, which were recognized as having a leading role in the Russian economy.
The number of the party is up to 10 thousand people, but the majority of its members were nominal members. Social base - intelligentsia, middle urban strata, workers. Party chairmen: V.A. Gringmut (1905-1908), I.I. Vostorgov (1908-1913), V.V. Tomilin (November 1913-August 1914), S.A. Keltsev (August 1914-February 1917). Governing bodies the parties were in Moscow.
The Russian monarchist party advocated the continuation of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. before victory, against any concessions to Japan, and condemned the Portsmouth Peace Treaty; during the Revolution of 1905-1907. sharply criticized the authorities for their indecision in the fight against revolutionary movement; criticized the activities of the government of S.Yu. Witte.
After the split of the conservative movement (1910-1912), she actively collaborated with the renewed Union of the Russian People. An attempt to get its candidates through the elections to the 4th State Duma ended in failure for the Russian Monarchist Party, which contributed to increasing disagreements within the party leadership. In the autumn of 1913 the party split: its working departments, headed by V.G. Orlov, moved to Russian People's Union named after Michael the Archangel.
During the First World War, the party advocated war to a victorious end.
On the initiative of the Russian Monarchist Party, several temperance societies were created, a society to promote the patriotic education of children. The party collected funds to purchase a building for the “Russian House”, the Greenmouth library and book warehouse were founded, and a printing house was equipped.
The Russian monarchist party collapsed in February 1917.
2. Union of the Russian People (Black Hundreds).
The union was founded in November 1905. In Petersburg. The leaders of the monarchical union argued that the Black Hundred were ordinary people who had saved the fatherland from traitors for centuries. The overwhelming majority of the organization's members were peasants; significantly fewer were artisans, small traders, and hired workers. At the same time, the top of the “Union” consisted of representatives of the intelligentsia, government officials, merchants, landowners, and the clergy. The Black Hundreds stood for strengthening the dominant position of the Russian Orthodox Church, for the unity and indivisibility of the Russian Empire. The ideology of the Black Hundreds was permeated with anti-Semitism. On the agrarian issue, the Union defended the principle of the inviolability of private property, rejecting the confiscation of landowners' land. Realizing the unpopularity of this thesis among the peasants who numerically predominated in the Union, the party leaders put forward a number of minor measures designed to improve the situation rural population. Although the leaders of the Union declared their commitment to the law, some leaders expressed the conviction that it was necessary to use terrorist methods against the revolutionaries. Lacking firm support in the Duma, the Black Hundred leadership set a course to discredit the legislative institution.
Two currents gradually took shape among the Black Hundreds. One of them, called Dubrovinsky (after Dubrovin), expressed dissatisfaction with the reforms of the socio-economic system. In contrast to the Dubrovinites, a group emerged that recognized the irreversible nature of changes in the political system. In 1916 The Union was in a state of deep crisis, its local departments were disorganized. Like other Black Hundred organizations, the Union of the Russian People was unable to resist during the February Revolution. In March 1917 The union collapsed.
Has as its main characteristic feature ideological platform. Monarchist parties proclaim the revival as their main idea royal power in Russia. The existence of such organizations began at the beginning of the twentieth century.
What is a monarchical form of government?
The term “monarchy” itself means that the main power in the state belongs to one person - the king, king, emperor, etc. The change of leader occurs according to the rules of succession to the throne. This form of government is either absolute, when power in its entirety belongs only to the monarch, and his decisions are not disputed by anyone, or constitutional, when the country has a parliament.
Today there are countries where monarchical power has been preserved. Mainly as, for example, in England, where royal house does not take part in government, but only performs a symbolic function and pays tribute to tradition. You can meet the absolute power of the ruler in some eastern countries, for example in Saudi Arabia.
Monarchy in Russia
There was a monarchical system in Russia long years, until the beginning of the 20th century. Initially, it was an absolute monarchy, when the power of the sovereign was not limited by anything. But during the reign of Nicholas II, royal power underwent some changes. Beginning in 1905, the State Duma appeared in the country, which meant the emergence of a constitutional system.
In Russia today it has been proclaimed, headed by a president. Also in our country there is a large number of political organizations, among which there are monarchist parties.
The emergence of monarchical organizations in Russia
Already by the end of the 19th century, political movements of a monarchist orientation began to take shape in the Russian Empire. Their main goal was to protect the existing system from various changes and reforms. An example is a society called “Russian Conversation”, which was founded at the turn of the century, in 1900. Also this year, the oldest party was founded, whose activities continued illegally even after the Revolution. It was called "Russian Assembly".
Monarchist parties mainly began to appear after the Manifesto of October 17 was released, thanks to which the population of the country gained democratic rights and freedoms. The State Duma was created, and monarchist parties became one of the political forces.
If we talk about the political movements of that time, advocating the preservation of traditional values and royal power, we can name two largest organizations. They were created in 1905. One was called the Union of the Russian People, and the other was the Russian Monarchist Party.
Union of the Russian People
This is the largest monarchist party in Russia of the 20th century. It had the largest number of members - about 350 thousand people. Anyone could join the organization, regardless of social status However, the leading role was played by representatives of the intelligentsia. Such a wide coverage of everyone social groups was justified by the party's goal - to unite all Russian people for the good of the Fatherland for the sake of a single and indivisible country.
Among program principles This organization was popular with chauvinistic, nationalistic sentiments and radical Orthodoxy. It was also characterized by anti-Semitism - rejection of people of Jewish nationality.
Concerning government structure, then the Union of the Russian People is a monarchist party. The form of government was absolutism; parliamentary bodies governing the country were rejected. The only thing this organization offered was the creation of a people's advisory body working for the benefit of the royal power.
The movement ceased to exist after the October Revolution. An attempt to recreate it was made in 2005.
Russian monarchist party
A political organization called the Russian Monarchist Party was also founded in 1905. Its numbers were not as huge as those of the Union of the Russian People - only about a hundred thousand people.
Starting in 1907, the Russian Monarchist Party began to bear a different name, which was due to sudden death its creator and leader - V. A. Gringmut. The organization began to be called the Russian Monarchical Union, and I. I. Vostrogov, who had previously been Gringmut’s deputy, became its head.
Unlimited autocracy was proclaimed, and the church played a special role in the life of the state. She had to play main role and to be the guarantor and stronghold of the moral and spiritual life of people. As for the Duma, it was not rejected by the ideas of the movement, but was supposed to be a conciliar body of power.
"Black Hundreds"
The above parties do not represent the entire spectrum of monarchical organizations and movements of that period of time. The general name of these movements is “Black Hundreds”. They are members of patriotic organizations, common feature which are nationalism, anti-Semitism, chauvinism, adherence to Orthodoxy. These were guardians of the traditional values of that time, ideological adherents of absolute royal power.
Among them we can highlight such organizations as the Union of the Archangel Michael, the All-Russian Dubrovinsky Union of the Russian People, the Holy Squad, as well as the Union of Russian People and other Black Hundred movements.
Monarchist Party of the Russian Federation
Today, among the most famous parties and movements of a monarchist persuasion can be called the Monarchist Party of Russia, founded by political strategist and businessman Anton Bakov. The organization was officially registered by the Ministry of Justice in 2012, and its founding congress took place at the same time. The Monarchist Party of Russia is an adherent of a constitutional monarchy; moreover, the text of their own Constitution is posted on the official website of the organization. Interesting point that this organization issues passports with citizenship of the Russian Empire for its members and is going to take part in the elections. The party leader publishes books and is also known for statements regarding V.I. Lenin and I.V. Stalin. He is going to arrange a public trial for them for the overthrow of the Romanov dynasty and the destruction of the Russian Empire.
As the heir to the throne, the Monarchist Party of the Russian Federation proposes Nicholas III, who is a descendant of Emperor Alexander II. It is known that this is a German prince who converted to the Orthodox faith.
Monarchist movement today
IN modern Russia after the breakup Soviet Union A large number of different political organizations appeared, among which there were monarchist parties. They do not take part in the struggle for power, but do social activities- carry out various events.
As for the question of who should become sovereign if Russia returns to tsarist power, many parties and movements have their own opinion on this matter. Some recognize the heirs of the Romanov dynasty, now living abroad, as legitimate contenders for the throne, others believe that the tsar should be the people's chosen one, and still others generally recognize him as emperor. current president Russia.
The monarchist party has as its main task the preservation of the Monarchical Autocratic Power of the Russian Tsars. The monarchist party sets itself, first in time, the task of promoting, by all legal measures, the end of internal unrest, in the conviction that no internal reforms, which Russia so needs, can bring good results, as long as they are carried out under the pressure of the current revolutionary movement.
When the Supreme Power triumphs over internal turmoil, then, according to the conviction of the Monarchist Party, the most convenient time for the thorough, mature government reforms, and then the Monarchist Party will use all its efforts to ensure that these reforms have as their goal the results expressed in the following Fundamental Constant Provisions, from which flow the conclusions set out below, relating primarily to the critical time currently being experienced.<…>
XIII. Improving peasant life by raising agricultural culture and proper organization rural loan, the establishment of rural agricultural schools, as well as expedient land management and resettlement, especially the rational management of resettlement. The lack of land that many peasants in the central provinces suffer from is undoubtedly one of the sources of their difficult economic situation.<…>
The monarchist party, which sees in the inviolability of property rights the most important guarantee of the healthy development and prosperity of the State and the lasting strengthening of people's morality, does not allow the idea that natural increase population in our central provinces entailed criminal violence in the form of seizure of other people's property or forced alienation of large properties to satisfy small owners.<…>
XIV. Promoting the development of fruitful national people's labor in all areas of its application... Recognizing that the source of the material well-being of the people is productive labor, the Monarchist Party sets as its task the care of comprehensive development it in the interests of improving both the private and state economy of Russia...
The monarchist party considers it its duty, to the best of its ability, to take care of increasing the productivity of our agriculture and Russian industry into proper balance.
⦁What is the main task of the Monarchist Party? What should be done to overcome the crisis? Which party, as a contemporary, would you prefer? Give reasons for your choice.
Conclusion
At the beginning of the 20th century. In less than two decades, Russian society has made significant progress along the path of transformation from traditional to modernized. The changes were complex, multidimensional, covering the economy, social structure, education, spiritual life, legal relations, political system.
Industry developed, new technologies were introduced, gradually manual labor replaced by machine production. The growth of industry and trade led to urbanization – an increase in the scale of growth of urban settlements, to the concentration of hired labor in them.
At the same time, the preservation of landlord ownership of a significant part of the land fund and the unsettled relations between labor and capital hampered the development of the domestic market. Disproportions remained in the distribution and consumption of goods and services.
The role has increased social mobility population and individual initiative - important conditions for successful modernization. But the class structure of society, protected by the state, hampered economic and cultural-historical development. The preservation of the foundations of the patriarchal family and the inequality of women held back material, spiritual and moral progress.
The value of knowledge has increased general culture and skilled labor, but civilizational achievements were insufficient; the bulk of the country's population, especially multinational regions, remained illiterate.
During the modernization of the political system, the line separating the autocracy from the constitutional monarchy of the Western European model was not overcome. The formation of institutions of representative power (the State Duma) and the multi-party system did not primarily affect the class advantages of the nobility and the omnipotence of the imperial bureaucracy.
Political, economic, social, cultural and other contradictions tied into a complex knot prevented the formation civil society and the rule of law. National interests were not perceived by the authorities as a need for the development of the entire society, but were reduced more to the dynastic and sovereign interests of the monarchy.
The conservatism of power, the spread of liberal and revolutionary socialist views, and the ordeals of the First World War aggravated internal conflicts, inherent in society in conditions of incomplete modernization.
Despite the fact that during the reign of Nicholas II there were such statesmen, like Witte and Stolypin, he did not make full use of their talents as reformers, leaning toward the conservative part of his circle. As usual with the Romanovs, great-power interests came first in Nicholas II’s system of state priorities. And the defense of autocracy to the detriment of reforms could not help but lead the Empire to a disastrous ending. The final blow to the authority of the autocracy was dealt by the war. In February 1917, the rebellious people carried out a revolution that ended the three-hundred-year reign of the Romanov dynasty.
1. Think about why the 300-year-old Romanov monarchy collapsed without resistance. Did the policy of Nicholas II or other deeper reasons lead to this? 2. What were the main features and contradictions of the process of modernization in Russia?
3. Historians have convincingly proven that Russia had all the conditions for revolution: reluctance to continue the war, decomposition imperial court, the growth of the proletariat and its demands, the ossified framework of the old regime that hindered the young bourgeoisie. No one, however, proved that the autocracy should have collapsed without resistance in February 1917 (from “The History of the Russian Empire” by M. Ya. Geller).
Can you add any reasons to those already listed?
4. What events in world history did Russia take part in at the beginning of the 20th century? How do you assess Russia's role in these events?
5. Compare the attitude of different political parties towards the First World War. Describe the calls and slogans of various political forces: “For faith, king and fatherland”; “War to the bitter end!”; "The transformation of modern imperialist war into civil war." What political forces were behind them? Why did the war intensify the division of society every year?
6. What assessments of Russia’s participation in the First World War do you know and what historiographical trends do they reflect?
7. Which of the Russian scientists at the beginning of the 20th century. was awarded the Nobel Prize? What achievements are behind these awards?
8. Which Russian actors managed to conquer the stages of European theaters?
9. Why does it occur in Europe? sustained interest to Russian culture?
one of the largest right-wing monarchist organizations, founded by V. A. Gringmut. Gringmut began his activities to create the RMP immediately after the Manifesto on February 18. 1905. In March - beginning. Apr. he published a series of articles in the Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper about the need to create a monarchist party and its tasks.
24 Apr In 1905, the first meeting of a circle of like-minded people took place, as a result of which the Central Bureau was created under the editorship of Moskovskiye Vedomosti (this day became considered to be the birthday of the Russian MP).
Then there was a long break, and the next meetings were held only on September 1 and 9. Oct 6 The program and plan for the election campaign were discussed at the meeting. However, revolutionary uprisings prompted members of the newly created party to take more active action. The meeting of October 18, held the day after the release of the famous Manifesto, as Gringmuth wrote, “to the whistling and hooting of the street crowd,” marked the beginning of the fight against the revolutionaries. At the meeting on November 20. decisions were made: to enter into a close alliance with other patriotic organizations to jointly fight the revolution; appeal to the Sovereign with a statement about the loyalty of the indigenous Russian People to the oath and about the desire to strengthen the Autocracy. The result of the unification activities was the creation of the All-People's Russian Union, which united all existing Moscow monarchist organizations (RMP, Union of Russian People (SRL), Moscow Union of the Russian People (SRN), Society of Russian Patriots, Circle of Muscovites, etc.). And 1 Dec. 1905 took place The highest reception deputations from right-wing organizations, during which the founder of the Russian MP V. A. Gringmut addressed Emperor Nicholas II with a welcoming and encouraging word on behalf of the Russian monarchists. After 6 Dec. an appeal appeared calling for open rebellion; on the initiative of Gringmut, a nationwide prayer for the Tsar and the Motherland took place on Red Square. Despite the overt revolutionary terror, at the appointed hour many thousands of Orthodox Russian people came to the city center, who, led by the archpastors, prayed to God for the pacification of the Fatherland. In 1906, systematic work began on organizational and ideological support for the activities of the RMP. Several departments of the party were opened: March 5 - in Yegoryevsk, March 6 - in Bogorodsk, March 10 - in Pavlovsky Posad, May 11 - in Bronnitsy, June 19 - in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, June 29 - in Ryazan. Three departments also appeared in Moscow itself: Dorogomilovsky, Lefortovo and Basmanny. Parties with a similar name began to emerge in other cities (the most famous was in Kyiv), but they were not organizationally connected with the Moscow RMP. From 5 Feb. to 17 Dec. In 1906, 11 meetings of the RMP were held, the most important of which were meetings on February 26, July 9 and August 8. 26 Feb. at the 2nd general meeting, party chairman V. A. Gringmut made a detailed report: he read the text of the Sovereign’s response to the telegram of the RMP, adopted at the first general meeting on February 5; spoke about the results of the 1st All-Russian Congress of Russian People in St. Petersburg on February 8–12. 1906 (All-Russian Congress of the Russian Assembly); gave an explanation on preparations for the elections to the State Duma; informed about the activities of provincial departments. Gringmut made a separate speech about the historical significance of the Tsar’s words spoken to the deputation of monarchists from Ivanovo-Voznesensk, “My autocracy will remain as it was of old.” The meeting, having sung the national anthem “God Save the Tsar,” heard a special appeal “Orthodox people, rejoice,” compiled by K. P. Stepanov, and also decided to choose the words of the Sovereign as the motto for badge monarchist. V. G. Orlov, L. V. Genika, K. N. Paskhalov, L. N. Bobrov, A. S. Shmakov, B. V. Nazarevsky and others also made speeches at the meeting. July 8, 1906 on the day of Kazan icons Mother of God Emperor Nicholas II dissolved the revolutionary State Duma.
The monarchists, who had long been expecting this, held a meeting the next day at which they decided to bring to the image of the Mother of God in the Kazan Cathedral a silver-gilded and enamel lamp, decorated with precious stones with the inscription “Russian monarchists in calling for prayer help from the Queen of Heaven to the Tsar Autocrat of All Russia in memory July 8, 1906." The dissolution of the Duma pleased the monarchists, but rumors soon appeared that the government was conducting behind-the-scenes negotiations with representatives of the liberal parties. These rumors, as well as the general unstable situation in the country, prompted the Russian MP to send the Most Submissive Address to the Sovereign, adopted by the general meeting on August 8. The address expressed the hope that the dissolved State Duma would now be abolished forever. At the same time, without setting any conditions and expressing complete obedience to the Tsar’s will, members of the RMP proposed to at least change electoral legislation: “If you, Great Sovereign, decided to continue the experiment with State Duma, then we will fulfill Your Will and make every effort to achieve the best possible results in the upcoming elections; But in no case will we achieve such results if elections take place on the basis of the previous electoral laws and especially if Jews take part in them.” However, the electoral law was changed only after the experience with the Second Duma. The address ended with a call and prayer to the Monarch: “Dear You are our Breadwinner, heed the cry of the Russian soul, finally remove the shackles from the Russian spirit, give the Russian people the opportunity to live like Russians with the Unlimited Autocratic Tsar at their head, and then Your people will stand in all his height, will sigh with all his heart and, trusting in the mercy of God, will show his traitors and other peoples that early they gathered to sing a requiem for us. Forgive us, Great Sovereign, for our tears; we have no strength to endure our humiliation and our suffering.” In 1906, the Russian Monarchist Assembly began to function as a kind of debate club under the Russian Orthodox Church, which was designed to discuss programmatic and theoretical issues of the monarchist movement. The initial program provisions of the RMP were developed by V. A. Gringmut in the spring and summer of 1905 in his articles published in Moskovskie Vedomosti. In 1905 (n. 1906), these publications were consolidated into a single Program. The RMP declared its main task to be the “preservation of the Autocracy.” The need for reforms was not denied, but, the Russian Monarchist Party is a banner in the first place, they were proposed to be carried out only after the cessation of the unrest, and, secondly, they should be based on the triad “Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Russian nationality.” The program proclaimed Orthodox Church“the guarantee of strengthening the Autocracy and the prosperity of the Russian People”, put forward demands for maintaining its primacy position in the Empire and its role as the spiritual and moral leader of the state and people.
The second basis for reform is unlimited Autocracy - without it, according to the Program, Russia simply cannot exist. Reforms must also be based on “ free development Russian national and cultural idea throughout the Empire, but without constraining the local national characteristics, without political significance" This meant, first of all, that the unity and integrity of the Russian Empire, a single Russian state language, a single Russian law, a single Russian public school must be preserved. Rejecting the idea of a legislature, the RMP Program proposed original way participation of the people in higher government - through reorganization State Council. Now it is comprised of former statesmen who have service experience, but no life experience, Gringmuth believed, so they do not bring the necessary benefit. And he proposed appointing to the State Council outstanding Russian figures who had merit not only in the public sphere, but also in other areas, who could be advisers to the Tsar in matters of legislation. However, they should not limit the Sovereign with their decisions. The program required the preservation of the class system of the Russian People, especially the spiritual, noble and peasant classes. In resolving the issue of bureaucracy, the Program proceeded from the fact that parliamentarism by itself will not produce a good bureaucracy. Only the Unlimited Autocrat can liberate from bad bureaucracy by bringing to trial all faulty officials at the initiative of any loyal subject. In resolving the peasant issue, the RMP opposed “illegal methods of eliminating land shortages” (seizure of someone else’s property, forced alienation of large holdings), because the inviolability of “property rights is the most important guarantee of the healthy development and prosperity of the state and the lasting strengthening of people’s morality.” The problem of land shortage should be solved exclusively by legal measures: increasing land productivity, distributing cheap small loans, organizing agricultural schools, broad organization resettlement of not only peasants, but also landowners. All these measures required, first of all, energetic assistance from the government, which, on the contrary, in order to attract foreign capital, abandoned agriculture and concentrated its efforts only on industry. The RMP did not have a separate charter, but a number of necessary statutory requirements were contained in the Program: only Russian subjects of both sexes, all classes and religions (with the exception of Jews) could be members of the party; The newspaper “Moskovskie Vedomosti” was declared the official organ of the party, etc. In order to counter the formation of factions within the party, it was specially stipulated that “the principle of challenging the basic provisions is not allowed”; anyone who does not agree with at least one of them will not join the party or will be expelled from her. In 1907, the main efforts of Gringmut and other leaders of the RMP were aimed at rallying patriotic forces. 18 Feb An agreement was concluded to unite the two largest monarchist organizations in Moscow - the RMP and the Moscow department of the RNC - into a single Monarchical Union of the Russian People. The main terms of the agreement were as follows: the founder and chairman of the RNC, N. N. Oznobishin, became honorary chairman new party, and Greenmouth - acting; The full merger was planned to take place on January 1.
1908; During 1907, separate office work and finances were maintained, but joint meetings were held (a total of 8 such meetings were held general meetings). 15 Apr The banner of the Russian MP was solemnly consecrated, which was performed by the famous icon painter, supplier of the Supreme Court V.P. Guryanov with the assistance of prof. paintings by V. M. Vasnetsov and nuns of the Ioannovsky Monastery.
The banner was a slightly modified copy of the prince’s banner. D.I. Pozharsky, which emphasized the continuity of the monarchists’ service to God, the Tsar and the Fatherland. The sudden death of the party founder and recognized leader of the Moscow monarchists V. A. Gringmut (and on December 17, 1906 he was elected lifelong chairman of the party) dealt a serious blow to the activities of the RMP. The party chairman personally provided a number of projects with his highest authority, influence in the highest spheres and simply the necessary level of competence on a number of issues. Gringmut's successor in all posts in the monarchist organizations of Moscow was Prot. I. I. Vostorgov, who was his deputy during his lifetime. Since 1908, the RMP was transformed into the Russian Monarchical Union. The tenth anniversary of the founding of the Russian MP, both because of the war and because of splits in the monarchist movement, was not widely celebrated; only Moskovskie Vedomosti responded, publishing on April 24. 1915 editorial dedicated to the anniversary.
Education. At the beginning of the 20th century. The network of primary schools was expanding, which were divided into zemstvo schools, schools of the Ministry of Education and parish schools. Only in government primary schools 6 million children were educated. The literacy rate of the population over 8 years of age was about 40%.
The industrial boom caused by the reforms of S.Yu. Witte, increased the country's need for specialists various industries economy. This contributed to the growth of higher, mainly university, education. Although the number of universities has remained almost unchanged (a university was opened in Saratov in 1909), the number of students has increased by an order of magnitude (in the mid-90s of the 19th century - 14 thousand, in 1907 - 35.5 thousand). The network of higher technical educational institutions expanded, and in 1916 there were 16 of them. Higher private education became widespread (V.M. Bekhterev Psychoneurological Institute). About 30 women's universities were opened. There were special teacher seminaries that trained school teachers according to an accelerated program. Personnel for the seminaries and secondary educational institutions themselves were trained by 47 pedagogical institutes. In 1903, a women's pedagogical institute in St. Petersburg.
At the beginning of the century, to eliminate illiteracy among the adult population, people's universities and educational people's societies arose, where many prominent Russian scientists taught for free. According to the number of books published in the first decade of the 20th century. Russia ranked third in the world after Germany and Japan. More than 1,000 legal newspapers were published. The most popular magazine was Niva. In 1905, the government lifted preliminary censorship of periodicals. It is worth noting the educational activities of the publisher and bookseller I. D. Sytin, whose printing houses produced “Library for Self-Education” and other books for the people in mass editions. In the first decade of the 20th century. in the Russian Empire there were more than 10 thousand public and people's libraries. At the same time, the development of Russian cinema began. In the period from 1908 to 1917, 2 thousand domestically produced feature films were created. As many contemporaries noted, distinctive feature beginning of the century there was a craving for knowledge among the lower strata of the population.
The science. By the beginning of the 20th century. in Russia there was an Academy of Sciences with developed system industry institutes, as well as universities with numerous scientific societies. All-Russian congresses of scientists continued to play the role of coordinating centers for the country's scientific forces. Advanced knowledge was disseminated through numerous periodicals (magazines “Around the World”, “Nature”, “Science and Life”, etc.). The country's leading scientists often gave public lectures. New scientific branches developed in Russia: aeronautics and electrical engineering, hydro- and aerodynamics (N.E. Zhukovsky). In 1913, the first Russian aircraft were built. Continued scientific activity K.E. Tsiolkovsky, who laid theoretical basis future space flights. Russian science developed in close contact with world science. Discoveries of Russian scientists - physicist P.N. Lebedev, naturalist V.I. Vernadsky, physiologists I.P. Pavlova and I.I. Mechnikov - were received with interest by the international scientific community. Pavlov and Mechnikov were awarded Nobel Prizes. The development of natural science has led to a revaluation of many philosophical theories. Materialism and Marxism were losing followers among Russian intellectuals. These changes affected the social sciences. According to many prominent scientists, the center of philosophy has moved from Germany to Russia. At the beginning of the century, the works of religious idealist philosophers B.C. were published. Solovyova, N.A. Berdyaeva, S.N. Bulgakova, S.N. Trubetskoy, P.A. Florensky, which affirmed the primacy of spirituality. New names appear in economic science(M.I. Tugan-Baranovsky) and in history (S.F. Platonov, N.P. Pavlov-Silvansky).
Art culture. The beginning of the century is considered a time of “revaluation of values” in the spiritual sphere. Intellectuals and creators are abandoning their previous passion for social problems and moving on to consider the feelings and experiences of the individual. This phenomenon in art was called “decadence.” Supporters of this trend called in their works to escape from gray reality into dreams, mysticism, and otherworldly worlds. A movement such as modernism arose, which reflected life through the subjective perception of the artist-creator.
Such luminaries of Russian literature as L.N. continued to create in literature. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, young I.A. Bunin and A.I. Kuprin. Among the revolutionary democratic strata, the popularity of M. Gorky (A.M. Peshkov) is growing. Along with realism, a new, modernist direction emerged in Russian literature at the turn of the century. Modernism was a complex movement, within which several trends can be distinguished that prevailed at different stages of its development. These are symbolism, futurism, acmeism, etc. Each of them put forward its own aesthetic program, but they all denied the principles of realistic art. Modernists advocated “pure and free” creativity, reflecting the sensory world of individuality, rather than social problems. Symbolists can include D.S. Merezhkovsky, Z.N. Gippius, V.Ya. Bryusov, K.D. Balmont, A.A. Blok, A. Bely (B.N. Bugaev). Other directions of modernism (futurism, acmeism) were represented by V.V. Mayakovsky, A.A. Akhmatova, SM. Gorodetsky, N.S. Gumilev, A. Kruchenykh.
In conditions of “electrification” public life The role of the theater has increased enormously. New approaches to this type of creativity were developed by directors K.S. Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko (Moscow Art Theater). The aesthetics of symbolic, conventional theater was also formed, associated with the experiments of V.E. Meyerhold. In 1904, the V.F. Theater opened in St. Petersburg. Komissarzhevskaya, where with great success There were plays by M. Gorky.
Significant changes are also taking place in music. The scope is expanding music education, new conservatories have been opened in Saratov, Odessa, Kyiv. In 1906 in Moscow SI. Taneyev created the People's Conservatory and the House of Song. As in other forms of art, in music there has been an increased interest in inner world person. The lyrical principles are intensified in the works of Russian composers - N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, A.I. Scriabin, S.V. Rachmaninov. At the beginning of the 20th century. centers musical life Russia had the Mariinsky and Bolshoi theaters, which competed with numerous private operas. It was in the private opera SI. Mamontov's talent was revealed famous singer and actor F.I. Chaliapin, who became on a par with Russian vocal stars L.V. Sobinov and A.V. Nezhdanova.
IN fine arts Along with the creativity of the Itinerants, new directions appear. Searches in Russian painting are associated with the names of such artists as M.A. Vrubel, M.V. Nesterov, V.A. Serov, K.A. Korovin. In the work of the latter, Russian impressionism found its most vivid expression. There is a noticeable revival of painters’ interest in culture Ancient Rus'(V.M. Vasnetsov, N.K. Roerich). In 1898, in St. Petersburg, under the patronage of Princess M. Tenisheva, the artistic association “World of Art” and a magazine with the same name arose. A.N. united around the magazine. Benois, L.S. Bakst, E.E. Lansere. The main goal“World of Art” was to transform life “through touching the beautiful.” This movement, in addition to painting, embraced architecture, sculpture, poetry, opera and ballet. A prominent figure in this direction was SP. Diaghilev, who introduced Europe to Russian talents and organized exhibitions in Russian cities for educational purposes. Diaghilev's “Russian Seasons” in Paris were a great success. Since 1907, new associations have appeared in the fine arts: “Blue Rose”, “Jack of Diamonds”, “Donkey’s Tail”, etc. The work of artists belonging to these groups bore the imprint of modernism (M.S. Saryan, P. P. Konchalovsky, M.F. Larionov). The emergence of the Russian avant-garde, which played a major role in the development of world painting, dates back to 1913. The founders of this movement are considered to be artists K.S. Malevich, V.V. Kandinsky, K.S. Petrov-Vodkin, M.Z. Chagall, P.N. Filonov.
In sculpture, the aesthetics of classical calm was replaced by the harmony of continuous movement. It was reflected in the work of sculptors P.P. Trubetskoy, A.S. Golubkina, ST. Konenkova.
In general, culture and art of the early 20th century. distinguished by the complexity of philosophical and artistic quests, the diversity of movements and groups, each of which came out with its own slogans and manifestos.
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