The purpose of camouflage is to achieve surprise in the actions of units and maintain their combat capability. The tasks of camouflage are to ensure the secrecy of friendly subunits and to mislead the enemy as to their composition, position, and battle plan. The most important requirements for disguise are continuity, persuasiveness, variety and activity. Camouflage measures are carried out by subunits immediately with the occupation of one or another position and are carried out in all types of combat and other actions.
The tasks of camouflage are solved by a set of measures to hide the imitation and demonstration actions. The complex of these measures includes: the use of camouflage properties of the terrain and conditions of limited visibility, the use of standard camouflage, local materials and aerosols (smoke), modification (deformation) of weapons and equipment (by installing various structures on them that change appearance object), painting weapons and equipment under the background surrounding area, equipment (construction) of false objects, structures, trenches, etc.
The objectives of camouflage are also served by timely notification of subunits about the actions of enemy reconnaissance means, compliance with the rules of covert command and control, and especially the previously established regime of activity in an area or position. An important role is played by the strict implementation of the measures and rules of light, thermal, sound, radio, radio engineering and radar camouflage, the requirements of camouflage discipline, the timely identification and elimination of unmasking signs.
The unit commander organizes the camouflage. At the same time, he indicates the main camouflage measures, the scope, timing and procedure for their implementation, the forces and means for the implementation of camouflage measures, the procedure for observing camouflage discipline in the unit.
An important role is played by the adoption of camouflage measures in order to protect weapons and military equipment from precision weapons For this, ravines, reverse slopes of heights, fields of radar invisibility and other masking properties of the terrain should be used, measures should be taken to reduce the radar, thermal and optical contrast of combat vehicles in relation to the surrounding background of the terrain. It is advisable to install heat-dissipating screens (visors) over heat-radiating surfaces (places) of combat vehicles (tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, etc.). Thermal simulators (traps), radar and laser reflectors should be widely used.
In the interests of secrecy, it is necessary, when organizing a battle, to keep preparatory measures secret, to exclude leakage of information about upcoming actions - place, timing, methods, especially measures to deceive the enemy. At the same time, it is important that camouflage measures, in turn, do not attract the attention of the enemy (for example, by their simultaneous active implementation in certain areas).
In this regard, in order to mislead the enemy, all camouflage measures should be carried out, taking into account the probability of their perception by the enemy, i.e., to assume what he can take for an imitation, for a false object, and what for a real one. Particularly effective in this regard are demonstrative actions, the deliberate display of the activity of real forces and means in a false direction or area, as well as the imitation of real objects, positions, strong points by creating false ones, where, due to the reproduction of appropriate unmasking signs, the alleged presence and functioning of certain funds or departments. These measures must be determined and carried out in accordance with the plan of the battle, with the idea of deceiving the enemy.
It should be borne in mind that demonstrative actions, imitation, creation of false objects of any one unit should not violate similar measures of another and not conflict with the corresponding measures according to the plan of the senior commander. Therefore, they must be carried out with his permission.
In defense, it is of particular importance to carry out measures that would give the enemy a distorted idea of the system of fire, obstacles, the forward edge, the outline of trenches, the location of the trenches of the main combat weapons, and the junctions and flanks. To this end, the appropriate order of firing by various means before the start of the battle, their maneuver, change of location, change of camouflage devices in order to deform the general background on positions, in the defense area, strong point, in the intervals between them should be thought out. It is necessary to ensure that the enemy has a distorted idea of the construction of the defense or there is a constant uncertainty about one or another of its state. It is especially important to carefully hide the main forces and means, fire bags, fire ambushes, and reserves.
When choosing methods and means of camouflage, one should take into account the peculiarities of the specific conditions of the situation: the nature of the relief, the color of the vegetation, the color background of the herbage. In open areas, for example, it is advisable to disguise trenches and shelters as spots of bare ground. At the same time, areas open and not occupied by units will be crucified for the purpose of camouflage. The number of spots on the ground should be more number hidden objects.
At present, camouflage painting of equipment and structures is widely used: protective, imitating, deforming, for example, three-color camouflage coloring (black, brown, green) of military equipment almost doubles the time to detect an object and reduces the probability of its visual detection by one and a half times compared to single color painting.
In all types of combat, the strictest observance of camouflage discipline is necessary. For example, being on the defensive, especially in conditions of direct contact with the enemy, one must constantly monitor the prevention of unmasking signs. You should not allow unnecessary movements, exclude them in open places, do not give commands in a loud voice, do not light fires at night. Even a smoldering cigarette in this case can be seen at a distance of up to 500 m, and a lit match - up to 1.5 km.
During a defensive battle, a broken camouflage should be immediately restored. Movements, change of positions to carry out,
using hidden paths. At the same time, either part of the means, or their imitation, should be left in the previous positions, so as not to arouse the enemy's suspicions about a possible maneuver.
In defense, in order to disguise its true formation, the creation of false strongholds, positions, objects, and movement routes is especially effective. It should always be borne in mind that false objects should not differ from true objects, and their number should be such that it reliably misleads the enemy.
In an offensive, it is important to hide the preparation for it, the place and time of the attack, and to ensure its surprise. To do this, it is necessary to use natural masking properties, and where they are not enough, apply smoke, install masks. Moreover, smoke and the installation of masks should be especially actively used also in the wrong direction, where an attack is also possible. Moreover, it is precisely on such a false direction that it is necessary to show that it is the main one - through intensive shelling, engine noise, movements, radio communications, reconnaissance, etc.
Similar information.
Type of combat support and daily activities troops (forces) [See. Operational (combat) support Missile troops strategic purpose]; a complex of interrelated organizational, operational-tactical and engineering-technical measures carried out in order to hide own troops (forces) and facilities from the enemy and mislead him about their presence, location, composition, condition, as well as command plans, actions and intentions of troops (forces), maintaining their combat capability and increasing the survivability of objects.
M. is achieved: by maintaining military secrets, the use of masking properties of the terrain, conditions of limited visibility; application technical means M. and imitation, local improvised materials, fumes, aerosols, camouflage painting of weapons, military equipment and objects; demonstrative actions of the troops; the use of various means of communication in the interests of disinformation of the enemy and other methods of concealment from all types of enemy reconnaissance, as well as strict observance of camouflage discipline by all military personnel.
According to the scale of application and the nature of the tasks, it is divided into strategic, operational, tactical (military).
Strategic camouflage is carried out by decision Supreme High Command and includes a set of measures to keep secret the preparation of a strategic operation (company), as well as disorientation of the enemy regarding the grouping of the armed forces, their state and intentions, Planned and organized by the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Operational camouflage is carried out by carrying out demonstrative actions, simulating concentrations and dispositions of troops, military installations, disinformation about the state of one's own troops and the nature of forthcoming actions in the preparation and conduct of operations. It is carried out in order to achieve surprise in the actions of troops (forces) and ensure their survivability. It is planned and organized by the headquarters of the front (army, military district, navy) on the basis of a decision for an operation.
Tactical camouflage is carried out by hiding from the enemy the movement and position of friendly troops (forces), the location of command and control posts and other important objects using the camouflage properties of the terrain, conditions of limited visibility and camouflage means, as well as the construction of false positions and areas. It is carried out by decision of the commanders of formations (units, subunits), by all personnel of the armed forces without any instructions.
Depending on the forces and means of reconnaissance of the enemy against which camouflage measures are carried out, there are the following types M .: opto-visual, opto-electronic, radio-electronic (radar), sound (acoustic).
Actions on M. are carried out continuously, actively and in a complex. They should be varied, convincing and driven by economic feasibility. M.'s efficiency is provided with timely, complex and high-quality performance of organizational, engineering and technical actions, and also constant control.
The management of troops (forces) and facilities is organized by the commanders (commanders) and headquarters on the basis of the plan of the operation, combat actions (combat), and instructions from the senior commander. To solve the problems of M., headquarters, forces and means of troops are involved, as well as special units(engineering, communications, etc.).
When organizing M. in the Strategic Missile Forces, it is necessary to take into account: specific character location of units, subdivisions and objects with their unmasking features; a certain and rigid in time sequence and order of actions of units and subunits; the uniformity of the nature of the actions of units and subunits armed with the same missile systems; specific, reflective and radiating characteristics of weapons, special equipment and structures.
The main methods of M. Strategic Missile Forces are: concealment, imitation, disinformation of the enemy and demonstrative actions.
Concealment of structures, weapons, special equipment is achieved by: camouflage painting, observance of blackout, the use of camouflage properties of the terrain at field positions in areas, conditions of limited visibility, the use of camouflage coatings (nets), masks, the "silence" mode of electronic communications, etc.
Imitation is achieved by: setting up false positions, communication center structures, models of weapons and special equipment, etc.
Disinformation of the enemy is carried out by spreading false information among military personnel and the local population in various ways.
Demonstrative actions are carried out by maneuvering units, subunits, the activities of subunits in false positions (in areas), carrying out planned activities under the guise of classes, exercises, the operation of false communication centers (points), etc.
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..
impact on intelligence
enemy……………………………………………...4
Methods of implementation
disguise………………………………………………...5
Camouflage
funds…………………………………………………………...6
Tactical
masking…………………………………………………………..10
Stages of development
masking……………………………………………………....14
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………
References………………………………………………………………...18
Introduction
Disguise (from the French masquer - to make invisible, invisible to
anyone), type of support for hostilities and daily activities
troops; a set of measures aimed at introducing the enemy into
misconception about the presence and disposition of troops (naval forces), various
military installations, their condition, readiness and actions, as well as plans
command. Camouflage contributes to the achievement of surprise actions
troops, maintaining their combat readiness and increasing the survivability of objects. By
the scope of application and the nature of the tasks to be solved, camouflage is subdivided
strategic, operational and tactical. Depending on which
what means of reconnaissance camouflage measures are carried out, distinguish between
optical, thermal, radar, radio and
radio engineering, sound (acoustic), hydroacoustic, etc.
Classification of camouflage actions depending on the means
impact on enemy reconnaissance
Optical masking counteracts photography, television
and visual observation (including with the help of electron-optical
appliances). It is achieved by using the masking properties of the terrain,
conditions of limited visibility, masks from service and local materials,
means of camouflage for personnel, camouflage painting of equipment and
structures, observance of light masking. To bring the enemy into
misleading, models of equipment, false structures and other
simulation tools.
Thermal camouflage counteracts troop detection by means of
thermal reconnaissance and destruction of objects by projectiles with thermal heads
homing, it is achieved by using the hiding properties of the terrain,
shielding of heated surfaces of combat (special) vehicles and
other objects with barriers that are opaque to infrared radiation,
use of false thermal targets.
Radar masking excludes, reduces or distorts
intelligence information obtained by means of radar
stations. Its main activities are the location of troops (objects)
in forests (groves), in small settlements, in fields of invisibility;
creating interference; the use of radar masks; use of corner
reflectors to create false objects (targets).
Radio camouflage is carried out against radio
means of direction finding of operating radio and radar stations and
eavesdropping on radio communications; it is achieved by limiting or
the prohibition of the operation of radio and radio-electronic means, a decrease in power
radiation from radio stations, the use of short signals, equipment
speed, transmission of false radiograms (signals) and other means.
3 sound masking counteracts eavesdropping, reconnaissance
enemy sound-measuring stations and is carried out by reducing
noise of machines (mechanisms), muffling sounds (noises) with powerful sound
curtains, reproduction of the sounds of shots, movement (noises) of equipment
broadcasting stations and other means.
Hydroacoustic masking is directed against acoustic means
enemy surveillance of submarines. It is achieved by using
soundproofing and sound-absorbing devices, using
low-noise travel speeds, cover submarines under the jump layer (layer
water, below which the sonar does not detect the boat), turning off
strongly noisy auxiliary mechanisms, the use of self-propelled and
non-self-propelled (fired) devices and cartridges simulating
the acoustic presence of a submarine and distracting search ships and
aircraft (helicopters) of the enemy in false directions.
Ways to implement disguise
Ways to implement disguise are: hiding,
demonstrative actions, imitation and disinformation.
Concealment consists in the elimination or weakening of unmasking
signs of troops (military installations), their actions (activities). It
ensured by keeping the plans of command secret, using
troops of the camouflage properties of the terrain, natural shelters, conditions
restriction of visibility, the use of technical means of camouflage,
observance of camouflage discipline, dispersal of troops.
Demonstrative actions are a deliberate display
real parts (subdivisions) of the movement of troops (forces) of concentration
groupings, conducting combat and other operations with the task of creating
a false idea of the intentions of the command in battle (operation). Imitation
lies in the construction of false positions of the areas where troops are located and
other false objects with the help of engineering, radio-electronic, smoke and
other technical means.
Disinformation is achieved by spreading false information with
using technical means of communication through print, broadcasting, television.
Camouflage is organized by the commanders (commanders and headquarters). Tasks
camouflage is determined on the basis of the plan of the upcoming hostilities and
instructions from the senior leader. When organizing disguise, take into account
enemy reconnaissance capabilities, masking terrain properties, state of
weather, the capabilities of their troops and other conditions. Hiding your
location (of their actions) is carried out by parts (subdivisions) of all
military branches in any situation without special instructions from a higher
command. Demonstrative actions, imitation and disinformation
carried out with the permission or at the direction of the senior commander
(commander).
Camouflage means
Camouflage means - property, equipment, ammunition and products as
service, and military production, used to disguise the military
objects. Depending on the purpose, they are divided into means of optical
camouflage, radar camouflage, blackout, thermal
masking, sound masking, hydroacoustic masking, smoke
means, pyrotechnic compositions, means for camouflage coloring.
Optical masking means include: camouflage clothing;
kits and masks; layouts and their kits. Camouflage clothing -
overalls, suits, capes, dressing gowns - used by scouts,
snipers, sappers, signalmen operating in close proximity
from the enemy. Summer camouflage clothing is usually multi-colored, spotted
colors, winter - white. Camouflage kits and masks (service)
designed to hide military equipment, vehicles, trenches and shelters.
Their basis is a camouflage cover made of mesh fabric, cotton or
synthetic, net with fixed tapes and pieces of fabric (film),
painted in three or four colors (for spotted backgrounds) or in one color (for
desert and snow), as well as racks, braces and other devices. masks
military production are arranged from consumables (camouflage and other
nets, PVC film, masking paper, various fabrics,
burlap, ropes, wire, plywood, matting, etc.) and local (poles, brushwood,
branches, grass, soil, snow, etc.) materials. Layouts (layout kits)
designed to simulate weapons, military equipment, structures and
local items when creating decoys. Time sheet layouts -
pneumatic or frame collapsible structures of multiple
use. Simplified layouts are also used to simulate
camouflaged equipment (frames covered with camouflage
coatings). Mockup kits let you simulate entire divisions
or otd. objects.
Means of radar camouflage- radar reflectors
(corner, dipole, etc.), radio-scattering and radio-absorbing
coatings. Corner reflectors - metal constructions
(metallized) planes reflecting electromagnetic energy. They are
serve to interfere with enemy radars and simulate differences. technology,
structures, local objects (landmarks). The applied reflectors have
various sizes and shapes of faces (square, triangular, sectorial).
Dipole reflectors (dipoles) - thin electrically conductive threads (ribbons)
a length equal to half the wavelength of the enemy radar radiation. Are used
to create passive interference when masking aircraft (helicopters) in the air
and ships at sea.
Means of light masking- light masking devices for headlights,
clearance and signal lights of vehicles and armored vehicles,
lighting kits, lamps and lanterns with camouflage nozzles
for general and local lighting; light signs and signs to indicate
ways, crossings, passages, etc.; blackout curtains, shutters, shields. At
imitation of light unmasking signs usually use means
lighting and light-imitation sets of military production.
Thermal camouflage include: devices that reduce
temperature of heated surfaces (on stationary objects -
expansion chambers, devices for cooling combustion products by
air blowing, irrigation with water, etc., on military equipment -
heat-insulating devices made of asbestos, fiberglass); heat shields from
metal, heat-insulating materials, films and other non-combustible materials;
special paint coatings with a low coefficient of heat radiation.
False thermal targets - devices made of materials with high heat transfer,
heated electric shock or fuel combustion, simulating
heated elements of real objects.
Sound masking tools- sound broadcasting installations for hiding
sound unmasking signs of troop movement and engineering work, and
also to reproduce noises simulating the activities of troops (work
engines, movement of military equipment, etc.). They also include various
military-made devices to reduce the strength of sounds (silencers,
sound filters, etc.).
Smoke disguise- devices and ammo to create
smoke screens (smoke bombs; smoke equipment of ships; artillery
smoke shells, mines, hand and rifle grenades; smoke machines and
devices mounted on military equipment; aviation smoke bombs and
pouring devices). Used to blind the enemy
their troops, ships and their actions, designating the activities of false objects.
Pyrotechnic camouflage- compositions and products for
reproduction of light, sound and smoke signs on false objects
shooting, explosions, fires, area lighting, etc. For this purpose
special pyrotechnic cartridges and checkers are used (imitators
shots, explosions), explosives, combustible materials, lighting and
signal rockets.
To camouflage coloring agents includes machinery, equipment and
tools for preparing, applying paints and preparing surfaces for
painting (painting stations, various paint sprayers, brushes, brushes,
color pickers, containers, etc.). Aggregates can be used
painting tools taken from the national economy. For
camouflage painting, ready-made oil paints and enamels
dry mineral paints with fixatives (on oil, resinous, water or
bituminous base) and solvents, local materials (soils, crushed
slag, coal, brick, etc.). Camouflage paints are used
with protective, imitating and deforming coloring of military equipment,
fortifications and other structures.
tactical disguise
Tactical camouflage is one of the types combat support. She is
organized by the commander of a platoon (squad, tank) in accordance with the received
combat mission, instructions for disguising the platoon company commander and the current
situation in order to achieve surprise in the actions of their units and
maintaining their combat capability. These goals are achieved:
Using the masking properties of the terrain, local objects,
dark time of the day and other conditions of limited visibility;
The use of standard-issue camouflage, local materials and
aerosols (fumes);
Painting weapons and equipment under the background of the surrounding area;
Compliance with the rules of radio discipline and radio traffic and maintaining
the previous mode of operation when changing units and preparing them for
fulfillment of a new combat mission;
The strictest compliance with the requirements of camouflage discipline;
Timely notification of enemy reconnaissance actions;
Timely detection and elimination of unmasking signs.
Tactical camouflage must be active, convincing, continuous and
diverse, constantly updated and modified in accordance with
changing the methods of action of units, the surrounding terrain and time
of the year. In all conditions of the situation, it is carried out by the forces of a platoon (squad,
tank crew), while weapons and military equipment are masked in the first
turn. Restoration of broken masking and elimination of unmasking
signs are carried out immediately.
In order to protect against high-precision enemy weapons, ravines are used,
reverse slopes of heights, fields of radar invisibility and others
masking properties of the terrain. Hiding infantry fighting vehicles
(armored personnel carriers) and tanks from guided (corrected) and
homing enemy ammunition is achieved by reducing
radar, thermal and optical contrast technology in relation to
to the surrounding background, for which deforming coloring techniques are used,
masking coatings, over heat-radiating surfaces of machines
heat-dissipating screens (visors) are installed. In addition, they may
apply thermal simulators (traps), radar and laser
reflectors.
When using the masking properties of the terrain, the terrain is taken into account,
the color and background of the area, as well as various local objects: forests, bushes,
crops, buildings, fences, ditches, funnels, various quarries. For example,
tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers) and guns that have a green (camouflage) color,
well camouflaged in thick and tall grass, on green crops or in
various uneven terrain and, conversely, are very noticeable on the sandy
area that has yellow. You can walk through the dense forest
units and be unnoticed not only from the ground, but also from the air.
A firing machine gun in a populated area would be better camouflaged if it
place in the hole brick wall or wooden fence, etc.
Improvised means of disguise are brushwood, tree branches and
bushes, grass, reeds, moss, hay, straw, turf, fallen leaves, peat, needles, etc.
All of them are used for camouflage in the form in which they are, and many of
they can also be used when arranging mats, garlands, horizontal and
vertical masks.
Measures to hide a strong point (initial, firing position, place
location) the platoon (squad, tank) commander spends from the moment of his
classes and exercises continuously. The effectiveness and scope of these activities
largely depend on the location of strongholds, positions, areas and
structures on the ground. For motorized rifle units positions for
personnel and facilities for fire weapons, it is advisable to choose on
edge of the forest, in groves, bushes, on the outskirts locality, on spotted
areas of the terrain and in other places providing concealment of military equipment
and structures. Selected positions and areas of location of units
disguised as the surrounding background of the area.
The main unmasking signs of trenches and defensive
structures are parapets, earthen filling, dark-colored embrasures and
entrances to structures, paths connecting trenches with structures,
scattered soil.
In areas with grass cover, to hide trenches and passages
their parapets and the exiled traverse are trimmed, covered with grass,
the ditch is covered with branches, films laid on a pole or
wire frame. To hide from ground observation, they use
trench vertical masks installed on the parapet of trenches.
Loopholes, loopholes and viewing slots are also masked by vertical
masks. Platforms for machine guns and cells for shooters hide
camouflage ceiling mounted on racks or on wire
The command and observation post of the platoon, if possible, is selected in places
with natural masks. When located in an open area in the first
the queue is masked under the surrounding background. Observation facilities
disguised as local objects: bumps, stumps, heaps of stones, etc. Antennas
radio stations are painted in a protective color.
Strongholds of motorized rifle units in open areas can
disguise themselves as positions not occupied by units. In this case, ditches
parapets of trenches for shooters and trenches, as a rule, do not mask, but
attached cells, machine-gun platforms and other structures are disguised as
parapets background. The rendered cells are hidden under the surrounding background.
The gaps adjacent to the trench (message) are covered with straw mats,
brushwood, reeds and other local materials and sprinkled with a layer of soil. AT
desert-steppe terrain they can be covered with elements from the standard
property, dredging bags, as well as sprinkle with soil. Disguise
trenches for personnel and weapons are facilitated if they are erected
bermless.
The positions of tank units in open areas are usually masked
under spare positions for shooters. The trenches for tanks are hidden by service and
local means and at the same time open trenches for shooters, sections
trenches and other structures characteristic of motorized rifle units.
These structures can be arranged with an incomplete profile.
To disguise infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers use
sets of service masks, and in their absence, military equipment in the trenches and
shelters are masked with masks made from local materials, such as
wickerwork, branches and other means laid on a frame of poles
or wire.
To mask the fire system in the defense, all fire weapons and structures
for them are located in relation to the terrain, making the most of
natural masks. When deploying firepower in open areas
they are carefully masked with service masks and local materials, and
equip spare, temporary and false firing positions.
Concealment of the actions of subunits during an offensive battle is achieved
using the masking properties of the terrain, the use of smoke screens,
as well as carrying out measures to mislead the enemy
regarding our forces, means, actions, intentions.
While fighting, soldiers adapt to the terrain. Location behind the bush
fence, tree, in a ditch, funnel provides covert placement from
enemy ground surveillance.
Reserves move along hidden paths, hollows, beams, fields
invisibility. For blinding observation posts and firing points
the enemy can use smoke shells and mines. In the past smoke
curtains were widely used by units of all branches of the armed forces to hide on
battlefield maneuver tanks, infantry and artillery.
Organizing tactical camouflage, the platoon (squad, tank) commander
indicates: what personnel and local materials to use for
disguise, the timing of its implementation; the procedure for observing camouflage measures;
the procedure for implementing and maintaining camouflage during combat. With absence
instructions of the senior commander, tactical camouflage is organized
on one's own.
Stages of development of disguise
The means and methods of camouflage depend on the methods of armed struggle,
used military equipment and are determined primarily by the capabilities
means of reconnaissance and destruction of the enemy. Before the advent of firearms
disguise had no independent meaning and, as a rule, was reduced to
the use of hiding properties of the terrain and conditions of limited
visibility for covert movement of troops (forces) and surprise attacks. FROM
the advent of rifled firearms, detection distances and
the defeat of the enemy became almost the same. This forced the troops
hide from observation and enemy fire, using not only natural
masks, but also special means.
During World War I, the belligerents began to widely use
optical observation devices, photographing, optical sights;
aerial reconnaissance was developed, including visual observation and
aerial photography, as well as radio reconnaissance and hydroacoustic reconnaissance. All this
led to the need for careful concealment of troops (forces) and rear facilities. AT
armies (navies) of a number of countries began to form camouflage units,
to publish manuals and instructions; troops were organized
special materials for camouflage activities. And
the end of the war, camouflage turned into one of the types of combat support
actions.
Camouflage was also widely used during the 2nd World War.
Concepts and plans for camouflage of a strategic scale began to be considered
leadership and general staffs of the armed forces of states, operational
camouflage has become an integral part of the provision of all major operations,
having a significant impact on their success. Tactical disguise found wide
the use of troops (forces) in all types of combat operations. As when providing
operations, and on a tactical scale, a comprehensive,
coordinated in terms of purpose, time and place, the use of all means and methods
disguise. Great importance in defeat German troops during
counteroffensives of the Russian Army near Moscow and Stalingrad had carefully
well-thought-out and successfully carried out system of measures for camouflage of troops
and keeping the preparations for these operations secret. Demonstrative
actions and imitations, combined with careful concealment of the main groups
troops and the organization of targeted disinformation of the enemy provided
suddenness of blows in many offensive operations Russian Army
(Belarusian 1944, Lvov-Sandoiirskaya 1944, Yassko-Kishinevskaya 1944, etc.).
Camouflage measures played a significant role in the actions and other
armies involved in World War II. The most complete and successful
were carried out during the landing of the American-British troops in Normandy (1944).
On a large scale, camouflage of large rear objects was carried out,
located in the zone of action of enemy aviation, measures were taken to
hiding real and creating false landmarks.
AT post-war years with the advent of new means of intelligence, the role of camouflage
increased. The official manuals of the armies of NATO countries emphasize that
masking activities must be continuous and believable.
To hide troops and objects, means of masking personal
composition, personnel sets, mock-up masks, smoke release devices, local
camouflage materials; protective, imitating and deforming
coloring and other means and techniques; ground structures with their
construction is given a masking form in advance. When equipping false
areas where troops are located, mock-ups of military and special
techniques, as well as means of "revitalizing" false objects.
Conclusion
Undoubtedly, camouflage is a very important measure in conditions
modern combat, success in which depends on who first discovers
enemy, because modern facilities damage can affect
distances ranging from a few millimeters to tens of thousands
kilometers, with very high accuracy. It is one of the main components
conducting combat. History knows many examples when correctly carried out
camouflage actions decided the outcome of the battle in one direction or another.
Camouflage is a very broad concept, referring to an individual soldier
as well as to military installations and entire armies. Means and methods of masking
are constantly being improved. AT recent times appeared the new kind concealment
their actions - information disguise ( information war). AT
Recently, a person's life is very dependent on the information received.
through radio, television, computer, and with the help of skillful control of these
information flows can be misled and manipulated
countries and peoples.
Bibliography: 1. Combat charter ground forces, part II: battalion, company. –M.: Military publishing house,
2. Beketov A.A., Belokon A.P., Chermashentsev S.G. Camouflage actions of ground forces units. -M., 1976
3. Matsulenko V.A. Operational camouflage of troops (Based on the experience of the Second World War). -M., 1975
Introduction
During the preparation and during the battle, the commander is obliged to organize all types of its support.
Comprehensive combat support includes combat, technical, logistic and moral and psychological support. Combat support is organized and carried out in order to increase the effectiveness of the use of friendly units and reduce the effectiveness of the use of troops, forces and means of the enemy.
The types of combat support for a battalion (company) are: reconnaissance, security, tactical camouflage, engineering support(AND ABOUT), electronic warfare(EW) and radiation, chemical and biological protection (RCBZ).
The disguise is very ancient view ensuring combat operations. The history of wars and military art gives a lot good examples successful use of camouflage techniques by the warring parties, including in combination with fortification. “To surprise is to win,” they said in antiquity. This, to a certain extent, retains its significance today. Misleading the enemy during the preparation and conduct of hostilities is one of the ways to gain an advantage over the enemy.
Camouflage (from the French masquer - to make invisible, invisible to anyone) is a type of support for combat operations and the daily activities of troops - a set of measures designed to hide from the enemy the presence and location of our troops, the actions and intentions of our troops, or mislead the enemy regarding the number, actions, disposition, intentions of our troops.
Question 1. Purpose, tasks, requirements for camouflage and methods of camouflage
Purpose of disguise- hiding the actual location, composition and activities of their units, fortifications, installed barriers, crossings and other objects from all types and means of reconnaissance of the enemy (optical, radio and radio engineering, radar, etc.) and his homing high-precision weapons, reducing the the most losses in manpower and military equipment. These goals are achieved:
Using the masking properties of the terrain, dark time and other conditions of limited visibility;
The use of fumes and aerosols, service and local camouflage;
Camouflage painting of the material part and crucifixion of the terrain;
The device of false areas, positions and structures;
Timely detection and elimination of unmasking signs;
The strictest observance of camouflage discipline and the implementation of other measures.
The disguise must be active, persuasive and diverse, constantly updated and modified in accordance with changes in the methods of action of units, the surrounding area and the season.
The main objectives of camouflage carried out by the divisions are:
Hiding an object so that the enemy cannot detect it;
The device of a false object with the expectation of imposing on the enemy the idea of the presence of a real object where it does not exist;
Hiding individual signs an object to distort it or disguise it as another object that has no value for the enemy; for example, due to the impossibility of hiding a low-water bridge across a river, it can be disguised as a destroyed bridge.
Camouflage contributes to achieving surprise in the actions of troops, maintaining their combat readiness and increasing the survivability of objects.
Unfortunately, not only civilians, but also many military leaders imagine camouflage in the form of a primitive dressing of soldiers in camouflage overalls (which for some reason are called "cloaks"), covering military equipment with twigs, grass or camouflage nets, illiterate painting equipment with multi-colored spots with the loud name "camouflage", and fencing command posts located in plain sight with fences from camouflage nets.
Meanwhile, camouflage can often play a decisive role in achieving success in battle, in winning the whole battle. When the command of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War managed to fully appreciate the role of camouflage and widely deploy camouflage measures in the preparation of hostilities, then managed to achieve decisive successes. Thus, the measures taken managed to hide from the Germans the construction of a railway on the left bank of the Volga to Stalingrad, which made it possible to a short time transfer and concentrate near the city a large number of troops. Reports of their scouts on the concentration Soviet troops near the city, the German command regarded it as disinformation. They knew that the command of the Red Army had nothing to send many troops there, and the new Railway, along which the transfer took place, was reliably hidden from German air reconnaissance. It is not worth talking about the result of the battle on the Volga.
In preparation for the defense Kursk Bulge engineering troops created great amount false objects (trenches, tank trenches, airfields, roads, places of concentration of troops, tanks, artillery). German reconnaissance, air reconnaissance, stumbling upon these false objects along with genuine ones, reported to their command, and the Wehrmacht High Command decided that the Red Army, guessing about the intention of the Germans to strike near Kursk, was trying to mislead them and give the impression that the Soviets had a sufficient number of troops near Kursk. Meanwhile, the Red Army did indeed create a large grouping of troops there, but it was hidden among huge number false objects. The German historian F. Mellenthin, describing the events of 1943 on the Kursk Bulge, wrote: “... one should once again emphasize the skillful disguise of the Russians. Not a single minefield, not a single anti-tank area could be discovered until the first tank was blown up on a mine or the first Russian anti-tank gun opened fire.
General Gromov, during one of the operations against the dushmans in Afghanistan, disguised his plan by dropping a false airborne assault. Not people descended on parachutes, but dolls. The Dushmans transferred their forces to the landing area of the "landing", intensive fire on the "paratroopers" made it possible to identify their firing points. Thus, by the beginning of the real attack, the enemy forces were not located in the best way, part of the ammunition was wasted, the firing points were covered with fire Soviet artillery. The result of the battle was predetermined. What General Gromov did is called operational camouflage.
Engineer troops carry out only their part of camouflage measures. For this purpose, there are camouflage battalions in the RGK (reserve of the main command). One such battalion, with the help of the means at their disposal, can deploy to a false tank corps.
For example, up to 20 inflatable rubber tanks are transported on one vehicle. Such a rubber tank is inflated in 5-7 minutes from a car compressor and becomes indistinguishable from a distance of 200-300m. from the real look, and the metallized coloring gives exactly the same mark on the locator screen as from a real tank. The same machine can tow these inflated tanks behind it, giving the impression of moving two tank companies. The imitator installed on the same vehicle creates on the air the impression of a lively radio exchange of a tank column.
Camouflage nets are gradually becoming a thing of the past. The fact is that modern means of even optical reconnaissance make it possible to very clearly distinguish artificial greenery against the background of natural greenery and it is no longer possible to hide objects behind nets. Moreover, it is impossible to hide the pontoon bridge on the river. But deploying a few false bridges and hiding the real one among them is relatively easy. The enemy will be forced to disperse his forces to destroy all the bridges in a row, which will drastically reduce the effectiveness of strikes.
In service engineering troops there are various simulators of the operation of radio facilities, simulators of infrared radiation of objects, radar reflectors, easily assembled sets of false objects (equipment, buildings, bridges).
For example, a camouflage airfield platoon deploys a false military airfield with imitation of a fighter air division based on it in 1-2 days on unprepared terrain. Moreover, not only ground objects and aircraft on the ground are simulated, but also aircraft flights near the airfield.
Security
Protection is organized and carried out in order to prevent the penetration of enemy reconnaissance into the area of operations (disposition) of friendly troops, to exclude a sudden attack on them by a ground enemy, his air (airmobile) assault forces, sabotage and reconnaissance groups, irregular armed formations and to provide a protected formation (units, departments) time and profitable terms for deployment (bringing to combat readiness) and entering the battle.
The main tasks of security are: organizing and carrying out combat duty; warning protected troops of the immediate threat and danger of an attack by a ground enemy; identification, defeat and destruction of the enemy's reconnaissance forces and means, his sabotage and reconnaissance groups and irregular armed formations; conducting combat operations in front of the front, on the flanks and in the rear of subunits with advanced detachments, infiltrating enemy groups, irregular armed formations and providing conditions for the deployment and entry into battle of the main forces and reserves; ensuring traffic safety; implementation of the access control.
On the defensive in the absence of contact with the enemy, guarding is carried out by units operating at the positions of combat guards and specially allocated units, and in conditions of direct contact with the enemy, by units occupying the first trench of the first position.1 1 Tactics (platoon, squad, tank): Textbook. Book. 1. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1985.
Security organization includes: determination of the goals and tasks of guarding by stages of preparation and conduct of combat (combat operations); issuing instructions and setting security tasks; organization of interaction between units (forces and means) of protection among themselves and with protected troops; preparation of forces and means for the fulfillment of assigned tasks, their deployment and comprehensive support; management organization; practical work to prepare for the fulfillment of assigned tasks and other activities.
tactical disguise
Tactical camouflage is organized and carried out in order to mislead the enemy (deceive) about the composition, position, state, purpose and nature of the actions of subunits (weapons and military equipment), the concept of upcoming actions and is aimed at achieving surprise actions, increasing survivability and maintaining the combat capability of troops.
The most important requirements for masking are complexity, continuity, reliability, diversity and activity. Main tasks tactical camouflage are to ensure the secrecy of the activities of units (weapons and military equipment), the plausibility of the false intentions of the command and the activities of the troops.
Covert activity is achieved by preventing (excluding) the leakage of information about the activities of subunits, eliminating (weakening) the unmasking signs of their actions, creating conditions under which the use of enemy reconnaissance forces and means becomes impossible or ineffective. The plausibility of false intentions is achieved by showing the location of units and the nature of their actions (functioning) on false (secondary) directions (in areas), equipment and maintenance of false objects.
The methods of performing tasks of tactical camouflage in a battalion (company) are concealment, imitation and demonstrative actions. By decision of the senior commander, the personnel of the battalion (company) may be involved in disinformation activities.
Hiding consists in the elimination or weakening of unmasking signs of the position, composition, condition and activities of commanders, battalion headquarters, subunits, the use of weapons and military equipment. It is carried out by the forces and means of subunits, crews, crews and is achieved by: the use of personnel means of concealment and local materials; camouflage painting, the use of radio-absorbing materials and masking foam coatings, aerosols and other materials to reduce the optical, thermal, radar, acoustic and other visibility of weapons and military equipment; placement and movement of units, taking into account (using) the masking properties of the terrain, natural and artificial shelters, weather conditions, time of year, day and other conditions of limited visibility; using vegetation and other methods. Hiding is carried out constantly, without special instructions from the higher headquarters.
The experience of the exercises shows that masks made of radio-dispersive coatings reduce the probability of detecting objects by means of radar reconnaissance in open areas by about 2 times. Heat-reflecting coatings (screens) reduce the probability of detecting tanks by means of thermal intelligence by 3 times. When military equipment is placed in trenches, the probability of its detection decreases by 2-3 times. To protect against high-precision weapons, it is recommended to use trap simulators that would divert homing ammunition towards themselves. To do this, they must have a brighter contrast than the protected object.
Imitation consists in reproducing unmasking signs of the actions of units, weapons and military equipment, elements of engineering equipment of the area to show the presence or change in their position, composition and condition in certain areas.1 1 Tactics of a motorized infantry platoon: Textbook. - Minsk: VA RB, 1999. It is carried out by equipping false positions and lines, creating false objects of weapons and military equipment using mock-ups, imitators and reflectors, and setting up false structures.
In order to mislead the enemy about the direction of delivering false strikes, imitation of initial areas, advance routes and deployment lines of second echelons (reserves) can be carried out. It is advisable to simulate the accumulation of military equipment with radar reflectors, and moving columns - with simulators of moving targets. Thermal unmasking signs should be reproduced by false thermal targets.
Calculations show that as a result of skillful imitation, losses in personnel and military equipment from enemy fire can be significantly reduced.
But imitation is a technically complex undertaking that requires the involvement of significant forces and resources. In addition, there is a danger of inept imitation to cause harm, to reveal one's true goals, to attract the attention of the enemy. In order to make the activities of the troops plausible, it is necessary to show, with the help of false measures, at least 70% of the number of real assets of the concealed group. Moreover, 15-20% of this amount should be real objects. The task of simulating columns is usually solved by the forces and means of higher authorities. According to the experience of local wars, to simulate the advancement of a tank unit over a distance of 50 km along two routes, it was necessary to install up to 200 thermal and radar simulators, up to 100 different corner reflectors, up to 30 camouflage kits and mock-ups of equipment, as well as attract 15-20% of real equipment, planned for promotion. But imitation should also be used in subdivisions.
Demonstrative actions consist in the deliberate display to the enemy by specially designated subunits, forces and means of the activity of subunits on false (secondary) directions (in areas) and provide for the demonstrative deployment of subunits (fire weapons) and the equipment of areas (places) of their location, movement, conducting classes and exercises with deliberate violation of concealment measures.
It should be borne in mind that demonstrative actions, imitation and creation of false objects of one subunit should not violate similar measures of another and not conflict with the corresponding measures according to the plan of the senior commander. Camouflage activities are carried out in accordance with the tactical camouflage plan of the senior commander.
In defense, it is of particular importance to carry out measures that create a distorted idea in the enemy about the system of fire, obstacles, the outline of the forward edge, the places of trenches of the main combat weapons, and about the joints and flanks. It is necessary to ensure that the enemy has a distorted idea of the construction of the defense or there is a constant uncertainty about one or another of its state. It is important to carefully hide the main forces and means, the design of the fire bags, the places of the firing ambushes, the location of the reserves and command posts.1 1 Tactical training of the tank crew and platoon: Proc. allowance. - M.: Military Publishing, 1988.
When choosing methods and means of camouflage in defense, one should take into account the peculiarities of the specific conditions of the situation: the relief, the color of the vegetation, the color background of the grass stand. In open areas, trenches and shelters must be disguised as patches of bare ground. The number of spots on the ground must be greater than the number of hidden objects.
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