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High-precision weapon (WTO)
The type of weapon equipped with a control system and ensuring the lesion of the object by one ammunition within its range with a probability of at least 0.5. The high probability of damage to the goal is achieved by the fact that in the WTO systems, a constant or periodic correction of the intelligence flight path (shell, rocket, combat element) is carried out from the delivery tool (instruments, launcher, media) to the target (affected object). Correction of the ammunition flight path to the goal is ensured by the work of the guidance system. The first samples of managed weapons appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century. So in the USA was developed on October 4, 1918, a unmanned aircraft was successfully tested ("Flying Bomb"), whose flight was ruled by the autopilot. Autopilot for a given program controlled the height and azimuth of the flight. In the 30s. Xx in. In Germany, work was actively carried out on the creation of the following types of managed weapons: ground and underwater bazing missiles, terrestrial and air base winged missiles, anti-aircraft missiles and controlled aviation bombs. The most famous of them are the Fau-1 winged missile and the FAU-2 ballistic missile. At that time, a deterrent in creating managed weapons was the imperfection of control systems. Development of a transistor (1948), an integral chip (1959), success in radio engineering, microelectronics, television, laser technology, management theory and aerodynamics made it possible to create reliable small control systems and to give controlled weapons such as high precision, i.e. The ability to hit targets with almost one shot (start). In the 60-80s. Xx in. It was developed and adopted by a large number of different types of WTO, at present, one of the main directions of their improvement is the development of management systems. The presence of a management system allows us to talk about WTO as informated samples of conventional means of lesion. Given the high combat efficiency of the WTO, it becomes the main means of defeat in armed conflicts. At the same time, the WTO is used for lesion, as a rule, of small-sized and (or) highly trapped objects.
Modern WTO systems are complex combat complexes of combat and providing systems and means including in their composition: intelligence systems, information exchange channels, management centers, computing, delivery facilities and controlled ammunition. Depending on the structure of the control system and the WTO ammunition type can solve tactical, operational-tactical, operational and strategic tasks. WTO systems include: reconnaissance and drum and reconnaissance-fire complexes; Winged rockets of air and sea basing; Some types of operational tactical missiles; anti-aircraft and anti-tank missile systems; Aviation controlled rockets, cassettes and bombs; Separate samples of artillery systems and anti-submarine defense complexes.
2. High-precision weapon
The study of military conflicts of recent years has shown an ever-increasing role in their new types of weapons and, above all, highly accurate as well as weapons based on new physical principles. Currently, this weapon is the basis of weapons of advanced states of the world and above all.
Analysis of hostilities in local wars with direct participation of the United States allows us to conclude that the main role of the Americans take off the sudden massive air strike, i.e. The air offensive operation in order to suppress the ability of the enemy to resist (destruction of the air defense system), the conquest of complete superiority in the air and the application of serious damage to its management system and the military-economic potential. Events in the Zone of the Persian Gulf, in Yugoslavia and Afghanistan (operations against the Taliban) only confirmed this.
The development of a high-precision weapon, which is superior in its effectiveness, is now the leading position among weapons of the armies of Western countries. This is evidenced by the data provided by the American press: In the War in Vietnam, the number of managed air bombs and missiles in 1972 was only 2% of the total number of ammunition discarded by American aviation, in war with Iraq (1991) it reached 8%, and the course of aggression against Yugoslavia (1999) already 90%.
Some of the varieties of high-precision weapons are reconnaissance and reconnaissance and fire complexes.
Intelligence and shock complexes in their destination may be divided into strategic, front-line (operational-strategic), army (operational). Rock can be divided into cabinet and divisional (operational-tactical and tactical).
Hands are a complex electronic complex of modern weapons, which is independent organizationally decorated functional systems of conjugate means of reconnaissance, management and lesions, providing in automated mode detection, issuing target designations, distribution and guidance with high accuracy of controlled ammunition on opponent objects in real or close to it time scale.
The rock is less complex than the hands of the weapons system, in which the organizational and technical association of fire facilities with quickly active means of intelligence and management to solve fire tasks in real time using controlled ammunition. Hands (Rock) can be independent organizational and regular units and are created by complexing staff with shock and firing agents existing in service.
Hands and rocks are highly efficient means of lesion and on their fire performance and shock action can be comparable to tactical nuclear weapons and are capable of incidental elements of the operational construction of troops in 2-3 hours.
Due to the high combat capabilities of hands and rock will solve a significant amount of tasks for the defeat of the enemy, and in some cases they can become the main means of destroying objects of a certain type.
Consider some of them.
Intelligence and Impact Complex "Pls"
The complex is designed to effectively combat the enemy radio enemy in the interests of all types of NATO's Armed Forces.
It allows you to affect the detected, weakly protected enemy objects from the first shot (start) with a probability of 0.7-0.8.
The following elements include the following elements in the PLS complex:
12 aircraft exploration and relay type "with special equipment;
Terrestrial data center and system management center;
12 terrestrial radio navigation network items;
Tools of lesion (tactical aviation aircraft, ground, airbase rockets).
Compact combat use:
On duty in the air at high altitude (up to 24 km) there are three exploration and relay aircraft. Each of them is defined by the Patrol Zone with a length of 150 km along the front. These aircraft carry out interception, define a bearing on the electronic means of the enemy and transmit the information received to the ground center.
The ground center on the basis of this information is recognized by the RES of the enemy and calculates their location, and only a few seconds spend on data processing for one target. The defeat of the identified objects is carried out either by tactical aviation (bombing), or with the help of managed weapons used by land means of lesion.
The weapon is guided automatically on average and final portions of the flight path to the ground control center with the relay of signals and the guidance commands through the aircraft.
For the security of the PLS system, all its elements are envisaged in the depths of its territory. Airplane patrol zones are assigned to remove 100 km from the front line, the ground control center is located on removal of 200-300 km from the front line.
The combat capacity of the system.
Range (from an exploration aircraft at an altitude of 24 km):
maximum 640 km
minimum 100 km
the aircraft review sector can 120 degrees
at the same time bring weapons.
Intelligence and Impact Complex "Jissak"
The complex is intended to detect and destroy group armored targets (such as "tank company") in the second echelon of compounds and operational associations of the opposing party at a distance of 30 km from the front line. In addition, it can be used to defeat communications, management centers and rear, positions of rocket units and means of air defense, other objects identified by intelligence means.
The composition of the complex and the purpose of its elements.
The Jissak's reconnaissance and shock complex includes the following elements: Aviation system for detecting goals and guidance of weapons, ground management center (NCCU), means of lesion.
The basis of the aviation system for detecting goals and guidance of the weapon is the radar system of long-range detection of targets mounted on an intelligence and sanitation plane. The system is designed to detect moving and stationary armored targets, tracking and effective guidance of managed weapons for the target. In the War in the Persian Bay, the accuracy of determining the location of targets in real time was up to 80 m (with a range of targets 100 km) and 150 m (when removing goals up to 250 km).
The ground management center in its composition has: data reception equipment from an exploration and guidance aircraft; data processing equipment; Radar Station of Squoke Airplane, Data Display Device; Means of communication with the aircraft of intelligence and guidance and divisions of the means of defeat, as well as with the management bodies of the Army Corps and Tactical Aviation.
As a means of defeat armored goals, the Rocket Complex Otr "Attacks" is used.
The cassette part of the rocket can be equipped with self-equipped or
self-propelled combat elements. Self-propelled combat elements are most effective when applied by fixed group purposes, self-equipped - it is more efficient to apply for a moving group target, because They are equipped with a guidance system directly on target. BE JV Search and detect the target when the simultaneous rotation is descended.
The main TTH hands "Jissak".
Exploration range 200 km
Sector intelligence 120 degrees
The viewed area is up to 4 thousand k.km
The range of means of lesion (OTR "Atax") 190 km
Deviation of the combat element not more than 1 m
Time from the moment of detection to the defeat of the target 10 min
The height of the divorce of combat elements over the purpose of 3-5 km
Removal from the line of combat contact:
an aircraft exploration and guidance 40 km
terrestrial control center 100 km and more
The performance of the complex for the defeat of the enemy's goals:
for 1 hour 71 units. BTT
2 hours 143 units. BTT
for 3 hours 214 units. BTT (32% MSD)
Influence of high-precision weapons on the nature of modern battle and surgery.
The results of a number of studies indicate that the full implementation of the program for creating high-precision weapons will increase the combat potential of OSS by almost 4 times without increasing their number.
It is assumed that the loss of the enemy when using high-precision weapons will be commensurate with losses from the large-scale use of tactical nuclear weapons.
The mass introduction in the troops of high-precision weapons will significantly affect the change in the nature of the operation, the battle. A distinctive feature of future hostilities will be:
Massive fire strikes applied in individual groups of troops and objects, both in tactical and operational depth;
Sharp increase in combat intensity;
Simultaneous defeat of opposing enemy groups at the depth of their operational construction (combat order);
The rapprochement of ways of planning and conducting hostilities both in the conditions of the nuclear war and when applying only conventional means of defeat.
In addition, equipping high-precision weapon systems, which includes powerful intelligence tools, to a large extent, it makes it difficult to enemy to achieve suddenness of the actions of troops in the operation and will allow in a short time to apply significant losses to almost any grouping of his troops, it makes it difficult to create the necessary superiority in the forces and funds on selected directions.
The development of high-precision lesion facilities will be carried out in directions:
Increasing the range of fire impact;
Increasing accuracy (implementation of the concept of "defeat from the first shot");
Improving the effectiveness of ammunition by the goal.
Weapons on new physical principles (ONFP).
The weapons on new physical principles are made to attract laser weapons, beam weapons and microwave weapons.
Under laser It is understood by the weapon, the main afflicting factor of which is the powerful radiation of the visible ultraviolet and infrared range.
The modern level of development of the US laser technologies and leading countries of NATO allows in the near future to create combatants for the power lesion of various facilities in the conditions of an atmosphere at the heights of over 10 km on the range of up to 400 km and on the range of up to 4,000 km in space. The combat for the functional lesion of optical-electronic equipment under conditions of atmosphere at altitudes below 10 km can have a range of up to 100 km. It is possible to influence the organs of human vision by a distance of up to 1 km (loss of vision), at a distance of up to 2 km (temporary blinding).
Laser weapons of various basing are supposed to be used to combat spacecraft, interception of ICBM, BRPL, OTP, combating air targets, including with high-precision weapons, disabling optical-electronic devices of various weapon control systems on the battlefield and personnel damage.
Under Puchkov It is understood by the weapon, the main afflicting factor of which are bundles of charged particles.
The modern level of development of bundled weapons allows in the near future to create combat for the defeat of objects in space at altitudes of more than 120 km and on the range of up to 4000 km.
Bunching weapons are supposed to be used to combat spacecraft. According to American military specialists, the grouping of space-based laser and beam weapons, the grouping of cosmic basements will allow in a matter of minutes to ensure the destruction of almost all of our spacecraft at altitudes up to 4,000 km.
Microwave weapons. The main impact factor of the microwave weapons is the powerful electromagnetic radiation of the microwave range.
Powerful microwave radiation leads to a functional damage to various radio and optical electronic equipment.
The modern level of development of powerful microwave generators allows you to create combat equipment in the near future for the functional damage to the radio electronic equipment on the range to 1O km and blasting generators of microwave radiation (microwave combat parts) with a lesion range up to 100 m.
The microwave weapons of various basements are supposed to be used to defeat the radar of air targets, radio-electronic equipment for the homing heads of high-precision weapons, radar systems of pro and air defense systems, computer systems and control equipment of command items.
The advantages of the considered arms complexes on new physical principles are to affect the ability to hit the target of the enemy almost instantly, because The propagation rate of the affected factors used is close to the speed of light. These complexes may have large "rapidity", in addition, the cost of "shots" of such complexes will be very small, because It is determined by the amount of fuel spent on the shot (for example, diesel fuel), and the ammunition is large (determined by the fuel reserve).
A certain advantage of the ONFP is also the fact that at the modern level of development of technology, the creation of effective protection against its afflicting factors is a very difficult technical task.
Currently, in the army of NATO countries, about 40 WTO samples and a significant number of WTO systems are planned to be adopted in the coming years. The WTO existing and developed in NATO countries covers systems for various purposes, classes and principles of actions.
It includes: managed rockets of various classes, managed and self-equipped artillery, tank and aviation ammunition, drums unmanned aerial vehicles, self-driven engineering ammunition, existing and developed intelligence-shock (fire) complexes that combine WTO in their composition, technical means of reconnaissance and targeting , ACS and navigation. In general, it can be divided into the following main types: managed artillery and aviation ammunition.
Samples of these types of high-precision weapons are composite parts of various armament complexes:
· In the ground forces - rocket and artillery complexes;
· In the Air Force Rocket and Bombarding Complex;
· In IUD - ship rocket, aviation rocket and bombarding complexes.
The WTO of the Ground Forces can be attributed:
· Anti-tank missile systems;
· Controlled ammunition with trunks and rocket artillery;
· Operational-tactical rockets with cassette head units,
· Curly homemaking combat elements.
The WTO Air Force and Air Defense includes:
a) WTO tactical aviation:
· Air-based KR (with the Equipment of the BC only in conventional equipment);
· Air-earth managed arms (controlled missiles (UR); controlled aviation bombs (UAB); controlled aviation cassettes (UAC));
· Controlled air-air arms.
b) WTO air defense, which includes:
· Anti-aircraft missile systems equipped with earth-air missiles.
In foreign armies, there is no clear classification of the WTO and it is only divided into reaching the weapons of near and long-range action.
There is a weapon that has a distance from several tens of meters to several tens of kilometers and intended to defeat objects in tactical depths.
A long-range WTO, intended to perform operational-tactical and operational-strategic tasks, includes hands like "Jisak", existing and promising operational-tactical rockets, medium and high-range winged missiles and drums.
From the point of view of the effect of the opponent's WTO, it is advisable to combat it and protect it on the scale of application, basing, combat application.
The scale of the use of the WTO can be divided into operational-strategic, operational-tactical and tactical.
The operational-strategic WTO belongs to the BRSD, the Kyrgyz Republic of the large and medium range; to the operational-tactical - ur type of OTR "LANS-2", "ADES" (FR), missile systems according to the JITICMS program, drums Tactical - managed and self-controlled artillery ammunition (including CBC), PTRK, SPK, aviation controlled rockets, bombs and cassettes, engineering self-watering ammunition.
According to the basing, which is based on a carrier, a high-precision weapon is divided into weapons of ground, air and marine based.
According to the combat purpose of the WTO, it is divided into means of defeating any specific type of targets: anti-tank (PTRT); anti-aircraft (SPC, CRKK); To defeat moving goals with radar contrast (hands like "Jisak", artillery and aviation controlled ammunition); To defeat radio-emitting goals (anticulate rockets, shells and bla); To defeat overall objects, existing and developed OTPs, a KR large and medium range, artillery and aviation means of lesion with thermal imaging and television guidance systems).
Ordinary weapons All fire and percussion agents applying artillery, aviation, rifle and engineering ammunition, rockets in conventional equipment, high-precision weapons, ammunition of bulk explosion (thermobaric), incendiary ammunition and mixtures.
The relativity of the term "ordinary weapons" should be emphasized, since when using this type of weapon, mass losses among the population are possible. This is evidenced by the experience of wars and armed conflicts of the XX century.
In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the combat potential of developed countries through the quantitative and qualitative increase in conventional weapons. Thus, accumulating significant stocks of weapons of mass lesion, the United States and their allies increased the production of weapons of ordinary systems. Their affixing properties and combat efficiency have sharply increased.
To fire and impact means firearms (rifle, artillery, bombs, mines, grenades), reactive and rocket weapons.
Firearms - Weapons in which the energy of an explosive is used to throw out the projectile (mines, bullets, other fillers). The firearms include artillery weapons (musicals, guns, mortars) and small arms (machine guns, machine guns, rifles and pistols).
Relatively new samples of firearms, forest use in military conflicts of the 20th century are ammunition with ready-made affluent elements. In particular, we are talking about ball bombs, ammunition with needle filling and a more modern, fragant-beam projectile.
Ball bombs contain up to 300 and. More metallic or plastic balls with a diameter of 5-6 mm. In the explosion, the balls are spilled at high speed in all directions and cause multiple injuries of soft tissues and internal organs, as well as fragmentary bone fractures. During the aggression in Vietnam, the US military was used ball bombs in a cassette form (about 600 bombs in the cassette).
Employment with needle filling it contains from 5 to 12 thousand thin steel needles or arrows, which in the explosion and opening are bend in the form of a hook and cause multiple heavy injuries, most often leading to death. These ammunition can be conditionally ranked to the means of mass destruction, since with their explosion, the distance of the damage of the affluent elements reaches 500 m with an area of \u200b\u200blesion to 70-80 hectares.
Fragoration-beam shell with ready-made impressive elements thrown at the same time1500 2-gram bullets, destroying all living on the square in 3000-5000 m²
Jet weapons - terrestrial, aviation and marine plants (10-45 trunks) for a slotted fire by unmanaged reactive shells delivered to the target due to the thrust of the reactive motor (Grad system, Pyratino).
Rocket weapons (In conventional gear) - a system in which the means of lesion is delivered to the target with rockets: a complex, including a rocket with a regular start-up part, starting installation, targeting to target, testing and starting equipment, means that control rocket flight, vehicles, etc. Devices.
The most effective view of ordinary weapons is a high-precision weapon (WTO).
To high-precision weapons taken You attach various kinds of devices and means designed to apply "point" remote shocks automatically. The concept of the WTO includes a complex of means of defeat (rocket, aviation bombs, fugasi), their means of delivery (launchers, aviation), means of guidance and navigation. High accuracy (up to 10 m) and high charge power allow you to strike at well protected objects and asylums. High-precision weapons are often customary called reconnaissance and shock systems (rus) or reconnaissance and shock complexes (hands).
Small explosion ammunition (thermobaric ammunition)
Termobaric ammunition – devices capable of producing detonating gas-air or air-fuel mixtures. As a result of the detonation of the gas-air or air-fuel mixture, flowing into the gap, trenches, bludges, combat equipment, ventilation hatches and communication ropes of leakage engineering structures, can be completely destroyed by buildings, protective structures and swallowed objects. Moreover, the explosions in the closed space are highly effective not only for damage (destruction) fortifications (protective) structures, but also for the defeat of the living force of the enemy and the population.
Named ammunition possess the following affixing factors: shock wave, thermal and toxic impact.
Ignitional means (mixtures)
Incendiary mixes pyrotechnic products containing napalm (incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products with a combustion temperature up to 1200 ° C), phosphorus (metallized incendiary mixtures - pyrogels, with a combustion temperature up to 1600 ° C) or thermite (thermite mixtures with a combustion temperature up to 2000 ° C ). They can be equipped with airbones, mines, fugasses, flamethos. The incendiary mixtures were widely used during the Korea war (1950-1953) and American aggression in Vietnam (1964-1974). The affecting effect of incendiary mixtures is due to thermal burns of skin and mucous membranes, infrared radiation and poisoning of combustion products. Not only the skin, but also subcutaneous fiber, muscles and even bones can be affected by the burning mixture: deep burns of III and IV degrees are found in 70-75% of cases. Phosphoric burns may be complicated by the poisoning of the body during phosphorus absorption through the burn surface. The effect of incendiary blends on the human body often causes combined lesions, leading to the development of shock, the appearance of which is possible more than 30% affected.
The unifying link for the affected means is the presence of a single leading striking factor - the ability to cause mechanical (injuries) and traumatic lesions of people.
Features of the provision of medical care in the use of ordinary weapons.The use of conventional means of lesion requires predominantly surgical care. The mass of lesions and the formation of sanitary losses in a short time often leads to the impossibility of providing emergency surgical assistance to everyone in need, at optimum deadlines and in full existing forces and means of health care. The distribution of injuries by anatomical attribute with mass lesions is characterized by the predominance of damage to the limbs. In injuries of the head and spine, shock and bruises of the head and spinal cord, cracks and fractures of the bones of the skull and spine are noted. This type of injury is more characteristic of children, whose sometimes frequency exceeds the frequency of damage to the limbs. The remaining anatomical areas (chest, belly, pelvis and internal organs) are damaged less often, occupying the third and fourth place. A distinctive feature of combat damage to the surgical profile is a significant frequency of cases of multiple and combined injuries, as well as combined damages, accompanied by such severe complications as traumatic and burn shock, sharp blood loss, asphyxia, etc.
Of particular importance in lesions, the time factor is acquired. Only the maximum reduction in the timing of the beginning of the provision of medical care is able to reduce the number of adverse outcomes. At the heart of the organization of medical care affected by firearms, there is a single medical doctrine based on stage-based treatment in combination with evacuation of the wounded for its intended purpose..
Ordinary means of defeat15
The concept of conventional means of lesion appeared with the advent of weapons of mass lesion, primarily nuclear weapons. It marked the boundary between those weapons, which was used during the previous time and weapons, which had fundamental differences and radically changed the possible consequences of its application.
New weapons (weapons of mass lesion) differed, in many respects. Firstly, according to their amazing properties that led to a massive damage to the population, the destruction and destruction of various objects, equipment and structures, including strongly protected at large distances. It was more likely to be more powerful compared to the existing and has strong
psychological effect.
Secondly, weapons of mass lesion showed absolutely more striking factors, such, for example, nuclear weapons have a volatile vault of affecting factors - shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive infection and electromagnetic impulse.
The affecting effect of chemical weapons is based on the use of poisoning substances capable of applying a massive damage to the living force (troops, the population, animal) in a short time and in large areas.
Biological weapons are based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms that can cause various mass infectious diseases and death of people, animals and plants.
The traditional weapons, as a rule, had a limited scale of the striking impact on various purposes and a sufficiently limited effect of the factors.
Agrowing factors manifested themselves in:
creation of overpressure (air shock wave) as a result of an ammunition (fugasal);
creating a cloud of fragments of dangerous, first of all, for the population and troops of the enemy as a result of the undermining of ammunition (fragmentation);
creating a high-temperature cumulative jet, intended primarily for armored targets (cumulative);
creating and maintaining a high combustion temperature of the application of the impact of impacts by entering its surface of the contents of the ammunition (incendiary: napalms, pyrogels, thermal and phosphorus mixtures dr.);
the creation of a volume-detonating medium, which is an explosion of aerosols, sprayed in space (vacuum). You can make a classification of ordinary weapons and its main components and on other reasons.
Thus, a line was carried out between those weapons that were used for many decades, the possible consequences of its actions and a completely new, previously unprecedented, little studied and enormous destructive and striking, were well understood.
From here, under the usual means of damage began to understand the ammunition of various shapes, structures and power, equipped with explosives or special mixtures.
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The bulk of the ammunition is equipped with explosive substances, the extracted energy of which affects, destroys and destroys the intended goals in a certain radius of actions, depending on their power and properties of a particular purpose.
Thus, depending on the type of affecting factors, the OSP is an ammunition of the following type of action: shock action, fugasny, fragmentation, cumulative, incendiary (fire) action, volume-detonating (vacuum).
According to its constructive features, they are divided into rockets, bombs, shells, mines, torpedoes, combat blocks, tanks, cassettes, grenades, cartridges, bullets, charges, fugas, artillery shots, etc.
To use conventional means of lesion, it is used, as a rule, a complex of armament. The main elements of the modern armed system are the means of lesion, their means of delivering to the target, as well as the controls.
One of the important properties of conventional means of lesion should be allocated: they can be unmanaged, manageable and self-equipped, with various control methods: with a commanding guidance system, with an autonomous inspection system, self-equipped and combined guidance system.
Depending on the principle of operation, the guidance system includes: television, thermal imaging, infrared, laser, radar, correlation, satellite and others.
Conventional means of lesion are used in aviation, ground forces, navy.
Unmanaged and managed ammunition can be delivered to the areas of their start-up (discharge) of various carriers, including strategic and tactical aircraft, ships and submarines.
Today, in the conditions of finding probable opponents near our borders, it should be stated that all the objects of the economy in Russia are within the reach of modern conventional means of lesion, taking into account their means of delivery.
As the science and technology developed, the experience of combat use, the OSP began to acquire more devastating and affecting properties.
Modern conventional means of lesions have an increased destroying force, bringing them to nuclear munitions of low power and a large range of applications. Such means include ammunition of a volume explosion (vacuum), which occupies an intermediate position between nuclear low power and conventional (fugasal) ammunition. The temperature in the detonation zone for several dozen microseconds can reach 2500-3000 ° C.
They are able to destroy not only live strength, weapons and military enemy techniques, but also objects of the economy, the peaceful population of cities, their infrastructure in order to create panic, chaos and force the enemy to surrender.
A separate place in the composition of conventional means of lesion is an ammunition related to high-precision weapons.
2.2. High flow weapons16.
2.2.1. The overall characteristics of the WTO
The high-precision weapon is a special class of the usual managed weapon, which has a high accuracy of targeting target. Ammunition can accumulate small-term terrestrial targets, highly disgraced, swallowed and underground facilities. These include the items of civil defense management of the Russian Federation, the work facilities for the greatest shift of categorized objects, technological installations at the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, reactor nuclear power plants and others.
The fundamental difference between high-precision weapons is that it gives a high probability of targeting the target due to direct range in a wide range of range, at any time of the day, in complex meteorological conditions and with intensive countering the enemy.
Currently, under high-precision weapons, controlled means of lesions that ensure the likelihood of direct hit in typical objects
Objectives (for example, building, construction of an enterprise, tank, aircraft, bridge, etc.), which prevents 0.5 on any start-up (firing) range within the reach of the exhaustion zone.
In particular, with circular dispersion, such a characteristic of the accuracy of the WTO, as a circular probable deviation of the ammunition from the center of the target (RKVO), corresponds to the condition RKM< 0,5Rп. Современные системы ВТО обеспечивают значение Rкво до 0,5 м.
Mass adoption of WTO samples is considered as a new quality leap in the development of the means of armed struggle. The main qualitative characteristics of the WTO are:
the minimum flow rate of the lesion (as a rule, does not require a shooting and ensures the defeat of the targets identified by 1-2 shots (launches));
the lack of a significant effect of shooting range for its accuracy.
Today, many countries in the world have high-precision weapons, including NATO countries, China, India and others. The United States sells such weapons to even the countries of the Middle and Middle East.
The features of the WTO is the destruction (destruction) of the most important (critical) elements of the objects of the economy, the size of which are tens and hundreds of times less than the area of \u200b\u200bthe enterprises themselves, but it is their destruction that ceases to function this object.
To high-precision weapons include:
intelligence-shock (fire) Complexes that implement the principle "Friendly - shot - struck";
ballistic rockets managed on trajectories, including with cassette warheads and self-equipped combat elements;
artillery managed and self-controlled ammunition (shells and mites, including cassette);
aviation remote-managed and self-controlled ammunition (bombs, rockets, cassettes);
remote controlled aircraft. The general classification of the WTO is shown in Scheme 2.1.
Frosses D.M. Cafe. 11 cafes. 11 "Operational Management Events of the RSCP and GO"
The scale of the use of the WTO is divided into operational-strategic and tactical.
The operational-strategic WTO includes the most powerful systems of weapons, the use of which will allow the opposing side of the enemy decisive defeat. This is primarily the winged rockets:
ground (GLCM (eng. Ground-Launched Cruise Missile) BGM-109A / ... / F, RGM / UGM-109A / ... / E / H);
sea (SLCM (eng. Sea-Launched Cruise Missile) BGM-109G);
air (MraSM (eng. MEDIUM-RANGE AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILE) AGM- 109C / H / I / J / K / L) Basing:
controlled rockets (such as MGM-52 "Lance", "ATACMS");
ballistic missiles inscribed on the final portion of the trajectory (type
MGM-31A "Pershing 1A");
intelligence and Impact Complexes (Hands) of the PLSS type (eng. Precision Loca- Tion Strike System) "And" jstars ( JOINT SURVEILLANCE TARGET ATTACK RADAR SYSTEM)»;
remote-manned aircraft.
Tactical high-precision weapons include aviation controlled bombs, controlled aviation cassettes and rockets, anti-tank missile complexes (FEDDs) and tanks that can apply managed rockets.
Based on the nature of the radiation of the affected objects, the WTO can be classified by type of affected targets: radio energous, heat-impedant, continuity and general purpose objectives. Ballistic and winged rockets, managed missiles, were used to defeat objects (objectives) of the general purpose, when the energy contact between the ammunition and the purpose is absent. These same facilities can affect artillery and aircraft using managed and self-driven ammunition. To the weapon that affects radio emission targets (command items, radar stations, communication sites, control centers and air defense, air defense, etc.) include the means of lesion type "PLSS" Anticulate Rockets "AGM-88 HARM (English. HIGH-SPEED ANTI-RADAR MIS- SILE) "," AGM-78 Standard ARM (English. Anti-Radiation Missile) "And" AGM-45 ShRIKE "and more. The heat-permanent targets are striking by controlled aircraft bombs GBU-15, AGM-130. Managed missiles "AGM-65 Maverick", Agm-650, F and G, submissions of the hands of "Jstars".
The arms affecting the targets with a contrast (radar, thermal, photometric) with a background surface belongs to the hands of "Jstars", artillery and aviation managed or self-controlled ammunition.
For basing, high-precision weapons are divided into: ground;
air; Sea.
Depending on the nature of the equipment that ensures accurate guidance on the target, the place of its placement, the singularities of the energy contact are distinguished by four control methods:
television management; autonomous; self-deployment;
mixed (combined).
General classification of high-precision weapons
On scale application
By type of affected purposes
According to basing
By the management method
On the guidance system
By type of ammunition
tactical
operationally stratchic
radio emission
heavyweight
contrast common
ground TE E L E
o Sh| in |
Television
Teplozonian
N / a laser
Radar
Corientation
BR cr of UAB UAC
Com. St. Petersburg
Com. Brig
Channel control
Independent ranging
By wire
On radio postcondvocond
cable
passive active n / active combination.
Scheme 2.1. General classification of high-precision weapons of army countries of NATO
To modern means of lesion in ordinary equipment, which can potach beats for rear objects can be attributed to:
ordinary and controlled air bombs (UAB), including modular design (with a rocket accelerator);
controlled air and ground basing missiles; Winged rockets of air, terrestrial and sea basing;
intercontinental ballistic missiles in ordinary gear. Means of delivering data types of weapons can be strategic and
ticker, surface ships and submarines.
Almost all of these means of weapons use aerospace means of targeting target.
Controlled aviation bombs.For attacking point well-protected and shrouded purposes from a distance of 20-30 km, bombs with a laser guidance system (GBU-10, GBU-12, GBU-24, GBU-27) are currently applied.
The combat part of these UAB is usually a fundamental charge with a mass of explosive (BB) 230-900 kg or blowing warheads type Blu-109. The target detected by the operator is highlighted by a laser with a providing aircraft.
Located on the UAB, the receiving device registers the radiation reflected from the target and adjusts the trajectory of the bomb flight. The most likely deviation of controlled airbabs with laser guidance systems from the aiming point is not more than 3 m.
The main disadvantage of these bombs is the possibility of applying only into cloudless weather. In this regard, in the early 1990s, the JDAM program was obtained in the early 1990s. Joint Direct Attack MUNITION) PO creation of modules for adjustment of the flight path of avia bombs by signals received from GPS satellites. Air bibles equipped with JDAM have a circular probable deviation (CVO) not more than 13 m in all weather conditions. More than 250 tests of the UAB with JDAM were conducted, 96% of which were successful.
In combat conditions, these bombs were first tested in March 1999 in Yugoslavia strategic bombers in-2. In total, 656 JDAM type bombs with a weight of 900 to 2000 kg were applied during the conflict of 45 departures. The large-scale production of such UAB has begun in 2000, and judged the procurement plans of 87,500 modules.
Permanently managed by the entire US bombardment aviation park, including strategic bombers, tactical aircraft of the Air Force and Navy, will be equipped with JDAM controlled airbabers.
Work is also underway to further improve the characteristics of JDAM modules. In particular, it is planned to increase the range of air bombs from 28 to 74 km.
In parallel with the JDAM Air Force program, JDAM-PIP program is underway ( Product Improvement Program), the purpose of which to reduce the CVO up to 3 m due to the installation on the system module for correction on the final portion of the trajectory.
It should also be noted that the United States Air Force has been adopted and more powerful gauge bombs with a mass of combat part over 2000 kg (GBU-28, GBU-37). They were developed for the destruction of beugoned (protected) underground departments, warehouses and structures.
Thus, the prototype of the bomb of the laser guidance GBU-28 was first tested in 1991 entry of the "storm in the desert" operation in Iraq. The combat part of the GBU-28 bomb is an artillery shell of a 203 mm caliber and about 6 m long, an explosive charge is placed in which.
For the first time in Yugoslavia, and later in Afghanistan for the destruction of sub-land bases and arsenals (Taliban training centers and the terrorist organizations of Al-Qaeda - Bases and Arsenals in the Tora-Bora caves) of the United States applied camouflage (deeply penetrating into the ground and underlined at considerable depths) controlled air bombs "GBU-28" with a mass of 2272 kg.
The bombing of such a UAB is scheduled to remove 60 - 80 km from the object, which makes it difficult to detect them and firing air defense.
Unlike GBU-28, GBU-37 is supplied according to the GPS satellite system, and although they have less accuracy, but are all-weather. GBU-28 and GBU-37 bombs are equipped with respectively attack aircraft F-111 and B-2 strategic bombers.
The main type of planning UAB will be in perspective AGM-154, developed in three versions (AGM-154A and AGM-154B options are carrying cassette bombs, A AGM-154C - a monoblock warhead) for the equipment of almost the entire Air Force and Navy aircraft USA. Total planned to purchase more than 23,000 pcs. The maximum battle load of the cassette bomb is 450 kg at a maximum range of up to 75 km. The AGM-154 will be managed autonomously using an inst / GPS. The accuracy of AGM-154A and -154B is about 30 m.
The AGM-154C monoblock option will also be equipped with a television camera, and the control on the final portion of the trajectory will be made by the onto the onboard operator. Currently, the purchase of a monoblock option is planned only for the US Navy deck aviation.
For the first time in the combat atmosphere, AGM-154 was used in Iraq on January 24, 1999. From the side of the deck fighter-bombarder of the US Navy F / A-18, the air defense complex was destroyed. The main characteristics of the controlled aircraft are presented in Table 2.1.
Controlled tactical link rockets.Currently, controlled missiles (UR) type "Air-Earth" range from 100 to 500 km are only on the US Navy Aviation (F / A-18, P-3). SLAM controlled missiles (AGM-84E) are able to carry a weighing time of 230 kg to a distance of more than 200 km. In 1998, tests of improved UR SLAM-ER (AGM-84H) were conducted with a range of more than 270 km. The SLAM-ER ur is also characterized by increased accuracy, greater massacre and greater penetrating ability of warheads. The control of the rocket in the flight is carried out by an inertial navigation system with a crushing from the global satellite navigation system, and on the final portion of the trajectory control is carried out by a pilot that adjusts the aiming point of video image.
Since mid-1998, a re-equipment of the F / A-18 attack fighter fighter is re-equipped at Slam-Er ur, and in the future it is planned to equip with these rockets and PR-3C patrol aircraft. Planned and further modernization of the radio (Slam-Er Plus). It is assumed that the new modification of the rocket will be equipped with an ATA's automated target recognition device ( Automatic Target Acquisition), What will increase the effectiveness of its use in adverse weather conditions.
The main tactical and technical characteristics of controlled airbabs (UAB)
Table 2.1.
| A type | Caliber, Pound / Total Mass | Overall Length / Case Diameter | The height of the bombing, km | DAY OF RUBAGE BUMENT, KM | Guidance system | Type of combat part | Media UAB | ||
| a type | Accuracy | Characteristics of GSN | |||||||
| GBU-23-1 | 1000/ | 3560/350 | 0,06-9,0 | Laser, semi-active | 3,0 | - | Fugasnaya | A4, A10, F4, D18 | |
| AGM-123A (GBU-23-2) | 3500/456 | 0,06-9,0 | Laser, semi-active | 3,0 | - | Fugasnaya | A4, A10, F4, D18 | ||
| GBU-15 (V) 2 / V | 2000/ | 4050 /457 | 0,06-12,0 | 9-60 | 1,5 | Fugasnaya | B-52 (4), F-111 (4), F-4 (2) | ||
| AGM-130. | 2000/ | 3920/457 | 0,06-12,0 | 28-80 | Thermal imaging, thermal imaging laser, semi-active | 1,5 | GSN with a two-focus optical system | Fugasnaya, cassette, penetrating concrete, volume explosions | B-52, F-111 B-16 (18) |
| GBU-28 | 2000/ | - | - | Thermal imaging, thermal imaging laser, semi-active | 1,5 | - | Penetrating | F-111, B-52 |
Winged rockets of high range.Wheel Baziriva Rockets (Cr VM) "BGM-109 Tomahawk" are armed with multi-purpose nuclear submarines and some types of surface ships of the United States. The KMM "BGM-109 Tomahawk" can carry a nuclear or ordinary warhead with a mass of 250 kg. There are modifications with a monoblock (TLAM-C) and a cassette (TLAM-D) combat part. In its development, the Crimiter BGM-109 Tomahawk has passed several modifications (Block I, Block II, Block III, BLOCK IV). The main differences between the Block III modification from the previous ones is a large range (up to 1600 km) and the possibility of correction of the Kyrgyz Republic in flight by signals of the Satellite RRS GPS navigation system (Table 2.2.).
The Crimiter "BGM-109 Tomahawk" was actively used by the US Navy in armed conflicts. Only from August 1998 more than 500 kr in the territory of Afghanistan, Sudan, Iraq and Yugoslavia were applied. By the end of 1999, the Arsenal of the Winged Razets of this type was about 2,000 units, most of which are a Block III option.
Currently, a new version of the Kyrgyz Republic "BGM-109 Tomahawk" has been prepared for production, characterized by increased shooting range and the accuracy of visiting. In this embodiment, the rocket is equipped with an improved control system, which additionally includes the NAVSTAR satellite navigation system receiver and the flight time calculation unit. Improved software guidance system "DSMAC" and increased engine efficiency. Navstar reception function in conjunction with the TERCOM system ( english Terrain Contour Matching) "Or independently produces a trajectory adjustment when flying above the surface with a slightly pronounced relief (desert, equible areas), as well as above water and ice. As a result, the current restriction on the removal of the start area of \u200b\u200bthe start up to 700 km from the coastline is being removed. In addition, the flight task is simplified for the on-board control system, since the calculation of the flight route is carried out directly on board the carrier.
Thanks to the exclusion of areas of correction on the flight route, the shooting range can be increased by 20%, and taking into account the best engineering engineering by another 10% and will be from 1700 to 2000 km.
The winged rockets of the air base (KRVB) of a large range of the United States as well as KMM "BGM-109 Tomahawk", can carry nuclear and ordinary miracle. The rocket in non-nuclear equipment received the designation Conventional Air-Launched Cruise Missile(Calcm) or AGM-86C. Calcm Calcm can deliver a fugasal-type PBXN-111 fugasant with a caliber of 1350 kg to a range of more than 1000 km. Calcm Calcm was used in military conflicts since 1991. The financing of the re-equipment of 322 nuclear KVBS in non-nuclear has been provided. During the modernization of the CALCM AGM-86D KVB (BLOCK II), its accuracy was improved to 5 m (QuIA), and the rocket itself is capable of carrying a penetrating warhead. The US Air Force is considering the production plans of new RVB KVB.
As a result of modernization and taking into account combat experience in 2006, a new RGM-109E "TACTICAL TOMAHAWK" RGM-109E "Tactical Tomahawk" BLOCK IV was adopted with a combat part in ordinary gear. At the same time, each American submarine is equipped with 154 Crimi. It should be recalled that the US Navy planned to bring the amount of KMM on the APL and surface ships to 4,000 pcs.
The TACTICAL TOMAHAWK CRMR has the following advantages: shooting range up to 3000 km;
high shooting accuracy (circular probable deviation to 3-5 m);
large removal of launching launch missiles (2500 km); functions in bad meteo conditions;
small flight heights (10-30 m) in combination with small values \u200b\u200bof the effective scattering surface (EPR) significantly reduce the detection range for existing radar systems, which causes an untimely optology and target designation of F-300 fire facilities, C-400 and, therefore, Failure to defeat the target of the target;
the small values \u200b\u200bof the EPR lead to a breaking of the functioning of the circuits of Zur 48n6 complex C-300 and air-air missiles P-27AE, R-27P, P-27PE, P-33, part of the MiG-31 interceptor fighter amplifier;
the presence of a cumulative-fuzasny combat unit (BC), which can break through the armor plate with a thickness of 2.5 m, allows you to reliably affect the fortified rocket complexes of mining and mobile basing, command items, protective buildings of civil defense;
it is provided with a raise ramp flight to the target from various directions at a specified time;
the rocket is capable of patrolling the specified area for 2 hours and be overloaded in 4 minutes to defeat another object;
The Crimi, based on multipurpose submarines, provide sustained strikes and can be used as a rapid response weapon, as well as to suppress air defense systems and about the enemy at the initial stage of the conflict;
in the event of an American submarine administration in the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Northern and Far Eastern seas and is in close proximity to the borders of the Russian Federation, all objects of public administration are coming to the CRM importability zone.
Consequently, the large removal of the Lunch of the KMR start-up in combination with flight at minimum heights and a small EPR (0.05 m2) makes it difficult to detect radio-location stations and dramatically reduce both the effectiveness of the actions of destroyers and the likelihood of their defeat by Russian SPC.
Winged rockets are developed in many countries of the world. In the UK and France, the Storm Shadow / Scalp tactical rocket has been developed for air-earth class with a launch range of 250 km. In the course of aggression in Iraq in 2003, these rockets were launched from British fighters "Tornado". Pakistan in 2005 announced the tests of the Winged Rocket "HATF VII BABUR" with a launch range of up to 500 km. India with the melting of Russian defense enterprises has developed a supersonic wing of the marine, terrestrial and air basement "BRAMOS" with a launch range of 300 km. In the US, a program to create hypersonic missiles of type AGM
86, capable of flying 1400 km in just 12 minutes. Hypersonic rockets provide speeds of 8 times greater than the speed of the sound.
The tactical and technical characteristics of the US-managed missiles and NATO countries are presented in Table 2.3.
Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) are also considered as possible means of destroying rear objects. Delivered to the Objective Methods, warheads can have kinetic energy sufficient to break through any protection. Experiments conducted in the United States showed the highest potential of the ICBM for defeating the placed goals. In particular, the experimental starts of the Rocket SR-19 "Pershing II", which is the second MINUTEMAN ICBR, has been reported. The maximum height of the trajectory was up to 180 km, and the flight of the head of the ICBM was adjusted using RRS GPS. As a result of one of the three tests, the penetrating warhead, which has a speed of 1.2 km / s and weighing about 270 kg, passed through a layer of granite with a thickness of 13 m, and the probability of circular deviation was less than 5 m.
High-precision USA seabed weapon
Table 2.2.
| Basic TTH | Types of kr | ||||
| "Tomahawk" | Tomahawk Blok-III | Tomahawk Blok-iv | |||
| BGM-109A. | BGM-109C. | BGM-109D. | |||
| Shooting range (km) | |||||
| Flight rate (km / h) on march | 750 - 850 | 750 - 850 | 750 - 850 | 750 - 850 | 750 - 850 |
| Flight Height | 60 - 100 | 60 - 100 | 60 - 100 | 60 - 100 | - |
| Shooting accuracy (limit deviation (M) | 80 - 100 | 5-10 | |||
| Type of combat part (weight, kg) | Nuclear (130) | Semi-breeding (442) | Cassette 166 elements (450) | Semi-breaker (450), Cassette (450) | Semi-breaker, cassette |
| Control systems | AU, with a correment of terrain | AU, with a correction on the radar location map ("DSMAC-2") | AU, with correction with "DSMAC-2" and "NAVSTAR" systems | AU, with a correction for radar headscarves, "NAVSTAR" | |
| Starting mass (kg) | - | ||||
| Media (ammunition) | PL and NK US Navy | PL and NK US Navy | PL and NK US Navy | ||
| Arms year | 1998 - 2006 |
Tactical and technical characteristics of controlled missiles
Table 2.3.
| Type, country | Purpose | Carrier | Maximum starting distance, km | Maximum rocket speed, km / h | Accuracy, m | Type and mass of battle billed | Guidance system |
| MAVERICK AGM-65 A, B, D, E, F, USA | Defeat of progress | F-16, F-18, A-4, A-10 | M-2. | ± 2.5 | Fugasny 60 - 136 kg | A, B, D, F - self-conducting, thermal diffraction, e - laser, semi-active | |
| AQM-123A, USA | Also | Also | M-0.8 ÷ 0.9 | ± 1,5 | Fugasnaya 430 kg | Laser, semi-active | |
| AGM-130A, USA | Lesion of production facilities | F-111, B-52, F-4 | M-0.8 ÷ 0.9 | ± 1,5 | Fugasnaya 870 kg | Television, thermal imaging (team, self-conducting) | |
| SLAM (AGM-84E), USA | Defeating the objects of energy, port constructions | B-52, B-1A | M-0.85 | 2 ÷ 5. | Penetrating 227 kg | Inertial, corrected "NAVSTAR", command thermal imaging | |
| HVM, USA | The defeat of the factory purposes (armored) | F-16, A-10 | M-4 ÷ 4.5 | 2 ÷ 5. | Percussion Server 2.5 - 3 kg, (armored aircraft up to 450 mm) | Team, laser | |
| AGM-109H, USA | Defeat of platening standard purposes | F-111, F-16 | - | M-0.9 | Cassette 500 kg | Inertial "Tercom" and "DSMAC" | |
| AS-30A, France | For point ground targets | Mirage 2000. | 11,5 | M-10. | Collectively - Fuchasny 239 kg | Semi-active, laser | |
| ASMP, France | Also | Mirage 2000. | M-3. | Also | Inertial | ||
| Lrsjm. | Also | F-111, F-16 | 100-180 | M-0.8 ÷ 1.8 | Cassette, fucked 350 - 475 kg | Inertial "Tercom" and RL |
Guidance means.The existing system of US space reconnaissance satellites has yet limited opportunities for searching and tracking mobile goals. Mobile purpose detection is possible only by low-bit satellites equipped with high resolution equipment (passive electron-optical receivers of visible and infrared ranges). It is also necessary to emphasize that the time of the emergence of intelligence cosmic approaches (ka) above the specified areas can be predicted with high accuracy, which allows you to more effectively carry out the masking of objects.
Thus, the existing system of intelligence satellites of the United States cannot provide continuous monitoring of all objects for which it is necessary to strike shocks. Nevertheless, it is possible that in the future the United States will be able to deploy a continuous surveillance system. For example, the Discoverer II system developed by the system involves the deployment of 24 low-bit satellites, providing a meter resolution. According to the statements of representatives of the US defense ministries, this system will allow monitoring for specified areas in real time and to issue a target designation with an accuracy of 20 m.
To solve the task of searching and tracking the objectives may also be used and unmanned aerial vehicles (CAP). Most likely that if the UAV and will be applied to targeted on the target, mainly as a means that complement the satellite surveillance system. It should be noted that before developing the USA, the USA is not only the task of detecting mobile goals and the following, but also to create interference for the movement of goals or temporary dissemination of them.
An analysis of the technical characteristics of the UAV ("Predator", "Hunter") indicates that they have limited range and resource. However, the developed UAV type "Global Hawk" will be able to track the goal for 24 hours at a distance of more than 5,500 km from the base site and return back. BPL "Global Hawk" will be equipped with electo-electronic and infrared equipment.
Intelligence and shock and shock unmanned aerial vehicles.Today there is no doubt about the usefulness of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for military purposes. Unmanned aerial vehicles found the most wide application in hostilities from the middle of the twentieth - early XXI centuries. Mass
the spread of SNS receivers led to expanding the scope of their use, to the emergence of new methods of navigation support in solving the most different tasks. Based on the experience of using the SNA in modern military conflicts, when developing a new generation of UAVs, their functions are expanding from solving disqualled tasks before performing reconnaissance and shock tasks.
It should be noted that since the War of Vietnam, they were striving for them, not only the execution of intelligence, but also shock tasks for the destruction of various enemy objects. Air War in Afghanistan, intelligence and drumming UAVs are widely conducted. In the leading countries of the world, combat unmanned aerial vehicles are actively developed and experienced, including unmanned bombers and attack aircraft.
Some modern aerial reconnaissance CAPs are able to cross the concepts and can develop to tele-controlled (remotely controlled) reagents
tactical fighters and bombers. There are instances of remotely controlled aircraft with a butterfly size and even less than their flight independently. Such UAVs figuratively called "Flying Eye" and
"Flying beak." There was a tendency, first of all in the US Armed Forces, uniting all the UAVs into a single information field, global electronic networks of automatic starting plants, to a network of signaling radio players (radiometers) and means of exchanging information for all levels of military management.
The characteristic features of modern military conflicts make it possible to express the tendency of the gradual transition to the creation, and then to the use of a specialized bble - remotely managed aviation system: an irrigated analogue of the piloted combat aircraft. A possible classification of such a switching aviation system is shown in Table 2.4.
The existing market of military UGS can be divided into three main categories:
strategic high-altitude durable durable, capable of being in the air at least up to 24 hours and carry a payload weighing up to 500 kg or more;
tactical medium-ducts with flight duration 4-1
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