By this post, I continue the cycle (one, second) of items dedicated to waste processing technologies. In line, the waste of food production, which can be used in creating various new materials. Today I will talk about the interesting technology for the production of wood-chipboard (chipboard) using gelatin based on molasses and whey. The method developed in Tomsk is based on the process of the adhesive basis of the adhesive basis by a specialized strain of microorganisms, and the biotechnology of the adhesive base is to create a chipboard without using toxic formaldehyde resin. At the same time, the price of bioclee is quite competitive, and the ecological chipboard can be obtained by practically without changing the usual production technology - after all, the new material has passed the most stringent and serious technical tests.
Chemistry and life ...
I am confident among readers there are many specialists anyway related to chemistry and chemical production. Indeed, modern achievements in the field of creating new materials and unique connections are impressive. However, in addition to the rapid development of standard chemical technologies, now actively develops the direction of "green" chemistry. Especially in conjunction with achievements in the field of biotechnology. New materials are published in the arena, the production and use of which minimally affects the ecology. Ecology in a broad sense - from ideas and production - to use and subsequent disposal. But on this background there are many technologies that froze in their development. To such, I relate the variety of materials and substances in which phenol-containing compounds and resins are used. If for specialized industrial materials (polymers, varnishes, adhesives, textolit, getya, etc.) without them yet, then some materials for household applications can already be done without applying such hazardous toxic compounds. First of all, in the production of furniture - because most of the budget cabinets, tables, office furniture are made precisely from the chipboard. Even in State Duma Not so long ago, the scandal flared out, due to the fact that in the parliamentarians of the parliamentarians, the concentration of vapor formaldehyde resin exceeds the MPC several times.
What to talk about schools, kindergartens and other budget institutions, where the furniture comes at the lowest prices, so its quality and environmental friendliness leaves much to be desired. I think many of you are now read this article at the table in which formaldehyde's emission continues - after all, this process goes about 4 years before the formaldehyde concentrations will become close to the MPC. This is due to the fact that in the production of chipboard it is not possible to fully bind the resin when pressing and the non-cured phenol formaldehyde resin may contain up to 11% of the free phenol. And this is a very dangerous trend. After all, formaldehyde resins are recognized as the strongest carcinogens, causing allergies, metabolic disorders, and the most formidable consequence for a person can be the development of cancer. This danger understands Western manufacturers, so in the production of chipboard, the coating of protective films (in Fig. Left) is directly in production, but this significantly increases the cost of the final product. Most russian manufacturers This, unfortunately, do not.
Although (by and large), this also does not save the situation. Packed thus resin all one remains in the stove and represents the danger can be much more.
How do chipboard?
Let's talk a little about the production of chipboard. In essence, the technology is quite simple and well-spent in many countries. Raw materials (wood, waste recycling of business wood) are crushed into a duch, dried, mixed with formaldehyde resin and wax. Then the slab is formed and it is subjected to preliminary pressing at a certain temperature for some time. Technological modes of pressing depend on the thickness of the plate, the quality of the initial raw material and the resin concentration.
If the resin is not enough - pressing is much worse and longer. This leads to significant energy costs and equipment wear. Therefore, the resins sometimes do not regret. Pre-formed plates are subjected to final pressing on the finishing powerful press. The finished plate is cut into size and sent to a ventilated warehouse for weathering for several days. Shipping fresh stove is prohibited. It is extremely smeared and dangerous. The production of chipboard is not environmentally friendly. Talk about good health Workers in such industries also do not have to. Although there is pretty video The process of production of chipboard in the United States, removed very beautiful, in which important moments are neatly missed and you will not see a single worker in the workshop of the final forming of the slab. All automated! What, in principle, the most correct for such production.
Alternatives and prospects
As you already understand, the production of chipboard is not so difficult. If you present the situation that the formaldehyde glue base will be replaced by another, then without changing the technological cycle, it is possible to make the slab absolutely environmentally friendly. However, the requirements for the replaced adhesive composition should clearly comply with all technological requirements As in the case of formaldehyde resin. That is, the glue must be the same (as close as possible) in different characteristics - consistency, adhesive ability, density, viscosity, pH, etc. Well, the most important thing is to be a competitive price. Create such a substance was managed to specialist biotechnologists from Tomsk. The substance was obtained as a result of microbiological studies of special strains of microorganisms, which were subsequently studied and described. After conducting research on safety and lack of pathogenicity - the strain was deposited into the All-Russian collection of industrial microorganisms (FSUE Gosny Genetics).
Certificate of deposit
Approximate the essence of the technology is as follows. In a special reactor at a temperature of 22 grams. Sugar - Melassa and Rubber Milk Serum are loaded. Melasse is the basis of glue, serum is a source of trace elements for the reproduction of microorganisms. The strain of microorganisms is added and the bacterial biomass is obtained by the adhesive substance - Diestran. This is a complex polysaccharide with a huge molecular weight of the molecule.
After the completion of the Nir laboratory stage (with the support, by the way, by me, a very respected Bortnik Foundation) began the stage of creating a semi-industrial reactor for the production of biomolesis, which was successfully completed by creating a trial bio-weight batch for industrial test at one of the factory for the production of chipboard. The figure shows the bios receipt scheme.
Testing of glue at an industrial enterprise was successful. Samples of chipboard plates were obtained and tests of a new material were carried out in accordance with GOST RF 10632-2007. New plates correspond to GOST, and in some parameters even exceed it. Some differences were still. In particular, the slabs were somewhat darker than usual. At the production at the time of pressing the plates began to spread the smell of fresh baking, as in the bakery. And the workers immediately began to say that scientists arrived again and pies would bake. Rospotrebnadzor checked air quality and did not reveal the dangers, while the concentration of formaldehyde vapor in the workshop fell 80 times compared with standard production. Also, finished plates are not subject to microbiological insemination, since it is not hydraulic and retain low humidity on the basis of manifest people.
Results of testing plates and technological plots of production
Important in this technology is recycling food waste. In particular, the dairy serum is a real beach dairy production. Despite the fact that many very useful and valuable substances are dissolved in this product, for example, albumin, but serum processing is an extremely complex process. Therefore, many dairy plants pour serum into sewage, paying decent environmental fines. Serum drains is dangerous and can cause serious biological pollution. The production of chipboard for chipboard would reduce the ecological load of dairy industries, thereby increasing the production culture and an ecological situation. Biocals obtained in Tomsk may also be applied to the production of wood pellets, tissues, various fertilizers. As for the chipboard of the chipboard, it retains its environmental friendliness of its operation, and its disposal does not represent problems. If the slab falls into the ground is destroyed by soil microorganisms for several months, turning into fertilizer. In turn, the formaldehyde plate for microorganisms is toxic, so its disposal is difficult.
Prospects of technology
At the moment, the project is at the preparedness stage of industrial implementation. Until recent political events Foreign companies that work in the production of environmentally friendly materials on the production market have been serious. But these contacts were dramatically discontinued. The prospects for the development of this technology in Russia are now difficult to evaluate, but the authors of technology hope that there may be serious investors who will not give another interesting russian technology lie on the shelf. Anyway, I can not remain indifferent as a popularizer of science and technology. Ready to answer your questions and comments, and if you have any questions for which I can not answer, I will give them a person personally implemented by this interesting project. I do not give direct links, since the site rules do not allow this. Write in a personal or on [Email Protected] I will answer everyone!
Small video in conclusion
Good day and interesting technologies!
Living clean and comfort is a natural and understandable desire of any person. As the experience of developed countries, a civilized waste management system allows you to create a comfortable and environmentally friendly environment. However, that such a system has been working, the desire or self-consciousness of a separate person is not enough - economic incentives are needed to ensure that everyone else interacts with waste has been interested in participating in their collection, processing and disposal.
Trash can
It should be recognized that in Russia mechanisms for creating such interest, by and large, no. Therefore, almost all settlements of the country are surrounded by fantastic growing landfills, which not only interferes with the development of cities, but also has a negative impact on the health of the population. In this sense, the northern capital is no exception. As the Governor of St. Petersburg Valentina Matvienko recognizes, in the city for up to 2 million tons of solid household waste (MSW), but only a quarter of them is processed.
In St. Petersburg, there are two garbage processing enterprises included in the MPBO-2 plant: on the Volkhonskoye highway, where about 180 thousand tons of MSW are recycled annually, and in the village of Yanino - 200 thousand tons per year (Vsevolozhsky district of the Leningrad region). Thus, the rest of the garbage is stored on the polygons, which are almost all year round, throwing out great amount Hazardous connections in the air and at the same time polluting groundwater.
This situation does not suit either residents of St. Petersburg and Leningrad region, nor regional authorities. In early 2011, Smolny finally managed to hold international competition On the right to build a garbage processing plant in the village of Yanino. Greek consortium Helector S.A. - AKTOR CONSESSIONS S.A. It intends to invest 300 million euros into the project and build a plant by 2015, which should recycle more than 350 thousand tons of household waste per year. According to the project, about 70% of the garbage will be recycled by passing preliminary sorting directly at the enterprise. Next, it is planned to produce material for further use as fuel. Received 20-25% of waste after pressing will be directed to the burial grounds.
"The construction of a garbage processing plant in Yanino is the first step, the beginning of a large program to create similar factories in our city," said Matvienko. In the future, the authorities intend to build several more garbage breakers. However, for what technology they will work and when these plans acquire real outlines, while it is unknown.
In any case, it is positive that the question with garbage somehow begins to decide. However, the main thing is not to simply reduce the number and volume of landfills, but do it with minimal ambient damage. Thus, the environmentalists of the St. Petersburg branch of Greenpeace believe that it is impossible to completely withdraw dangerous waste collected together with domesticity. Therefore, as follows from the materials of the environmental organization, "emissions from burning such fuel will differ little from emissions of a conventional incineration plant."
Head of the St. Petersburg Environmental Union Semen Gordysheyshevsky in an interview with "Arguments and Facts - Petersburg" acknowledged: if you understand the essence of the case, the garbage in Janino is planned to burn. Europe and the United States stood up 30 years ago, but now refuse to burn garbage, since the number of cancers during this time has increased significantly. In the USA, in 1995, it was forbidden to build new plants in 1995, and the number of existing time had shutted from that time. When burning tons of garbage, 40-50 kg of very harmful gaseous substances are formed.
Thanks to the new technologies, 70% of the garbage can be given a second life. But the success of the introduction of such technologies, including the one that is going to be applied in St. Petersburg, largely depends on the quality of raw materials, that is, the degrees of waste sorting. Russian debris coming on landfills or plant, foreign experts simply refer to "heavy", as to eliminate dangerous elements in it ( fluorescent lamps, batteries, etc.) very difficult without creating a system of sorting household garbage by each person. And the cause of negligence towards harmful waste is by no means in the mentality of people, but in the absence of opportunities.
Without conditions
Introduce a system of separate garbage collection realially only 20% of St. Petersburg Square, the head of the North-Western public organization "Green Cross" Yury Shevchuk is confident. Indeed, it is not easy to place several tanks in the courtyards, in houses with a garbage chute, as well as in communal apartments. This will create additional inconvenience to people, and the system will not work, explains Shevchuk. It is necessary to revive the redemption system and make it available, convenient and profitable both for the population and for processors and manufacturers of packaging.
According to the Director General of the company "Auto Park 6 Spetstrans", Vitaly Zhurkovich, the responsibility for the disposal of Tara should lie on manufacturers. However, these obvious measures can be implemented only through the law. "It is necessary to make appropriate amendments to the federal law" On production and consumption waste ". In this case, the manufacturer will have to take from the consumer recycling and dispose of it at his own expense, "says Zhurkovich. Such amendments stimulate industrial manufacturers and food products Take care of minimizing our own costs, improve packaging and packaging and create environmentally friendly materials. That is, in fact, create a whole industry processing and turnover of raw materials and garbage. In order not to reinvent the bike, you can refer to the experience of countries that have been able to transform environmental problems into economic opportunities.
In neighborhood
The main approach when dealing with the MSW, used in many states of the EU, is the prevention of their education, the director of the legal department of the National Agency Sweden on the Protection of the Environment Sanna Douu notes. For example, there are about 700 stations in Stockholm (Free Market is called them here, where you can buy at an affordable price of used things or objects. Thus, the life of things is extended, and the amount of garbage is reduced. Waste not received a second life go to generation (burning at a special factory for the purpose of energy), disposal or disposal.
From 1998 to 2008, thanks to the special law in Sweden, it was possible significantly - by 86% - to reduce the proportion of organic and incisible waste. One of the results was the reduction of the number of polygons: in 1976 they were numbered 1600, and in 2009, only 80.
It is impossible to throw away the body, but it can be processed with the benefit for society and the economy. Enterprises with waste similar category (public catering or food industry) make appropriate applications. After which the organic is exported to biogas stations. As for the population, there are special places for food waste. Or sewage. In the latter case, a prerequisite is the use of grinders that are equipped with homemade kitchen sinks. Organic waste and sewer installations come to biogas plants producing sludge from which biogas are subsequently obtained. It can be used as fuel both for vehicles and for heating houses.
It is worth recognizing that a significant role in the ecological transformation of Sweden was played by the pan-European oil crisis of the 1970s. He entailed a serious increase in prices for petroleum products, and the economy of Sweden, as many others european countriesAt that time it was highly depended on the import of hydrocarbons. Therefore, it was necessary to seriously think about the need to search for new sources of energy and the introduction of energy efficiency principles. If Denmark, for example, began to move towards the development of wind power, France - nuclear energy, then Sweden made a bet on the use as the main energy resource of garbage.
To use trash as a resource and earn on it, first of all it is necessary to create a competent system for collecting and sorting. Today, 95% of the Swedes comply with the principles of selective garbage collection, Sanna Douu says. It was possible to achieve such results due to the organization of a flexible waste collection system, a clear distribution of responsibilities, as well as the application of personal interest principles.
In particular, the responsibility for collecting packaging is assigned to manufacturers. For this, a system of collateral cost of containers was introduced. She allowed the manufacturer in the "Crupure", trading network, consumer and recycling containers. A multi-level system, in which all participants in the chain are interested in the work, with a competent organization gives a stunning effect. Today 90% of packaging (plastic and glass bottles, aluminum banks etc.) does not mindlessly go to the landfill, but processed. Currently, about 10 thousand packaging manufacturers are connected to this system. One of the collateral of success is the organization of convenient reception points of the used container. In particular, it is accepted right in the outlets.
By the way, attempts to introduce such practices in Russia are already being taken. For example, Baltika's brewing company in conjunction with the network of stores "Ribbon" and "Green Cross" launched a program for receiving glass containers in the test mode: in the five network hypermarkets in the parking lots, the points of receiving glass containers and aluminum cans are open. The program started on May 11 and will last until June 30.
In 2008, new landmarks were identified in Sweden - an increase in the share recycling Packaging. Thus, the volume of glass processing was planned to bring to 94%, plastic - up to 63, paper - up to 74, newsprint - up to 80, aluminum cans - up to 85-88%. These indicators will soon be achieved. For example, 90% of glass containers are currently refunded.
Mechanisms of influence
In Sweden, the trash not subject to recycling is burned on the CHP as fuel, but that the new resource becomes interesting to stimulate the population towards the transition to the centralized heating system. For this purpose, the CO2 release tax was introduced, and additional subsidies were allocated from the state budget. As a result, today, for example, in the city of Lincoping 90-95% of real estate objects connected to a centralized heating system, in Stockholm - 80%. The centralization of the heating system, in turn, has become an impetus to the construction and modernization of the CHP to work on the garbage. In Stockholm, 50% of residential buildings are warm, produced based on the combustion of MSW.
"The incinerate plants have become a profitable business, and a serious competitive struggle has already begun between them. In the country, 31 incinerating installation works, while in 1985 there were only five of them, "Sanna Douu states. As a rule, the revenue of "garbage" CHP is formed by 20% due to the sale of electricity, by 30% heat, by 50% - fees for receiving garbage.
In general, awesome results are achieved. So, today, for example, a resident of Stockholm produces 480 kg of domestic garbage per year. Of these, it is combined (transformed into heat and electricity) approximately 48%, processed - just over 35, there is a biological processing - about 14, and about 1.4% depart the dump.
But to achieve such success, I had to seriously adjust the legislative base of the country. So, raised taxes on the use of hydrocarbons and energy tariffs; Impact taxes carbon dioxide and the content of landfills; The system of "green" certificates for electricity has been introduced; The ban on the supply of incinerated and organic waste for landfills; Measures were taken to stimulate the use of biofuels. And this is not a complete list of powered legislative and economic instruments.
Strengthening the role of environmental legislation and its transformation occurred gradually, depending on the change in the situation, recalls the lawyer of the National Agency of Sweden on Environmental Protection Heidi Vik. At each new stage, the measures taken tightened. This approach made it possible to avoid shock and at the same time systematically introduce into business consciousness and the public idea about the need to change in the "green" side.
At the beginning of the way
Russia, by and large, only proceeds to solve waste problems. Prepare amendments to the federal law "On production and consumption waste". And precisely how these changes will be, the path in many ways will depend on the country. Greenpeace Russia has already sent comments to the Ministry of Economic Development to the draft law. Environmentalists recognize that the main positive innovation is the ability to establish the responsibility of manufacturers and importers of certain types of products for its disposal, that is, for collecting and processing.
However, the expanded responsibility of manufacturers for the disposal of their products after its end life cycle Only declared. Develop specific requirements for the implementation of the law is entrusted to the Government of Russia. As you know, such a development can last for years.
In addition, according to the bill, the enterprises are not obliged to process products returned to them: they can simply get buried or burn it. And in this case, the presidential assignment itself is discredited on the creation of a law that stimulates the recycling of waste is referred to in the treatment of Greenpeace. Ecologists international Organization It is noted that as one of the methods of waste disposal is again offered to their combustion. Having such a proposal can confidently assert that in order to achieve certain indicators on disposal, waste will be collected and burned.
The second serious negative moment in the draft law is the abolition of environmental payments in the event of waste disposal "in placing objects to ensure the elimination of negative impact on the environment."
The amendments and other sub-commercial acts are still in development, and it is possible that the opinion of ecologists will be taken into account. But it is obvious that without legislative adjustments on federal level It is unrealistic to change the situation, since the possibilities of individual regions remain very limited.
St. Petersburg - Stockholm
Municipal budgetary general Education Gymnasium №2.
Topic: "Waste - revenues."
Class leader: Starostina Irina Viktorovna
year 2013.
Objectives and objectives of the project:
1. The second life of old things.
2. Production of items of their remedies.
3. How to make money on the garbage.
4. Environmental ecology.
The fundamental question is to identify the types of garbage, and find ways to dispose of household garbage.
The garbage is the headache of modern civilization. Cosmonauts are observed from space as whole islands float in the ocean plastic bottles. The cities lack places for landfills. The thrown glass bottle will forever be buried in the soil. But the garbage can be useful! Such garbage is called waste. And waste can be turned into income!
Anyone even the smallest enterprise, with the right approach and choosing the necessary equipment will be able to turn its waste into revenues. This was convinced by many companies in Russia and around the world.
Even in the Middle Ages, the largest scientists of that time occupied the issue of obtaining a philosophical stone - a mythical reagent for obtaining gold from absolutely prose substances. It is impossible to say that modern technologies Much advanced in this industry, but the problem of turning the garbage into money has already been solved. Waste into revenues, unnecessary and all hindering piles of rubbish and garbage can really turn into raw materials for profitable business.
The garbage is an environmental problem for all living things.
Garbage is waste formed as a result of any work.
The main garbage is formed from the collection of waste from the population. It is also formed as a result of production, cleaning of retail space, markets. Such a garbage is called household garbage or technical household waste, shortcuts.
Classification of domestic garbage the following types:
- - food waste;
- - various types of paper;
- - metal;
- - synthetic packaging materials;
- - glass, china, faience, clay;
- - Other waste.
Recycling garbage
The utilization of garbage is one of the most important problems of modern civilization. It is especially difficult to dispose of an unorganized garbage. So far, humanity came up with three fundamentally different ways to dispose of garbage:
- 1. Organization of landfills.
- 2. Secondary use of waste.
- 3. Burning waste.
- 4. Composting.
However, none of them cannot be recognized as absolutely acceptable.
The secondary use of waste is the most resource-saving way, but not always profitable both in economic and environmental terms.
We found out that for the decomposition of household waste requires a lot of years.
- Glass bottles - 1000 years;
- Plastics products - 100 years;
- Canning banks - 50 - 80 years
(Scroll under the drain - 2-3 years);
- Rubber boot soles - 50 - 40 years;
- Skin - 50 years;
- Nylon products - 30 - 40 years old;
- Plastic bag - 10 - 20 years;
- Batteries - 10 years;
- Cigarettes - 1 - 5 years;
- Woolen sock - 1 - 5 years;
- Paper - 2 years;
- Orange or banana peel -2 - 5 weeks.
- Places are the most insane
- streets - 37%
- courtyards of residential courtyards - 30%
- shopping centers – 12%
- school areas - 1%
- recreation areas Countries - 20%
- The main reason for the muddy
- Insufficient number of urns and garbage containers - 5%
- Bad job janitors - 2%
- Lack of a clear garbage collection and utilization system - 47%
- Low level of culture of settlement inhabitants - 46%
- Who is the most overgrown?
- Preschoolers and students of junior classes - 10%
- Teenagers - 66%
- Youth - 24%
- Adults - 0%
- What would you throw out on the street?
- Empty cardboard box - 3%
- Empty jar or bottle of juice, water, beer, etc. - 2%
- Chewing gum wrapper - 25%
- Read newspaper - 15%
- Paper cup - 2%
- Skirt from banana, orange, etc.- 13%
- Nothing at all - 40%
Secondary use of garbage.
Glass.
Allowing glass products are very easy to put into recycling. Non-damped banks and bottles do not need to recycle, after processing they can be used again in direct intended. Bought glass can be melted.
Glass - durable and wear-resistant material. In itself it does not harm environmentBut broken glass is honesty for people and animals. In nature, waste from glass is destroyed for several hundred years, cracking and crumpled from the temperature difference. The final product of the decomposition of glass containers is a glass crumb, according to the type similar to sand.
The bulk of glass waste is not processed, but is subjected to burial on the polygons.
Scrap metal.
Most often in scrap metal there are products from iron or cast iron. Compounds of iron can cause environmental harm - they are poisonous for many organisms. In addition, pieces of thrown metal are intended for people and animals.
Scrap metal decomposes under the action of oxygen, ultimately forming iron oxide. The rate of decomposition of metal products - in 10-20 years per millimeter in depth (in fresh water - for 3-5 years, in Solenya - two or two).
Scrap metal - most suitable for secondary use material. Scrap metal processing great value For economics and ecology. It allows you to unload and so depleted ore deposits, reduce fuel costs for the smelting of essential metals, as well as a significant reduction in related costs (for example, transportation).
Foil and aluminum cans can also be recycled. In the nature of the foil can fly on Earth to 20-30 years (and aluminum banks - up to several hundreds!), Forming generally harmless oxide and aluminum salts under the action of oxygen. The most secure method of disposal of aluminum-based products (not counting the smelting) is burial.
Leather.
Even of the small, no longer skin trimming, you can extract a lot of use.
From the old belt, it turns out simple in the manufacture, reliable and non-squeezing loops for the lid of the box, easel, caskets.
From trimming belts it is easy to make beautiful roots for book binding.
Strip soft thin skin pasted on inner side Metal bracelet for hours will make it more convenient.
If you are tired of metal and plastic bracelets, then, having mastered the techniques of decorative trim, you can make a comfortable and soft leather clock strap.
With the help of these same techniques, it is not difficult to make a convenient and durable bookmark from the skin.
The strip of thin skin, longitudinally folded twice or three times and the jammed, can be sewed as a hanger to a coat or jacket. It is much stronger and durable of the plain and not so rude as hangers from metal chains.
What can be done with a used, but other suitable natural skin, if you do a centralized fee? In the Cooperative Institute, leather specialists to the little things thought out how to sort and recycle the secondary leather, how to disinfect and restore. They developed the technology of manufacturing from the old shoes of fashionable youth jackets, vests, home slippers. Laboratory samples I liked everyone.
Another example is the development of the Ukrainian Research Institute of the leather-shoe industry. It was offered to use absolutely nicudible skin waste as a protein fertilizer for growing vegetables. Crimping the skin is crushed, poured with water, weld and dried. It turns out a gray powder, which contains 9-14% nitrogen and many valuable trace elements. The gift fertilizer turned out to be highly efficient: the crop of potatoes increases by 30%, and tomatoes - by 35%.
And from the waste of leather production make feed flour.
Paper.
Maculatura is 40% of all solid waste And it is usually served to serve the printing products consisting of paper, (sometimes treated with protective substances), cardboard and paint. Despite the fact that the paper decomposes 2-3 years, it does not cause any harm to nature. However, paints and protective coatings can highlight the substances to be poisonous for the person in the decomposition process.
The waste paper has a great potential of recycling. It is used to produce paper for various purposes, packaging and building materials. 1 ton of waste paper replaces about 4 cubic meters of wood, so the collection and rational disposal paper waste It will help to significantly reduce cutting down of forests. Old paper is soaked, clean and crushed to obtain fibers - cellulose. Further process is identical to the paper manufacturing process from timber materials.
When burning paper garbage, harmful dioxides are formed - the products of burning paint and typographical ink. This method is not rational in disposing of this kind of waste.
Plastic.
IN modern world No enterprise is without use polymeric materials. Therefore, recycling plastic waste It has great potential - from secondary plastic, polymeric raw materials used in the production of products can be obtained. Products, depending on the quality standards, can be carried out entirely from secondary plastic raw materials, or from a certain proportion of primary and secondary plastic.
The discharged products from plastics prevent gas exchange in soil and water bodies and pose a threat to animals. There are quite a few examples when the swamped package led to the death of an animal - even registered whale deaths. Plastic container is resistant to an aggressive environment, and is not digested by the organism of the animal.
Food waste.
When burning food waste, substances are harmful to human health - dioxides. This once again confirms the need to assort the garbage before its disposal.
Most safe Method Disposal of organic garbage - composting. During this process, the content of easily absorbed by plants of substances - phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, and others, and microorganisms are neglected with the organic mass.
Thus, with competent and timely disposal of organic garbage, this type of waste not only does not harm nature, but also can be used as natural fertilizer
More than half of this garbage can be recycled and used again. Let's start with myself and try not to clog our planet so much. To do this, we will use at least elementary methods to reduce garbage.
The second life of not necessary things
There are things that have already served their own and almost lie in the garbage bucket, but not all people guess that one of them can be done completely something new and useful.
Here are examples of what you can make things unnecessary to us:
Shooting bags.
Pillow of trimming fabrics.
Dress from newspapers
Bag from newspapers
Breaking
How and with whom she fought
So that from chaos arise,
Maybe not in the name
Must us with you
But so that we are alive,
Thinking creatures.
"In your power, in your power,
So that everything will not split
On meaningless parts! "
Environmental ecology.
The problem of cleanliness of the planet, cities, utilization of industrial, agricultural, household waste has long been transformed into a global environmental problem for all countries. The scale of the problem of garbage, waste becomes simply unacceptable. The garbage is a testimony of nestness, abandonment, decline - both a separate house and the city, and the country, and the entire planet.
The world action "Clean Planet from Garbage" was first conducted in September 1993. Residents of Australia, who cleaned the ocean beaches. Gradually, citizens of many countries joined it, and now every year millions of volunteers from 100 states throughout Earth participate in it. First of all, clean the place of rest, beaches, forestarks and water bodies, suburban areas and rivers.
Waste volumes are growing in geometric progression, specialized companies engaged in the export and disposal of garbage, no longer cope with so much. Need a new, radical and qualitative approach to solving this complex task.
The first and very important stage is the collection of garbage. For the collection of household waste, special containers for solid and food species garbage that are daily exported to dusting polygons Over the trait of the city. Unfortunately, not everyone understands the relationship between the concepts of garbage collection price, and this connection is very tough.
Collecting garbage.
It should be noted, the population of cities, as a rule, is difficult to get used to the need to separate household waste and put them in different containers, which significantly facilitates their subsequent disposal. The most attractive collection of paper garbage is the buying of waste paper, especially in cities. People specially collect unnecessary newspapers, books and with pleasure selling them to the state.
In the second stage, waste is disposed. They are mainly exported to specialized polygons in an open-air or incinerating plants.
Open garbage sites, where a wide variety of waste accumulate for years and gradually expands, represent great danger For the environment, man, violate the environmental balance of the area.
To maintain a sanitary situation at the necessary limits for the disposal of both domestic garbage and industrial waste chemical industries machine-building enterprises, construction trash
Disposal of any waste is very specific and it is presented to very high demands.
- Medical waste is disposed of under compliance with many rules and requirements, because these waste is considered the most toxic, dangerous to health. The utilization of hazardous waste usually occurs on special technology, while applying hermetic containers.
- Large difficulties occur in the disposal of metals requiring special equipment and very large containers.
- And even for the collection and export of snow, sensaw harnesses are developed.
- Collection, exportation, disposal of various types of waste is very expensive operations. But, despite the high prices of fighting the garbage, all the ways of people's lives on the planet Earth are more expensive and live on a clean planet.
How to make money on garbage?
Make money on garbage can be different
ways:
- 1. Delivery of bottles or scrap metal, waste paper.
- 2. Recycling of waste into different raw materials.
- 3. Give the second life to old things.
How to improve ecology.
- Briefing the culture of behavior in humans.
- Do not sile out on the street, throw garbage only in special containers.
- Maintain the purity of the territory.
- Build sorting and processing plants.
- Use the package that dissolves in the soil.
- Use second to use some items (glass jars, bottles.
- Organize collecting scrap metal and waste.
Environmental ecology.
No matter how sad, but illegal landfills of the garbage have already been for quite a long time, if not everyday, then a very frequent phenomenon, which, in most cases, remainsless, does not cease to be less dangerous. The environmental risk of spontaneous landfills is that these objects gradually affect all environmental components. Moreover, characteristic feature The described source of pollution is its constant variability, this concerns the number of waste and their composition.
The problem of pollution in the world is very acute. Russia is leading in terms of the number of garbage per person. There is also a problem of garbage disposal. We reviewed this topic so that people pay attention to the seriousness of the environmental situation in the country. The most promising way to solve the problem is the processing of urban waste.
Conclusions:
- Now the problem of household waste is one of the main problems in the world. Every year, waste is becoming more and more. The composition is complicated, therefore, the toxicity of such waste increases.
- Also, problems from MBO also exist in the Moscow region. Moreover, the problem of unauthorized landfills is becoming the most important problem.
- To somehow solve this problem, people began to invent various methods waste disposal, for example, such as garbage burning on garden-in-law plants (MSZ), draining waste in the reservoirs, garbage of garbage and many others. But each of these types of recycling has its drawbacks. It is necessary to strive to create such a disposal method, in which there will be no waste at all.
Remember that from various unnecessary things you can do something new, which will come in handy to you and your loved ones.
The most important thing is to take care of nature and do not pollute it with waste, and otherwise the death of the planet Earth cannot be avoided!
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Municipal budgetary general education institution Gymnasium №2 Topic: "Waste - revenues". Authors: Pupils 8B class leader: Starostinina Irina Viktorovna Position: Class leader 2013.
Objectives and objectives of the project: 1. The second life of old things. 2. Production of items of their remedies. 3. How to make money on the garbage. 4. Environmental ecology. The fundamental question is to identify the types of garbage, and find ways to dispose of household garbage.
The garbage is the headache of modern civilization. Cosmonauts are observed from space, as the whole islands of plastic bottles float in the ocean. The cities lack places for landfills. The thrown glass bottle will forever be buried in the soil. But the garbage can be useful! Such garbage is called waste. And waste can be turned into income! Anyone even the smallest enterprise, with the right approach and choosing the necessary equipment will be able to turn its waste into revenues. This was convinced by many companies in Russia and around the world.
Even in the Middle Ages, the largest scientists of that time occupied the issue of obtaining a philosophical stone - a mythical reagent for obtaining gold from absolutely prose substances. It cannot be said that modern technology has been far advanced in this industry, but the problem of making garbage into money has already been solved. Waste into revenues, unnecessary and all hindering piles of rubbish and garbage can really turn into raw materials for profitable business.
The garbage is an environmental problem for all living things. Garbage is waste formed as a result of any work. The main garbage is formed from the collection of waste from the population. It is also formed as a result of production, cleaning of retail space, markets. Such a garbage is called household garbage or technical household waste, shortcuts.
Classification of household garbage in the following types: - Food waste; - various types of paper; - metal; - synthetic packaging materials; - glass, china, faience, clay; - Other waste.
The utilization of garbage disposal of garbage is one of the most important problems of modern civilization. It is especially difficult to dispose of an unorganized garbage. So far, humanity came up with three fundamentally different ways to dispose of garbage: 1. Organization of landfills. 2. Secondary use of waste. 3. Burning waste. 4. Composting. However, none of them cannot be recognized as absolutely acceptable. The secondary use of waste is the most resource-saving way, but not always profitable both in economic and environmental terms.
We found out that for the decomposition of household waste requires a lot of years. Glass bottles - 1000 years; Plastics products - 100 years; Canning banks - 50 - 80 years old (swallow under the drain - 2-3 years); Rubber boot soles - 50 - 40 years; Skin - 50 years; Nylon products - 30 - 40 years old; Polyethylene package - 10 - 20 years; Batteries - 10 years; Cigarettes - 1 - 5 years; Woolen sock - 1 - 5 years; Paper - 2 years; Orange or banana peel -2 - 5 weeks.
Places Most Casting Streets - 37% Drops of residential courtyards - 30% Shopping centers - 12% School areas - 1% Recreation zone Countries - 20% Main Reason for Tampering Insufficient Number of Urns and Garbage Containers - 5% Blood Wistrels - 2% Lack of clear Garbage collection and disposal systems - 47% low level of culture of settlement inhabitants - 46% Who is the most and most of the garbage? Preschoolers and junk school students - 10% of adolescents - 66% youth - 24% adults - 0% What would you get drove on the street? An empty cardboard box is a 3% empty jar or a bottle of juice, water, beer, etc. - 2% Chewing gum wrapper - 25% read newspaper - 15% Paper cup - 2% skirt from banana, orange, etc. - 13% Nothing at all - 40%
Secondary use of garbage. Glass. Allowing glass products are very easy to put into recycling. Non-damped banks and bottles do not need to recycle, after processing they can be used again in direct intended. Bought glass can be melted. Glass - durable and wear-resistant material. By itself, it does not harm the environment, but broken glass is atrial safe for people and animals. In nature, waste from glass is destroyed for several hundred years, cracking and crumpled from the temperature difference. The final product of the decomposition of glass containers is a glass crumb, according to the type similar to sand. The bulk of glass waste is not processed, but is subjected to burial on the polygons.
Scrap metal. Most often in scrap metal there are products from iron or cast iron. Compounds of iron can cause environmental harm - they are poisonous for many organisms. In addition, pieces of thrown metal are intended for people and animals. Scrap metal decomposes under the action of oxygen, ultimately forming iron oxide. The rate of decomposition of metal products - in 10-20 years per millimeter in depth (in fresh water - for 3-5 years, in Solenya - two or two). Scrap metal - most suitable material for recycling. Scrap metal processing is of great importance for economics and ecology. It allows you to unload and so depleted ore deposits, reduce fuel costs for the smelting of essential metals, as well as a significant reduction in related costs (for example, transportation). Foil and aluminum cans can also be recycled. In the nature of the foil can fly on Earth to 20-30 years (and aluminum banks - up to several hundreds!), Forming generally harmless oxide and aluminum salts under the action of oxygen. The most secure method of disposal of aluminum-based products (not counting the smelting) is burial.
Leather. Even of the small, no longer skin trimming, you can extract a lot of use. From the old belt, it turns out simple in the manufacture, reliable and non-squeezing loops for the lid of the box, easel, caskets. From trimming belts it is easy to make beautiful roots for book binding. A strip of soft thin skin, pasted on the inner side of the metal bracelet for the clock, will make it more convenient. If you are tired of metal and plastic bracelets, then, having mastered the techniques of decorative trim, you can make a comfortable and soft leather clock strap. With the help of these same techniques, it is not difficult to make a convenient and durable bookmark from the skin. The strip of thin skin, longitudinally folded twice or three times and the jammed, can be sewed as a hanger to a coat or jacket. It is much stronger and durable of the plain and not so rude as hangers from metal chains. What can be done with a used, but other suitable natural skin, if you do a centralized fee? In the Cooperative Institute, leather specialists to the little things thought out how to sort and recycle the secondary leather, how to disinfect and restore. They developed the technology of manufacturing from the old shoes of fashionable youth jackets, vests, home slippers. Laboratory samples I liked everyone. Another example is the development of the Ukrainian Research Institute of the leather-shoe industry. It was offered to use absolutely nicudible skin waste as a protein fertilizer for growing vegetables. Crimping the skin is crushed, poured with water, weld and dried. It turns out a gray powder, which contains 9-14% nitrogen and many valuable trace elements. The gift fertilizer turned out to be highly efficient: the crop of potatoes increases by 30%, and tomatoes - by 35%. And from the waste of leather production make feed flour.
Paper. The waste paper is 40% of all solid waste and is usually served to serve printed printing products, (sometimes treated with protective substances), cardboard and paint. Despite the fact that the paper decomposes 2-3 years, it does not cause any harm to nature. However, paints and protective coatings can highlight the substances to be poisonous for the person in the decomposition process. The waste paper has a great potential of recycling. It is used to produce paper for various purposes, packaging and building materials. 1 ton of waste paper replaces about 4 cubic meters of wood, so the collection and rational disposal of paper waste will help significantly reduce cutting down of forests. Old paper is soaked, clean and crushed to obtain fibers - cellulose. Further process is identical to the paper manufacturing process from timber materials. When burning paper garbage, harmful dioxides are formed - the products of burning paint and typographical ink. This method is not rational in disposing of this kind of waste. Plastic. In the modern world, no enterprise is without the use of polymeric materials. Therefore, the processing of plastic waste has a large potential - from the secondary plastic can be obtained by polymer raw materials used in the manufacture of products. Products, depending on the quality standards, can be carried out entirely from secondary plastic raw materials, or from a certain proportion of primary and secondary plastic. The discharged products from plastics prevent gas exchange in soil and water bodies and pose a threat to animals. There are quite a few examples when the swamped package led to the death of an animal - even registered whale deaths. Plastic container is resistant to an aggressive environment, and is not digested by the organism of the animal. In addition, plastic allocates poisonous substances when burning and decomposition, which can last more than 100 years.
The second life of the not necessary things are things that have already served their own and almost lie in the garbage bucket, but not all people guess that one of them can be done completely something new and useful.
Here are examples of what you can do from the things unnecessary to us: a bag of cropping skins. Pillow of trimming fabrics.
The flower as the base is taken a glass frame from broken colors and a stitch from the hairpin. The house is made of cardboard, the walls are covered with wovers, pieces of disassembled cones are pasted on the roof, and the pipe is covered with a boiled cancer.
Dress from newspapers Bag from newspapers
Wall-mounted composition "Union of Hearts". Decoration made of small bottles decorated with markers. Such an exercise will bring additional comfort to any room, will contribute good mood and pleasant memories. The unique composition of "spikelets", made of disposable spoons and forks. Vasuchka is made of plastic opaque packaging for dairy products. Can be original decoration At the cottage or in the kitchen cabinet.
I hear the nature of the voice that breaks through to shout, as with whom, she fought, so that from chaos arise, maybe, and not in the name I have to be with you, but so that we are alive, thinking creatures. And the nature of the nature says: "In your power, in your power, so that everything is not split into meaningless parts!"
Environmental ecology. The problem of cleanliness of the planet, cities, utilization of industrial, agricultural, household waste has long been transformed into a global environmental problem for all countries. The scale of the problem of garbage, waste becomes simply unacceptable. The garbage is a testimony of nestness, abandonment, decline - both a separate house and the city, and the country, and the entire planet.
The world action "Clean Planet from Garbage" was first conducted in September 1993. Residents of Australia, who cleaned the ocean beaches. Gradually, citizens of many countries joined it, and now every year millions of volunteers from 100 states throughout Earth participate in it. First of all, clean the place of rest, beaches, forestarks and water bodies, suburban areas and rivers.
Waste volumes are growing in geometric progression, specialized companies engaged in the export and disposal of garbage, no longer cope with so much. We need a new, radical and qualitative approach to solving this complex task. The first and very important stage is the collection of garbage. For the collection of household waste, special containers for solid and food types of garbage are developed, which are taken daily on the trashal polygons per feature of the city. Unfortunately, not everyone understands the relationship between the concepts of garbage collection price, and this connection is very tough.
Collecting garbage. It should be noted, the population of cities, as a rule, is difficult to get used to the need to separate household waste and put them in different containers, which significantly facilitates their subsequent disposal. The most attractive collection of paper garbage is the buying of waste paper, especially in cities. People specially collect unnecessary newspapers, books and with pleasure selling them to the state.
In the second stage, waste is disposed. They are mainly exported to specialized polygons in an open-air or incinerating plants. Open garbage sites, where a wide variety of waste accumulate for years and gradually expands, represent a greater danger to the environment, a person, violate the environmental balance of the district. To maintain a sanitary situation at the necessary limits of disposal of both domestic garbage and industrial waste of chemical industries, machine-building enterprises, construction waste disposal of any waste, very specific production and very high demands are presented.
Medical waste is disposed of under compliance with many rules and requirements, because these waste is considered the most toxic, dangerous to health. The utilization of hazardous waste usually occurs on special technology, while applying hermetic containers. Large difficulties occur in the disposal of metals requiring special equipment and very large containers. And even for the collection and export of snow, sensaw harnesses are developed. Collection, exportation, disposal of various types of waste is very expensive operations. But, despite the high prices of fighting the garbage, all the ways of people's lives on the planet Earth are more expensive and live on a clean planet.
How to make money on garbage? Make money on garbage in different ways: 1. Delivery of bottles or scrap metal, waste paper. 2. Recycling of waste into different raw materials. 3. Give the second life to old things.
How to improve ecology. Briefing the culture of behavior in humans. Do not sile out on the street, throw garbage only in special containers. Maintain the purity of the territory. Build sorting and processing plants. Use the package that dissolves in the soil. Use second to use some items (glass jars, bottles. Organize collecting scrap metal and waste paper.
Environmental ecology. No matter how sad, but illegal landfills of the garbage have already been for quite a long time, if not everyday, then a very frequent phenomenon, which, in most cases, remainsless, does not cease to be less dangerous. The environmental risk of spontaneous landfills is that these objects gradually affect all environmental components. In addition, its constant variability is a characteristic feature of the described source of pollution, it concerns the number of waste and their composition.
This is how our planet is polluted by household waste.
The problem of pollution in the world is very acute. Russia is leading in terms of the number of garbage per person. There is also a problem of garbage disposal. We reviewed this topic so that people pay attention to the seriousness of the environmental situation in the country. The most promising way to solve the problem is the processing of urban waste.
Conclusions: Now the problem of household waste is one of the most important problems in the world. Every year, waste is becoming more and more. The composition is complicated, therefore, the toxicity of such waste increases. Also, problems from MBO also exist in the Moscow region. Moreover, the problem of unauthorized landfills is becoming the most important problem. To somehow solve this problem, people began to invent various waste disposal methods, for example, such as the burning of garbage on garbage incorporation factories (MSZ), draining waste into the reservoirs, the burial of garbage and many others. But each of these types of recycling has its drawbacks. It is necessary to strive to create such a disposal method, in which there will be no waste at all. Remember that from various unnecessary things you can do something new, which will come in handy to you and your loved ones. The most important thing is to take care of nature and do not pollute it with waste, and otherwise the death of the planet Earth cannot be avoided!
Thanks for attention.
Recycling garbage, garbage removal after cleaning, processing and sorting debris can be something big than simply discarded in the garbage bucket and its export of landfill. Having organized a business on the export and disposal of garbage, waste can be turned into income. Here are some ways to turn waste into revenues that you can do.
Free export of old household appliances, things
Old clothes, refrigerator, mixer, video recorder, furniture and even the old car are only some of the things that can be transferred to most charitable organizations in your district of Moscow. Centers for helping children, orphans, churches, libraries, charitable organizations, disabled children and others, these are just a few who, with pleasure and gratitude, will take unnecessary things to you. Some of these organizations organize the export of old household appliances and will send movers straight to the house and apartment to carry themselves and take things out or equipment. As an additional incentive, you can get additional discounts for participating in the program waste into income.
Technique and electronics that do not work properly, also have some advantages and opportunities to earn on utilization of garbage from a professional point of view. Pass the mixer and DVD player that no longer works in the repair shop, which will help other people learn how to repair and re-equip used equipment. Thus, the utilization program may be greater than just a change of the owner's thing, the solution to the problems of waste disposal can contribute to the economy of the city, by retraining people in the labor market, which will help ensure a sense of pride and their own dignity.
Dummer and Garage Sales
Despite the widespread dissemination of this method, the garage sales gradually come out with us. Method Waste in revenues is also a great way to get rid of garbage. In addition to minor earnings and free square in the house, you get the opportunity to spend time on fresh air And chat with neighbors. There are no things that would be more expensive friends that you start. But be careful - you can sell for several hundred rubles what you can sell to Avito for tens of thousand rubles.
Garbage collection and disposal
Most recyclables have a cash equivalent to its volume. You can work with some schools, enterprises, companies and municipal institutionsThat collect these materials and sell them, thus, the removal of garbage from the territory will be implemented for free. Check the newspapers to find a full range of garbage companies specializing in recycling, call and get rid of garbage on the territory of the house / enterprise.
Creativity
Wood residues can turn into a horse statue. Old tires are widely used to reflect yards and playgrounds. Contact the management company of the house / district, which will help you convert the garbage into something other, different from the initial goal. You garbage can have a second life, which you just did not know.
The garbage disposal may be much more than the export of waste-sorting stations. With some quantity and ingenuity, you can go beyond the usual and make waste disposal by creative enterprise.
Management Education Almetyevsky municipal Area Republic of Tatarstan
Municipal budget pre-school educational institution
"Child development center - kindergarten №65" Ivushka "Almetyevsk"
Project
"Waste in revenues"
Developed a project
educators:
Savinova OD
Matkarimova R.A.
Gizdatullina T.V.
2015-2016
Project Topic: "Increases in income"
Children's age: 34 years (II. Junior Group №1 and №3)
Project term: 4 months from November 2015 to February 2016
Project Type: Cognitive - research, creative
The relevance of the project:
Preschool age is an impulse stage in the development of the environmental culture of the individual. At this age, the child begins to allocate itself from the environment, the emotional and value attitude towards the surrounding is developing, the foundations of the moral and environmental positions of the individual are formed.
Ecological Social Situation today's day puts forward in front of experts preschool education The task of finding universal tools for environmental education in modern conditions. One of these means, in our opinion, maybe environmental project, one of the few technologies, withdrawing the teacher for the walls of a kindergarten in the world and social reality.
Every day, during a walk, preschoolers take part in cleaning the territory of their site and each time they have questions: Where does this garbage come from? Where are the garbage? etc. To respond to these nonsense questions and try to solve the "garbage problem", we developed the project "We are friends with nature, we don't need garbage!".
This project Designed for children younger groups dough and is focused on studying issues related to preservation of human health. Work on the project is aimed at systematization and expansion of children's knowledge about vegetables and fruits; familiarization of children with vitamins, disclosure their importance to human health; To securing knowledge about nutrition and careful attitude to your health. The project will bring together educators, parents and children in general creative work.
Purpose: Awareness of the expediency of sorting, processing and disposal of garbage (waste) and the manufacture of various necessary things from it. .
Project tasks:
1. To form the representations of children on the utilization of garbage, about the feasibility of the secondary use of household and economic waste.
2. Firm interest in research activities.
3. Educate careful attitude To the purity of the group, plot, apartments, streets of the city.
4. Retrieve a separate garbage collection in each family.
5. Learning to create from waste from crafts, toys, benefits, etc.
6. Development of logical thinking, attention. Curious, careful attitude towards nature.
7. Development of the ability of survey actions.
8. Protecting and improving the partnership relations of kindergarten, children and parents.
Problem:
nature protection, an attempt to solve the problem of collecting and disposing of garbage.
Estimated result:
Understanding with children that the accumulation of garbage is a big problem that you need to solve all people; ability to sort garbage from a different material; Application of knowledge gained and skills in everyday life.
Children to curb again, use Household waste in different activities
Project implementation methods:
Speech activities
Cognitive activity
Health
Game activity
Artistic activities
Labor activity
Experimental activities
Condition analysis:
Stages of project implementation:
1. Preparatory stage
Selection of didactic games
- Preparation of methodological support.
- Selection of consultations for parents "Education in children of junior preschool age is a positive attitude towards work." "Waste in milk"
- Selection and study of the necessary literature.
Selection of materials and creating the necessary conditions for project implementation.
Questioning of parents
Promotion of Feedushki
Promotion Collection and Recycling Batteries
2. Home Stage
Implementation of planned events.
Conduct a block of children's activities of the environmental orientation to study the properties and qualities of materials: glass, plastic, metal, paper, rubber.
Introduce children with the problem of environmental pollution by household garbage;
Conversation "Help Nature".
Observation and conversation "Where to go garbage?"
Experimental activities "sort garbage"
- "Throw a smart look at the cast material" - work in the creative workshop, the manufacture of crafts from the cast material.
Didactic games:
Lotto "we sort the garbage correctly."
"Life is downstream."
Reading fiction
chastushki and songs about trash;
poems about garbage;
tale "Three Bear" "Teremok", "Kolobok".
3. Including stage
Organization of the contest of crafts from the cast material "The second life of the garbage"
Registration of the exhibition Crafts from the cast material Making together with parents
1. Didactic allowance "Tactile tracks" from CD discs
2. "Puppet theater from disks"
All work on the project was built in close cooperation with the administration of kindergarten, staff and parents of pupils. Discussed with them a project plan and aiming them on further workThe staff of kindergartens and parents have become active participants and assistants in creating project activities.
Everyone wants to be healthy. Health is the wealth that cannot be bought for money or get as a gift. People themselves strengthen or destroy what they are given by nature. One of the most important elements This creative or destructive work is garbage. Everyone is well known wise saying: "Pure is not where they clean, and where they do not grow. "
Man's life is inextricably linked with nature. W. of different nationsDepending on their social and cultural and historical conditions of existence, the attitude towards nature had its expression, reflecting the morals, customs and traditions of various eras and formations.
Household garbage is one of the types of human vital robes. It is formed in residential buildings, educational institutions, children's institutions, hospitals, hotels, administrative buildings, etc. For one human life It accumulates a lot.
Each house forms a huge amount of unnecessary materials and products. Traditionally, all this is thrown away. The problem of garbage was eternal.
The world changes, but not so much to save a person from the need to endure trash. This garbage is becoming more and more.
Speaking about ozone holes, nuclear power plants and global warming, We do not notice how one more danger is imperceptibly sneaked to us - to die under the mountains of garbage created by mankind. The problem of waste disposal is exacerbated mainly because most of consumer goods are doomed to the short-term service to the person and the fact that the natural decomposition different materials Requires a certain time. Modern civilization is increasingly called the "garbage producer." And no wonder. IN the largest cities The world with several millions of people is formed every year to a ton of garbage for each resident. The problem of eliminating household waste comes out to one of the first places, taking a global nature.
In the course of the project work performed task:
collect riddles about garbage
collect proverbs and sayings about Musor.
teach children to use waste in creative activity.
talk about the harm garbage
And the general creative task for all children is to make a craft from waste received after use.
Collected together with parents very much and the most diverse mysteries:
When they offer friendly
Order and comfort
All that is not at all
People give me.
(Bin)
It happens multicolored, it is very difficult to break it
Items made of it weigh little
If you set fire to it, then caustic black smoke will appear
It can not be thrown out as it is decomposed for a long time in nature
(Plastic.)
It is made of sand
Most often it is transparent
When drops, it is broken
Abandoned in the forest it can cause a fire
(Glass.)
It was invented by the Chinese
We get it from wood
It is easy to burn
It turns out a lot of garbage
(Paper.)
Proverbs and sayings:
Many folk proverbs and sayings collected children. Here are just a few examples:
Diamond retains its shine and in the trash can. (Indonesian proverbs)
Brilliant and in the trash can shine. (Indonesian proverbs)
Water with water will merge, and trash will throw off the shore. (Indonesian proverbs)
The kings come out of the garbage. (Assyrian proverbs)
When the wind blows, the garbage takes above all. (Jewish proverbs)
On quiet water, more garbage carries. (Russian proverbs)
Equally, garbage and zlata can be removed by what is great and insignificant. (Jewish proverbs)
The hurricane is passed, and the garbage remains. (Jewish proverbs)
Heron on a pile of garbage.
Chastushki about garbage
Neman our river big
The town on it is worth
Glass shore all swept
Do not drive, you did not come to the guys
Nid debris without throwing
We promise, promise
All papers collect.
Vovka garbage scattered
Urn he did not see
We said: "Look!
Urn a lot, three.
We decided to litter
We were told: "Ay, Ai
Urns made guys
Garbage quickly collect. "
We dare you about
How do we live clean
Garbage no longer throw
We remove it.
Song on the motive "Let them run awkward pedestrians on the puddles ..."
1 verse.
Let the sun always shine
Green Polyany
Let always be pure river,
Let the flowers bloom,
Blooming leaves
And clouds float across the sky
Chorus.
This world was
We are given
Millions of years ago
We ask all the guys
2 verse.
On a beautiful planet
Will be joyful to children
Admire the forest and fields.
We will save for yourself
For friends and mom
House that we call the Earth.
Chorus.
stroll
We arrived at the river we passed, of course, by ...
Sunday spend, hey guys! - Dima shouted
A free place here is a place at least where!
Near the river not to find! Spring water!
Wonderful look!
Here sit and sit there: a beautiful beach!
Sunbathe and eat, unpack the luggage!
Resting, as they want,
Hundreds of adults and guys. We bathed, sunbathe
Burned fire
We passed on Berezhka in football played -
And the clearing found. Have fun from the soul!
But on this solar clearing Kvass saw,
Here and there - empty canned banks ate
And as if we were called, choral songs sang ...
Even broken glass! Rested - and left!
We passed on babe and stayed in the meadow
The place is new found. At the extinct fire:
But here we were sitting, two flasks broken by us,
They also drank, also ate, two twisted rams -
Zhgli Bustor, trunk burned - in a word, garbage mountain!
Hurried and left!
S. Mikhalkov
Dusting fantasy
Do not chase your crusts, skins,
sticks -
Quickly our cities will turn
in landfills.
If they are littering now, it is quite soon
We can grow garbage mountains.
But when flying to school on the rocket -
Briefs will occur
on the planet…
How to go to the top in space
from rocket.
Banks, flasks, husks, ribbon packages ...
But then do not fly in New Year
snowflakes
And the old boots will fall asleep.
And when the rains come from empty bottles -
For a walk do not go: take care of the head!
What will grow in the garden or in the garden,
How will the garbage savage go in nature?
And although we do not fly in the school class in the rocket,
Better to litter now throw, children!
A. Usachev
Guest in the forest in the yard
I planted Sergei on the bush of Spring
She did not touch the web spider, in the courtyard in the yard.
I packed for ants: Tanya and Marina -
They have a domic - Lipa and Osinka.
Be healthy! First-grader Leon -
Three cheerful cocks.
I have long been walking on the forest ran the Olya -
And no one scared, put the Christmas tree.
Nowhere to watered the water ... I worked for a child -
In the forest, I just stood! Do not learn the yard now!
N. Krasilnikov I. Chestov
Forestish
So that pines, linden, fir
Did not hurt, green,
To new forests
Rose to heaven,
Them under the ringing and gomon bird
Guards friend - Forestish.
V. Stepanov
About pollution do not need to litter in the forest!
There are equilibrium in nature, you do not need to litter in the forest,
It is impossible to break it. Nature splowing all the beauty
In life, this is very important should we urgently stop
For you and me. Forests in the garbage to turn!
Whatever the balance in the forest play and walk,
It is necessary with you, we, friends, but garbage do not leave there -
Do not throw away waste when the forest is clean, beautiful, tidy,
And do not pollute the sea. The rest in it is doubly pleasant!
(M. Kryukov)
Less ride on cars
And let the smoke factory
So as not to fly in the atmosphere
And did not make holes there.
Less fantikov, paper
You throw out!
Train in yourself, you, dexterity:
Exactly in the urn fall.
And when you want to throw
You are not a piece of paper,
You think about nature
We still live here like it seems!
Nearby future
Man is coming misses
Alone in the forest
On the road does not meet
Neither deer nor fox ...
Not flies bee on clover,
No ducks in reeds ...
Instead of birds Chinese player
Fills in the ears.
Do not bloom in the grass violet.
There are no fish in the depths of the rivers.
On the left - dump, right - dump,
In the middle - a man.
What are you going - you look sad?
Previously, it was necessary to think!
(A. Ignatova ■)
Thanks
I came somehow family on a picnic -
In the river hide, fry the kebab.
The forest met them generously, like good friends:
Malina Popotcheval, sang a nightingale.
And as gratitude, at the site of the parking lot ...
Packages, bottles and banks remained.
Oh, the forest is now completely not easy.
He would be for the harm to give milk!
(A. Smetanin ■)
Your debt is a citizen, you are also knewing
Garbage on the street - do not allow!
Remove your home
His street, city,
You immediately feel
How proud you and young!
Sighs, swelling the planet -
and personally you are responsible for it!
You loaded it with difficulty
but she is our common Home!
You got out of it got outless benefits,
But really, so she's not the road?!
And the air will become cleaner,
People will be less likely to die.
When we will constantly clean
The city is the best:
Streets clean,
Flower beds,
The sun is radiant!
Do not quit, people, trash!
Do not quit, people, trash!
It can be a big cargo ...
Gift nature Beregite,
Darite attention to her!
Consider how beautiful!
Water rivers, seas, lakes ...
this is a miracle, it is Divo!
Forest, meadows, fields and borons ...
All nature gives food,
Fresh air and peace.
You love her all my life.
In the cold and in summer heat.
And around who litters,
That nature does not forgive.
After all, the consequence is fraught ...
Well, what if the payback will come?
Who squeaks around - that thief.
Justification? All nonsense.
Is it not clear? ..
Everything gives it for free.
So admire, surprise
Beauty Enjoy.
You go the right course.
Do not quit, people, garbage.
Didactic games:
Lotto "We sort garbage correctly"
Purpose. Promote the development of the ability to differentiate, sort items based on the materials from which they were manufactured.
1 option.
Equipment.
Playing cards with a picture in the center of the tanks different color For different materials (glasses, plastic and rubber, paper, food waste, metal) and with empty cells at the edges.
At the leading card with the image of items made from different materials.
The course of the game.
The presenter shows the card with the image of the subject, the children are determined from which material is the subject. Children determine whose map is a tank for these items and lays this card to an empty cell. And so as long as all empty cells are filled with someone from playing. The first who filled the entire card is entirely wins.
Option 2.
Equipment.
Small cards are distributed with the image of various items equal to each.
The leading card with the image in the center of the tanks of different colors for different materials (glass, plastic and rubber, paper, food waste, metal) and with empty cells at the edges.
The course of the game. Children see their cards and in turn lay them on the lead card, justifying their choice. The child who made a mistake skips the move. Wins the one who will be the first to spread all the cards.
Game "Collect Beads"
Source material: Plastic tubes for juice, assembled from pure garbage, multicolored, cut into parts of different lengths; Leske. On the one hand the tubes made through holes. Handing "beads" develops a small man's hand, forms the taste of a child.
Game "Find Clay"
Source material: plastic box with sand, tassel, treasure (secret), various options are possible.
For "Vladen" fit pictures that in kindergarten are usually thrown out, painted on boxes with juice fruits, etc. Pictures are cut into several parts, hidden in the sand. Children in the role of archaeologists layer the layer sweep his tassel until it cleans one part of the picture. Only then can be removed. Then, having found all parts, make up a common picture.
For the "Secret" you can create any beautiful compositions from what is at hand, in the garbage. The basis for them can serve cells from under sweets, match boxes, etc.
Games directed by comprehensive development Children. Such a development and there are those "revenues" that are necessary for each child. It may be necessary to reflect at home with children, how can you work with waste.
Didactic game "Wonderful bag"
Tasks: improve the skill to the touch to determineitemsaccording to him, correctly call its property, develop attention, memory, oral speech
Attributes : Bag, dusting toys.
Game traffic: the teacher shows the bag and says:
I am a wonderful bag
I am a friend of all the guys.
I really want to know
How do you like to play.
"Yes No" game
The educator invites children to respond to expressions, it's good or bad.
1. Dumps are needed to collect garbage. (Yes)
2. Dumps pollute the ground, air, water. (Yes)
3. There are many rats on landfills and homeless dogs. (Yes)
4. Near the landfill you can live a person. (not)
Game "Distributed garbage in color of the tank"
Play four players. Each player collects garbage into his tank.
Didactic game "Half" (puzzle)
Purpose of the game : to acquaint a child with surrounding objects, teach to fold a whole image of two parts, develops visual perception, fine motor skills and coordination of movements.
Game traffic:
Declaring b Disassembled pictures by image up.Take one Detail and ask what is drawn on it.
Suggest a child Find the missing half. Fuckedb Two details together - they must connect to an integer image.
Let the child find and fold all the pairs of cards.
After the game, you can ask him, as it is called one or anothermet.
Game "Life downstream"
The goal of the game: emphasize that the garbage does not disappear. A situation is created, during which garbage is formed in children.
The game "What is superfluous?"
Purpose: to teach to silence the general signs of items; consolidate knowledge of the types of materials; Develop attentiveness.
Equipment: cards with image of four objects, three of which are made of one material, and one of the other.
Move. The teacher distributes several cards. Children in turn determine the excess object, the material of which does not correspond to the material of the other three, and explains why.
Complication. After the child has defined an extra object, ask a question: "What will happen if the vase is made from the fabric?" etc.
Game "Guess Material"
Purpose: consolidate knowledge about the properties and qualities of materials and their name.
Move. Dunno comes to visit, who forgot the name of the materials, but only its property knows. He asks to help. For example, this material is easy to expand, breaks, turns into water. What is it called?
"What of what"
Purpose: Secure knowledge of materials from which items are made.
Equipment. Ball.
Move. Children become in a circle, the teacher stands in a circle, throws the ball to the child and says: - "Glass" child catches the ball and answers - glass.
Experimental part
We conducted the following experience "the influence of water on the battery." Position the battery in the aqueous solution. As a result, we observe the darkening, then the rust. In this case, the formation of heavy metals salts occurs. Similarly, salts can be formed in nature, which leads to their fall into the soil and groundwater.
This experience Simple and as close as possible to real conditions. When the batteries are simply chosen and lying on landfills, respectively, they are affected by various precipitation.
As a result of the experience, we arrive at the following conclusions:
Batteries contain various heavy metals, which even in small quantities can harm human health. This is zinc, manganese, cadmium, nickel, mercury, etc. After throwing out the battery corrosion (their metal coating is destroyed), and heavy metals fall into the soil and groundwater. Of groundwater These metals can get into rivers and lakes or in artesian watersused for drinking water supply. One of the most dangerous metals, mercury, can get into the human body both directly from the water and when eating foods prepared from poisoned plants or animals, since this metal has the property to accumulate in the tissues of living organisms.
Acquaintance with paper properties.
Purpose: Experienced by setting properties and quality paper. Introduce children with types of paper.
Viewing different types of paper and its purpose (cardboard, carton, corrugated, writing, wrapping, newspaper, for drawing);
Study of the properties and quality of paper (thin, thick, smooth, rough, opaque, translucent (tracing); Moves, rushes, wet, bends, burning);
D / and "Entry into the image" (I am paper - a description of a child of the type of paper and its destination).
"Introduction to the properties of plastics"
Objective: to acquaint children with plastic. Teach children to draw conclusions.
D / and "what these items are similar" (all objects from plastics);
Survey of objects of different shapes, colors, size of plastic (output is light, you can cast different items from it);
Practical activity: plastic light, not sinking in water, lights. Not transparent, smooth and rough, thin and thick, has thermal conductivity - cools in the cold, heats up, melted;
D / and "Tell about the subject" (description of the plastic subject).
"Familiarization with the properties of metal objects"
Objective: to acquaint with objects from different metals and properties of metal items of their different types of metals (black metal, aluminum, copper, color metal - foil).
Viewing metal objects;
Adult story about different types of metal;
Performance practical activity:
metal - durable, heavy, with glitter, smooth, sink (regardless of size), is attracted by a magnet;
"Acquaintance with the properties of rubber"
Objective: to acquaint with rubber properties.
D / and "What is the subject of the subject" (classification by material);
Survey of rubber objects (elastic, smooth, cold, cut, thin and thick (tires);
Experience with a balloon
Does not let air and water, not sinking in water, pierced.
D / and "Find toys from rubber."
6. "Familiarization with glass properties"
Objective: to introduce children with glass properties:
transparent, smooth, cold, fragile, ringing, thick, thin, waterproof.
Experimentally practical ways to study glass properties:
Maxue with the history of glass creation.
Consider glass products;
Finding glass items in the group;
Experimental by studying the properties of glass.
Tactile surveys (cold, smooth, rough, slim, thick, ribbed).
Experimental activities (waterproof, glass makes a sound, fragile.)
3% understand that kindergarten will introduce children with the world of nature, but do not consider education in children's culture, an important egbutwear work.
Abstract educational activities
"" Hello, ladybug "
using ICT. "
purpose : : Develop creative independence in children, cause a desire to fantasize.
Educational challenges: Educating accuracy, form in children an idea of \u200b\u200bbeautiful, interest in the world around.
Educational tasks: Continue to encourage children to draw a bright expressive image of an insect, create a composition based on a green leaflet.
Improve gouache drawing technique, teach children to draw with an unconventional way, cotton wand.
Developing tasks: develop creative abilities in children, imagination, fantasy; develop observation.
Develop a feeling of shape and color and interest in insect.
secure in children the skills and receptions of drawing watercolor
Integrated educational areas: "Artistic Creativity" (Drawing), "Cognition" (Formation of the integrity of the picture of the world), "Communication" (speech development)
Methods and techniques: Gaming, practical, verbal, finger game,
questions, artistic word.
Visual learning tools :
Presentation of God's Cow.
Green paper sheets in the form of leaf.
Paint gouache red and black.
Brushes and cotton wands.
Lands, a glass with water, wet and dry napkins for brushes.
Preliminary work: 1. Observation on the walking insects, including God's cow.
2. Thieves forgetting:
Ladybug,
Black head
Fly to heaven
Bring us bread,
Black and white
Only not burner.
3. Conversation on the environmental theme (why you can not tear flowers, destroy insects).
Wordwork: intensify in the speech of children's concepts: ladybug, red, black
Structure:
1. View illustration God's cow;
2. Guessing riddles;
3 . Suitful moment.
4. Movable game "Collect the harvest";
5. Fizkultminutka: Finger game " ladybugs »;
6. Outcome.
Move node
IN:- I'm in my hands is not a simple flower, but magic. What do you think he is magical? (children's responses). On his petals, he brought the riddles for you. Look, it is not a semichetics flowers. How many flower petals have? All of them are different colors. If different colors, how can I call it? (Multicolored) - Let's tear off the petals, guess the riddles. Cards-ignitions lie on the table. (As you gave way to the board, the first guess put the educator and mistaken, children correct)
Call me soon
I worker ... (ant)
These Zhukov have
Red dresses
In black pea
On plants they live
And harmful tool destroy? (ladybug)
I am a house hostess,
Flew over the meadow,
Patted the flower,
I will share now with a computer. (bee)
From the branch on the path.
From the grass on the epic.
Spring jumps -
Green back. (grasshopper)
Blue airplane
Sat on the yellow dandelion. (dragonfly)
Black, not raven,
Horn, not bull.
With wings,
Not a bird. (bug)
Well done, all the riddles guess, correctly found pictures - the deposits. Tell me, as one word to name those who are drawn in the pictures. (insects)
Surprise moment: (in the box there is a ladybug)
I prepared you a surprise. What do you think I have there?
Masha, let's see with you that in the box, but only the guys do not speak.
Everywhere where you will not go and do not look, insects live. And today, we are guys with you, talk about insect, which is difficult not to notice, about a very beautiful bug. And what is the name of this bug, I forgot. But I remember the riddle about him. Will you help guess?
Listen to the riddle.
Like with peas legs
Your palm crawl.
In stains red shirts,
Like a mini turtle.
In his case damn deft
Wings ... (God's brew)
Do you know? Yes! God's cow! (Show the elbow ladybug from plasticine on the flower).
We often met with God's cows while walking in kindergarten, in the park, in the country.
Guys, tell me what they happen, ladybugs? Do you like them? Why tell me? And who knows how to behave, if we meet this wonderful bug?
Guys, and let's see where ladybugs live.
Show presentations about Godbow.
Unfortunately, not all people try to protect the ladybugs. Listen to the poem written by Andrei Usachev. It tells the story of one of God's cow.
Ladybug (Andrei Usachev)
Walked around the city of Ladybug,
On the stalks of the bladder climbed cleverly,
She looked like clouds float in the sky ...
And suddenly the big hand sank.
And peacefully walked ladybug
Put in a match box.
Oh, how grew a poor thing in a box!
She dreamed of the lawn. And clover, and bash.
Surely stay forever in captivity?
The cow decided to prepare escape!
Oh my God! The unfortunate crumb wounded
And suddenly saw over the curtain window.
And there, outside the window, everything from the sun light.
But the glass does not allow it to the light.
However, the cow on the rarity is stubborn:
Found where the frame slammed loosely
And now she gets out of the window ...
Hooray! Finally, on freedom she!
Guys, and about whom the poem? What happened to her? Who caught God's cow? And what do you think good or bad did he come? Why?
What do you think, like the ladybug, sitting in the box? How did she get on freedom?
I am sure guys that none of you will never offend a little bug. After all, in comparison with them, we are real giants. And large and strong must protect small and weak, and not offend.
Did. game to use predictions - on, for, under
Lady Korovkbut Tired and sat on the flower.
At the tutor on the table there is a fur flower-toy, take turns apply a buckle to a flower.
Where is the ladybug sits? (children's responses: Butterfly sits on a flower ...).
Game "Connect the Ladybug"
I brought you pictures, show what happens to Godand cowBut, inadvertently dropped the envelope. Cards in it all crumbled and mixed. Help me find and connect half. The tutor pours at the table of half butterflies from the envelope, the children connect the right halves.
Why did you choose these halves?
That's right, the shape of the wings and the pattern on them are the same on the left and right side - Symmetrical.
2 Option. Conduct the child to calculate the specks-circles on the ladybugs and put them on a flower with a suitable number. For example, on the back of the beetle on the left two stains-mug, and on the right one spot, just three circles. Beetle need to put on a flower with a number 3.
Butterfly viewing
What is the butterfly? (torso, head, mustache, eyes, two pairs of wings, wings consist of two halves: top and bottom; upper larger than the lower, etc.)
What is the form of a head, torso, wings?
What color torso, wings?
How many wings have a butterfly? (four or two pairs: two upper large and two lower small)
What details are the wings? (viewing, remember and show on a separate sheet elements of decoration: circles, ovals, points, straight and wavy lines)
My Gody cow bored. I prepared for you the workpiece of God's cows, you decorate them, and her girlfriends will appear.
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