A method for protecting radar from anti-radar missiles. Completion marks

Commander of the 4th MSR

Mr. S. Khasanov

____ _________

Plan of educational and socio-legal work with company personnel for March 2004.

№ p/p	Events	date	Who conducts	Completion marks
	Primary goal: In connection with the entry into the spring-summer period of combat service, mobilize personnel to perform flawlessly job responsibilities for the protection of facilities, increasing the vigilance and combat readiness of guards and military detachments, achieving unity of the company team on the basis of the statutory relationships of military personnel.
	Instructing members of the editorial board of the wall newspaper on the release of the next issues.		ZKR according to ViSPR
	Instructing members of the IVR room council on the following issues: 1. About the work of visually displaying the progress of a combat competition; 2. On the preparation and holding of a thematic evening on the topic: “What does it mean to serve the Motherland with conscience and honor.”		ZKR according to ViSPR
	General meeting of company personnel: “Results of combat service, discipline, fulfillment of combat competition obligations.”		Company commander
	Meeting of company officers: “On the status and measures to improve the organization of combat competition to carry out combat service tasks.”		Company commander
	How to conduct a conversation?		ZKR according to ViSPR
	Evening meeting of young soldiers with awarded soldiers badges"Master".		ZKR according to ViSPR
			Platoon commander
	On the day of the chief of guard, military detachment, conduct a public certification of sergeants P.M. Myltykbaev, A.D. Polukedov, A.A. Taburetkin.		Company commander
	Meeting of sergeants: “On the state of military discipline in the company and measures to improve disciplinary practice.”		Company commander
	Conversations with personnel: - “Drug addiction is a path to crime.”		pom. military prosecutor
			ZKR according to ViSPR
	“On the organization of cultural and sports events on weekends and pre-weekends.”		ZKR according to ViSPR
	Instructing the company's center of medical information on the issue: "Methodology for promoting the best practices of excellent service personnel, combat and state-legal training."		ZKR according to ViSPR
	Review of the newspaper "Kazakhstan Sarbazy".		ZKR according to ViSPR
			Squad commanders
	Amateur art club class.		Platoon commander
	Conversations with personnel: “Military friendship and camaraderie are the law of military life.”		Company commander
	Meeting of officers: “Tasks of officers to ensure High Quality services in the spring-summer period"		Company commander
	Conversation with young soldiers on the topic: “The duty and honor of a soldier is to serve the Motherland well!”		Company Sergeant Major
	CMI meeting: “If a person is not a friend to a person, life will be empty all around.”		Chairman of the Center for International Relations.
	Summing up the results of combat service, study, discipline in platoons.		Platoon commanders
	Analyze the state of educational and socio-legal work in 1st platoon, discuss the results of the analysis with officers and sergeants.		ZKR according to ViSPR
	Classes with company officers on the topic: “Organization, content, forms and methods of VSPR in guards and military detachments.”		ZKR according to ViSPR
	Review of the international situation.		ZKR according to ViSPR
	Summing up the results of combat service, studies, discipline in the departments.		Squad commanders
	Briefing of platoon agitators: Based on materials from the newspaper “Kazakhstan-Sarbazy”.		ZKR according to ViSPR
	Amateur art club class.		Platoon commander
	Exchange of experience of sergeants in preventing cases of hazing among personnel in the light of the requirements of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan.		ZKR according to ViSPR
	Theme evening: “What does it mean to serve the Motherland with conscience and honor.”		ZKR according to ViSPR
	Exchange of experience among sergeants: The work of a squad commander in nurturing friendship and military camaraderie, intolerance to shortcomings.”		Company commander
	Conversations with personnel: - “Increasing the combat readiness of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan.”		ZKR according to ViSPR
	Meeting with the company activists on the issue: “About a personal example of an asset in maintaining military order in the unit and guards"		ZKR according to ViSPR
	Summing up the results of combat service, studies, discipline in the departments.		Squad commanders
	Briefing of platoon agitators: On the forms and methods of work of agitators in guards and military units.		ZKR according to ViSPR
	Oral journal “Sobriety is the norm of life.”		ZKR according to ViSPR
	Lesson with the asset: “Forms and methods of VSPR to assist soldiers in mastering the duties of the service.”		ZKR according to ViSPR
	Lesson with members of the council of warrant officers and military personnel under contract: “Work to prevent cases of drunkenness among warrant officers and military personnel under contract.”		Deputy company commander
	Seminar for assistant leaders of GPP groups on the topic: “Methods of production and use visual aids in classes on GPP.”		ZKR according to ViSPR
	Lecture on the topic: “Message from the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - a program for action.”		Head of the ViSPR unit
	Provide assistance to platoon commander Lieutenant G.Kh. Gusev. in organizing and conducting individual educational work.	Within a month	ZKR according to ViSPR
	Summing up the results of combat service, study, discipline: In platoons; In the branches.		Platoon commanders Squad commanders

Deputy company commander for educational and social-legal work, Lieutenant A. Amirov

Note : Mass sports events are held according to the calendar plan

Methodical advice: In order to draw up an orderly plan, the ZKR for ViSPR must draw up a plan based on the days of the week, and include in it the appropriate activities - the senior boss, events provided for in the daily routine (information, conversations and other forms of ViSPR during educational and sports work, individual events - educational work.

Monday	Tuesday	Wednesday	Thursday	Friday	Saturday	Sunday
Playback Job.		Playback Job		GPP Vosp. Job	according to the weekend plan	according to the weekend plan
Playback Job		Playback Job		Playback Job	according to the weekend plan	according to the weekend plan
Playback Job		Playback Job		GPP Vosp. Job	according to the weekend plan	according to the weekend plan
Playback Job		Playback works		Playback Job	according to the weekend plan	according to the weekend plan
Playback Job		Playback Job

Thus, the most basic analysis shows that there is no need to get carried away with the number of events. Educational work is carried out in the company 14 times.

Explanations:The topic of information hours is developed by the ViSPR department of the unit and an extract is sent to the company.

The subject matter of the GPP is taken from thematic plans GPP for a year.

Then, events are taken from the grid plan in calendar order into the ViSPR plan for the month and the specific topic of the event is established. ViSPR events are introduced, without fail , in the training schedule and when making decisions by the company commander, it is indicated in the combat service book.

Anticipating questions about where is the documentation of the Central International Research Center, the Council of the IVR room and others, I explain that the events of public organizations are included in overall plan ViSPR for a month. The IVR plan with personnel is also included in the VSPR plan, as you see in the proposed version.

In no case should VSPR activities be planned at odds with the daily routine, for example, during combat training classes.

Anti-aircraft missile system "Berkut"

Post-war transition in aviation to use jet engines led to qualitative changes in the confrontation between air attack weapons and means air defense. A sharp increase in speed and maximum height flights of reconnaissance aircraft and bombers reduced their effectiveness to almost zero anti-aircraft artillery medium caliber. Release domestic industry anti-aircraft artillery systems consisting of anti-aircraft guns 100- and 130-mm caliber and radar gun guidance could not guarantee reliable protection protected objects. The situation was significantly aggravated by the presence of a potential enemy nuclear weapons, even a single use of which could lead to large losses. In the current situation, along with jet fighter-interceptors, guided anti-aircraft missiles could become a promising means of air defense. Some experience developing and using managed anti-aircraft missiles was present in a number of organizations of the USSR that, from 1945-1946, were engaged in the development of German captured rocket technology and the creation of domestic analogues on its basis. Development in principle new technology for the country's Air Defense Forces was accelerated by the Cold War situation. US plans to apply nuclear strikes at industrial and administrative facilities of the USSR were supported by the build-up of a group of strategic bombers B-36, B-50 and other carriers of nuclear weapons. The first target for anti-aircraft missile defense, which required ensuring reliable defense, was determined by the country's leadership to be the capital of the state - Moscow.

Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the development of the first domestic stationary anti-aircraft missile system for the country's Air Defense Forces, signed on August 9, 1950, was supplemented by the resolution of J.V. Stalin: “We must receive an air defense missile within a year.” The resolution determined the composition of the system, the parent organization - SB-1, developers and co-executing organizations of several industries. The anti-aircraft missile system being developed was given the code name "Golden eagle".

According to the original design, the Berkut system, located around Moscow, was supposed to consist of the following subsystems and objects:

• two rings of a radar detection system (the closest one is 25-30 km from Moscow and the farthest one is 200-250 km) based on the Kama all-round radar. The Kama 10-centimeter range radar complex for the A-100 stationary radar units was developed by NII-244, chief designer L.V. Leonov.
• two rings (near and far) for anti-aircraft missile guidance radar. The code for the missile guidance radar is “product B-200”. Developer - SB-1, leading radar designer V.E. Magdesiev.
• B-300 anti-aircraft guided missiles, located at launch positions in close proximity to the guidance radar. Developer of the OKB-301 rocket, General Designer - S.A. Lavochkin. The launch equipment was entrusted to be developed by the GSKB MMP, Chief Designer V.P. Barmin.
• interceptor aircraft, code "G-400" - Tu-4 aircraft with G-300 air-to-air missiles. The development of the air interception complex was carried out under the leadership of A.I. Korchmar. Development of the interceptor was stopped at an early stage. G-300 missiles (factory code "210", developed by OKB-301) - a smaller version of the V-300 missile with air launch from a carrier aircraft.
• Apparently, it was intended to use the D-500 long-range radar detection aircraft, developed on the basis of the Tu-4 long-range bomber, as an element of the system.

The system included a group of anti-aircraft missile systems(regiments) with means of detection, control, support, storage bases for missile weapons, residential camps and barracks for officers and personnel. The interaction of all elements was to be carried out through the central command post of the System via special communication channels.

Organization of work on the Moscow air defense system "Berkut", carried out to the strictest extent
secrecy, was entrusted to the specially created Third Main Directorate (TGU) under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The lead organization responsible for the principles of building the System and its functioning was determined by KB-1 - the reorganized SB-1; P.N. Kuksenko and S.L. Beria were appointed chief designers of the System. To successfully carry out the work in a short time, the necessary employees from other design bureaus were transferred to KB-1. German specialists who were brought to the USSR after the end of the war were also involved in working on the system. Having worked in various design bureaus, they were collected in department No. 38 of KB-1.

As a result of the hard work of many scientific and labor teams to the utmost short time a prototype of an anti-aircraft missile system, projects and samples of some of the main components of the system were created.

Field tests of an experimental version of the anti-aircraft missile system, carried out in January 1952, made it possible to draw up a comprehensive technical design for the Berkut system, which included only ground-based detection means, anti-aircraft missiles and their guidance means for intercepting air targets from the initially planned range of means.

From 1953 to 1955, at the 50- and 90-kilometer lines around Moscow, the forces of the “special contingent” of the Gulag carried out the construction of anti-aircraft combat positions missile divisions, ring roads to ensure the delivery of missiles to firing divisions and storage bases (the total length of roads is up to 2000 km). At the same time, construction of residential camps and barracks was underway. All engineering structures Berkut systems were designed by the Moscow branch of Lengiprostroy, headed by V.I. Rechkin.

After the death of I.V. Stalin and the arrest of L.P. Beria in June 1953, a reorganization of KB-1 and a change in its leadership followed. By government decree, the name of the Moscow air defense system "Berkut" was replaced by "System S-25", and Raspletin was appointed chief designer of the system. TSU under the name Glavspetsmash is included in the Ministry of Medium Machine Building.

Combat position of the S-25 air defense system

Deliveries of System-25 combat elements to the troops began in 1954; in March, equipment was being configured at most facilities and components and assemblies of the complexes were being fine-tuned. At the beginning of 1955, acceptance tests of all complexes near Moscow were completed and the System was put into service. In accordance with the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 7, 1955, the first formation of anti-aircraft missile forces began the phased implementation of the combat mission: protecting Moscow and the Moscow industrial region from a possible attack by enemy air. The system was put on permanent combat duty in June 1956 after an experimental duty with missiles placed in position without refueling with fuel components and with weight mock-ups of combat units. When using all missile units of the system, it was fundamentally possible to simultaneously fire about 1000 air targets when targeting up to 3 missiles at each target.

After the S-25 air defense system, created over four and a half years, was adopted by the Glavspetsmash headquarters: Glavspetsmontazh, which was responsible for commissioning the standard facilities of the system, and Glavspetsmash, which oversaw the development organizations, were liquidated; KB-1 was transferred to the Ministry of Defense Industry.

To operate the S-25 system in the Moscow Air Defense District in the spring of 1955, a
Separate army deployed special purpose The country's air defense forces under the command of Colonel General K. Kazakov.

Training of officers for work on System-25 was carried out at the Gorky Air Defense School, personnel - in a specially created training center- UTC-2.

During operation, the System was improved with the replacement of its individual elements with qualitatively new ones. The S-25 system (its modernized version - S-25M) was removed from combat duty in 1982 and replaced by medium-sized anti-aircraft missile systems
range S-ZOP.

Anti-aircraft missile system S-25

Work on the creation of a functionally closed anti-aircraft missile system of the S-25 system was carried out in parallel across all its components. In October (June) 1950, an experimental prototype of the SNR (Missile Guidance Station) B-200 was presented for testing, and on July 25, 1951, the first launch of the B-300 rocket was made at the test site.

To test the full range of complexes at the Kapustin Yar test site, the following were created: site No. 30 - a technical position for preparing S-25 missiles for launches; site No. 31 - residential complex for service personnel of the S-25 experimental system; site No. 32 - launching position for B-300 anti-aircraft missiles; site No. 33 - site prototype TsRN (Central Radar Guidance) S-25 (18 km from site No. 30).

The first tests of a prototype anti-aircraft missile system in a closed control loop (a test site version of the complex in its entirety) were carried out on November 2, 1952, when firing at an electronic imitation of a stationary target. A series of tests was conducted in November-December. Shooting at real targets - parachute targets - was carried out after the TsRN antennas were replaced at the beginning of 1953. From April 26 to May 18, launches were carried out against Tu-4 target aircraft. A total of 81 launches were carried out during testing from September 18, 1952 to May 18, 1953. In September-October, at the request of the Air Force command, control range tests were carried out while firing at Il-28 and Tu-4 target aircraft.

The decision to build a full-scale anti-aircraft missile system at the test site for repeated State tests was made by the Government in January 1954 based on a decision of the State Commission. The complex was presented at State tests June 25, 1954, during which from October 1 to April 1, 1955, 69 launches were carried out on Tu-4 and Il-28 target aircraft. Shooting was carried out at radio-controlled target aircraft, including passive jammers. At the final stage, a salvo of 20 missiles was fired at 20 targets.

Before the completion of field tests, about 50 factories were connected to the production of components for air defense systems and missiles. From 1953 to 1955, combat positions of anti-aircraft missile systems were built at the 50- and 90-kilometer lines around Moscow. In order to speed up the work, one of the complexes was made the main reference complex, and its commissioning was carried out by representatives of the development enterprises.

Station B-200

At the positions of the complexes, the B-200 station (TsRN), functionally connected with launchers The missile defense system was located in a semi-buried reinforced concrete structure, designed to survive a direct hit from a 1000-kg high-explosive bomb, lined with earth and camouflaged with grass. For high-frequency equipment, multi-channel part of the locator, command post complex, operator workplaces and rest areas for combat shifts on duty were provided with separate rooms. Two target sighting antennas and four command transmission antennas were located in close proximity to the structure on a concrete site. Searching, detecting, tracking air targets and pointing missiles at them with each System complex was carried out in a fixed sector of 60 x 60 degrees.

The complex made it possible to track up to 20 targets along 20 firing channels with automatic (manual) tracking of the target and the missile aimed at it while simultaneously aiming 1-2 missiles at each target. For each target firing channel at the launch position there were 3 missiles on the launch pads. The time for putting the complex on alert was determined to be 5 minutes, during which time at least 18 firing channels had to be synchronized.

Launching positions with launch pads of six (four) in a row with access roads to them were located at a distance of 1.2 to 4 km from the central control center with a distance towards the division’s sector of responsibility. Depending on local conditions, due to the limited area of ​​the positions, the number of missiles could be slightly less than the planned 60 missiles.

At the position of each complex there were facilities for storing missiles, missile preparation and refueling areas, vehicle depots, service and living quarters for personnel.

During operation, the system was improved. In particular, moving target selection equipment, developed in 1954, was introduced at standard facilities after field tests in 1957.

A total of 56 serial S-25 systems were manufactured, deployed and put into service (NATO code: SA-1 Guild) in the Moscow air defense system, one serial and one experimental complex were used for field tests of hardware, missiles and equipment. One set of TsRN was used for testing radio-electronic equipment in Kratovo.

B-200 missile guidance station

At the initial design stage, the possibility of using narrow-beam locators for precise target tracking and a missile with a parabolic antenna, which created two beams for tracking the target and the missile aimed at it, was investigated (the head of work at KB-1 is V.M. Taranovsky). At the same time, a version of the missile was being developed, equipped with a homing head that would turn on near the meeting point (work manager N.A. Viktorov). Work was stopped at an early design stage.

The design of the sector locator antennas with linear scanning was proposed by M.B. Zakson, the construction of the multi-channel part of the radar and its target and missile tracking systems was proposed by K.S. Alperovich. Final decision acceptance for the development of sector guidance radars was adopted in January 1952. An angular antenna with a height of 9 m and an azimuth antenna with a width of 8 m were located on different bases. Scanning was carried out with continuous rotation of antennas consisting of six (two triangular) beamformers each. The antenna scanning sector is 60 degrees, the beam width is about 1 degree. The wavelength is about 10 cm. In the early stages of the project, it was proposed to supplement the beam shapers to complete circles with non-metallic radio-transparent segments.

When implementing a missile guidance station, to determine the coordinates of targets and missiles, the “C method” and the “AZh” radio-electronic circuit, proposed by German designers, were adopted, using quartz frequency stabilizers. The “A” system based on electromechanical elements and the “BZh” system, an alternative to the “German” one, proposed by KB-1 employees were not implemented.

In order to ensure automatic tracking of 20 targets and 20 missiles aimed at them, and the formation of control guidance commands, 20 firing channels were created in the central control center with separate tracking systems for targets and missiles for each of their coordinates and a separate analog computing device for each channel (developed by KB "Almaz", leading designer N.V. Semakov). The firing channels were combined into four five-channel groups.

To control the missiles of each group, command transmission antennas were introduced (in the original version of the TsRN, a single command transmission station was assumed).

The experimental prototype of the TsRN was tested in the autumn of 1951 in Khimki, in the winter of 1951 and in the spring of 1952 on the territory of the LII (Zhukovsky). A prototype of the serial TsRN was also built in Zhukovsky. In August 1952, the prototype of the TsRN was fully equipped. Control tests were carried out from June 2 to September 20. To monitor the passage of “combined” signals from the missile and the target, the onboard missile transponder was placed on the tower of the BU-40 drilling rig, remote from the central control center (in the serial version of the complex, it was replaced by a telescopic structure with a radiating horn on top). Fast scanning (scanning frequency about 20 Hz) antennas A-11 and A-12 for the prototype of the B-200 station were manufactured at plant No. 701 (Podolsk Mechanical Plant), transmitters - in the radio engineering laboratory of A.L. Mints. After control tests were carried out in September, the prototype of the TsRN was disassembled and sent by rail to continue testing at the test site. In the fall of 1952, a prototype of the CRN was built at the Kapustin Yar training ground with the equipment located in a one-story stone building on site 33.

In parallel with the tests of the central rocket launcher in Zhukovsky, the control loop for missile guidance at targets was tested on a complex modeling stand in KB-1.

The complex stand included simulators of target and missile signals, systems for their automatic tracking, a computer for generating missile control commands, onboard missile equipment and an analog computing device - a model of the missile. In the fall of 1952, the stand was moved to the training ground in Kapustin Yar.

Serial production of TsRN equipment was carried out at plant No. 304 (Kuntsevo Radar Plant), antennas for a prototype of the complex were produced at plant No. 701, then for serial complexes at plant No. 92 (Gorky Machine-Building Plant). Stations for transmitting control commands to missiles were produced at the Leningrad Printing Machines Plant (production was later allocated to the Leningrad Radio Equipment Plant), computers for generating commands were produced at the Zagorsk Plant, and vacuum tubes were supplied by the Tashkent Plant. The equipment for the S-25 complex was manufactured by the Moscow Radio Engineering Plant (MRTZ, before the war - a piston plant, later a cartridge plant - produced cartridges for heavy machine guns).

The TsRN adopted for service differed from the prototype in the presence of control devices and additional indicator devices. Since 1957, moving target selection equipment developed at KB-1 under the leadership of Gapeev was installed. For shooting at jamming aircraft, the “three-point” guidance mode was introduced.

Anti-aircraft missile V-300 and its modifications

The design of the V-300 rocket (factory designation "205", lead designer N. Chernyakov) began at OKB-301 in September 1950. Option guided missile was submitted for consideration to TSU on March 1, 1951, the preliminary design of the rocket was defended in mid-March.

The rocket with a vertical launch, functionally divided into seven compartments, was equipped with radio command equipment for the control system and was made according to the “duck” design with rudders for pitch and yaw control placed on one of the head compartments. Ailerons located on the wings in the same plane were used for roll control. In the rear part of the hull, jettisonable gas rudders were attached, which were used to deflect the rocket after launch towards the target, stabilize and control the rocket at the initial stage of flight at low speeds. Radar tracking of the missile was carried out according to a signal from the on-board radio transponder. The development of the rocket autopilot and on-board missile sighting equipment - the TsRN probing signal receiver and the on-board radio transponder with a response signal generator - was carried out at KB-1 under the leadership of V.E. Chernomordik.

The missile's onboard radio equipment was checked for stability in receiving commands from the central control center using an aircraft that hovered in the radar viewing area and had on board the missile's radio units and control equipment. On-board equipment for serial missiles was produced at the Moscow Bicycle Plant (Mospribor plant).

Testing of the "205" rocket engine was carried out at a firing stand in Zagorsk (currently Sergiev Posad). The performance of the rocket's engine and radio systems was tested under simulated flight conditions.

Training launch of V-300 missile defense system

The first rocket launch took place on July 25, 1951. The stage of ground tests to test the launch and rocket stabilization system (autopilot) took place in November-December 1951 during launches from site No. 5 of the Kapustin Yar test site (a site for launching ballistic missiles). At the second stage, from March to September 1952, autonomous missile launches were carried out. Controlled flight modes were tested by specifying control commands from a software on-board mechanism, and later from equipment similar to the standard equipment of the central nervous system. During the first and second stages of testing, 30 launches were carried out. From October 18 to October 30, five missile launches were carried out with their capture and tracking equipment of a prototype of the CRN test site.

After modifications to the on-board equipment, on November 2, 1952, the first successful launch of a rocket took place in a closed control loop (as part of an experimental test site version of the complex) when firing at an electronic imitation of a stationary target. On May 25, 1953, a Tu-4 target aircraft was shot down for the first time by a B-300 missile.

Due to the need to organize, in a short time, mass production and delivery of a large number of missiles for field tests and to the troops, the production of their experimental and serial versions for the S-25 system was carried out by 41.82 (Tushino Machine-Building) and 586 (Dnepropetrovsk Machine-Building) plants.

The order to prepare serial production of the B-303 anti-aircraft missiles (a variant of the B-300 missile) at the DMZ was signed on August 31, 1952. On March 2, 1953, the four-chamber (two-mode) liquid propellant rocket engine S09-29 (with a thrust of 9000 kg with displacement) was tested
system for supplying hydrocarbon fuel and oxidizer - nitric acid) designed by OKB-2 NII-88, Chief Designer A.M. Isaev. Fire tests of the engines were carried out on the basis of the branch of NII-88 in Zagorsk - NII-229. Initially, the production of S09.29 engines was carried out by the pilot production of SKB-385 (Zlatoust) - now KBM named after. Makeeva. Serial production of missiles was launched by the DMZ in 1954.

Onboard power supplies for the rocket were developed at the Gosplan Research Institute under the leadership of N. Lidorenko. The E-600 warheads (of various types) of the B-300 missiles were developed at the NII-6 Design Bureau of the Moscow Agricultural Machinery in teams led by N. S. Zhidkikh, V. A. Sukhikh and K. I. Kozorezov; radio fuses - in the design bureau led by Rastorguev. High-explosive fragmentation was accepted for serial production combat unit with a damage radius of 75 meters. At the end of 1954, State tests of a missile with a cumulative warhead were carried out. Some sources cite a variant of the missile warhead, whose operating principle is reminiscent of a 76-mm anti-aircraft projectile of the 1925 model: upon explosion, the warhead was divided into segments connected by cables that cut the elements of the target airframe when they met.

During many years of operation in the S-25 system and its modifications, missiles “205”, “207”, “217”, “219” of various variants developed by OKB-301 and the Burevestnik design bureau were created and used.

The development of the "217" rocket with a S3.42A liquid-propellant rocket engine (with a thrust of 17,000 kg, with a turbopump fuel supply system) designed by OKB-3 NII-88, Chief Designer D. Sevruk, began in 1954. Flight tests of the rocket have been carried out since 1958. A modified version of the "217M" missile with the S.5.1 engine developed by OKB-2 (with a thrust of 17,000 kg, with a turbopump fuel supply system) was put into service as part of the S-25M complex.

Options for the development and use of the S-25 System

Based on the S-25 Berkut system, a prototype of the complex with a simplified composition of equipment was developed. The antennas of the complex were located on the KZU-16 anti-aircraft artillery cart, the cabins: radio path “R”, equipment “A”, computing equipment “B” were located in vans. The development and refinement of the prototype led to the creation of the SA-75 "Dvina" mobile air defense system.

RM Strizh based on 5YA25M and 5YA24 missiles. Photo from Buran.ru website

On the basis of the missiles and launch equipment of the S-25 System, in the early 70s, a target complex was created (with control over the flight of the SNR S-75M air defense missile target) for conducting live missile firing at air defense ranges. Target missiles (RM): "208" (V-300K3, a modernized version of the "207" missile without a warhead) and "218" (a modernized version of the 5YA25M missile of the "217" family) were equipped with an autopilot and flew with a constant azimuth with varying altitudes according to the program Depending on the assigned task, the PMs simulated targets with different reflective surface areas, flight speeds and altitudes. If necessary, maneuvering targets and jammers were simulated. For exercises "Belka-1" - "Belka-4" the flight altitude ranges of the RM were: 80-100 m; 6-11 km; 18-20 km; flight following the terrain. For exercises "Zvezda-5" - a target missile - a simulator of strategic cruise missiles and multi-purpose attack aircraft. The duration of the target missile's flight is up to 80 seconds, after which it self-destructs. The operation of the target complex was carried out by the ITB - test technical battalion. RM were produced by Tushinsky MZ.

Additionally You can read about target missiles based on the S-25 anti-aircraft missiles on the Buran.ru website.

Information sources

S. Ganin, FIRST DOMESTIC ANTI-AIRMISSILE AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM OF MOSCOW - S-25 "BERKUT". Nevsky Bastion No. 2, 1997

Materials on the topic were kindly provided by D. Boltenkov, V. Stepanov and I. Motlik

Other coursework on the subject Life Safety

placement of personnel; - military camp equipment; - schedule; - organization of classes. With deputy commanders of radar companies. Tasks, organization and conduct of work on moral and psychological support for tactical and special exercises. With non-commissioned officers: Tasks of junior commanders in maintaining a firm statutory order, a high level of military discipline among personnel, conducting individual work with personnel during the period of tactical and special exercises of the ZKCh on radar2 Preparation and testing of readiness: - notes and material base for conducting classes; - forces and means of moral and psychological support. unit commanders3 Conversations with personnel: - tasks of the unit, each serviceman during the period of special tactical exercises; - on the days of special tactical exercises high level military discipline and service. ZKCh on radar4 Bring to the attention of personnel: - safety measures when handling weapons, ammunition, imitation equipment during training; - responsibility for the theft, loss of weapons, ammunition, imitation means. ZKCh for radar 5 Selection, placement of unit assets, conducting an instructional lesson Forms, methods of conducting moral and psychological support measures during tactical and special training. ZKCh for radar 6 Report of the deputy commander of military unit 0000 work with personnel about the moral and psychological state of the personnel, readiness for tactical and special exercises, the work done on the moral and psychological support of the radar control unit during the period of tactical and special exercises1 Bring to the personnel the training operational environment, security measures, assign tasks to each unit. ZKCh for radar2 Clarify the placement of officers for working with personnel by units. ZKCh for radar3 Bring to the personnel: - the procedure for conducting special tactical exercises; - tasks of the unit, platoon, each soldier; - security measures. unit commanders 4 Organize the issuance of combat leaflets, lightning bolts. ZKCH on the radar 5 Monitor the provision of the required allowance standards for personnel. Head of the PS 6 Conduct a series of conversations with the personnel: - about the tactics of action of gangs; - on the tactics of actions of internal troops units in the fight against gangs; - about the experience of military unit 0000 in performing service and combat missions in Chechen Republic; - about the actions of units in special conditions (at night, in a wooded area). CCCH on radar Final period 1 Summing up the results of service and combat activities and military discipline during the period of tactical and special exercises. CCCH on radar 2 Hold a meeting with officers for working with personnel to sum up the results of work on moral and psychological support during tactical and special exercises. ZKCH on radar3 Summing up the results of the work of the asset units during the period of tactical and special exercises. ZKCH on radar4 Organize the issuance of combat leaflets and lightning bolts, encouraging those who distinguished themselves. MPO during special tactical exercises. ZKCH on radar

Deputy commander of military unit 0000

for working with personnel

military rank___________

Appendix No. 2

Approximate topic of combat information for regiment (brigade) personnel regarding upcoming tactical (special tactical) exercises

1. Combat path of internal troops, N-sky district of internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, military unit (brigade)

2.Honour, courage, courage are the traditions of our troops.

Laws on the rights and responsibilities of military personnel when performing service and combat missions in wartime.

Socio-political situation in the area of ​​tactical (special tactical) exercises - in relation to the topic of the exercises

High organization and discipline are the key to successfully solving assigned tasks.

Warrior, know the order of operations of the enemy's DRG and act skillfully in modern combat.

Deputy regiment (brigade) commander for work with personnel

lieutenant colonel________________

Appendix No. 3