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Perhaps one of best places for holidays on earth - this is the Kingdom of Thailand. Most of the population of this country is Buddhist by religion. Although the country is located in the tropics, the climate here is very favorable; it is never too hot, dry or too humid during the monsoon rains. In Thailand you can travel comfortably at any time of the year.

Coming to this country, travelers escape the hustle and bustle of life. Even in Bangkok, the uniqueness of Thai cuisine, architecture, language, customs and religion have a beneficial and calming effect on guests. Far from the capital, in the pristine sandy beaches the south, bordered by the azure waves of the sea or in the mountainous north of the country, tourists can immerse themselves in an atmosphere of peace and tranquility, leaving aside worries about the future for a while.

The population of modern Thailand is diverse in its ethnic composition: mainly Thais, but there are also Mons, ethnic Khmers, Laotians, Chinese, Malays, Persians and Indians. Manifestations of Thai culture can be observed throughout the Kingdom - these are Buddhist ceremonies that are held in numerous Thai temples and a string of holidays celebrated throughout the year, as well as rural markets where it is customary to bargain for food and clothing.

For travelers, Thailand offers opportunities to experience life's unique features South-East Asia. Due to the fact that this country was never a colony, the Thais managed to preserve their national identity intact.

Climate in the Kingdom of Thailand it is considered one of the best in the tropical zone and has three seasons.

Summer. From March to May, the weather throughout Thailand is hot and dry. The average temperature is 28-33 C.

Rainy season. Monsoon rains occur from May to September, but there may be less rainfall here than in other regions of Southeast Asia. There are often sunny days, and the average temperature is 27-30 C.

Cool season. From November to February it is dry warm weather with temperatures ranging from 24-27 C. The average annual temperature in Thailand is 28 C.

Visa
Visa-free regime for tourists In accordance with the regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, tourists from some countries, including citizens of the Russian Federation, do not require a visa when entering Thailand if the period of stay in the Kingdom does not exceed 30 days. Each tourist must have at least 10,000 baht or at least 20,000 baht per family for accommodation and other expenses.

Customs

Prohibited items: all drugs and obscene literature, including images and texts. Violators of the ban on the import, storage, consumption and/or production of narcotic substances or prohibited medicines are subject to severe punishment, including the death penalty.

Personal items: A reasonable amount of clothing, toiletries and professional tools can be imported duty free into the Kingdom of Thailand.

Tobacco and alcohol: The total weight of cigarettes, cigars and smoking tobacco should not exceed 250 grams. However, the number of cigarettes should not exceed 200 pieces. One liter of wine or alcohol can be imported duty free. The value of personal items should not exceed 10,000 baht.

Removal of antiques and art objects
1. From the Kingdom of Thailand. It is prohibited to export images of Buddha, Bodhisattvas or fragments of these images from the country (with the exception of Buddhist religious objects that are exported for the purposes of cultural exchange or study).
2. For the export of such antiques or art, whether originals or copies, permission must be obtained from the Department of Arts.

Currency
Thai currency is baht. Its exchange rate may fluctuate depending on world currency exchange rates. There are 100 satangs in one baht. There are copper coins in circulation in denominations of 25 and 50 satang and silver coins in denominations of 1 and 5 baht. Copper and silver coins with a nominal value of 10 baht are issued. Banknotes in denominations of 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 baht are also in use.

Foreign tourists can freely bring foreign currency banknotes or other monetary units of foreign countries into the Kingdom of Thailand. When leaving Thailand, tourists can freely export foreign currency imported into the country in an amount not exceeding 10,000 US dollars or the amount that was indicated in the customs declaration upon arrival. Imports and exports of foreign currency in amounts exceeding US$10,000 must be declared to customs upon arrival or departure from the country. Failure to comply with this requirement is punishable by arrest and confiscation Money exceeding the permitted amount, as well as criminal prosecution.

Transport
Public transport in Bangkok.
Many cheap public and air-conditioned buses operate in various areas of the capital. For long trips, minibuses in red and gray colors are convenient. Map bus routes can be purchased at many hotels and bookstores.

Taxis and tuk-tuk scooters Hotel taxis have fixed rates. Hired taxis are air-conditioned, quite comfortable, the tariff is 35 baht for the first 3 kilometers and approximately 5 baht for each additional kilometer. Make sure the taxi driver turns on the meter when you get into the car. Tuk-tuk scooters, three-wheeled taxis, are a symbol of Thailand. They are usually hired for short distance trips, the trip can cost from 20 to 150 baht, depending on the distance. The fare must be agreed upon in advance, since these taxis do not have meters.

Taxi motorcycles. The fastest mode of transport in the conditions traffic jams In big Thai cities there are motorcycle taxis. Taxi drivers on motorcycles wear a uniform - colored jackets. Negotiate your fare in advance. Hold on tight during the trip.

River taxis. In Bangkok, several types of vessels sail on the Thiao Phraya River. Long boats owned by private owners can reach high speeds and are also very convenient for excursions along the city's many rivers and canals. The fee for a two-hour trip will be approximately 500 baht. Regular river boats run from dawn to dusk from Khlong Teey north to Nonthaburi. Each flight lasts about an hour. A short distance trip can cost as little as 9 baht.

Air taxi. A special package tour allows tourists to enjoy beautiful views of Bangkok and surrounding provinces.

Skytrain. There are currently two operating lines: the Sukhumvit Line and the Silom Line. Trains of the BTS system start their route at 6 am and stop working at 12 midnight. During peak hours, trains run especially frequently. The fare depends on the distance.

Subway. 18 stations on the Chalem - Ratchamongkhon line operate from 6 am to 12 midnight. Major tourist attractions, hotels and business centers are located along this line. The fare depends on the distance.

On the Khlong Sensep Canal, boats ply through the city from Banglamphu to Ramkhamhaeng University. Tickets can be purchased on board. Remember that the moorings on the canal are quite low, so they are difficult to find.

How to dress
Lightweight, loose-fitting cotton clothing is best for tropical climate Thailand. Warm sweaters are recommended only for winter trips to the mountains of the northern part of the country. A jacket and tie are only required for stays in some clubs and high-class hotels. Long trousers are required to visit Buddhist temples. Don't forget to take off your shoes at the entrance to the temple.

Tips
It is customary to tip porters and hotel staff for good service. Typically, the tip is 10-15% in expensive restaurants and hotels, especially where there is no service charge. It is not customary to tip waiters in cheap restaurants or taxi drivers.

Thai cuisine
Thai cuisine is unique in the amount of spices and various ingredients that give each dish a special taste. Typically, dishes are served that combine hot, sour, sweet and salty flavors. Typical Thai dishes include soups, salads, fish dishes, rice, vegetables, and sometimes also meat dishes from pork, chicken or beef. Thai cuisine has taken all the best from Chinese and Indian culinary traditions - noodles, curry, sweet and sour sauce and exotic spices. All dishes are served with big amount herbs and seasonings.

Thai dishes are prepared everywhere. Street vendors sell noodles and barbecues next to chic seafood restaurants, and actors in traditional costumes dance on brightly lit stages, giving visitors the chance to feel like they're locals. royal palace.

Catering centers, usually located in large shopping centers or markets, attract many customers and usually consist of numerous counters where they sell various dishes of various culinary styles. In many food service establishments, the menu consists of color photographs of various dishes, which makes the complex selection process easier for customers. IN provincial cities They usually offer Thai cuisine at very reasonable prices.

In the evenings, Thais, especially Bangkok residents, enjoy dining al fresco at restaurants that are located in the garden or on the river bank. The menu here is varied, service is fast, and prices, as elsewhere in Thailand, are very reasonable. In Bangkok, many hotels offer dinner on river boats that ply the Thiao Phraya River in the evenings. A gentle breeze, lit candles, traditional music and the graceful movements of the dancers create a romantic atmosphere. Restaurants are also popular in Thailand, offering a wide selection of dishes made from fresh fish and other marine life, cooked over charcoal or fried to special order. The restaurants also offer a variety of alcoholic drinks, both locally produced and imported.

Some restaurants stage Thai traditional theater and folk dance performances to attract tourists. Guests are seated at low tables in rooms designed to resemble ancient Thai homes, with carved teak paneling, classic Thai-style paintings, fine china and an abundance of flowers. Tourists spend an unforgettable evening among flowers, silk, pleasant music, bright orchids, beautiful dancers, enjoying amazing Thai cuisine.

Table manners
The evening meal, among other things, is an important part of Thai social life. We treat with special respect those guests who use cutlery (spoon and fork) correctly and are neat at the table.

According to custom, Thais use a fork to place small pieces of food into a spoon. Only a spoon is brought to the mouth; among Thais it is not customary to put a fork in the mouth, just as in European countries It is not customary to eat from a knife. Noodles are eaten with chopsticks. Usually several dishes and a large bowl of rice are placed on the table. Place no more than two to three spoons of food on your plate. You should not immediately fill the plate, as is customary in European countries.
According to custom, the meal begins with a spoonful of unseasoned rice. If Thais are hosting the table, then, undoubtedly, in accordance with the laws of hospitality, they will ask their guests to try as many different dishes as possible. When sitting at the same table with Thais, always try to finish the food that was put on your plate. The owner will like this and will mean that you enjoyed the treat.

Shopping
Every city has one or more large shopping centers. Bangkok itself is a huge store, entire streets and areas of the city are filled with endless shopping arcades - Sukhumvit Street, Ratchaprasong intersection, Pathumwan, Pratunam, Chatuchak, Lumphini, Yaaowarat, Banglamphu areas. Even if you don't like to shop, the colorful goods at these markets are a treat to the eye and give you the opportunity to admire new, unusual styles and bright colors. There are also many large shopping malls such as Siam Paragon, the largest department store in Southeast Asia, the magnificent Central World Plaza, Platinum Fashion Mall and Emporium, famous fashion retail centers.

Fabrics
The best purchase in Thailand is a piece of fabric, because Thai silk deservedly enjoys a reputation as the best in the world. The interweaving of threads and the soft texture of Thai silk contribute to the surprisingly even coloring, unique shine and bright color of silk fabrics. The cheapest fabrics are sold in the northern and northeastern parts of the country. Custom-made and ready-made silk products are inexpensive and beautiful. If you're not into the chic style, Bangkok's street markets can sell you an entire wardrobe for the price of a single pair of designer jeans.

Decorations
Thailand is one of the world's largest exporters of gems and jewelry. With the joint participation of the Thai Gem and Jewelry Traders Association (TGJTA) and the Thailand Tourism Board, the Jewel Fest Club was organized to serve as a meeting place for leading jewelry manufacturers and wholesale buyers.

The goal of this club is to offer customers quality products at reasonable prices. When purchasing jewelry from a store that is a member of the Jewel Fest Club, the product is certainly equipped with a certificate, which not only confirms the authenticity and purchase price, but also allows you to return the item to the store. If the item is returned within 30 days, the money will be returned in an amount of 10% less than the purchase price and 20% less if the item is returned later than within 30 days, but no later than 45 days from the date of purchase.

Souvenirs made by artisans of the mountain tribes.
Colorful embroidery, clothing and jewelry handcrafted by artisans representing the traditional crafts of the hill tribes of Northern Thailand can also be purchased in Bangkok. Of course, the closer you are to the place where souvenirs are made, the lower the prices for products from local craftsmen and the higher their quality. The best places to buy traditional hill tribe crafts are in Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai.

Varnish products
Since the 11th century, the Thais have been producing lacquer products that are considered to be some of the best in beauty and quality in the world. To this day, Thai craftsmen use the same traditional techniques as they did a thousand years ago. Bowls, trays, dishes, boxes, boxes, vases and many other products are sold in shops and markets.

Ceramics
A wide range of handcrafted ceramic products can be purchased throughout the Kingdom, such as modern production, and ancient ones. The most famous light green porcelain from ancient state Sukhothai (Si Satchanalai) or “five-color” (“Bencharong”) porcelain, which is produced in the central part of Thailand.

Furniture
Furniture items made from hardwood and rattan can be ordered and purchased ready-made; this is a great purchase. Furniture is sold in Bangkok and Chiang Mai best quality, we also offer the widest range of furniture products.

Below is a small list of goods that can be purchased in different areas of the country:

Bangkok: Ratchaprasong Clothing Market, imported and locally made clothing can be purchased at all department stores, jewelry is sold at night markets, Chatuchak Sunday Market sells everything from antiques to potted flowers.
Nonthaburi: Tropical fruits are sold here.
Phra Nakhon Si Ayuthaya: Traditional handicrafts such as baskets, wood carvings, homespun clothing, artificial flowers, and dolls can be purchased at the Bang Sae Royal Handicraft Center.
Lopburi: mats made of reeds.
Kanchanaburi: excellent quality sapphires, black semi-precious stones called “nin”.
Chiang Mai: Handicrafts in Bo Sang Village, San District
Kamphaeng is known as a place where fine umbrellas are made. This ancient craft continues to thrive today.
Chiang Rai: Xiang Saeng County is famous for its excellent wood carvings, with the best carvers and sculptors working here, continuing the ancient traditions of local craftsmen.
Mae Hong Son: beautiful precious and semi-precious stones.
Kalasin: At the Art and Culture Center you can buy homespun clothes, silk and cotton fabrics, and embroidered items.
Udon Thani: Head to Bang Chieng for local hand-painted pottery.
Northeast: Wonderful silverware, traditional Thai items woven from bamboo slivers.

Entertainment
Tiaai people love to have fun. In all cities - boxing rings, golf courses, running, tennis and squash competitions, billiard halls, nightclubs, restaurants, discos, concert halls, tea houses, bars, cocktail bars, amusement parks, museums, theaters, galleries, salons traditional Thai massage, zoos and cinemas. Newspapers published in Thailand English language, publish daily announcements about concerts, exhibitions, film screenings and performances. There are also a dozen free publications distributed in Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Phuket, Pattaya and Hua Hin, where you can find information on how to spend your free time. Monthly English-language magazines such as Metro and Anthemd Travel are sold in bookstores, kiosks, and hotels.

Health
SPA treatment and cosmetic procedures. Thailand is now becoming a popular destination for “health holidays”. Thailand is home to some of the world's best spas, usually located in a quiet and beautiful location, in a lush garden, in the pristine jungle or on the coast. Thai spas have written new pages in the book of holistic philosophy. Are used various ways treatments, from ancient Eastern methods and relaxation methods to rejuvenating treatment in accordance with European methods. Several leading hotels and major resorts specialize in rejuvenation and wellness treatments, located in Hua Hin, Phuket and Koh Samui. In cities across the country, you can find many smaller establishments where the cost of treatments will be significantly less than in upscale hotels.

Thai massage
The massage is done more for treatment than for relaxation, like Western or Swedish massage. A Thai masseuse specially massages special points on the body where the most energy is concentrated. The main goal of Thai massage is to release this energy and distribute it evenly throughout the body to achieve energy balance. A massage course can be taken at the Wat Pho monastery (Bangkok), where the most famous school of traditional Thai massage operates, graduated from the best masseuses in the city. Thai massage is offered at Wat Mahathat and Wat Parinayok monasteries in Bangkok, as well as in numerous salons.

Territory
Total
% water surface 50th in the world
514,000 km²
0,4% Population
Grade ()
Density
65,479,453 people (20th)
130.5 people/km² Currency ฿ baht (THB) Internet domain .th Telephone code +66 Timezone +7

Christianity is also represented in Thailand, which became known from the 16th-17th centuries AD. e., thanks to Catholic missionaries. Currently, there are Catholic and Protestant communities in the country, as well as a parish of the Russian Orthodox Church. In total, according to various estimates, from 0.7% to 1.7% of the country's population profess Christianity - these are mainly inhabitants of the mountainous northern regions.

Architecture

Thai house

Before the formation of the first major Thai state of Sukhothai, regions of Thailand (and from the 12th century the whole country) were part of the Mon and Khmer states of Bapnom, Dvaravati, Chenla and Kambujadesh. After the fall of Cambodia, the Thai states of Sukhothai, Ayutthaya and Bangkok became the main heirs of Cambodian culture, since Cambodia did not have the conditions for its development. Thai architecture originates from Cambodian.

All development of Thai artistic culture associated with Buddhism, which in the Thai version also included some Hindu motifs. In monumental architecture, the main types of buildings are stupa and temple. Thai stupas go back to Mon and Khmer prototypes (prasang, prasat, chedi; the prefix “pra” means “holy”). The basis for the development of temples is vehan- a building with brick or stone columns and a wooden roof.

The most striking example of Thai architectural creativity is the complex of temples and the Grand Royal Palace in Bangkok. The buildings located on the territory of the temples have different shape and meaning are usually shrines, halls for religious ceremonies, libraries and schools. The walls can be decorated with scenes from the Hindu epic ("Ramakien": King Rama 2 translated the Ramayana into Thai) and images of mythological animals. The sacred Bodhi tree is often found in the courtyards of monasteries. There are also numerous sculptures of mythical creatures possessing supernatural powers who guard the monastery.

Music

Music has always occupied an important place in the ceremonial, court and religious life of the Thai people. A traditional orchestra consists of gongs, bells, strings, and xylophones. For Europeans, Thai music sounds quite unusual. It still accompanies important public ceremonies and classical theater performances today.

Arts and Crafts

Thailand is famous for its folk arts and crafts. They are found everywhere - the largest fishing centers are in Bangkok and Chiang Mai. Thailand is one of Asia's largest producers of silk and cotton products, furniture and carved wood products. Numerous shops offer ceramics, boxes, painted fans and umbrellas, bronze and brass items, Thai dolls, etc. In Thailand you can find a lot of inexpensive jewelry made of silver and traditional Asian “yellow” gold with precious stones (rubies, emeralds , sapphires).

Agriculture

Main article: Agriculture in Thailand

Thailand is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of rice: annually the country supplies up to 9 million tons of rice of various varieties to the world market. Including the famous “jasmine” rice, so named because of its delicate natural aroma. The share of agricultural products in Thailand's GDP is currently around 10%, with an increasing trend. Other popular crops are cassava, corn, sweet potatoes, pineapples, coconuts (mainly in the southern region), bananas. The country receives large incomes from the export of the “king of fruits” - durian, which was first learned to be cultivated here.

Rice fields in Chiang Mai

Story

Periods of Thai history

Primitive Thailand
Early history of Thailand
First states of Thailand (3000–1238) Suvarnnabhumi Haripunjaya Singhanavati Raktamaritika Langkasuka
Sukhothai (1238–1448) In parallel there were: Lanna (1296-1558) Nakhon Si Thammarat (1283-1468)
Ayutthaya (1351–1767)
Thonburi (1768–1782)
Rattanakosin (1782–1932)
Kingdom of Thailand Military dictatorship (1932–1973) Democracy (1973–present)

The history of the country dates back to the kingdom of Sukhothai, formed in 1238. Its successor was the kingdom of Ayutthaya (Ayutthaya), founded in 1350. Thai culture has experienced strong influence China and India. In the 18th century, Siam suffered from predatory raids by the Burmese, which were stopped by Thaksin and Phra Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke. The latter, after Thaksin's death in 1782, ascended the throne as King Rama I, founding the Chakri dynasty. Thanks to his successors Kings Rama IV and Rama V, Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia that has never been colonized. However, Thailand was forced to leave three southern provinces, which later became the three northern states of Malaysia. This was caused by the interests of Great Britain, which was trying to conquer Thailand.

Thailand has never been a colony. One reason for this was the desire of the colonial empires to keep Thailand as a buffer between parts of Asia that had already been colonized by Britain and France. The second reason is that Thailand had very strong rulers at that time. But a largely peaceful revolution in 1932 resulted in Thailand becoming a constitutional monarchy. Formerly known as Siam, Thailand first received its current name in 1939, and a second time, definitively, in 1949, after World War II. During this war, Thailand supported Japan, and after its end it became an ally of the United States.

One of the most famous representatives of Thai culture from this period was Prince Damrong Ratchanubab. He became the founder of the country's modern education system and provincial government system. He was also a historian and one of Thailand's most influential intellectuals of his time. Damrong Ratchanubab became the first Thai person to be included in the UNESCO list of most distinguished people.

2006 Thai coup

Political structure

Phra Nang beach in Thailand

Form of government- A constitutional monarchy. Head of State- king. The King has lost absolute power, but still remains the protector of Buddhism, the symbol of unity and the Supreme Commander. The current king enjoys the full respect of the nation, which is sometimes used during political crises. Parliament of Thailand- bicameral National Assembly, consists of a Senate with 150 seats and a House of Representatives with 480 seats. The leader of the party with a majority in the House of Representatives usually becomes prime minister. Members of both houses are elected by the people of Thailand, with the exception of 50% of the Upper House (Senate), they are appointed by the monarch. The lower house (House of Representatives) is elected for 4 years, the Senate for 6 years. Until March 2000, the Senate was appointed exclusively by the king.

Thailand is an active member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.

Administrative division

Thailand is divided into 76 provinces (Changwat) and one municipality - the capital of the country, Bangkok.

Foreign policy

History of Russian-Thai relations

At the end of the nineteenth century. Thailand (then Siam) saw the Russian Empire as a possible ally, counting on help in defending its independence from the colonial powers of Europe and maintaining political sovereignty. Relations between the two states gradually strengthened. In 1882, under the command of Rear Admiral A.B. Aslambekov, a squadron arrived from Russia to Siam on the occasion of the centennial anniversary of the establishment of power of the Chakri dynasty. In 1888, the Russian composer P. A. Shchurovsky wrote the music of the anthem of Siam, which since 1932 has become a personal anthem royal family. In 1891 Russian crown prince Nikolai visited Bangkok. In the same year, the Siamese prince Damrong arrived in Crimea, where he received an audience with Russian Emperor Alexandra III. In 1896, Prince Chira attended the coronation ceremony of Emperor Nicholas II as a guest.

Diplomatic relations between Russia and Siam were officially established during the visit of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) to Russia from July 2 to July 10, 1897. On December 4, 1897, Alexander Olarovsky was appointed Charge d'Affaires and Consul General of the Russian Empire in Siam. The Russian Consulate General was opened in Bangkok, and it was subsequently expanded into a mission that existed until 1917. On June 23, 1899, the Declaration regarding Jurisdiction, Trade and Navigation was signed in Bangkok. Due to the friendly nature of Russian-Siamese relations and the expansion of cultural ties, the Royal Guards of Siam until the 70s. wore the uniform of Russian life hussars; some elements of this uniform have survived to this day.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of Siamese royals and dignitaries visited Russia. Many young aristocrats were educated in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The son of King Chulalongkorn, Prince Chakrabon, lived in Russia for several years, studied at the Corps of Pages and the Army Academy, and served in Russian army. In 1906 he married Ekaterina Desnitskaya.

After 1917 there was a short break in bilateral relations. Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Thailand were established on March 12, 1941. In 1947, an Agreement on the exchange of diplomatic missions was signed between the two countries, and a year later the embassy began its work in the capital of Thailand. During " cold war"and until the end of the 70s. bilateral relations were neutral.

A new period of relations was marked by the official visit of the Prime Minister of Thailand Kriangsak Chamanan to the USSR in 1979. During this visit, the Soviet-Thai Friendship Society was created. Since the mid-80s. In connection with positive changes in the world political arena, bilateral relations gradually began to strengthen again. In 1987, the first exchange of visits between the foreign ministers of the two countries took place. In May 1988, General Prem Tinsulanon, Prime Minister of Thailand, paid an official visit to Moscow. In February 1990, N.I. Ryzhkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, arrived on an official visit to Bangkok.

On December 28, 1991, the Thai government recognized the Russian Federation as sovereign state and confirmed its intentions to develop mutually beneficial bilateral relations.

WITH beginning of the XXI V. Bilateral relations have consistently gained momentum in key areas of cooperation. The culmination of this process was the visit to Thailand in October 2003 of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin and his wife, which became the first visit of the head of the Russian state to the Kingdom of Thailand since the collapse of the USSR. This trip had a unique character from the point of view of international diplomatic protocol, incorporating a private visit by the Russian President at the invitation of the then Prime Minister of Thailand Thaksin Shinawatra, an official visit at the invitation of the Thai Prime Minister, participation in the summit of the member countries of the Asia-Pacific economic cooperation(APEC) and, finally, a state visit at the invitation of His Majesty King Rama IX Bhumibol Adulyadej. In total, the trip took more than 5 days.

The parties managed to reach a number of constructive agreements, in particular, on the settlement of the debt of the former USSR to Thailand in the amount of $36.5 million.

Armed forces

Set phrases and terms

Data

Notes

Bibliography

K. Kinel, D. Mishukova. Thailand. Kingdom of temples and palaces. M., Veche, 2011 (Historical guide).

Climate

Thailand is located in a tropical climate zone. IN tropical zone In Asia, there is a change in air currents: in winter the trade wind dominates, in summer - the monsoon, which determines the seasons of the year. Characteristics climate regime Thailand is due to the presence of mountains in the north, which protect its territory from the influence of the winter trade wind, so the cool season is weakly expressed.

In the northern, northeastern and central regions In Thailand, there are 3 seasons in a year, depending on the amount of precipitation, in the southern regions - 2. In the east of the country, a special climate has formed with a fairly uniform distribution of precipitation throughout most of the year and with a sharp increase in September.

During the influence of the trade wind (from November to February), mild weather sets in throughout the country. The average temperature in December, the coldest month, in the north is +19 degrees, in the south - +26. At the same time, during the daytime, the air in these areas warms up to +27 and +30, respectively. In winter, the night temperature in most of Thailand does not fall below +20; only mountainous areas in the north are characterized by more low temperatures- in January they are +10:+12 degrees, and on some days the thermometer can drop to 0.

The period from December to February is the dry season in most of Thailand. At this time, partly cloudy weather with light rains prevails; the average monthly precipitation does not exceed 40 - 50 mm. In the south, the driest month is February; in December and January the amount of precipitation varies depending on the location from 30 mm in the most northern regions up to 370 mm in the southernmost ones.

Summer lasts from March to May in the northern, northeastern and central regions of the country. The sun is burning already in the morning, and by noon the temperature reaches +32:+35 degrees. At night the air cools to +25. In April, rainfall becomes more intense, and in May the third season begins in these areas - the monsoon rainy season, which lasts until the end of October. Thunderstorms occur almost every day, but they quickly end, and after them the sun shines brightly again. Daytime temperatures during this period drop by 2 - 3 degrees.

The maximum amount of precipitation occurs in September-October and is 230 - 250 mm.

In the south, the rainy season begins as early as March and lasts until January, with maximum precipitation in different areas occurring in different time. In September-October, Phuket is flooded, in November-December - Samui (more than 300 mm of precipitation falls per month) - At the same time, in the remaining months rainy season precipitation exceeds 100 mm. The further south the territory is located, the shorter the dry season lasts. The hottest month is August, when during the daytime the air warms up to +32...34, and at night it cools down to +25.

The Central Plain, North and Northeast receive an average of 1000-1100 mm of precipitation per year, of which more than 90% falls during the wet season, which lasts from May to October. In the South and Southeast, the average annual precipitation is 2300–2500 mm, and its amount does not change significantly from month to month.

The dry season is especially noticeable in the Northeast. In the fields, the parched soil turns to stone and cracks. Due to lower groundwater levels, ponds, shallow lakes, swamps and ditches are drying up. Some rivers become very shallow and become unsuitable for navigation, and sometimes lose their flow.

Monsoon rains begin in April-May, and in early June the soil is moist enough to be cultivated and sown. In July, irrigation canals fill with water following the rivers, which flood widely in the Central Plain. As a result, the land in the river delta. Chao Phraya is almost completely flooded. To protect against the elements of water, the local population builds houses on stilts. In recent years, due to large-scale deforestation, the adverse effect of seasonal floods and droughts has increased.

Geography

Thailand is a country in Southeast Asia. She takes central part the Indochina Peninsula and the northern part of the Malay Peninsula, it also includes a number of small islands. In the west, Thailand borders on Laos and Cambodia, in the east on Myanmar, and on the south on Malaysia. The country is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Thailand South China Sea in the south and the Andaman Sea in the southwest.

The area of Thailand is 531.1 thousand square meters. km. It extends 1500 km from north to south and 800 km from west to east. More than half of the country's territory is occupied by low-lying plains; in the north and west there are mountain ranges that have a predominantly meridional direction and continue to the Malacca Peninsula. Thailand's highest point is Mount Doi Inthanon (2595 m) in the mountain range on the western border. To the east is the Korat plateau, almost devoid of vegetation as a result of intensive deforestation, and the coastal area is occupied by a plain known for its beautiful sandy beaches.

The Menam, Mekong and Salween rivers are of greatest importance in the life of the country. The rivers are fed mainly by rain, so during the rainy season there can be floods. There are few lakes in Thailand, the largest of which is Lake Thaleluang on the Malay Peninsula.

In Thailand, 5 national parks have been created with a total area of about 8 thousand square meters. km.

The national parks include Erawan Falls (west of Bangkok), Thailand's highest mountain, Doi Inthanon, and other interesting natural sites. The reserves located on the Khun Than and Tanentaungyi mountain ranges in the west of the country preserve many of the plants and animals of the jungle. Here is the habitat of the surviving elephants in Thailand; animals can even be seen working in forest clearings. Unique nature reserves are located on the islands in Phang Nga Bay.

Flora and fauna

Vegetable world

Currently, forests occupy 20% of the country's territory. Up to 70% of the forest stand is made up of deciduous species. In the mountains in northern Thailand and near the border with Myanmar, wet monsoon mixed conditions prevail deciduous forests, in which teak wood, Xylia planerum, Pterocarpus macrocarpus and other species with hard wood grow. These forests are interspersed with bamboo thickets.

On open slopes in northern Thailand there are oak forests, at altitudes of more than 1000 m above sea level. changing pine forests from Merkuza and Khazi pine. Wet evergreen broadleaf monsoon forests distributed in the valley of the Mae Khlong River in the west and in the most damp places in the southeast.

Dry monsoon forests are found on the Khorat Plateau, the Central Plain, and also in high mountains in western Thailand. These forests are dominated by low-growing trees, bamboo and thorny bushes. Evergreen tropical rainforests are widespread in the south and southeast. They are dominated by dipterocarps (yang, takyan), hopea, anisoptera, sal tree, palms (areca, sago), and bamboo and pandanus are found. Lianas are widespread.

There are mangroves along the coastline, but introduced tree species such as eucalyptus and acacia often displace indigenous communities that have been heavily damaged by logging. The Thai government sharply limited the scale of logging in 1989, but nevertheless the rate of deforestation decreased only slightly.

Animal world

Hunting and loss of natural habitats have contributed to a sharp decline in wildlife numbers in Thailand. However, in some remote areas and in the protected areas there are also elephants, tigers, leopards (including the very rare clouded leopard), white-breasted and Malayan bears, gaur and banteng bulls, Asiatic buffalo, serow, and a very rare animal, the black-backed tapir.

There are numerous monkeys (white-handed gibbons, macaques, orangutans, langurs), muntjac and sambar deer, small and large deer, antelopes and other mammals. IN agriculture Tamed elephants and buffalos are widely used.

Thailand is home to several dozen species of snakes, including poisonous ones.

The bird fauna is extremely diverse: many waterfowl (herons, white pelicans, ducks), common pheasants, wild chickens, partridges, parrots, peacocks (including green), birds of prey, etc. The world of insects is diverse, including more than 600 species of butterflies .

Attractions

Thailand is the leader in attendance among the countries of Southeast Asia. Thousands Buddhist temples and monasteries, magnificent palaces and pagodas in Bangkok, beautiful beaches of Pattaya, Patong, Samui and Phuket, stormy night life with a wide variety of shows and entertainment, the notorious sex tourism of all kinds, the famous Thai massage and martial arts, elephant rides, excellent diving conditions, unique floating bazaars and hundreds of exotic uninhabited islands of the Andaman Sea, famous Thai cuisine and colorful Buddhist festivals - all this attracts the attention of millions of tourists.

Banks and currency

The monetary unit of Thailand is the baht (THB). There are 100 satangs in one baht. There are coins in circulation in denominations of 25 and 50 satang, 1, 2, 5 and 10 baht; banknotes are issued in denominations of 10 baht, 20 baht, 50 baht, 100 baht, 500 baht and 1,000 baht.

Banks are open on weekdays from 8.30 to 15.30. At the resorts there is a network of exchange offices that are open from 8.30 to 20.00 or even until later.

In Thailand, only local money is accepted for payment. You can exchange currency at the hotel, however, as a rule, the exchange rate at banks and exchange offices is more favorable, and in Bangkok it is more favorable than in other cities. The rate at airports is acceptable. When exchanging US dollars, keep in mind that older banknotes (pre-1993) and some older bills later years Issues are not always and not accepted everywhere, which is due to the large number of counterfeit banknotes of this year of issue.

In Thailand, the exchange of dollars is quite specific - the exchange rate also changes depending on the denomination of dollar bills. The lowest rate is offered for banknotes in denominations from 1 to 20 dollars, the highest - for new-style banknotes in denominations of 50 and 100 dollars. There are also exchange machines, but they do not accept all banknotes.

Most hotels and shops accept international credit cards: Visa, American Express, etc.

Useful information for tourists

It is prohibited to photograph military installations and the interior of some churches. Before taking a photo of a Thai, ask him for permission. You can import no more than 5 films into the country. In Thailand, buy film only in large department stores, because in a tropical climate, if stored improperly, it quickly becomes unusable

For Thais, a good tone is reserved. Here you are not supposed to touch a person, pat him on the shoulder, much less stroke his head, even small children.

The Royal House is particularly respected and criticism of it is unacceptable under any circumstances. Shoes should be removed not only before entering the temple, but also in a private home.

It is customary to bargain in small shops and markets. Traditional souvenirs for Thailand are Thai silk, wooden figurines, lacquer boxes, silverware, ceramics, snakeskin and crocodile skin items. The export of Buddha figurines, products made of fur, ivory, and tortoiseshells is prohibited.

Residents of Thailand are neat in their dress. Torn jeans and worn T-shirts disgust them. Shorts (this, by the way, applies to both men and women) can only be worn on the beach and in the hotel. However, women in miniskirts are perceived normally. There is another interesting detail: when talking with Thais, it is not customary to talk about the heat.

Thailand (Thailand) or the Kingdom of Thailand is a state in Southeast Asia, located in the southwestern part of the Indochina Peninsula and in the northern part of the Malacca Peninsula. Old name: Kingdom of Siam (until 1939). It is washed by the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. Thailand borders Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma) and Malaysia. total area Thailand - about 513 thousand square meters. km. The population is about 70 million people. The capital of Thailand is . Largest cities:

- about 9 million people;
Nonthaburi - 270,609;
- 174,332;
- 174,235;
Hat Yai - 157,467.

Thailand is the most developed tourism country in Asia. Millions of foreigners visit it every year to see the magnificent sights, ancient temples, relax on the most beautiful tropical beaches and do shopping, which is one of the cheapest here. Not least of all is sex tourism. Many come to Thailand specifically for this purpose, because the prices here for these services are among the lowest in the world.

Thailand on the world map

about country

The name of the country

"Thai" means "freedom" in the local language. Indeed, the country has never been anyone's colony. The name “Thailand” was given to the state by Europeans and translated it means “country of the Thais.”

Political structure and administrative division

Thailand is a constitutional monarchy led by... The country's parliament is a bicameral National Assembly (Senate and House of Representatives). The king's power is greatly limited; to a greater extent, he is a symbol of the country and cannot single-handedly establish laws.

In Thailand, the remains of Lampang man (Homo erectus), who lived here about a million years ago, were found. Cave paintings dating back 10,000 years have also been discovered. The first states were formed 3,000 BC.

In the 13th-18th centuries. There were three main kingdoms in this territory - Sukhothai, Ayutthaya and Lanna. They were later united into Siamese, with its capital in Bangkok.

In World War II, Thailand was on the side of Japan, and in the Vietnam War, it was on the side of the United States.

The first tourists were military personnel who vacationed in the resort of Pattaya during and after the Vietnam War.

Read also:

History of northern Thailand

Traditions

Thailand is a country with rich centuries-old history, culture and established traditions. The latter should definitely be taken into account when visiting, otherwise there may be problems. And in some cases, you can even go to jail (for example, you will talk badly about). There was a case when a foreigner was imprisoned for burning one banknote on which the king was depicted.

It will be interesting to know:

Attention! Disrespect for religious feelings is punishable by law. You cannot behave unworthily towards Buddha statues, touch the heads of Thais, or touch monks. Take off your shoes when visiting temples (pay attention to signs). Avoid showdowns with Thais in a raised voice.

But it’s worth knowing the traditions of Thailand not only for safety reasons, but also simply to enrich your general horizons. And knowledge of traditions different from ours makes a person more tolerant and calm regarding many issues.

For example, the Thai smile is an integral part of the culture. Why do they smile often? What's behind smiles? What types of smiles are there? And maybe we should also adopt this tradition? There is something for all this.

Cellular communications and Internet

Cellular communications in Thailand are very well developed. The signal is excellent. can be bought at any mini-market and, as well as in stores that sell mobile phones, for example, in Pattaya -, Phuket - or. In these same places you can top up your balance.

There are only 3 mobile operators in Thailand, the tariffs of which are approximately the same: , .

In popular resorts (Pattaya, Phuket, Krabi, Samui, etc.), the Internet is available almost everywhere, in all hotels and guesthouses, and is absolutely free. But, for example, in Pattaya, Jomtien and Pratamnak, it may not be available in inexpensive guesthouses and condos. Internet is also available in many bars, restaurants and massage parlors.

You can also use tourist SIM cards while traveling; this is especially convenient if you have planned a trip to several countries. Popular companies selling tourist SIM cards: Dreamsim, Goodline ( byvaliru- promo code for 10% discount).

Currency of Thailand

It is best to travel to the country with euros or dollars. It should only be in banknotes in denominations of 50 and 100, since the rest are exchanged at a not very favorable rate. Russian rubles are exchanged only in Pattaya and some places in Phuket. There are no branches of Russian banks in the country.

It is better to exchange currency at exchange offices, since the banks themselves will require you to have a passport and fill out some documents. There are also places everywhere where you can withdraw money from a Russian plastic card. The maximum amount at one time is usually 20,000 baht, the Thai bank commission is 220 baht. can be withdrawn at bank branches.

Visa

Insurance

Thailand is not one of the countries where health insurance is required. Nevertheless, we recommend doing it, since a holiday in a foreign country may not be predictable, and treatment abroad is very expensive. Please note that most insurance policies have limitations and do not cover the presence of alcohol in the blood. Also, if you plan to take vehicles such as a scooter or ATV, you need to add an item - active recreation.

The cost of basic health insurance in Thailand starts from 500 rubles per person per week.

How to get to Thailand

It is easier to get to Thailand from Russia than to any other Asian country. There are many direct flights (non-stop) operated by Aeroflot, S7, Thai Airlines and charter airlines. To save money, some fly connecting flights, which are offered by dozens of our and foreign ones. You can read about all the methods and nuances of how to buy air tickets to Thailand and get there as cheaply as possible in the corresponding section about.

Best deals on flights to Thailand

You can buy air tickets to Thailand as profitably as possible using special search engines that collect data from all airlines.

If you are in the neighboring Asian countries or even Thailand itself, you can not only fly, but also travel by land or sail by sea. Ground public intercity transport in Asia is very developed, comfortable and affordable.

In most cases, you do not need to purchase tickets in advance, but if you need to plan your route, then use ours.

Transport in Thailand

Between settlements You can travel by: planes, trains and minivans (minibuses). Prices are inexpensive and depend on distance. You can roughly calculate the cost of a bus trip using the following formula: 100 km = 100 baht. You can in advance.

Almost every tourist destination has public transport. Basically, these are small songthaews (tuk-tuks) - pickup trucks with two parallel benches. Traveling there costs 10-30 baht. Popular resorts have air-conditioned taxis and their fares are negotiable.

Bangkok has the most developed transport in Thailand. There are underground and overground metro, air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned buses, river transport, and metered taxis.

If you know how to drive a car or motorcycle, you can rent them everywhere. , a motorcycle, which everyone here calls a motorbike - 150-250. See current price.

Cities and resorts of Thailand

Resorts in Thailand offer excellent value for little money. They can give you everything and even more. The infrastructure is very well developed - there are hotels of different price ranges, restaurants, bars, massage parlors, travel agencies, shops and other establishments. But this is for those who like a comfortable stay. If you want to be alone with nature and without crowds of tourists, then this is also possible on little-known and secluded beaches, which are available on almost any.

Pattaya,
Phuket,
Samui,
Krabi,
Phi Phi,
Koh Chang,
Phangan,
Koh Tao,
Hua Hin,
Khao Lak,
Lanta.

You can relax there all year round, but most tourists prefer December-March. Indeed, at this time the rest is the best.

Bangkok,
Chiang Mai,
Chiang Rai,
Ayutthaya.

There is no sea and beach holiday, but there are many interesting and ancient sights.

How to go to Thailand: on a tour or on your own?

Most tourists to Thailand go on tour, but independent trip often more benefits. We talk about this in the following articles:

Entertainment in Thailand

If you like to cook, then we offer you.

Attention! Don't drink tap water, buy bottled water in stores. It is not recommended to drink drinks with ice in unverified places, or buy peeled and cut fruits. It is advisable to wash fruits with soap or at least rinse them clean water before eating.

Shopping and shops

Below, see the table with the weather in Pattaya as an example.

Weather in Pattaya by month

	Temperature at night (degrees)	Daytime temperature (degrees)	Precipitation (mm)	Number of rainy days
January	22.6	30.4	19.1	1
February	24.5	30.6	13.5	3
March	25.4	31.5	52.3	4
April	26.4	32.7	67.3	6
May	26.4	32.1	176.6	12
June	26.5	31.3	79.4	11
July	26.0	31.1	76.8	11
August	26.1	31.0	90.5	12
September	25.1	30.9	201.8	17
October	24.3	30.7	249.4	18
November	23.4	30.4	133.6	10
December	21.6	29.7	4.1	1

*weather data provided by Thai Meteorological Department.

The work of the government of Thailand. As in any monarchical country, the head of government is the prime minister, and parliament is the legislative body. Despite this, the king can overturn any legislative decision of parliament. Formally, the head of parliament is appointed by the king, but in reality he is often the leader of the majority in parliament. The current Prime Minister of Thailand is Yingluck Shinawatra, the younger sister of former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. In addition, she is also the leader of the For Thailand party. Yingluck became head of government in July 2011. As mentioned above, parliament consists of two chambers - the Senate and the House of Representatives. Thailand also actively participates in the activities of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.

The governor is appointed by the Minister of Internal Affairs. Officials, who are also sent by the center, are subordinate to the governor, he directly controls them, even if the official is sent by one or another department. All officials - municipal and provincial - are on the staff of the central government apparatus.

All provinces, in turn, are divided into districts. In districts, the main administrative function is performed by the district inspector. He must monitor compliance with the laws and manage all the affairs of the district, that is, collect taxes, maintain public order in the district entrusted to him and observe how health care and educational institutions work.

His responsibilities include monitoring the protection of public lands, and the criminal situation is also under his jurisdiction. A community in Thailand is the next administrative-territorial unit of the country.

It unites a group from several villages.

Attention

Executive power is vested in the government headed by the Prime Minister, who since 1992 can only be appointed from among the deputies of the National Assembly. The latter is elected for a period of four years. The real king has ruled the country for more than sixty years, which makes it possible to call his reign the longest in the history of the monarchy of Thailand. Largely due to the preservation of such a system, the country has a rich culture and history, and ancient traditions are still alive today. Thailand is the only country in the Southeast Asia, which was able to avoid colonization, which was another reason for the preservation of its original culture. general elections, 500 members of the House of Representatives and a Prime Minister are elected every four years, as well as 200 members of the Senate every six years.

Citizens receive the right to vote at the age of 18.

Political regime of Thailand

Officials sent by one or another ministry or central department to work outside the capital fall under the direct control of governors. All provincial and municipal officials are on the staff of the central government apparatus. Provinces are divided into districts, in each of which administrative functions are performed by a district inspector. Its tasks include the general administration of affairs and compliance with laws, maintaining public order, ensuring the collection of taxes, monitoring the activities of educational and health institutions, monitoring crime and protecting public lands.

The next administrative-territorial unit is the community (tambon), which unites a group of villages. The head of the community serves as an assistant district inspector and his salary is paid by the central government.

Government and political system of Thailand

The head of the community is the direct assistant to the district inspector. However, his salary comes from the central government treasury.
Villages in Thailand are grassroots units of governance. It is governed by village elders, who are chosen from among the village residents. The head of the community, by the way, is chosen from among the elders. The headmen are also assistants to the district inspector, and they receive remuneration for their labors from the state treasury, like everyone else.

Important

Since 1932, when a bloodless revolution took place, to govern the country and actively participate in its political life became military. Since then, the country has been subject to military rule more than once and various political parties– both all and some of them.

These periods lasted from four to five years. Parties, as a rule, are regional and do not receive national support. Permission to create a party is issued by the Minister of Internal Affairs.

Form of government in Thailand

The political system of Thailand
Political regime of Thailand
Government and political system of Thailand
Form of government in Thailand
Government of Thailand
Political regime in Thailand
Which political regime in Thailand

The political system of Thailand

June 01, 2014
864 Important Words

Political regime of Thailand. Until 1932, kings ruled the country uncontrollably. Attention Then a bloodless revolution took place, during which a constitutional monarchy came to power. The constitution is the fundamental law of the state - adopted by parliament in 1997. The form of government is a hereditary constitutional monarchy. The political regime is an unstable democracy with elements of authoritarianism. From 1932 to 1997.

Political regime in Thailand

There are up to forty-four ministers, and they are appointed by the prime minister. The government in Thailand today is multi-party.

The National Assembly exercises legislative power in Thailand and is bicameral. The House of Representatives has 393 deputies. In elections, candidates can be both representatives of various parties and independent participants fighting for the right to represent their interests in parliament. They can also take place in both single-member and multi-member constituencies. Deputies are elected for a term of four years. The President of the Supreme House or Senate is also the President of the National Assembly of Thailand. The Speaker of the House of Representatives is his deputy, with all the relevant functions assigned to him. All citizens of the country who are 20 years of age or older have the right to vote.

Until 1932, the kings in the country of Thailand ruled uncontrollably and only individually, and there was no other power. But as a result of the revolution carried out by officials and the military, although bloodless, the absolute monarchy was replaced by a constitutional monarchy.

The king, of course, occupies an important position in the country and personifies royal power, but executive power is vested in the government, headed by the prime minister. The king is the head of state, he is also the supreme commander in chief, appoints the prime minister, and approves all members of the cabinet.

Only the king can dissolve the House of Representatives and declare martial law in the country. The executive branch is the responsibility of the government, headed by the Prime Minister, who, since 1992, has been appointed exclusively from among the deputies of the National Assembly.

What is the political regime in Thailand?

Compared to other modern monarchs, he is in power the most for a long time, his reign is the longest in the country. The role of the Constitution in the monarchical system of Thailand The present Constitution in Thailand has been in force only since 1932. In accordance with it, the king is the leader and national symbol of the country, he is more important than politicians, which is why he takes part in political negotiations and affairs only as a last resort - when people's lives depend on it. The constitution limits the king's power, but his person is completely inviolable. Officially, freedom of speech is established in the country, however, if you insult the king or even simply express criticism of him, you could well end up in prison for a long time. Also, a person who steps on local money will face severe punishment.
An odious personality in the history of the reign of the current king was and remains Thaksin Shinawatra, one of richest people country, who took the post of Prime Minister in 2001 (2001-2006). Form of government in Thailand The capital of Thailand, Bangkok, is governed by an elected governor. Bangkok is divided into 50 khet districts. His Majesty King Rama IX (Bhumipong Adulyadej) was crowned on May 5, 1946. The anniversary of this date is a public holiday in Thailand.

In Bangkok, annually on this occasion, a parade of the Royal Army is held and navy and an incredibly beautiful fireworks display. It must be said that respect for the royal couple in Thailand is protected by law, so Russian tourists should be careful in their statements about representatives of this family.

A policeman can arrest a person even if he simply smiled while looking at a photograph of the King.

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