The Yenisei is one of the greatest rivers on Earth and the most abundant river in Russia. The length of the Yenisei is 3,487 km. The river officially ranks fifth in length in the world - only the Amazon, Nile, Yangtze and Mississippi have surpassed the Yenisei. In terms of basin area (2,580 thousand sq. km), the Yenisei ranks second among the rivers of Russia (after the Ob) and seventh among the rivers of the world. The Yenisei proper begins in the city of Kyzyl at the confluence of the Big Yenisei and the Small Yenisei. It is a natural border between Western and Eastern Siberia. The left bank of the Yenisei ends with the great West Siberian Plain, and the right bank represents the kingdom of mountain taiga. From the Sayan Mountains to the Arctic Ocean, the Yenisei passes through all the climatic zones of Siberia. Camels live in its upper reaches, and polar bears live in its lower reaches. The name of the river comes from the Evenk “ionessi” - “ big water" The Khakass call it Kim, the Tuvans call it Ulug-Khem (“great river”), and the Kets call it Khuk. Siberians often call the river “Yenisei-father”.
For the first 188 km, the Yenisei flows under the name Upper Yenisei (Ulug-Khem). The Sayano-Shushenskoye reservoir, formed by the dam of the Sayano-Shushenskoye hydroelectric power station, begins from Shagonar. Having accepted the Khemchik River on the left, the Yenisei turns north and for 290 km breaks through the Western Sayan Mountains and the Minusinsk Basin. After crossing the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station, the small Mainskoye reservoir begins, ending with the Mainskaya hydroelectric power station.
After the confluence of the left tributary of the Abakan River, the Krasnoyarsk reservoir, 360 km long, begins, formed by the dam of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station near the city of Divnogorsk, at the point where the Yenisei crosses the spurs of the Eastern Sayan. Between Krasnoyarsk and the mouth of the Angara, the Yenisei valley expands again, the river loses its mountainous character, but there are still underwater ridges in the riverbed - a continuation of the spurs of the Yenisei Ridge.
Below the confluence of the Angara, the character of the valley and bed of the Yenisei changes dramatically. The right bank remains mountainous, the left bank becomes low and floodplain. The mouth of the Yenisei begins from the mouth of the Kureyka River. Below the village of Ust-Port the Yenisei delta itself begins. The Brekhov Islands divide the channel of the Yenisei into many channels, of which four main branches stand out: the Okhotsk Yenisei, the Kamenny Yenisei, the Big Yenisei and the Small Yenisei. The total width of the channel at this point is 50 km. Below, the Yenisei flows in one channel, forming the Yenisei Bay of the Kara Sea in the “throat”.
Flowing almost strictly along the meridian from south to north, the Yenisei divides the territory of Russia into approximately two equal parts. The Yenisei basin consists of three completely different parts. In the upper reaches the river is surrounded on all sides by mountains, and in the middle and lower reaches the river bed serves as the border between low-lying Western Siberia and the Central Siberian Plateau.
The Yenisei belongs to the type of rivers of mixed feeding with a predominance of snow. Freezing of the Yenisei begins in the lower reaches at the beginning 
October. The Yenisei is characterized by intensive formation of inland ice and autumn ice drift. Freeze-up in the lower reaches occurs from the end of October, in mid-November - in the middle reaches and near Krasnoyarsk, and in late November - December in the mountainous part. In some areas, thick ice deposits appear in the riverbed. The flood on the Yenisei begins in May, sometimes in April, on the middle Yenisei somewhat earlier than on the upper Yenisei, on the lower Yenisei in mid-May - early June. Spring ice drift is accompanied by congestion. The list of the most significant tributaries of the Yenisei includes the following rivers: on the left - Khemchik, Kantegir, Abakan, Kem, Kas, Sym, Dubches, Eloguy, Turukhan, Malaya Kheta, Bolshaya Kheta, Tanama, Gryaznukha; on the right - Us, Kebezh, Tuba, Syda, Sisim, Mana, Kan, Angara, Big Pete, Podkamennaya Tunguska, Bakhta, Lower Tunguska, Kureyka, Khantaika, Dudinka. In total, about 500 more or less significant rivers flow into the Yenisei, and their total length is more than 300 thousand kilometers.
The main tributary is the Angara River, but approximately one year out of ten years another major tributary, the Lower Tunguska River, exceeds it in annual flow.
Yenisei - the most important waterway Krasnoyarsk Territory. Great depths allow sea vessels to ascend the Yenisei almost 1,000 km. For over 2,000 km from the mouth, the Yenisei maintains a significant depth, which ranges from 9 m in the fairway (the area where the Angara flows) to 49 m in the bay. The maximum depths were recorded in the pits at the Osinovsky rapids - 66 m and in the delta - 65-70 m. Regular navigation is carried out from Sayanogorsk to the mouth over a distance of 3,013 km. The main cargo flows go from Krasnoyarsk to Dudinka. Main ports and marinas: Abakan, Krasnoyarsk, Strelka, Maklakovo, Yeniseisk, Turukhansk, Igarka, Ust-Port. Sea vessels rise to Igarka. A unique ship lift was built to transport ships from the lower tail of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station to the upper. The Yenisei is also navigable in the Republic of Tyva. In addition, timber rafting is carried out in the north along the Yenisei.
Built on the Yenisei a large number of bridges. These include city and transport bridges in Kyzyl, a pedestrian-road bridge in the village of Cheryomushki and the Bratsky bridge near the village of Zeleny Bor in the Republic of Khakassia, a bridge near the city of Divnogorsk, railway, Communal, Oktyabrsky bridges, bridge 777 and a bridge on the deep bypass of Krasnoyarsk, bypass road of the federal highway M-53 "Baikal" in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Currently, construction of a bridge across the Yenisei within the city of Krasnoyarsk has begun.
The construction of the Krasnoyarsk and Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power stations entailed serious environmental consequences. The Yenisei in the area of Krasnoyarsk, Divnogorsk, Sayanogorsk has stopped freezing, in particular, the extended ice-free polynya below Krasnoyarsk can be up to 500 km long. In addition, the cascade of Yenisei hydroelectric power stations flooded large areas valuable lands, led to the destruction of archaeological monuments, biocenoses, fish resources, and the forced relocation of a significant number of the population.
Information
- Length: 3487 km
- Pool: 2,580,000 km²
- Water consumption: 19,800 m³/s
- Confluence of rivers: Big Yenisei and Small Yenisei
Source. my.krskstate.ru
Yenisei is one of largest rivers globe. It originates from two sources: Big E. (Biy-Khem) and Small E. (Ka-Khem). It flows into the Yenisei Bay of the Kara Sea. Biy-Khem, from the beginning of which the length of the Yenisei is usually calculated, begins as an insignificant river at the foot of Topographers Peak, on the South-Western slope of the Eastern Sayan, at an altitude of 2380m. 31 km of the way to Lake Kara-Balyk the river drops 800 m. The length of the Yenisei from the source of the Maly is 4102 km, from the origins of Bolshoi 4092 km, from the confluence of Small and Big E. (Kyzyl), i.e. E. proper, 3487 km. It flows mainly through the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
The length of the Yenisei is about 5075 km. The area of the basin is equal to 2580 thousand. km 2 the river ranks 2nd among the rivers of Russia (after the Ob) and 7th among the rivers of the world. Hydrographic network The Yenisei includes 198,620 rivers with a total length of 884,754 km 126364 lakes with a total area of 51835 km 2.
Flowing almost strictly along the meridian from south to north, the Yenisei divides Russian territory approximately in half. Moreover, its pool consists of three completely different parts. In the upper reaches, the river is surrounded on all sides by mountains, and in the middle and lower reaches its bed serves as the border between low-lying Western Siberia and the Central Siberian Plateau. Kyzyl is located exactly in the middle of the Asian part of the Eurasian continent. There is an obelisk with the inscription: “Center of Asia”. In the Tuva Basin, the Yenisei is divided into many branches. This place of the river is called "Forty Yeniseev".
The Yenisei is the most abundant river in Russia. It carries six hundred cubic kilometers of water per year into the Kara Sea. This is three times more than the flow of the Volga, and more than all the rivers of European Russia carry into the sea. Water flow sometimes reaches 19,800 cubic meters per second. Almost 625 cubic kilometers fresh water brings the Yenisei annually to the Arctic Ocean. The most powerful hydroelectric power stations in Eurasia, Sayano-Shushenskaya and Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power stations, were built on the Yenisei. At the exit from the basin, a powerful river half a kilometer wide makes its way through the Sayan Mountains. No wonder the Tuvans called this depression Khan-ho-Khan (“Big bag with a small hole”). The high rocky ridge of the Western Sayan leaves only one narrow gap for the Yenisei. Now, at the exit from the mountains, a two-hundred-meter high Sayanskaya hydroelectric power station dam has been built, and the entire turbulent section of the upper Yenisei has become a reservoir.
River bed and flow conditions
According to the structure of the valley and channel, the nature of the flow and hydrological regime The Yenisei is divided into 3 main parts: the upper one - from the confluence of the Big and Small Yenisei rivers on the territory of the Republic of Tyva to the exit from the Western Sayan into the Minusinsk Basin near the village of Oznachenny, 474 long km; middle - from the designated to the confluence with the river. Hangar, length 876 km and the lower one - from the Angara River to the mouth, length 2137 km.
During the first 188 km after the confluence, the river flows under the name Upper Yenisei (Ulug-Khem) within the northern side of the Tuva Basin, the river is divided into branches, the channel is replete with rifts, the width ranges from 100 to 650 m; depths on reaches 4-12 m, on rapids no more than 1 m. At the site of the Biy-Khem breakthrough through the Taskal ridge, there is the most dangerous rapid on the river - Khutinsky. Only with great difficulty do experienced river boatmen navigate ships through it. Large threshold length 320 m, fall (at different levels) 2—6m, current speed 6-8 m/sec(at other rapids 3.5-4.5 m/sec).
From the designated Yenisei flows through the territory of the Minusinsk Basin. The river valley here expands, many islands appear in the channel, and after the confluence of the left tributary of the Abakan River, the width of the valley becomes 5 km, channels more than 500 m, the current speed here is less than 2 m/sec. Below the confluence of the river. Abakan begins the Krasnoyarsk reservoir (length 360 km), formed by the dam of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station near Gogod. Divnogorsk, at the intersection of the Yenisei spurs of the Eastern Sayan. The depth of the dam is about 100 m. The tributaries in this area flow from the right: into the reservoir - Tuba and Syda, below the dam - Mana. Near Krasnoyarsk, where the river crosses the spurs of the Eastern Sayan, the mountains on the right bank break off near the river with picturesque cliffs, the so-called. " Krasnoyarsk pillars"Between Krasnoyarsk and the mouth of the Angara, the river valley expands again, the river loses its mountainous character, but there are still underwater ridges in the riverbed - a continuation of the spurs of the Yenisei Ridge.
Below the confluence of the Angara, the character of the valley and bed of the Yenisei changes dramatically. The right bank remains mountainous, the left bank becomes low and floodplain. If above the Angara Spit the width of the channel is 800 m, then lower - at least 2000 m, depths increase to 10-17 m, and the flow speed decreases to 0.8-1.1 m/sec. The width of the valley at the mouth of the Lower Tunguska is about 40 km, near Dudinka and Ust-Port up to 150 km, channels 2500—5000 m; the minimum depth of the entire lower Yenisei ranges from 5 to 8.5 m. Above the mouth of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River, the river again cuts through the spurs of the Yenisei Ridge, forming the Osinovsky threshold. At the threshold depths drop to 2.5 m, current speed 2-3 m/sec. Below the threshold the river passes through a rocky gorge, the width of the channel here is 740 m, and depths increase to 60 m. Below the confluence of the Lower Tunguska, depths from 14 to 20 prevail m, below Dudinka 20-25 m. The channel is divided into branches, the islands reach a length of 20 km. From the mouth of the river Kureika, where tidal fluctuations in level are already felt, the mouth of the Yenisei begins. Below the village of Ust-Port the river delta itself begins. By the Brekhov Islands, the channel is divided into many channels, of which four main branches stand out: Okhotsky, Kamenny, Bolshoy and Maly; the total width of the channel here is 50 km. Below the river flows in one channel.
Nutrition of the Yenisei
E. belongs to the type of rivers of mixed feeding with a predominance of snow. The share of the latter is slightly less than 50%, rain - 36-38%, underground in the upper reaches up to 16%, and decreases towards the lower reaches. Most of the river is characterized by extended spring floods and summer floods; in winter there is a sharp reduction in flow (but levels drop slowly due to the development of floods). The upper reaches are characterized by extended spring-summer floods. The flood on the E. begins in May, sometimes in April, on the middle Yenisei somewhat earlier than on the upper Yenisei, on the lower Yenisei in mid-May - early June (Dudinka). The range of fluctuations in the level of E. in the upper reaches is 5-7 m in extensions and 15-16 m in narrowings, in the lower reaches it is larger (28 m near Kureika), decreases towards the mouth (11.7 m near Ust-Port). By the amount of runoff (624 km 3). The Yenisei ranks 1st among the rivers of Russia. Maximum consumption at Igarka 154000 m 3 /sec. The increase in runoff downstream occurs quite uniformly (Table 1).
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Name |
Distance from the mouth, km |
Catchment area, thousand km 2 |
Average annual consumption, |
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Nikitino |
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Yeniseisk |
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Podkamennaya Tunguska |
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Table 1. Changes in average annual expenditures of the Yenisei
Freezing of the river begins in the lower reaches (early October). Characterized by intensive formation of inland ice and autumn ice drift. Freeze-up occurs in the lower reaches from the end of October, in mid-November in the middle reaches and near Krasnoyarsk, and in late November - December in the mountainous part. In some areas, thick ice deposits appear in the riverbed. The opening of E. occurs first in the upper reaches - the end of April, then in the middle - the first half of May, in the lower reaches - the beginning of June. Spring ice drift is accompanied by congestion.
Transport significance of the river
The river is the most important waterway of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Regular shipping - from the Designated to the mouth (3013 km). The main cargo flows go from Krasnoyarsk to Dudinka. Main ports and marinas: Abakan, Krasnoyarsk, Strelka, Maklakovo, Yeniseisk, Turukhansk, Igarka, Ust-Port. Sea vessels rise to Igarka. With the creation of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station, the waterway was divided into two isolated parts: in 1970, construction of a ship lift began. In the Republic of Tyva on the Yenisei there is local shipping (the main pier is Kyzyl). Among the fish there are: omul, herring, nelma, muksun, sterlet, sturgeon, beluga.
Additional Information
Cities on the Yenisei (location downstream): Kyzyl, Shagonar, Sayanogorsk, Minusinsk, Abakan, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk, Lesosibirsk, Yeniseisk, Igarka and Dudinka.
Hydroelectric power plants (downstream location): Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, Mainskaya HPP, Krasnoyarsk HPP.
Maximum depth
The Yenisei is rightfully considered the most deep river in the country. Great depths allow sea vessels to ascend the Yenisei for almost 1000 km. For over 2000 km from the mouth, the Yenisei maintains a significant depth, which ranges from 9 m in the fairway (the area where the Angara flows) to 49 m in the bay. The maximum depths were recorded in the pits near the Osinovsky rapids - 66 m and in the delta - 65-70 m.
Maximum width
Up to the mouth of the Angara, for almost 1,400 km, the width of the Yenisei does not exceed 500-700 m. After merging with the Angara, which here is almost 3 times wider than the Yenisei, the width of the river immediately increases to 2.5 km. All subsequent tributaries - first Podkamennaya, then Nizhnyaya Tunguska and then Turukhan and Kureyka - expand the channel of the Yenisei to 3-5 km. But the Yenisei is especially wide in the mouth zone, in the area of the Brekhov Islands archipelago, between which four large branches of the river flow: Deryabinsky, Maly, Bolshoi and Kamenny Yenisei. Here its width reaches 75 km. Behind the Brekhov Islands begins a huge stretch - the Great Crossing - 35-40 km wide. Then the Yenisei narrows at Golchikha to 5 km. Beyond Cape Sopochnaya Karga, the river flows into the Yenisei Bay, the width of which in some places reaches 150 km.
Engineering structures
Built in 1899 by mechanical engineer E.K. Knorre according to the design of professor of the Moscow Engineering School L.D. Proskuryakov, the bridge over the river at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900 was awarded a gold medal as an outstanding achievement of engineering and technical thought. The Eiffel Tower received the same award.
In 1961, a communal bridge with a length of 2100 meters was put into operation. But the Oktyabrsky road bridge across the Yenisei, built in 1986, turned out to be even more grandiose. With a width of 41 meters, it has a length of more than five kilometers.
The port of Dudinka is located on the Yenisei River; this port is included in the list of seaports (there are 10 in total) of the Russian Federation, into which the entry of ships and other watercraft with nuclear power plants and radiation sources is allowed.
Its length from the confluence of the Big (Biy - Khem) and Small Yenisei (Ka - Khem) is 3487 km, and from the beginning of the Big Yenisei 4090 km. The Yenisei is the most abundant river in the country. This river is a natural border between and Eastern Siberia. The Yenisei is considered one of the most abundant rivers in the world. In terms of water content, it ranks fifth in the world after,,. The most powerful hydroelectric power station is located on the Yenisei. Its power is 6400 MW.
Geographical position of the Yenisei
Yenisei River on the map
The Yenisei River is located in the east of the West Siberian Lowland. The river begins in the southern part of Siberia in the Sayan Mountains. The Yenisei flows from south to north to. It belongs to the Yenisei basin and flows through the territory of the Republic of Tyva, Khakassia, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which is part of the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) region. Autonomous Okrug. The Yenisei flows in the south through the territory of mountain and foothill steppes, then through larch and pine forests of dark coniferous taiga, in the north through the tundra.
The source of the Yenisei is the confluence of two mountain rivers, the Big and Small Yenisei. Receiving left and right tributaries, the Yenisei flows into the Kara Sea in a wide estuary, forming the wide bay of the Yenisei Bay.
Source coordinates: 51 degrees 43 min 41 sec N. and 94 degrees. 27 min. 07 sec. e.d.
Mouth coordinates: 71 degrees 49 min 46 sec. north latitude and 82 degrees. 42 min. 57 sec. e.d.
First information about the Yenisei
The first mention of the Yenisei River was in 1598 after and began to Russia. Its first description was made by the Cossack explorer Kondraty Kurochkin in 1601, when he reached the mouth of the Yenisei. In 1607, the Cossacks who arrived in, along the Turukhan River went to the Yenisei, so they were Cossacks. They founded the first Russian settlement on the Yenisei, Turukhansk. Later, in 1619, the Yenisei fort was founded, now the city of Yeniseisk, and in 1628 Andrei Dubensky founded the fort Krasny Yar, now the city. Later, Ilimsky, Abakan and other forts were founded. Many campaigns along the Yenisei and adjacent territories began from the forts.
River name
The name “Yenisei” was given by people who have long lived on its banks. So from the Evenk “Ionessi” - “big water”, from the Khakass “kim” - river. The Tuvans called the river “Ulug-Khem” - “great river”, the Nenets “Ene-Sai”, “Ensya” - “mother river”. People, showing special love, sometimes call the river “Yenisei Father”
Source
The source of the Yenisei. Confluence of B. and M. Yenisei
The source of the Yenisei is the confluence of the Big Yenisei and Small Yenisei rivers in the Sayan Mountains region on the territory of the Tuva Republic near the city of Kyzyl (Geographical Center). In the area of the source, the banks are composed of bedrock rocks spurs of the Sayan Mountains and the Central Siberian Plateau, therefore in the uppermost reaches of the river there are rapids, for example, Osinovsky, Kazachinsky and others, and there are waterfalls. For the first 188 km, the river is called the Upper Yenisei (Ulug - Khem). In the channel, riffles up to 1 meter deep alternate with depths in reaches of up to 4 – 12 meters.
Estuary
The Yenisei, flowing into the Yenisei Bay, has a width at the mouth from 20 to 50 km. There are great depths at the mouth. This makes it possible for sea vessels to move upstream to Ust-Port. The mouth is divided by the Brekhov Islands into branches and channels. The largest branches are the Okhotsk Yenisei, Kamenny Yenisei, Big Yenisei and Small Yenisei. Below, the Yenisei flows in one channel “throat”, forming the Yenisei Bay. In the lower reaches, the depth of the river in some places is up to 50 m. This allows sea vessels to rise upstream 700 km and reach Igarka. In the area of the mouth of the Yenisei there is the only one in the world and.
Yenisei basin
The area of the Yenisei River basin is about 2.6 million square meters. km (more precisely 2,580,000 sq. km). The Yenisei basin, like that of the Ob, stretches from north to south. All of its large right tributaries flow along the Central Siberian Plateau, and the left ones are not very long along the lowlands. The right bank of the basin is 5–6 times larger than the left bank part.
Tributaries
About 500 fairly large tributaries flow into the Yenisei, their total length is 300,000 km. 226 tributaries are more than 100 km long. In addition, many small rivers flow into it. The largest right tributaries: Us, Syda, Kebezh, Tuba, Sisim, Mana, Bolshoi Pit, Kan, Angara (with Biryusa - Ona and Chuna), Podkamennaya Tunguska, Bakhta, Syda, Lower Tunguska (with tributaries Vivi, Enbenchime and Tembenchi) , Bakhta, Kureyka, Dudinka, Khantaika.
The left tributaries are fewer in number and inferior in length to the large right tributaries. Left tributaries: Khemchik, Kantegir, Abakan, Kas, Kem, Sym, Elogui, Dubches, Turukhan, Bolshaya Kheta, Malaya Kheta, Tanama, Gryaznukha.
The largest tributaries of the Yenisei are the Angara, Podkamennaya Tunguska, Lower Tunguska, Turukhan, Elogui, Kass, Kem, Sym.
Character of the shores
In the upper reaches of the Yenisei, both banks are mountainous and composed of hard rocks. After the confluence of the Angara River, the left bank becomes lowland with heights generally ranging from 100 to 200 meters, while the right bank has higher heights.
Features of the flow
The direction of the river flow is predominantly north. According to the nature of the flow, the Yenisei has three parts: upper current, middle and lower.
Upper Yenisei
The Upper Yenisei (Ulug - Khem) starts from the confluence of the Big and Small Yenisei to the city of Abakan.
Upstream Yenisei is a typical mountain river with fast current and relatively shallow depth. The river cut itself a 280 km long path in the western part of the Sayan Mountains, composed of hard rocks. The width of the river here does not exceed 100 meters. In the upper reaches, the width of the Yenisei ranges from 100 meters to 600 meters. Depths on the reaches range from 4 to 12 meters, and on the rifts 1 to 2 meters.
Rapids on the Yenisei
There are 6 large rapids known in the upper reaches. The most famous Great Rapids. There are smaller thresholds. Current speed is 25 – 40 km/h. Tributaries in the upper reaches of the Yenisei are Khemchik, Kantegir and Us. In the place where the Yenisei crosses the western spurs of the Eastern Sayan, the width of the valley is 5 km, and the channel is 500 meters. In the upper reaches of the river there is the greatest slope, the most high speed currents.
Middle Yenisei from the mouth of the Abakan River to the mouth of the Angara. Here the current is either fast or calmer. In the Minusinsk basin, the current slows down, which is why islands 5–8 km long have formed in the channel. When the Yenisei crosses the Eastern Sayan, the rocky riverbed narrows and the speed increases. Between the mouth of the Angara and Krasnoyarsk there is a large Kazachinsky rapid. Between Krasnoyarsk and the mouth of the Angara, the valley and bed of the Yenisei will expand from 700 meters to 2.5 km. The river flow becomes calmer.
Lower Yenisei starts from the mouth of the Angara. From here the river bed widens greatly to 3–4 km, and the width of the river valley to 15 km. The river depth is up to 15 meters. After the Lower Tunguska flows into the Yenisei, the current becomes calmer, and sandy islands appear in the channel. The maximum depth of the river at the Osinovsky rapids is 66 meters, also in the delta 65 - 70 meters.
Nutrition
Near the Yenisei mixed type nutrition, but the main one is snow nutrition, a smaller share of rain, and a small proportion of ground nutrition. The share of snow supply is about 50%, rain - 36 - 38%, and ground - up to 16%.
River discharge and annual flow
On the Yenisei, as on other rivers of Siberia, the flow in high-water years reaches up to 120 - 130% of the average level. And in low-water years, the flow is 70 - 80% of the average. More than 50% of the total annual flow of the Yenisei falls on the Angara, Lower and Podkamennaya Tunguska rivers. In the Yenisei there is a large fluctuation in water consumption according to the seasons of the year. The minimum winter water flow in the Yenisei near the mouth is 250 m3/sec. The maximum water flow during the flood period is 130,000 m3/sec. Average flow rate is 19,800 cubic meters per second. The maximum water flow of the Yenisei is 154,000 m. cubic/sec near the city of Igarka.
It carries six hundred cubic kilometers of water per year into the Kara Sea. This is three times more than the flow of the Volga, and more than all the rivers of European Russia carry into the sea.
Table. The average water consumption of the Yenisei in different areas
The Yenisei carries more than 623 cubic meters of water into the Kara Sea per year. km. This is three times more than the annual flow of the Volga. In terms of annual water flow, the Yenisei ranks first among Russian rivers and fifth in the world after,.
Regime of the Yenisei River
On the Yenisei, like on most rivers in Russia, there is an annual freeze-up. Part of the tributaries to harsh winters freezes to the bottom, which leads to the formation of ice. on the Yenisei it starts from the north. In the lower reaches the ice appears on October 10, in the middle reaches at the end of October, in the upper reaches on November 30. The ice cover of the river remains for a long time.
Ice drift on the Yenisei
The harshest period on the Yenisei is spring – summer. At this time the river opens up. Since the lower soils remain frozen for a long time, their absorption of water is very slow. During this period, the Yenisei overflows heavily, flooding vast areas. Flood on the Yenisei begins in the south on April 10 - 20, in the middle reaches on May 10 - 20, in the lower reaches on May 30 - early June. During the flood period, the Yenisei receives the largest portion of its nutrition. Since the flood begins from the south, ice jams occur on the Yenisei, which leads to a strong increase in the water level in the river. The floods on the Yenisei are long, and floods occur in the summer. During a flood, the water level in the upper reaches rises to 5 - 7 meters in wide parts of the river, in narrow places up to 15 - 16 meters, in the lower reaches the water level rises to 28 meters (at the mouth of the Kureyka River), and in the Ust-Porta area The water level drops to 11.7 m.
Cities on the Yenisei
Cities and other large settlements located from the upper reaches of the Yenisei downstream: Kyzyl and Shagonar, Sayanogorsk and Minusinsk, Abakan and Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk and Sosnovoborsk, Zheleznogorsk and Lesosibirsk, Yeniseisk and Igarka, Dudinka. In the city of Igarka there is a real one - the only one in the world
Other large settlements are: Cheryomushki and Maina, Shushenskoye and Ust-Abakan, Novoselovo and Berezovka, Atamanovo and Kazachinskoye, Podtesovo and Turukhansk, Kureika and Ust-Port, Karaul.
Bridges on the Yenisei
The first bridge across the Yenisei was built in 1899 by engineer E.K. Knorre according to the design of engineer L.D. Prskuryakov. The bridge project was presented at the World Exhibition in 1900 and was awarded a gold medal for an outstanding engineering and technical achievement. List of bridges from the source to the mouth of the river: city bridge and transport (on the Yenisei highway) in Kyzyl, automobile in Cheryomushki, Bratsky a bridge connecting the cities of Abakan and Minusinsk, as well as a bridge near the village of Zeleny Bor. Road bridges near Divnogorsk and Krasnoyarsk. In Krasnoyarsk there is a railway bridge, a communal one, Oktyabrsky, Korkinsky and in the area of the M 53 “Baikal” bypass highway, in Krasnoyarsk bridge 777.
The bridges on the Yenisei are amazing in their size. So in 1961, a communal bridge with a length of 2100 meters was put into operation in Krasnoyarsk. The Oktyabrsky Bridge, built in 1986, is 41 meters wide and more than 5 km long.
Use of the Yenisei by humans
The Yenisei River has long been used as an important transport waterway in the warm season, and in winter it is laid winter roads and crossings. Regular navigation is carried out over a distance of 3013 km from Sayanogorsk to the mouth of the river. Most of cargo goes from Krasnoyarsk to Dudinka. The main river ports: Abakan, Krasnoyarsk, Strelka, Maklakovo, Yeniseisk, Turukhansk, Igarka, Ust-Port. Sea vessels enter from the Kara Sea up to .
Sayano - Shushenskaya HPP
Hydroelectric power stations were built on the Yenisei, including the most powerful in Russia. And also Mainskaya and Krasnoyarsk. Reservoirs have been created on the Yenisei.
One of the most long rivers not only on the map of Russia, but also the world - Yenisei. It crosses everything climatic regions Siberia, absorbing water from half a thousand tributaries along the way. Many cities have been built along the banks of the Yenisei-Father, its deep bed is exploited by energy producers, shipping, and logging enterprises.
Over a vast area along great river There are many nationalities with their own language and special dialect.
Therefore, each part of the Yenisei was called differently:
- Tuvans in the south - Kem or Ulug-Khem (great river);
- Evenks in eastern Siberia - Ionessi (big water);
- Nenets in the north-west - Enesiy.
Since the 17th century in all official papers and maps only modern name.
Geographical features of the Yenisei River
The blue artery is the 5th longest in the world after the Nile (Egypt), the Amazon, Mississippi (America), and the Yangtze (China). At the same time, camels roam along the southern shores of the Republic of Tyva, and polar bears can be found on the northern coast, closer to the Kara Sea. In Russia, the Yenisei has no equal.
The river clearly divided the western and eastern parts of Siberia along the line of conjugation of the West Siberian plain and the mountain taiga region. The pool is not symmetrical - left-hand side almost 5 times narrower than the right one. Below the confluence with the river. Angara, the level of the plain drops sharply, becomes floodplain, that is, it is hidden by water during the Yenisei flood in spring and summer.
The water main is fed from 3 sources:
- Melted snow – 50%.
- Rain tax – up to 38%.
- Underground sources - up to 16% (less in the lower reaches).
Already from the first days of October, freeze-up begins, first in the very northern point- on the Yenisei Bay. The formation of a crust on the surface of the water may give way to autumn ice drift, as sea water thin ice is broken into the bay.
Then a repeated, more stable freezing occurs. Shackles by mid-November middle part rivers, by the end of the month - the remaining one.
Spring ice drift occurs with severe congestion, since the formation of powerful ice dams in winter is not uncommon. On the surface, the layers collide with a terrible roar, and in the depths there is a mass of slush - small crumbs.
The level of flood waters from source to middle rises by 5-7 m in wide and by 16 m in narrow places of the channel. From the middle to the north, towards the Kureyka tributary it increases to 28 m, and towards the throat it decreases by almost half (11.7 m).
Location of source and mouth on the map. Where does the river flow
Majority river systems begin with a mountain stream or underground spring, which connects with others into a narrow stream. Along the way, the same streams flow into it, forming a wide, powerful waterway. This is how the Yenisei was born - from r. Ider with its source in the Khangai mountains of Mongolia.
The total length calculated from here gives the great Yenisei the right to claim 5th place in the world. The name Ulug-Khem is replaced by the one familiar to Russian ears in the geocenter of Asia - the capital of Tyva, Kyzyl.
Here is the confluence of the Greater Yenisei, flowing from the island. Kara-Balyk, and Maly, the location of the source of which is the subject of a geographical dispute with Mongolia.
The great river flows into the Yenisei Bay of the Kara Sea, which belongs to Arctic Basin Arctic Ocean.
From Dikson Island, located at the exit from the Yenisei Bay, it is only 2 hours by plane to the North Pole.
Length, depth of the river
The Yenisei River on the map of Russia stretches from the southern city of Kyzyl to its northern throat for 3487 km. The length of the channel together with the Big and Small Yenisei is 4460 km. From the official source in Mongolia, the length is 5550 km. This is taking into account the chain of rivers. Ider, which flowed into the river. Selenga, which in turn enters the island. Baikal, but comes out of it already under the name r. Angara and then flows into the Yenisei.
The Yenisei River is considered the deepest Thus, it is gained total area 2580 km 2, which is second only to the Ob-Irtysh system (2990 km 2). But The Yenisei still has the largest volume of annual flow into the sea in Russia - 624.41 km 3 .
Bottom relief, rifts, and rapids create a significant difference in depth. At a distance of about 2 thousand km from the throat of the river, the navigable fairway is very spacious due to the distance to the bottom in the bay of 49 m, and then at least 9 m, which allows the local ports to receive sea vessels.
Between the Osinovsky rapids there are holes with a depth of 66 m. In the lower delta, where the river breaks into branches, the main depths are 20-25 m, but in some places the bottom of the reaches goes down to 70 m. On the rifts there are places with a water thickness of only 1 m.
Flow
After combining big and small rivers in Kyzyl, the Yenisei rushes along the Tuva Basin to the west. At 190 km of the upper reaches, the width reaches 500 m and is divided into separate channels (sleeves). Then the channel turns north, where the water is forced to force its way through a crevice in the Sayan ridge. The power of the roaring stream is pacified by the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station. 
Having given up its energy to the turbines, the water is drained into a man-made storage facility, gradually flowing into the Minusinsk lowland in the Abakan steppes to again generate electricity, first in the Mainskaya hydroelectric station, and then in the last one from the Yenisei cascade, the Krasnoyarskaya hydroelectric station. A dam near the city of Divnogorsk blocks the river, forming an entire sea for 360 km.
230 km from Krasnoyarsk, obstacles begin in the form of the Kazachinsky rapids and Podporozhny Island. The water flow is half compressed by rocky ledges, the ridges of the Yenisei Ridge. There are 2 riffles across, alternating with drains, and at the end there is an island of rocks.
Downstream, the Yenisei actively absorbs water from tributaries and expands to 5 and even 15 km. For the village Ust-Port on the Taimyr Peninsula, the river forms an internal delta (estuary). The channel is divided by the Brekhov islands into many branches.
The Okhotsk, Maly, Bolshoi, Kamenny channels stably maintain their channel shape. Others, smaller ones, vary depending on the nature of the flow, impurities in the water and the rate of their sedimentation.
The widest part of the estuary reaches 50 km. The low-lying delta is covered with small basins. Some are filled with water like lakes, others stand empty after the water leaves them and wait to be filled during floods. The closer to the mouth, the more the river takes on its usual shape and flows out into the Yenisei Bay as a single stream.
Tributaries
The Yenisei River on the map of Russia looks like a wavy blue line of the main channel with blue veins and numerous tributaries. 
They flow in on both sides. The list of the most significant is presented in the table:
| Left | On right |
| Irkut | Angara |
| Tributary of Taseev | Chadobet |
| Kitoy | Big Pete |
| Kova | Lower and Podkamennaya Tunguska |
| Moore | Kata |
| Belaya River | Where |
| And I | Kureyka |
| Abakan | tributary of Irkineev |
| Tanama | Wasp |
| Kem | Ilim |
The total length of 500 large and small tributaries exceeds 3 thousand km. According to the established pattern, the right branches are much larger and they accordingly bring more water. The first place in terms of fullness of water is occupied by the Angara, but once a decade it is surpassed by the Lower Tunguska.
Controversy: Yenisei or Angara
The Yenisei River on the map of Russia is schematically depicted with the same wide line as the Angara River. This means that in terms of mass of water they are not inferior to each other, both are navigable, and make it possible to operate hydroelectric power plants. These factors led to a dilemma: which highway further downstream should be considered the main one and which one should be considered a tributary. 
The fact that the name Yenisei remained right up to the mouth was supported by two arguments:
- The Yenisei system is geologically more ancient.
- The Yenisei on the map crosses the land almost vertically from south to north, while the Angara approaches it from the side.
Settlements adjacent to the river
The Yenisei River on the map of Russia is dotted with circles with the names of ancient settlements and modern cities. Yenisei-Father was and remains a breadwinner, a place of work for millions of people. There are many large cities on its coast: Krasnoyarsk, Kyzyl, Sayanogorsk, Lesosibirsk, Abakan, Shagonar, Igarka, Minusinsk, Sosnovoborsk, Zheleznogorsk, Dudinka, Yeniseisk.
The following settlements have settled closer to the enterprises:
There are countless villages and villages on the great river:
- Guard;
- Ust-Pit;
- Kazachinskoe;
- Turukhansk;
- Gostino;
- Vereshchagino;
- Verkhneimbatsk;
- Swan.
Bridges over the Yenisei
All along water artery At different times, bridges of city and state significance were erected.
There are 11 active ones left:
In 2007, the Krasnoyarsk railway bridge of 1895-1899 was finally dismantled and sent for scrap. the buildings. At the end of the twentieth century. At the Paris Universal Exhibition, its design was recognized as architectural and technical perfection, worthy of the Grand Prix and a gold medal.
Economic use of river waters
The Yenisei is an artery of national importance, as it reduces the time and cost of industrial cargo transportation and other types of economic activity.
Shipping
The water area suitable for the passage of ships stretches for 3013 km from Sayanogorsk to the Kara Sea. Back in 1931, the Yenisei River Shipping Company was created here. The draft depth allows overall sea ships and barges can only reach the port of Igarka, and upstream lighter river transport transports goods, but there are problems with that too.
The cargo river fleet has to be hauled across the Kazachinskie rapids by a tugboat. For this purpose, the shipping company has a diesel-electric ship with the power to pull 2 vehicles at once.
In addition, a ship lift operates at the Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station. The most intensive cargo and passenger transportation occurs on the Krasnoyarsk-Dudinka section through the ports and marinas: Yeniseisk, Abakan, Krasnoyarsk, Turukhansk, Ust-Port, Strelka, Igarka. 
Transported by water:
- building materials;
- metal structures, pipes, various rentals;
- equipment, special equipment for the mining industry;
- minerals;
- food products, life support goods for the population;
- forest and products made from it.
Before today Part of the round timber is floated in the form of rafts. Since the 19th century there was a bypass canal through which ships passed into the river. Ob. But in the twentieth century. It became more profitable to use the railway in this direction and the canal is no longer in use. Tyva has its own autonomous navigation, since the local bottom topography of the Yenisei does not allow for the establishment of water transit outside the republic.
Power generation
A cascade of powerful hydroelectric power stations was built on a deep river:
Energy resource water is inexhaustible, so electricity generated by hydroelectric turbines is one of the cheapest.
Fishing
Industrial fishing in river waters and reservoirs is carried out both for mass supply to trading network fresh and processed fish, caviar, and for research and control purposes, for the restoration of river biological resources through the brood of fry.
Omul, sterlet, bream, nelma, grayling, muksun, whitefish, roach, perch, dace, smelt, pike, burbot, ide, and small fish are caught in the Yenisei waters. Industrial production of sturgeon has not been carried out since 1971 until the stock is restored to the required volume.
Ecological problems
Human economic activity disrupts the ecological balance, a biocenosis that has been established for thousands of years, which entails minor and major problems.
After the construction of a cascade of 3 hydroelectric power stations, the river in these places stopped being covered with ice. Below Krasnoyarsk there is a polynya in winter time especially large sizes- about 500 km, since an industrial city with a million population discharges a huge volume of warm waste water.
Above-zero temperatures in the large reservoir of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station, which regulates the daily water level, warm the air and significantly add dampness. Today the climate in these places has begun to change from continental to milder.
For construction high dams across a deep river, the creation of voluminous reservoirs had to sacrifice valuable lands, residential buildings, archaeological and natural monuments, and fisheries resources.
In the 50s of the last century, in the then closed city of Zheleznogorsk (another name for Krasnoyarsk-26), a mining and chemical plant was built for the extraction and production of weapons-grade plutonium. 
The proximity of a wide river influenced the choice of a direct-flow method of cooling nuclear reactors. After use, the water contaminated with radionuclides was poured back into the Yenisei. The reactors were shut down more than 12 years ago, but data on the radiation background in the surrounding area today is very contradictory.
Sights on the Yenisei River
On tourist maps Russia, archaeological and natural monuments of different centuries in Tyva and the Krasnoyarsk Territory are indicated. Many of them are located in the Yenisei River basin.
Genghis Khan Road
In Tyva, remains of stone masonry in the form of a rampart have been preserved. It stretches for almost 80 km along the steep rocks of the Sayan Canyon to the left of the river and sinks into the depths of the reservoir near the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station. 
There is an assumption that this is a defense structure, and since in Tuva they have sympathy for Genghis Khan, historical monument named after him. On the steep walls along the road, on the stones that once broke off, petroglyphs are quite visible - primitive images of animals, hunting scenes, as well as an ancient Turkic inscription.
Ice Mountain
In fact, this is a pit, on the walls of which there are layers of relict underground ice of a blue hue, sometimes interspersed with air. The estimated age is 43 thousand years. Studies have established the thickness of the visible part - 10-15 m, length - 600 m, depth - up to 20 m.
According to scientists, tens of millions of cubic meters of pure fresh ice, saturated with minerals, lie here. They clearly formed in colder climatic conditions. Perhaps the ice gradually moved from Arctic zone. Nowadays there is a thawing of 15-20 m annually and the formation of holes in the ground.
Ice-mineral mountain is located at polar latitude, in the southern sector of the Yenisei bend, on the right bank near the village of Ermakovo. As part of a single landscape complex, it is recognized as a natural monument.
Taimyr Nature Reserve
A biosphere recreation area of about 3 million hectares has been designated on the Taimyr Peninsula. Held here Scientific research, environmental monitoring have planetary significance. 
The reserve is inhabited by:
- the world's largest population of reindeer;
- acclimatized musk oxen;
- many arctic foxes and their food supply - ungulate and Siberian lemmings;
- a large population of each of the 116 species of birds living on water and land;
- 85 species of birds from the Red Book of Russia, such as the red-breasted goose, gerbil, kloktun, pink and white look seagulls;
- about 20 breeds of river and lake fish, including valuable ones - salmon, sturgeon, whitefish.
In the huge diversity of flora of the lowland area and the Barryng mountains, relict, endemic, and endangered plant species are especially preserved.
The reserve has museums:
- mammoth and musk ox, 1 of which is located inside a glacier cave;
- natural-ethnographic;
- literary.
Biosphere recreation supports educational tourism (bird and animal watching), sports tourism (rafting, hiking or dog sledding), ethnographic tourism (visiting the places of residence of the indigenous Dolgans, Nganasans). Visitors have the opportunity to admire the geomagnetic aurora of the sky with its rich color spectrum.
Pillars
Not far from Krasnoyarsk there are picturesque rocks made of igneous plutonium rocks - syenite outcrops, around which softer rock has collapsed. The remains seem to be made of blocks by the hands of a giant and resemble in outline a fortress, feathers, a grandson, granddaughter, grandfather, grandmother and other bizarre compositions. They climb the pillars, relax near them, and play sports. 
The rocks are located in a protected area, divided into an excursion area on the border with the city, a buffer area with special access, and the largest one, closed to the public. The reserve contains untouched fir taiga with rare mosses and Red Book plants.
Representatives of the fauna can be found even in the tourist area:
- birds of prey – golden eagles, peregrine falcons, ospreys, saker falcons;
- chipmunks, squirrels;
- sables, trochees, ground squirrels;
- roe deer
A rare animal is found here - musk deer, which resembles a small deer. Instead of horns, males are armed with long fighting fangs protruding downwards.
The unique beauty of the Yenisei-Father, one of the most famous rivers on the map of Russia, delighted ancestors, fascinates contemporaries, and there is hope that it will delight distant descendants.
Article format: Vladimir the Great
Video about life on the Yenisei River
Spring on the Yenisei:
One of the largest rivers in the world, the border between Western and Eastern Siberia, the deepest and most abundant river in Russia - all this is about the Yenisei. The name of this famous Siberian river is translated from the Evenki language as “big water” - “ionesi”. Russian Cossacks, mastering the local region, simply slightly altered the Evenki word they liked in their own way. And Tuvans call the Yenisei Ulug-Khem “Great River”.
Geography
Officially, the source of the Yenisei is considered to be the high-mountain lake Kara-Balyk in the Eastern Sayan Mountains, where the Biy-Khem (Big Yenisei) river originates. There is also the Kaa-Khem Small Yenisei, with which the Biy-Khem merges near the city of Kyzyl. The origins of Kaa-Khem are in Mongolia.
The area of the Yenisei basin is one of the largest in the world and in Russia. In the Russian Federation, the Yenisei is second only to the Ob in this indicator, and ranks seventh in the world. The Yenisei basin is twice the size of the river basin and five times the size of the Dnieper basin. This basin is asymmetrical - the area located to the right of the river is five times larger than the left part of the basin. WITH right side there are the largest tributaries ( , ), bringing greatest number water.
The length of the Yenisei is estimated as follows - from the confluence of Biy-Khem and Kaa-Khem 3487 km, from the sources of Biy-Khem 4123 km, and if you count from the sources of Kaa-Khem - 4287 km. The total length of the waterway Ider - Selenga, Lake Baikal - Angara - Yenisei is as much as 5075 km.
It is customary to divide the Yenisei into three parts - Upper, Middle and Lower Yenisei. The length of the Upper Yenisei, which starts from the confluence of Biy-Khem and Kaa-Khem and continues to the Krasnoyarsk reservoir, is 600 km. The middle Yenisei starts from the Krasnoyarsk reservoir and goes to the Angara - this is approximately 750 km. And the Lower Yenisei stretches for 1820 km - from Angara to Ust-Port. Then the Yenisei delta begins (from Ust-Port to Nasonovsky Island), approximately 119 km, and the lip and throat of the river is about 112 km from Nasonovsky Island to Cape Sopochnaya Karga. This huge river path passes through all climatic zones of Siberia from arctic to temperate.
The depth of the Yenisei allows even sea vessels to ascend almost 1000 km. The maximum depths measured on the Yenisei reach 70 m. And at the mouth, in the area of the Brekhov Islands archipelago, the width of the Yenisei reaches 75 km. From aboard a ship sailing along the Yenisei in these places, none of the banks are visible.
The nutrition of the Yenisei is mixed, with snow predominating - it provides a little less than 50%, another 3638% of the Yenisei “gets” from rain, the rest is added by underground sources. Freezing of the river begins from the lower reaches already at the beginning of October, and at the end of October ice binds the lower reaches of the Yenisei. In mid-November the ice reaches Krasnoyarsk and by December it reaches the upper reaches of the river. The freeze-up period in the lower reaches of the river reaches 180-200 days a year. The ice that appears on the river during spring floods can form jams. Ice drift on the Yenisei is often accompanied by destruction on the banks of the river.
Flowing almost along the meridian line, the Yenisei seems to divide the territory of Russia in half. And near the city of Kyzyl, at the confluence of Biy-Khem and Kaa-Khem, that is, at the beginning of the Yenisei proper, there is an obelisk with the inscription “Center of Asia”.
Elements and disasters
On the Yenisei, a person can hardly feel like the master of nature - the mighty river can show its temper at any moment.
The Yenisei is the most important transport artery of the region, but the history of navigation along the Yenisei is far from cloudless. About a hundred steamships and motor ships, barges and yachts and other watercraft perished in the waters of the great river.
In 1877, the sea steamer "Thames" sank; after wintering, it found itself frozen to the ground and was sunk by an ice drift. And in the same year, the schooner "Northern Lights" was crushed by an ice drift, the crew of which, although they were able to get ashore on one of the Brekhov Islands , almost all died.
On the pilot's map of the Yenisei there is a Phoenix Spit, named in memory of the steamship "Phoenix" that sank in 1892. And the Modest plate appeared on the same map after the sinking of the Modest steamship in 1898.
Ice drifts on the Yenisei, spring floods, bad weather and high waves often became the cause of the death of ships. Thus, in 2005, a storm killed 14 people from among the passengers and crew of the ship “Nekrasov”. But sometimes the Yenisei was not kind to those who remained on the shore.
In 1909, the Strelka pier at the confluence of the Angara and the Yenisei took the blow of the water element - many ships were lost in the ice. In 1941, Krasnoyarsk experienced a terrible flood; the water rose by six and a half meters. Serious floods do not happen very rarely on the Yenisei. The last one, in June 2010, affected Kyzyl. The water in the Small and United Yenisei rose above the critical level by 60-100 cm.
But the most terrible disaster, the consequences of which have not yet been overcome, happened on the Yenisei on August 17, 2009 - an accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station cost the lives of 75 people. The turbine hall was completely destroyed and hydraulic unit No. 2 was destroyed, significant damage was caused to other units, and serious environmental consequences of the accident were established when large volumes of transformer oil and other chemical compounds entered the water.
However, this accident is far from the first at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. In 1979, a flood of water destroyed some of the dam's structures, destroyed equipment, and flooded the turbine hall. In 1985, a powerful flood caused great damage to the hydroelectric power station. In 1988, during a flood, the Yenisei destroyed a recently repaired drainage well.
But of course, all accidents at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station that occurred before 2009 are incomparable in consequences to the events of August 17. It was established that the employees of the hydroelectric power station, at the cost of their own lives, managed to prevent even more serious destruction. The reasons for the accident were insufficient attention to repairs and safety precautions on the part of the management of the hydroelectric power station, the collapse of a single energy system USSR, excessive loads, etc.
Work to restore the hydroelectric power station began almost immediately, at its initial stage - in parallel with the elimination of the consequences of the accident. More than 5000 m3 of rubble was cleared. In 2009-2010 alone, 21.6 billion rubles were spent on this. On August 2, 2010, the third of the nine affected hydraulic units was started up. By December 2014, it is planned to fully restore the operation of the hydroelectric power station. 10 hydraulic units with improved performance will replace the previous 10. According to this plan, 6 units should arrive in 2011, the rest in 2012. The units will be supplied by a domestic company " Power machines». total cost The restoration of the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station is expected to cost the state 40 billion rubles.
But the main thing is to prevent new accidents.
general information
A river in Siberia, one of the largest rivers in the world.
Source: Biy-Khem (Big Yenisei) and Kaa-Khem (Small Yenisei).
Length of the Biy-Khem River- 605 km, it flows out of Lake Kara-Balyk.
The length of the Kaa-Khem is 563 km, this river is formed by the confluence of the Balaktyg-Khem and Shishkhidgol rivers, the source of the latter is in Mongolia.
Mouth: Kara Sea.
Main tributaries: rights: Us, Kebezh, Tuba, Syda, Sisim, Mana. Kan, Angara, Big Pit, Podkamennaya Tunguska, Bakhta, Nizhnyaya Tunguska, Kureyka, Khantaika. Dudinka; left: Khemchik, Kantegir, Abakan, Kem, Kas, Sym, Dubches, Elogui, Turukhan, Malaya Kheta, Bolshaya Kheta, Tanama.
Countries through which the river flows: Russia, Mongolia.
Largest cities in the basin: Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Kansk, Bratsk, Irkutsk, Angarsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Minusinsk, Norilsk, Dudinka, Igarka.
Main river ports: Abakan, Krasnoyarsk, Igarka, Dudinka, Irkutsk, Ust-Port, Yeniseisk, Bratsk.
The largest lakes in the basin: Khantaiskoye, Vivi, Nizhnyaya Agata.
Numbers
Pool area: 2,580,000 km2.
Length from the sources of the Small Yenisei: 4287 km, from the sources of the Greater Yenisei - 4092 (4123) km.
Water flow: 19,800m 3 /s.
Climate and weather
Three climatic zones - arctic, subarctic and temperate.
Average January temperature
: -36ºС (north) and - -18ºС (south), July - +10ºС (north) and +20ºС (south).
Average annual precipitation
: from 223 mm (Kyzyl) to 519 mm (Dudinka).
Economy
■ The most important transport artery, a shipping route more than 3000 km long, numerous ports, passenger and cargo traffic, timber rafting.
■ Hydroelectric power: Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, May certain HPP, Krasnoyarsk HPP.
■ Shipping, timber rafting, fishing, hunting, breeding reindeer and fur farming.
■ Service sector: tourism.
Attractions
■ Obelisk “Geographical Center of Asia” (Kyzyl), Sayano-Shushensky natural biosphere reserve, Central Siberian Nature Reserve, National Park"Shushensky Bor";
■ Krasnoyarsk: Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel, Intercession Cathedral, Yenisei embankment, Krasnoyarsk Regional Museum of Local Lore, Krasnoyarsk Art Museum. IN AND. Surikov, Museum-Estate of V.I. Surikov, Literary Museum of V.P. Astafiev, People's Museum of the History and Development of Shipping in the Yenisei Basin. Museum-steamboat "St. Nicholas";
Irkutsk
Volkonsky estate, Trubetskoy estate, Epiphany Cathedral, Spasskaya Church, Znamensky Monastery, Irkutsk Regional Museum of Local Lore, Icebreaker Museum "Angara", Museum of Mineralogy of ISTU, Historical and Memorial Complex "Decembrists in Irkutsk".
Curious facts
■ If we are strictly guided by the rules of geography, then after its merger with the Angara, the Yenisei should be considered not the Yenisei, but the Angara, since in many respects (the area of the upper basin, the depth of water at the confluence, etc.) main river should be considered Angara. However, historically it is customary to call the river formed from the confluence of the Yenisei and Angara the Yenisei. Yes and geological structure its river valley is much more ancient...
■ In 2002-2007. An ancient railway bridge over the Yenisei River in Krasnoyarsk was dismantled and scrapped. Built in 1895-1899, in 1900 it was awarded the Grand Prix and gold medal at the World Exhibition in Paris - “For architectural excellence and excellent technical execution.” UNESCO called the Krasnoyarsk railway bridge “the pinnacle of human engineering”; it was mentioned in the book “Atlas of Wonders of the World. Outstanding architectural structures and monuments of all times and peoples" (1991, USA) and even took part in the competition "SEVEN WONDERS OF RUSSIA". All this did not save the unique structure.
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