A large Siberian river artery, which is poured into a huge Yenisei, and before that, flowing through the territory of medium-Siberian Plateau, next to the plateau, wearing the strange name of the Puratorna, is the last-water river Lower Tunguska.
The first Russians, who have entered into these lands, were called Tungusca three rivers: subfolded, lower and top - on the tribe of the Tuncuses living on in these places. We will tell about the lower Tungusk.
In the length of the river, the Lower Tunguska is about 3 thousand km, in the upper horse it is approaching Lena and in one place they share only 30 kilometers, but the obstacle in the form of a hill does not allow them to connect. In the end, collecting the strength of large tributaries, the Lower Tunguska gives his waters near the city of Tourukhansk.
Lower Tunguska on the map
The tributaries of Lower Tunguska
- Nocheche;
- Yambukan;
- North;
- Tutonian;
- Sick;
- Vivi;
- Timura;
- Nidym;
- Yerema;
- Nepa;
- Ilmim;
- Tetey;
- Study.
For the flow, the lower tunga is divided into two sections, namely, from the source to the village of Preobrazhenskoye - the top; And the bottom - from the village to the mouth.
Due to the harsh climate, complex navigation and crossed relief on the banks of the river little settlements, the largest Tourukhansk and the tour are.
Up to the last village of the river in the afternoon shipping, which is difficult because of the many thresholds, however, can be melted on the raft along the entire length of the river.
The Lower Tunguska is used not only as a source of drinking and economic water supply, but also attractive for fishing lovers.
River History Lower Tunguska
The history of the colonization of Russian Western Siberia was reflected in the names, which wearing the Lower Tunguska in different periods of history. At various times, it was called the Trinity Tunga, Mangazean Tunga and Monastery Tunga.
The Lower Tunguska fell on the pages of the novel "Gulm-River" after 1911, when his author was here with an expedition. The name of the river is fictional and possible that it was borrowed from one Siberian song.
It was the shores of the Lower Tunguska and the river itself are described in the popular novel of the Gulm river, which was later filmed and the film with the same name came out on the screens of the country.
True, the film itself was shot by the Sverdlovsk film studio in a completely different place, namely on the banks of the river, which at the time of filming was the "Ugryum River", and in other places.
Today in p. Erbogachin, which in the "Ugry-River" is called Eroshchwly, located the museum of local history.
Fascinating journey through Siberian rivers!
Lower Tunguska - the second largest right influx of the river flowing in the secondary-born plateau of the whole within the boundaries of Russia.The river begins at the Upper-Tungus, the upwards is very close to the river. Here is a historic place - the wolf, according to which the Russian pioneers drag their wooden ships from one river to another. However, the navigation on the river is associated with many dangers. In the river river a lot of thresholds, the largest of their names (participation, large, oblique). Below the thresholds depth can be lowered up to 100 m, powerful waterways are formed. Throughout the river - long stone scape-ceres with a height of up to 10 m. The river is divided into sleeves, forming the island.
In some places, Lower Tunguska is expanding to 20 km, forming the semblance of lakes.
The iceboarder on the river is long - from October to May, the ice is a lot, in the spring, the duration of the ice plant reaches 10 days, permanent reinforcement of ice with a rise in water level up to 35-40 m (!), Which leads to extensive floods. Iceshine and stormy flow possess a crushing force, blurring the shores, polishing the rocks and anterior trees.
The river flows in the area of \u200b\u200bthe subarctic climate, here is the average annual negative temperature, severe frosts in winter, and the snow falls very little, the eternal permafrost of which the power of which reaches 200 m is widespread.
The river named received its name in the XVII century. from Russian landowners. Tunguska - Because tungs lived on her shores (the former name of Evenks);, and the bottom - to distinguish it from the other two tuncons - the middle and top. These names indicated their position relative to the course of the same Yenisei. The Evenki River itself is called Carenga.
For the first time, the Russians appeared in the lower reaches of the river in 1607, laid down the fur tax of the Evenks, but they did not build any large settlements and the sewrs because of the harsh climate and the full impossibility to engage in agriculture in the conditions of permafrost.
The Lower Tunguska is hardly in contact with the Lena, but the 15-kilometer canal between them remained a non-sufficient dream.
There is no urban settlement on the lower Tunguska, only two large settlements - Turukhansk and the tour.
In the river basin in the middle of the XIX century. Large stocks of graphite mined in the open way in small volumes were discovered. Currently, the deposit is recognized unprofitable, and mining is discontinued. Because of the thresholds, the Lower Tunguska is just in the upper and lower current, and even then only in spring and autumn, when the boats and barges go to the village of Tura. At the mouth of the river there is a pier Turukhansk.
The river pool is within the Tungus coal basin - the largest in Russia, over 1 million km 2. Under the Soviet power, the development of the local area of \u200b\u200bthe pool by the forces of prisoners from the camps was carried out. Currently, the extraction has shifted to the south, where it is possible to extract coal in the open way and exporting to the enterprises of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
The population on the shores of the river lives in small villages that have grown on the site of the core of Evenks and merchant shops. The national composition of the local population is incredibly motley: Russians, Evenks, Yakuts, Nganasan, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Germans, Estonians, Finns ... The indigenous people of these places - Evenks; Russians are the descendants of pioneers and those who mastered these lands, the Germans, Estonians, Finns - including the descendants of exiled to the military and post-war years. But even before that, since the late 1930s, camps were created here for exiles, and until 1956, the liberated prisoners had restricted rights and settled in remote settlements, for example in Turukhansk.
The main occupation of the population, which burned the banks of the river, remains hunting and fishing, as well as agriculture for personal needs.
The banks of the river thickets with coniferous trees: spruce, larch, pine, Siberian cedar. There are birch, alder, cherry and rowan. A lot of berries: red and black currant, cranberry, lingonberry, blueberry and cloudberry. The rivers are found in Nalim, Pike, Lenok, Harius, Soroga, Elets.
general information
Location: East Siberia. The right influx of the Yenisei River.Water system: Yenisei -\u003e Kara Sea.
Administrative belonging: Irkutsk region and the Russian Federation.
Sources: Upper-Tungusa hill, medium-grained plateore.
Usti: Intelligence in Yenisei.
Food: mainly snow, to a lesser degree rain.
The main tributaries: Right - Kochnum, Vivi, Tutonchan, North; Left - Ilpledy, Timura, Nep, Big Yerema, learning.
Settlements: Tour villages - 5506 people. (2015), Turukhansk - 4662 people. (2010), Tutonian - 223 people. (2014).
Languages: Russian, Evenkiy.
Ethnic composition: Russian, Evenks, Yakuts, Nganasan.
Religions: Christianity (Orthodoxy), Shamanism.
Currency unit: Russian ruble.
Numbers
Length: 2989 km.Swimming pool: 473,000 km 2.
Medium water consumption: 3680 m 3 / s.
The average depth: 4-6 m.
Climate and weather
Continental subarctic.Forewide: May-July (73% annual flow).
Floods: rain, summer and autumn.
The average air temperature in January: -34 ° С.
Average air temperature in July: + 16 ° С.
The average annual amount of precipitation: 380 mm.
Relative humidity: 70%.
Economy
Minerals: Coal (stone - cocking, anthracite, brown; all - Tungus coal pool), graphite.Agriculture: crop production (potatoes, vegetables, some grain crops).
Hunting and fisheries.
Service sector: Tourism, trade, transport (including shipping).
sights
Natural
Meteoric Crater Loganch, Pirifying Thresholds, Vivinsky, Big (Oraon) and Spit, Scratchi-Kuruma, Creek, Kurchagi Waterways, Pebbling Stripes, Bulk, Bulls, Balcane Cape, Mount North Stone, Spartak Mount, Gerasimovsky and Stone, Isle of Irryakta, Gagaria, Ship and Cravens.
Curious facts
■ Features of the river bed Lower Tunguska spawned many local names. On the slopes of the valley of the river there are Kurums - shivering from large stones with a diameter of up to 0.5-1.5 m. When such screams are far away in the direction, they are called Corgi. Creek behind these braids is called Curius. River waterways are nicknamed Korchagi. Folded from rounded stones with a diameter of 10-40 cm strip along the coast are referred to as shoreline. The shoreline is so tightly shot down and polished with water, which form the likeness of the bridge. Named because in ancient rocks (burlaci) stretched on the ramp upstream of Barge-Ilims with a cargo. Rocky cliffs suitable to the river from one shore are called bulls.■ The word "Tungus" came from Ketov - the small people, the Western neighbors of Evenkov. In the Keta language "Tungasket" means "people of three clans" - deer, equestrian and doggy. This refers to the distinction on the animal, which Evenks used for transport.
■ In the VIVI River basin (Krasnoyarsk Territory) - the right influx of Lower Tunguska - is one of the largest meteoric crater in Russia, called Logan. This shock crater is the result of a meteorite fall 40 million years ago. Its diameter is about 22 km. Crater is noticeably deformed by later geological processes.
■ At the beginning of the XX century. A project of the connection of the Channel of the Lena River and the Lower Tunguska appeared in the area of \u200b\u200bKirensk, here the rivers will take apart from each other at a distance of only 15 km. The project was rejected due to a large difference in altitudes (Lena proceeds at a height of 245 m, and the lower Tunguska is 330 m), and also because the lower Tunguska is completely undiscorded.
■ Before the revolution, the head of the Soviet state Joseph Stalin (1878/1879-1953) was submitted to the revolution in the area of \u200b\u200bLower Tunguska. In March 1913, Stalin was arrested for underground activities, imprisoned and on stage was sent to the Turukhan region of the Yenisei province for a period of four years, where he stayed until the end of autumn 1916
■ Sometimes the Lower Tungusk is called the Gulm River: So it was called in his famous Novel named Writer Vyacheslav Shishkov (1873-1945).
Posted Fri, 01/04/2016 - 07:33 by Cap
On the lower Tunguska rarely go. More often fused in the tributaries. The most part of the river is used as the final section of the route by its tributaries or as adding to the foot surveys in the area of \u200b\u200bits pool. Large tributaries of Tutonian, Vivi, Kochechum, North, Tranchimo, and others are falling into the lower Tunguska, for each of which independent travels are performed.
Lower Tunguska in this section 5 - 7 km / h. The river flows in picturesque shores.
In the first 100 km of alloy several uncomplicated focate. Sometimes single stones meet in line. At the 130th km from the mouth of Nimde - a large threshold of about 1 km long. Here the river is narrowed (its width is about 100 m), the flow rate increases significantly. In the middle of the river - plums from a huge rock plate.
When approaching the threshold, you will have to get around the ridge of submarine stones, which begins at the right bank, and then goes across the bed. Left also underwater stones. In the threshold, the shaft is above 1 m. The main passage is at the right shore. The shaft on the threshold fills small ships: you need to be careful and leave the shaft. On the right bank below the threshold is a meteorological station.
Geography of Lower Tunguska
Lower Tunguska - River in Siberia, in the Irkutsk region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory of Russia, the right influx of Yenisei. It flows on medium-protein plateau south of the Puratorna Plateau. The river is shipping in a flood to the village of Tour. At the mouth is the Pier Turukhansk. The second largest influx of Yenisei, which flows into it near the city of Turukhansk. Icetring from October to May. Spring flood in the upper flow of the river in May / June, in the lower reaches - in May / July.
According to the nature of the flow, the structure of the valley and the coast of the river can be divided into two sections: the upper - from the source before p. Preobrazhenskoe (Transfiguration); Nizhny - from this village to the mouth.
Upper current
At the top of the 580 km long, the river bed lies in a wide valley, the detached slopes of which are folded by clay-sand sediments. In this part of his current, the Lower Tunguska approaches the r. Lena at the city of Kirensk; Here both rivers share a distance of 15-20 km. The flow rate on the focus is 0.4-0.6 m / s, and they are small on the films.
Lower flow
Below with. Preobrazhensky Lower Tunguska proceeds in a narrow and deep valley with high, often rocky shores. The channel is characterized by numerous lake expansions, sometimes reaching 20 km and more.
In the direction of the river in places of crystalline rocks there are numerous thresholds. The most significant of these are "Sakko", "Vivinsky", "Study" and "Big" (ORON), where the flow rate reaches 3-5 m / s. Below the thresholds depth of the river reaches 60-100 m.
Often on the slopes of the valley, you can observe Kurums or screaming from large stones, with a diameter of up to 0.5-1.5 m. Such screams are sometimes far away in the direction and are called "Corge", and a quiet creek formed behind these braids is called "Couration "
Along the shore stretches the strip of the "shoreline", folded from the stones with a diameter of 10-40 cm. Places of stones are lying so tightly and so they are polished from above, which form a bridge like. In the lowest, below the l. North, the river flows among the sheer limestone rocks, cool in water; The flow rate here is 1-1.5 m / s.
In the direction of the lower Tunguska, the waterways are formed in places (in local - "Korchagi"). They arise in places where rocky cliffs are deeply smoked in the river bed. Flow, hitting it, dramatically deviates to the opposite shore. Below the river in such places, the river is formed with funnels with a depth of up to 100 m. Especially dangerous for the ship's shipping in spring in the period of flooding, when water rises high above the international level.
River hydrology
Over the annual runoff, the Lower Tunguska takes the eleventh place among the rivers of Russia. The average annual water consumption - at the mouth is equal to 3680 m³ / s, which corresponds to the annual flow of 116 km³ per year.
The minimum consumption was observed in 1967 and was 2861 m³ / s, the maximum - 4690 m³ / s in 1974 or, accordingly, for the mouth of the river ~ 3093 m³ / s and ~ 5070 m³ / s. The river nutrition occurs due to the melting of snow and summer rains.
In winter, the River Malovodna, as its pool is located in the Eternal Merzlot area and it gets a very scarce dirty nutrition. According to observations for 52 years, the minimum average monthly flow was 27.8 m³ / s in March 1969 - it was an unusually dry winter - while the maximum consumption of water has reached 31.5 thousand m³ / s (June 1959). [
Below is a diagram of the average water content of the lower Tunguska in m³ / s for months, obtained on the basis of 52 years of observation from the "Large Threshold" control and measuring station.
At the time of the summer-spring flood accounts for 73% of the annual flow of the river. The amplitude of water level fluctuations is very large and is the largest of the observed on the main rivers of Russia. In the narrowed places there are powerful mockery of ice, at which the level rises by 30-35 m above the intert. Spring Iceshop on the Lower Tungusk proceeds violently; The traces of his action on the coast are visible on polished rocks, eliminated with the root of trees, etc. On certain days, the spring flood reaches 74-112 thousand m³ / s and provides up to 50-70% of water flooding in Lower Yenisei.
Inflows
The main tributaries of the Lower Tunguska: on the right - the same, the northeast, Yambukan, Vivi, Tutonian, Tranchimo, North; Left - Nepop, big erema, Tetey, Ilpei, Nidym, Taimura, learning. The main tributary of the lower Tunguska is p. A noschum with an average annual water consumption at the mouth of 600 m³ / s and pool area of \u200b\u200babout 100 thousand km².
Shipping
Navigation on the river is associated with difficulties due to a large number of thresholds and water films. The navigation of heavy vessels is possible during the spring flood and in some years, with abundant precipitation, it is possible a period of short-term navigation at the end of the summer - early autumn. Especially dangerous for shipping is a big threshold (ORON) in 128-130 km from the mouth.
In 1927, the first steamer passed through a large threshold; This was the beginning of shipping on the Lower Tungusk from Tourukhansk to C. Tours. For 2009, the Zone of Shipping of the Yenisei Shipping Company includes the village of Kisloan, 1155 km from the mouth. Retalling alloy is possible throughout the river.
In 1911, research was conducted and a project was developed to connect the Lena River and Lower Tunguska in the area of \u200b\u200bKirensk. Near this city, both rivers will take apart from each other at a distance of 15 km, but Lena flows at a height above sea level 245.3 m, and the lower Tunguska - at an altitude of 329.7 m and is a non-good river. At the beginning of the 20th century, the construction of the canal was recognized in impractical due to the complexity and greater cost.
Interesting Facts
The history of the colonization of the North of Western Siberia and the area of \u200b\u200bthe mouth of the River River from the XVI-XVII centuries was reflected in various names that wearing a river in different historical periods. Some time, the river was called Trinity Tunga, Monastic Tunga and Mangazea Tunga.
In the literature, Lower Tunguska is described in Roman V. Ya. Shishkov "Ugryum-River". The fictional name of the Ugrum-River river could be borrowed by the author from the Siberian Song. In the village of Erbogachin on the river, which in the novel was called Yerbochlya, the local history museum is located. V. Ya. Shishkova. The author in 1911 participated in the expedition on the Lower Tungusk.
Existing sources indicate water consumption at the mouth of the inflow p. Northern equal to 300 m³ / s. Taking into account the fact that the hydrographic point "Big Threshold" on the r. Lower Tunguska is located above from the imposition of northern (62 km), this means that the average water consumption at the mouth of the lower tunga is equal to 3680 m³ / s - significantly underestimated. If water consumption at a distance of ~ 120 km from the imposition in the Yenisei r. The Lower Tunguska is 3404 m³ / s, the value for the mouth in this case should be 3700-3900 m³ / s.
Currently, the issue of construction in the lower Tunguska Evenkaya HPP, which, in the case of the project, will be the largest HPP of Russia.
Turukhansk
Turukhansk - village, losing the status of the city, the administrative center of the Turukhansky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory of Russia. Administrative center of Turukhansky rural settlement. There is airport and river port.
Initially, the Tourukhansk settlement appeared in the XVII century at the place of the flow of Turukhan River in Yenisei, on his left bank. Zimovye (later - the city of New Mangazea) was part of the trading path on Turukhan, which was mainly used for commerce.
Subsequently, Turukhansk came into decay, was deprived of the status of the city and his name passed the village of Monastic, modern Turukhansk, which is located about 35 km south-east, on the other side of Yenisei. Old Turukhansk is now called the Star Touruchansky (65 ° 54'55 "s. Sh. 87 ° 34'30" c. D. (G) (O)). After the October Revolution of 1917, there was a tendency to increase the population of the village of Monastery at the site of the fall of the River Lower Tunguska in Yenisei, on his right bank. The village was renamed Turukhansk.
Since the late 1930s, Soviet power has created special camps in the Turukhan region for exiles. Until 1956, the liberated prisoners had restricted rights and settled in remote settlements, including Tourukhansk.
According to the census, in 1989, the population of Tourukhansk reached 8.9 thousand inhabitants, but after the collapse of the USSR, people began to move into more climate-favorable areas of the country, including in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
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Beginning of the XIX century
In the city two churches: the stone, the transfiguration of the Lord (built by Matvey Fedorovich Kostorovich, was covered in 1829) and wooden Peter and Paul. Sounded houses: bread shop, salt barn, wine and powder basement. The city is managed by a separate assession, here are the salt baits and a hundred Cossacks of the Yenisei Cossack regiment under the control of one hundredth official officer.
Native houses 52, they live a bureau in them: 124 male, 107 female, peasants: 19 male, 16 female. At home, as a rule, small, most of the black and without courtyards are heated. Some have baths and space for livestock. The landpad is not developed. Men most part spend in distance from the city, engaged in hunting and fisheries. Winter food base - Fish and harvested wild bird.
Mail from Yeniseisk to Turukhansk and back delivered once a month 5 numbers. Delivery of mail was carried out in the summer by boats, and in the winter - on the narts, which moved a man, deer or dogs.
Population size
1897 1989 2002 2010
212 ↗8900 ↘4849 ↘4662
Turukhansk is 1474 km north of Krasnoyarsk, when the lower Tunguska is shifted in Yenisei, 120 kilometers of the south of the polar circle. The village is located on the right bank of the Yenisei River, geographically refers to the western part of Eastern Siberia and to the Western foothills of the medium-Siberian Plate-Glow.
Turukhansk is in the taiga area with a sharply continental subarctic climate. The average temperatures of July 16.5 ° C, January - -25.4 ° C, may be frost to -57 ° C. On average, about 598 mm precipitation falls per year.
The average annual negative temperature and low winter temperatures determine the widespread distribution of permafrost, the power of which in the area reaches 50-200 m.
During the spring flood, the water level in Yenisei may rise to 11 m above the order, which is largely due to floods on the lower Tungusk.
According to Yenisei from Krasnoyarsk or Yeniseisk during the navigation period (navigation in the upper reaches of the Yenisei from about May 25 to September 25, depending on temperature, plus-minus 10 days) boot shoes to Dudinka with a stop in Turukhansk.
Place links
At various times, there were exiled to Turukhansk:
Decembrist Lisovsky, Nikolai Fedorovich (1828-1844)
Solz, Aron Aleksandrovich (- 1917)
Martov, Julius Osipovich (1896)
Sverdlov, Yakov Mikhailovich (1913-1917)
Waro-Yasenetsky, Valentin Feliksovich (Saint Luka) (1923-1925)
In Turukhansky district, Iosif Stalin (Jugashvili) has served before the revolution.
Joasaf (delets) (1926-1929)
Kramarov, Viktor Savelyevich (Father Kramarova Savelia Viktorovich) (1950-1951)
Efron, Ariadna Sergeevna (Marina's daughter Tsvetaeva and Sergey Efron) (1949-1955)
other.
Rafting on the Lower Tungusk
Alloy length - 240 km
Duration - 7 - 8 days
Seasonality - July - August
Category of complexity - II
Only on the bottom Tunguska rarely go. The most part of the river is used as the final section of the route by its tributaries or as adding to the foot surveys in the area of \u200b\u200bits pool. Large tributaries of Tutonian, Vivi, Kochechum, North, Tranchimo, and others are falling into the lower Tunguska, for each of which independent travels are performed.
On the bottom Tunguska, you can swim from the tours where the aircraft fly from Krasnoyarsk fly: this is a long, simple route through a powerful taiga river. During the trip you can catch fish in the tributaries, admire the majestic landscapes.
The lower river can be an interesting addition, for example, to a walking route in the southern part of Western Poootnaya with a length of up to 300 km: the Valley of the River Jeaper - Valley of the Holochet River - Lake Oneka - Valley of the River Nimde - the mouth of the River Nimde. From the mouth of Nimde, you can melt on any tourist ship, depending on the capabilities of the group.
Lower Tunguska in this section 5 - 7 km / h. The river flows in picturesque shores. In the first 100 km of alloy several uncomplicated focate. Sometimes single stones meet in line. At the 130th km from the mouth of Nimde - a large threshold of about 1 km long. Here the river is narrowed (its width is about 100 m), the flow rate increases significantly. In the middle of the river - plums from a huge rock plate. When approaching the threshold, you will have to get around the ridge of submarine stones, which begins at the right bank, and then goes across the bed. Left also underwater stones. In the threshold, the shaft is above 1 m. The main passage is at the right shore. The shaft on the threshold fills small ships: you need to be careful and leave the shaft. On the right bank below the threshold is a meteorological station.
Other obstacles should be noted: Gerasimovo will roll, in 200 - 300 m below the mouth of Jeaucmo (passage in the left side of the bed: to the right of many stones); Threshold "cheeks" at 10 - 12 km below the weather station (the river is compressed by high cliffs); The "oblique" threshold is 85 km from the meteorological station (here in the narrowing of the river the river stretches the ridge of pitfalls, and the river in the left in the river is given the ridge of the surface boulders; the threshold is overcome closer to the right bank). Before pushing the right tributary - northern somewhat simple focate. Next to Tourukhansk, only individual "comments" to the rocks.
The journey ends in Turukhansk, from where you can get a water or air transport to Krasnoyarsk.
Sights of Lower Tunguso
The channel of the lower Tunguska is replete with swallows (local name - sewers) and thresholds.
In many places, the river cuts through the outlets of solid crystalline rocks (traps). Where the channel passes among the high, sheer coasts, folded from the weathered outcrops of the trappers, the characteristic columnar separates (pillars) are formed and stone scapemen are observed, sometimes far-dumped rivers. Such scapemen were called Corge.
Turin bull
(Left bank of the Lower Tunguska).
On the right - the mouth of the kochemum
Upon comes from the mountains on the plain to the river, the sneakers of mountain hills are suitable from one or another shore, steeply cutting to the water cut. Such rocky cliffs suitable to the river from one shore are called local bulls.
By the nature of the flow, the structure of the valley and the coast of the river can be divided into two sections:
1) Upper - from the source before p. Preobrazhensky I.
2) Nizhny - from the named settlement to the mouth.
At the top section with a stretch of about 580 km of the river, the river flows along the bottom of the wide valley, the detached slopes of which are folded by clay-sand sediments. In this part of his current, the Lower Tunguska approaches the r. Lena; Here both rivers share a distance of 15-20 km. The flow rate on the focus is 0.4-0.6 m / s, and they are small on the Ples.
Below with. Preobrazhensky Lower Tunguska proceeds in a narrow and deep valley with high, often rocky shores. In the direction of the river, in places of crystalline breeds, there are numerous thresholds.
Often on the slopes of the valleys, you can observe screened from large stones, with a diameter of up to 0.5-1.5 m. Such screams are sometimes far away in the channel and are the name of Cuga, and a quiet creek formed by these braids is called curly. Along the shore, the band of the "Bicchevnik" stretches, isolated from stones with a diameter of 10-40 cm. Some stones lie so tightly and so they are polished from above, which form "alluvial bridges".
(On the budget in ancient, the rocks were drawn on Bicheche upstream Ilims with cargo).
According to the dictionary V.I. Dahl use of the words of Becteva, the shoreline (see below the drawing of the work of A.A. Sokolov "Hydrography of the USSR") is incorrectly, correctly pronounced and write words: Bicheva, Bichevnik.
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In the lowest, below the l. North, the river flows among the sheer limestone rocks, cool in water; The flow rate here is 1-1.5 m / s.
In the direction of the lower Tunguska, powerful waterways are formed in places (in place - Korchagi). They arise in places where rocky rocks deeply go deep into the river bed.
The flow, hitting it, is sharply deflected to the opposite shore. Below the rock is formed by the whirlpool, where the river produces a depth funnel sometimes up to 60-100 m.
Such is, for example, Korchaga in the area of \u200b\u200bthe caught stone (Ulova Hayuli), 398 km from the mouth. The depth of the 1964 Farwiter in this place was more than 36 meters. Particularly dangerous for the shipping of Korchagi in spring during the period of flooding, when water rises high above the international level.
The depth of the whirlpool (Korchagi) formed by a similar rock on the left bank of the river. Vivi in \u200b\u200b4 km from her mouth, reaches more than 90 m., Approx. AK.
The average annual water consumption of the lower Tunguska is 3600 m3 / s. The river nutrition occurs due to water from melting of snow and summer rains. In the winter, the River Malovodna, as it is located in the Eternal Merzlot area and it gets, very scarce soil. The amplitude of water level fluctuations is very large and is the largest of the observed on the rivers of the USSR.
In the narrowed places (in cheeks), there are powerful mockery of ice, at which the level rises by 30-35 m above the intert.
Spring iceshirt on the bottom Tungusk proceeds violently. The traces of his action on the shores are visible on polished rocks, eliminated with the root of trees and others.
Shipping on the river is associated with difficulties, due to the large number of thresholds and water films. Especially dangerous for shipping is a big threshold (128-130 km from the mouth) and Korchada near Tourukhansk.
According to water and amplitude of the amplitude of fluctuations in the water level in the river (between the maximum navigation and minimum navigation), gradually increases towards the mouth of the lower Tunguska and reaches 31.8 m in a large threshold.
In 1927, the first steamer passed through a large threshold; This was the beginning of shipping on the Lower Tunguska from Tourukhansk to the tour.
Retalling alloy is possible throughout the river.
In 1911, surveys were conducted and the PP connection was developed. Lena and Lena Tunguska in the area of \u200b\u200bKirensk. Due to the complexity and greater cost, the construction of the channel was recognized as inexpedient.
Explanation to the table:
Local names are given in brackets, used by the inhabitants of the tours (for example, the cliffs of the first poles, the police, the camp "meteorite", etc.), and the new values \u200b\u200bof the distance on the kilometer pillars installed on the banks of the river, for example, paragraphs, are also indicated in brackets. t. Tour 864 km (866 km).
The distances values \u200b\u200bwere replaced due to the publication of a new more accurate location (the map of the River Lower Tunguska from the village of Kislogen to the mouth, 1976). It was made on the materials of hydrographic work performed in 1970-1974. By the robust reserved parties of the Yenisei technical site.
In this regard, there were discrepancies in distances to settlements of the lower and submembering tanks, which are taken from the site of the Yenisei shipping site - here Kislolan is located at a distance of 1155 km, and in this table, 1152 km.
In general, discrepancies amounted to 3-2 km., But the distance between items remained the same, and in order to calculate them (for example, for a trip), indicated in the precision table will be enough.
Name of the place of the lower Tungus
Distance
From the mouth (km)
Rock bad cape
7
R. Northern (right influx)
63
North stone
67,5
Oblique threshold
Shivera oblique threshold
It is formed by the stony shames, walking away from both banks, narrowing the ship's course and forming a rapid flow. At high levels of sanding flooded
85-86
Run Spartak
From the right and left shore, stony shames are departed to 250 m in the river. All the river river is replete with stones. The smallest depth on the individual stones comes to 2.1 m.
Distabat is furnished with two pairs of targeting.
105-106
Cheeks
Shova shova
Characterized by the presence of strong water films covering the river from the right to the left bank of more than 2/3 of its width. The most rapid flow of the right shore
106-107
River Gerasimovsky
From the mouth of r. Herachimo, down from the right shore, departs the peeling stony shallow along which the submarine ridge exits in the direction of the river, stretching to the vessel.
Along the left shore there are also coastal stones
121-123,3
Below the big threshold (1926)
Large threshold
Educated by rocky protrusions, departed to the river from the right bank of 210 m, from the left 180 m, and narrowing the ship to 80-100 m. The course in the threshold at high levels, reaches 18-19 km / h
129-130,5
Stone rolls
At the top of the roller, at the right and left banks, there are separate stones overlooking the bed. At the bottom and at the outlet of the roller, the right bank has a stony rash
160,3-161,5
Shivera Noginskaya
Formed by the ridges of underwater stones, separating from the right and left banks. Coastal ridge crosses ship move. The smallest depth on the ridge at the design level is 2.6 m.
283,0-285,5
from. Noginsk
Noginsky mine (on the left bank).
Village closed in 2005
In 1982, ~ 30 km of Yow Noginsk, for the administrative border of the EAA, the underground nuclear explosion was produced
288
R. Kochamdek (right influx)
379,5
Mount Called (on the left bank).
Ulova Hayuli
At the bottom of the mountain, a large whirlpool is formed (Korchag) with the flow of right-left.
In 1964, the depth of the river on the fairway was 36 meters here. (See the diagram of the formation of Korchagi above)
398
R. Detytte (left inflow)
416
from. Tutonian (on the right bank)
R. Tutonian (right influx)
437
tract stone fighter (left bank)
474,2
R. Chicties (left inflow)
513
R. Corbunchana (right influx)
533
R. Chiskova (right influx)
540,3
Shivera Chiskovskaya. At the bottom of the sewer stones are encountered in ships. The smallest depth at the design level is 2.2 m. Stones are crossed by three milestones.
538,5-541,5
Watchtow islands
547-558
from. Learning (on the right bank)
593
Heektama Island
596,3-598,3
Threshold studihood
In the interlene, three white and two red milestones are furnished.
603,0-604,5
Shivera studioskaya
From the left bank to the middle of the river there are separate stones, depth on which at the project level 2.2 m.
607,5-608,5
R. Catamera (left inflow)
Against the mouth of the river on the right bank of the Lower Tunguska in 1981, an underground nuclear explosion was produced
640,7
I. Iryakta Island
652-654,2
Gagari Island
657,7-660,0
Savage Island
677,3-677,9
R. Taimura (Left Flow)
682,3
R. Vivi (right influx)
(here at the mouth in 1926. stood the Forestry Vivi)
699
Threshold Vivinsky
A narrow ship's course was formed by the protrusion from the left bank against the lower part of the island of the Hare (702-704.3 km). Below is the protrusion two rocky islands poured at high water levels. On the right, the ship squeezes rocky rapidly, located in the fusion of the island of the Hare. Below are alone stones.
700,5-703
R. Ex (right influx)
718
Rock Exca (on the right bank)
719-720,3
Oreksky ride
The pebble flooded rapidly presses the ship's move towards the left bank, from which a pebble exhaust and individual stones are narrowing it to 100-120 m. The rank of rapidly in the river bed also has separate stones.
728-731
R. Yambukan
742,4
Islands of Zhuravlyn
761,3-774
P. Babkino (on the right bank).
In this former village, employees of the SPAT expedition (No. 20) lived. Spada mined on the opposite bank of the lower Tunguska 795
Rocks Suslov (on the right bank)
801,7-804,5
Tea Island4 island
81
R. Ganalchik (left inflow)
819
Dista N. Yergatinsky
From the right bank, rocky Corg leaves, with a continuation of water to the river to ship move to 200 m. Below the left bank is also far away in the river, rocky Corg. Ship stroke narrowed.
In the area of \u200b\u200bRuta, two underground nuclear explosions (1977 and 1979) were held on the left bank of Lower Tunguska. Shakhty are located at a distance of ~ 300 m from each other.
There are specials. signs
822-824
Camp (Meteorite) (on the left bank). Here in the late 80s of the twentieth century (in a kilometer from the places of explosions), a children's health camp was located, who used a residential complex, which previously lived people who were preparing nuclear tests
824
Yergata Island (calf)
827-834
from. Nidym (on the right bank)
841
Shivera Nidymskaya
Formed by the Left Bank Island Nidym (840.3-843,1) and from the right bank of Corg with individual stones, leaving to the river up to 150 m. Ship move in the island.
841-842
R. Dalinka (right influx) (First Delinda)
847,6
R. Heketam (left inflow, just above the mouths - lake)
848
R. Arkhip-Balagan (Second Delinda) (right influx)
851,5
Isle of pebble
853,5-856,5
R. Dalimakit (right influx)
854,3
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R. Potap (Potapovka) (right influx)
858
hand. Education (right influx)
861,2
R. Nocheche (right influx)
864
P.G.T. Tour. In small water on the Lower Tungusk (500 meters above the mouth of the Kochemum), there is a pebble rash with separately protruding stones. The running duct at the left shore.
864 (866)
Bushmarin Island (~ 800 m)
868 (870)
R. Kiramki (left inflow)
(At the mouth until 1995, the village of Expedition "Spat" (No. 20), which mined Icelandic Spada
926,7
Rubechorechensky (Osipovsky)
941-944
Rock Tehorechenskaya (on the left bank)
944
Rocks Barricade (first pillars)
(On the left coast)
952-954
Shivera Turk, Rock (on the right bank)
R. Turk (left influx)
1014,6
Rock hawk (on the left bank)
1050
R. N. Kochechuumu (right influx)
1061,7
R. V. Kochechuumu (right influx)
1075,3
R. Multual (Left Flow)
1081,5
Scallop rock (on the left bank)
1097-1098
Guscon Island (lake)
1106,5-1109,5
R. CANANANDA (right influx)
1118
Lonely Rock (on the left bank)
1126
R. N. Kisloskan (left inflow)
1133,5
Skull Rock (on the right shore)
1135
Tsulnya Island
1136
Kisloskan Island
1148-1151
R. V. Kislolan (Left Flow)
1151,5
from. Kisloskan
1152 (1155)
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Source of information and photo:
Social team
Lower Tunguska, Yandex: Dictionary of Modern Geographical Names
USSR surface water resources: hydrological studies. T. 16. Angaro-Yenisei district. Vol. 1. Yenisei / Ed. G. S. Karabaev. - L.: Hydrometeoisdat, 1967. - 823 p.
Sokolov Chapter 23. Eastern Siberia // Hydrography of the USSR. - 1954.
Big Soviet Encyclopedia // B. A. Vvedensky II. - Moscow: PGK them. Molotova, 08/13/1956. - T. 43. - P. 392-393.
- 11986 views
Soon the outlines of Tourukhansk appeared on the horizon - one of the most ancient settlements of Eastern Siberia.
At 23-30, the motor ship was wounded by the Debarkadere, located at the mouth of the lower Tunguska. As happened everywhere on the river, despite the late (albeit a completely bright) hour on the pier there is a lot of people, several trucks drive up to the ship - "Chkalov" brought a lot of cargo to Turukhansk.
Unlike all previous marins, in Turukhansk, the motor ship costs for a long time - whole and a half hours (from 23-30 to hours). It's great - the village is located at the very polar circle, so the night does not prevent us from getting acquainted with Turukhansky in more detail.
Turukhansk - One of the oldest settlements of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Tourukhansk older than Krasnoyarsk. Let me bring some historical data.
In 1600, Boris Godunov ordered to build 200 kilometers from the mouth of the Tazovskaya Lip Ostrog Mangazea. It was the first Russian city in Siberia, which had great importance in the development and study of the natural wealth of Siberia. There was a city with its islandochy towers and gilded domes of churches. Industrialists have attracted the rich furnissey Siberia and Eastern Yenisei areas. To get on the Yenisei, people sailed up from the Mangaze to the Taz River, and from there to his tributaries and small watercourses reached the pelvis-Yenisei watershed, where the wolf and further through the tributary traveled to the River Turukhan, the influx of Yenisei.
In 1607, on the banks of the River Turuhan near her sign in Yenisei, Turukhan Zerovier was founded in Yenisei, the Tourukhan Zimovier was founded, which played the main role in the development of the North of the North of the Princementian Siberia. After a large fire in Mangazea in 1619, Turukhanskoye winterier, located on a large river, began to settle mangazeys and turned into a city. The devastating fires in Mangazee in 1642 and 1662 led to its final launch, the residents of the Mangazy moved to Turukhansk, which was known for a long time as a new mangazea. In 1670, Turukhansk translates from Mangazia and Voivodskoy Management. In 1677, 4 wooden towers with cannons were built in the new mangazee, in 1780 the city was renamed Turukhansk and became a county town.
In the 2nd half of 17 and during the entire 18th centuries, Turukhansk was a major shopping center specializing in the Fair. Museums and merchants came to the Turukhan Fair not only from Siberia, but also from all over Russia. The fair began on June 29, and lasted two weeks; The living courtyard had 25 shops; In addition, many temporary shops and boalas were built in an open place, and approximately 25 km from the city there was a fair on ships and boats. As already noted, all these years Turukhansk was not located in the place where it is now, and somewhat lower on the river.
Since 1822, the period of the city's decline begins - he was left behind the staff, and in the middle of the 19th century was transferred to the current place, at the mouth of the lower Tunguska - where the monastery was previously located, and Staroturukhansk village was now located on the old place.
The village of MonasteryAt the place of which there is modern Turukhansk, it was founded in 1660 - then there was a monastery in this place in this place, a monastery was founded, around which houses formed by the village began to appear. Since the end of the 17th century, the monastery played a significant role in the economic development of the North of the Yenisei Territory - over time, the monks focused in their hands a significant amount of land and crafts in the Yenisei and Mangazean counties. The monastery was the cultural center of the region, and also actively engaged in the Christianization of the indigenous population. In 1923 the monastery was closed - only the Trinity Church used for administrative needs was preserved to this day without domes. In 1991, she again became the current, and since 1994 the restoration of the monastery began.
Throughout a significant part of its history, Turukhansk was the place of reference - in the ancient Holy Trinity Monastery a long time was a religious prison, here in 1827 there was a Decembrist N.S. Bobrian-Pushkin, and from the beginning of the 20th century Turukhansk became the center of political links - first referred to the revolutionaries here (Sverdlov, Stalin, Spandaryan were here, and then political prisoners convicted already in Soviet times.
In Turukhansk there is a political reference museum, founded in 1938, as a memorial house-museum Ya.M. Sverdlova, in 1984 combined with the Museum of S.S. Spandarnian, and in 1992 renamed Museum "Political Link". In the museum, genuine things of that time are the clothes of exile from deer skins, Topchak, at which Stalin rested (he was constantly in Kurek, which is below Yenisei, but twice a month he was allowed to come from there to Turukhansk for mail), as well as letters and photos. The exposition reflects the link of the Soviet period. So, in 1949 in Turukhansk, by Yenisei, I had a lifetime settlement by A.S.Efron - translator, poetess, daughter M.I. Tsvetaleva. Here she lived and worked until 1955, to full rehabilitation.
For one and a half hours of parking, I managed to get around almost all Turukhansk. The village left a very pleasant impression - very well maintained and clean. In Turukhansk, there is an airport serving local lines that connect remote villages among themselves.
Photocuriant in Turukhansk.
Monument to the fallen in the Great Patriotic War:
Monument S.S. Pandaryan on the background of a memorial house (now - Museum "Political Link")
Pier Turukhansk, located under the shift of the lower Tunguska in the Yenisei and a little small fleet on the lower Tunguska:
Especially affecting the imagination view, opening from a steep cliff - Taiga, and around where neither loaves - wide water spaces! Here, immense as the sea of \u200b\u200bYenisei takes Low Tungusk - One of his largest tributaries. Lower Tunguska (Middle Plan) meets with Mighty Yeniseem (due to cape)
In their water, the Lower Tunguska is only a little inferior to the hangar (but it still carries water more than kama, or three days, or two Dnieper, or a half of the Neva), but in length, the Lower Tunguska does not know equals among the tributaries of Yenisei - throughout almost Three thousand kilometers carries her waters to Yenisei - for comparison, it is only a little bit shorter than the length of the river Ob. If the Lower Tunguska flowed on the European part of Russia, it would be the second largest river after the Volga. The big river is Lower Tunguska.
In the upper reaches, it flows in a wide valley, and in the lower course, lake expansions up to 25 kilometers wide alternate with numerous gorges, through which the river breaks through the Tungusian plateau. In the gorges, the riverbed is narrowed in places up to 100 meters, the shores with a height of more than 200 meters are completely replete, and the depths are sometimes 60-100 meters. Like a replaceable, the lower Tunguska is a very stormy river with numerous thresholds and speivers. The river shipping is mainly in high water. There are very few towns on the river: the only relatively large settlement on the river is the capital of Evenki Tour with a population of about 9 thousand people. The tour is located almost a thousand kilometers from the mouth of the Lower Tunguska, 1630 kilometers from Krasnoyarsk, while the Tungusk Located in the mouth is the closest item closest to it! A caravans with fuel and food rises to tours to tours to tours, and the rest of the air can be reached there only by air.
As soon as they did not call this river in different years - Troitskaya Tunguska, Mangazeyskaya Tunguska, and sometimes with a light hand of the writer V.Ya.Shishkov called "Ugryum-River". The Lower Tunguska - the river is peculiar, wayward and surprisingly beautiful - thresholds, river gorges, drowshes and rigs, beauty and desert shores, coastal mountains and rocks. At the plateau of the left bank of the lower Tunguska are unusually clean and beautiful mountain lakes.
The mouth of the lower tunga with the ship:
I stand for a long time on the cliff on the arrow of two huge Siberian rivers, looking at the south up by Yenisei, from where we sailed, then east - upwards, opening the way to the mysterious huge edge, where you want to penetrate ... then north , where two rivers, uniting, flow further by large Yeniseem in the Arctic Ocean ...
Going to the pier, I wander long along the water ...
encyclopedic Dictionary
Lower Tunguska
river to Vost. Siberia, the right influx of Yenisei. 2989 km, pool area 473 thousand km2. The average water consumption is 3680 m3 / s. Alloy. Shipping in flood to the village. Tour.
Geographical names of Eastern Siberia
Lower Tunguska
(Irk. Region) r., The influx of Yenisei is this river, as well as PP. The upper Tunguska (hangar) and the renovable (or medium) Tunguska are named by Russian landlords named Tungusov (self-calf - Evenks), with which the Russians met in the basins of these rivers. The word Tungus (like a nickname) occurred from Ketsky (Yenisei Ostniki - Western neighbors of Evenkov) Tungasket, which means "people of three genera": deer, horse and doggy (distinction on the animal, which Evenks used for transport). The Evenki River itself is called Carenga (see Katanya). The lower back of the hangary, ranging from the mouth of the r. Ilim, where the Tungusky tribes lived, the Russians called the upper tunga, the middle Tunguska is called a subfaming because it flows into the Yenisei below ("under") of his Osinovsky threshold - "stone".
Encyclopedia Brockhaus and Ephron
Lower Tunguska
The most significant right influx of the Yenisei River, irrigates the Irkutsk and Yenisei province and the Yakut region. The river originates on the southeast slope of the sublime plateau, known as the Tungus Range, in the Kirensky district of the Irkutsk province. From the source of his river flows with SZ to the SS, further striving to meet the river Lena with s on B, but, not reaching 30 versts to the latter, cool turns to with and frequent knees and the conviction flows in this direction, taking into left R. Ilmpay, who serves almost all of its border between the Yakut region. and the Yenisei lips. From p. Ilples N. Tunguska, continuing to flow very ulivily, takes into himself PP. Ikkoko, Tour, burned, Thachmuru, Upper summer, anakit, podporn, northern; From the mouth of the latter, strives for З, turns cool turns to Yu and again to the p. Yenisei, two sleeves, forming an exalted monastic island. Right tributaries in the Irkutsk lips. and the Yakut region. In general, short, as the mountains of the right shores are approaching the river bed or pass from the distance from it. In Kirenskoye OKR. and the Yakut region. The sublime, the Willian waterproof ridge passes, from which all the right tributaries N. Tunguska are flowing, ranging from Chechusky Volok to p. Icco. Left tributaries on this space of the river, within the Karensky OCD., More significant, as the mountains of the left bank of the river below and postpone - they serve as a continuation of the flat hill of the Tungus region. Between the rice rivers. and lower. Chelinda on the right ber. N. Tunguska stretches the high mountain ridge Chelubyshevsky, consisting mainly of sandstone, up to 2000 foot high., In which the grimn mountain is located, from which the grinding stone took place. The length of the course of N. Tunguska from the upwards to the mouth, counting it with a gyrus, to 3300 centuries, of which in the Yenisei lips. up to 2000 The width of the river in the upper reaches from 50 to 100 and even up to 150 soot., Depth from 1 to 2 soot., In some places there are thresholds and sewers, in the water pipe not dangerous for swimming; In the intertime swimming here is difficult. Under 52 ° 20 "Sitting. The river flows in a narrow, mountain ancdine gorge, below which in the course of the river 2 of the busting, or sewers: pine and red; further lower the villages of the Zhdanova threshold, the same threshold is higher than the village of Emermin. Was all the time Down from Eremina to the mouth of the r. Ilimpei The river is accompanied by both places are constrained by the hill, cool falling into the river river, forcing the river to do the radiation, the knee and large turns, and very dangerous for ships. Before entering the river to the Yenisei lips. It has three thresholds, then further to a large threshold located in 210 faith. From the mouth of N. Tunguska, swimming ships, except for emergency speed of the flow, no obstacles seem to be. Large threshold, or Oron, lying above the mouth of the r. Support, has up to 1 1/2 version. Length, crosses the entire river and dumping a huge magnitude of stones. The river threshold is raised by forming a wide pool. The width of the river within the Yenisei lips. from 1/2 version To the versts, the depth of 2 to 10 soot., In the spring, the water rise reaches up to 5 soot. Above the ordinary, and in the pits. Depth reaches up to 20 and 30 soot.; The flow rate is particularly in the flood - from 20 to 30 versts per hour, from June, to establish interventic water, the flow becomes quieter, but at the bottom of the river, on its last 1200 versts, the flow rate and in the summer comes to 10-12 versions . at one o'clock. All this area of \u200b\u200bthe river swims into three days, and attaching up the river, float within 40 or more days. In the upper reaches of its river proceeds through the rocky and wooded taiga, between the mountains of the trapping rock and basalt rocks; The lower on the river, the same coastal mountains become higher and rocky, some coastal rocky cliffs are height up to one hundred soot. Above the river level, and at the border of the Yenisei lips. They consist of sandstones and soon weathered granite, places of limestone. The river is covered with ice in early October, the water in the thresholds does not freeze in any harsh winters. Overweight revealed by the ice of the Yenisei, in the first half of May. During the onset ice, the ice creases and in steep turns, the ice forms congestion, as a result of which the water is above them ride to a significant height, spilling over the side gorges and fragrances, folding the rocks and flooding coastal forests, and finally turns and destroys the ice dam, and Then the terrible mass of ice with the irrepressible force rushes forward, fascinating the rocks on the way, destroying the rocks and beret, cauting on them piles of ice and all sorts of fragments. In the summer there happens in the river, the sudden profit of water from 2 to 3 ARSH. Due to the torrential rains of the Taiga Ripper of the river, as well as thawing the permafrost of the local debrees. Bichvelnik on the river is difficult from shelterly falling in the direction of its coastal rocks - it passes through the left bank of the river. In the same time, when there were spare bread shops in several places in several places, the boats with bread climbed on the river up almost the mouth of the river. Ilimpei, the rise was required about 60 days, on the return path of no more than one week. In 400 verses From the mouth of N. Tunguska, on the right of her shore, two huge fields of graphite. In addition to graphite, brown coal was found in the coastal deposits of mica and asbestos, as well as signs of good copper ore, grinding and cereal stone. At the slopes of the mountains, good pine forests grows in some places. The Russians first appeared in the lower reaches of the river in 1607, when they were put in Yasak those who lived here tungs. Not a single solid settlement was found here, due to the severity of the climate and the impossibility of agriculture. From the Russian settlements the northernmost village of Erbochon, on the border of the Kirensky Okr. With the Yakut area.
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