The vast majority of Russians over 40 were pioneers, went to clubs, and went to holiday camps. And they didn’t think about how much it costs the state.
MAXIM BUILOV
May 19 marks the 96th anniversary of the founding of the pioneer organization of the USSR. On this day in 1922, the Second All-Russian Conference of the RKSM (Russian Communist Youth Union) approved a resolution that actually marked the beginning of the pioneer movement: “Taking into account the urgent need for self-organization of proletarian children, the All-Russian Conference instructs the Central Committee to develop the issue of children's movement and the use of a reorganized scouting system in it. Taking into account the experience of the Moscow organization, the Conference decides to extend this experience on the same basis to other organizations of the RKSM under the leadership of the Central Committee.”
Political choice
From then until 1991, May 19 was celebrated as the birthday of the pioneer organization.
Although, if you look more closely, you can find several more dates that are no less (if not more) suitable for being called the pioneer’s birthday. The most logical one is October 19, 1922, when the Fifth All-Russian Congress of the RKSM ended, which decided to unite the pioneer detachments into the children's communist organization “Young Pioneers named after Spartak”.
It was no worse than January 21, 1924, when, after the death of the leader of the world proletariat, the young pioneers changed the name of Spartak on their banner to Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. It would be completely natural to celebrate the birthday of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin and March 22 - on this day in 1926 the VII Congress of the Komsomol ended, which assigned exactly this name to the association of young communists for the next 65 years.
There are also earlier dates that could serve Starting point creation of a pioneer organization. For example, on November 29, 1921, after a speech by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin’s wife Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya, a commission was created at the bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM, which subsequently developed proposals for using the experience of scouts in the education of working youth and children.
Or February 13, 1922, when the first detachment was organized " young pioneers"at the school at the former printing house of the publisher and state councilor Ivan Mashistov.
Today, when everyone is not too lazy to try to find their noble roots and even football clubs trying to add a dozen extra years to their history, tracing their pedigree some from the Society of Skiing Fans, some from the Russian Gymnastic Society or the Moscow Sports Club of the Krasnopresnensky District, it seems strange that the pioneers did not take the date of birth from the history of the scouting movement, from which, in general, happened.
But we could already be celebrating 110 years of the pioneer organization!
On January 8, 1908, Emperor Nicholas II ordered that “in the villages, reserve and retired non-commissioned officers should be trained in military schools and gymnastics for a small fee.” From this grew the predecessors of the scouts - “young sailors”, “young scouts” and many others.
But we must understand that the way of thinking of the people of that time was quite accurately expressed in the anthem of the RSFSR, “The Internationale”: “We will destroy the whole world of violence to the ground, and then we will build our new world...”. In the Soviet Union and in later times, it was not customary to advertise any connections with the tsarist era, and immediately after the revolution this seemed completely unthinkable. Therefore, the Pioneer’s Birthday was celebrated on May 19, as decided by the Communist Party (RCP(b)) and the Komsomol.
The pioneer is an example to everyone
IN primary school I studied well, I was even an excellent student, so I was accepted as a pioneer in the front row at the Museum Soviet army. Back then it was considered quite honorable, although, of course, not in the same way as on Red Square. But there they tied a tie only to particularly distinguished October students from particularly distinguished schools. Of all mine pioneer childhood I remember most of all that reception to the pioneers and our competitions with A-class in collecting waste paper. There is also, of course, a pioneer camp, but we will talk about that later.
Every Soviet pioneer knew that by collecting 60 kg of waste paper, he would save one tree from being cut down. But they tried not for the sake of the forest, but for the sake of winning the competition
At our school, as far as I remember, we didn’t collect scrap metal. (Theoretically, it is possible that I did not take part in this or that the event itself was so dull that it did not remain in my memory.) But collecting waste paper in our pioneer childhood was one of the most exciting events. To begin with, when I, with a tie around my neck, began to collect old newspapers and wrapping paper that had accumulated in the apartment, in exchange for waste paper it was already possible to get a coupon for the purchase of books from among the most scarce ones. As a result, my pioneering honor competed with the trilogy of Vasily Yan (Genghis Khan, Batu and To the Last Sea), as well as with Maurice Druon, Georges Simenon, Arthur Conan Doyle and many others.
My parents didn’t dare to completely embarrass me in front of the class with one or two kilograms of newspapers, but I couldn’t even dream of breaking records at home. So we had to scour the offices and research institutes located around the school, hoping to stumble upon employees clearing out archives who were either not keen on reading or who already had a good library. Sometimes luck smiled on us, and then the “ashki” were put to shame, and sometimes even defeated.
It must be said that the collection of waste paper was indeed a very significant contribution of the pioneers to the process of recycling recyclable materials in the Soviet Union - schools accounted for the overwhelming majority of all collected paper waste. As for scrap metal, it was unrealistic for schoolchildren to compete with the waste of such giants as ZIL or Transmash. And on occasion, we handed over bottles without any pioneer organizations (from kefir and lemonade, of course): 15–20 kopecks in those days was serious money for us - this is a whole ice cream, a couple of buns or several bagels. According to statistics, the pioneers collected more than 1.5 million tons of waste paper per year: the standard for one young Leninist was 15 kg, waste paper collection took place twice a year, and, if you multiply 50 million schoolchildren (about the same number in the USSR in 1975/76 academic year), this turns out to be exactly 1.5 million tons of waste paper. For comparison: over the 16 years of the experiment in exchanging waste paper for the right to purchase books (for 20 kg handed over they were given a coupon that allowed them to buy one book) from 1974 to 1990, 2.6 million tons of recyclable paper were brought to collection points. The pioneers (of course, with some help from the Octobrists and Komsomol members) collected more in two years than the entire country collected in exchange for books in 16 years.
Generally speaking, the pioneers were not initially created to obtain free labor or any other material benefit, but with the goal of raising children in the spirit of communist ideology: Krupskaya directly indicated that she sees the pioneer organization as “scouting in form and communist in content.” However, this does not mean that this very benefit did not exist.
From the very beginning of the creation of the pioneers, the children who joined it harvested crops, raised livestock and poultry, and worked in factories. Among the pioneers there were real heroes of labor, not only in rank, but also in fact. Thus, on December 4, 1935, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Order of Lenin was awarded to 11-year-old Tajik pioneer Mamlakat Nakhangova, who exceeded the adult cotton harvest norm by seven times. Georgian pioneer Natella Chelebadze, during the summer holidays after the eighth grade in 1948, collected 6.75 tons of green leaf tea at a rate of about 12 kg per day (a ton over the summer). In 1949, for her achievements, she was awarded the Gold Star medal and the Order of Lenin, and also received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. And these are far from isolated examples. Since 1955, the names of the best pioneers began to be recorded in the book of honor of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenin.
Of course, all these little advanced production workers did not work for free, they received workdays, food, and later years and money. But, collecting record harvests or exceeding the plan at the factory, they provided an excellent reason for increasing production standards - if a child can exceed the plan twice or more, then the plan itself must be increased. But this has already led to significant savings on bonuses and increased productivity. Indeed, in a planned economy, a competent foreman allowed his team to exceed the plan by only 5–7% - then the standard remained unchanged and a bonus was guaranteed.
The best thing ever real income, strange as it may seem, brought the country a pioneer tie that cost 54 kopecks.
At one time there were more than 20 million pioneers in the USSR (in 1970 - 23 million). Every year, 3 million new members of the All-Union Pioneer Organization were added, in addition, it is worth considering that schoolchildren from third to seventh grade are not the most tidy contingent, that is, they regularly had to update their ties. In other words, small red triangles made of acetate silk brought about 2 million rubles to the budget. annual income.
Some are palaces, others are camps
Of course, no economic benefit from pioneering activities could cover the costs of it. In the Soviet Union, no money was spared on ideology, and then there were children. However, it is impossible to find out exactly how much was spent on the pioneer organization, since expenses were distributed among a variety of ministries and departments.
The thing is that this multi-million dollar organization physically existed and held all-Union and even international events. But it never existed as an economic entity with its own budget. The Central Committee of the Komsomol, each city committee and district committee of the Komsomol had a department or executive secretary who oversaw the pioneer organization. It's no coincidence that everything is vital important decisions the fate of the pioneers was adopted at plenums and congresses of the Komsomol.
Everyone liked the pioneer camps: the party and Komsomol bosses liked the correct ideological approach to education, and the pioneers liked the romance of songs around the fire, lightning and hikes.
Photo: Alexander Nagralyan / Photo archive of Ogonyok magazine
The most important items of expenditure in the activities of the pioneer organization were the maintenance of senior pioneer leaders in schools, employees of pioneer houses and palaces, as well as pioneer camps. Senior pioneer leaders and pioneer houses were on the balance sheet of the USSR Ministry of Education and received funds through regional departments public education(RONO). There were about 120 thousand pioneer squads in the Union - it is easy to calculate how much was spent on maintaining senior pioneer leaders.
There was one senior pioneer leader per squad, his salary was about 70 rubles. per month. It turns out that the state spent more than 100 million rubles a year on all 120 thousand counselors.
With the palaces of the pioneers it is somewhat more complicated. In the USSR there were about 4 thousand of them, each had its own staff, which consisted of circle leaders, as well as watchmen, cleaners, etc. Plus, funds were allocated for individual events: the palaces of pioneers could, within the budget allocated to them, one-time invite outside methodologists, artists, etc. But it is not difficult to roughly calculate the costs of maintaining their staff. On average in an ordinary house There were about 20 pioneer circles, the rate of the circle leader was 135 rubles. per month, so the state spent about 130 million rubles just to finance circles, which were free for pioneers. in year.
Pioneer camps had nothing to do with the Ministry of Education. The main camps of the country are known - “Artek”, “Orlyonok” and “Ocean” - they were on the balance sheet of the Komsomol Central Committee. There were similar pioneer camps of republican significance, which were on the balance sheet of local Komsomol organizations, for example, “Young Guard” (Ukrainian SSR) and “Zubrenok” (Belarusian SSR).
These were all large and rich pioneer camps for the most worthy, and getting a ticket there was an extraordinary honor. But the costs for them can hardly compete with the costs for the most ordinary summer and winter pioneer camps. Most of them were departmental - at each ministry, headquarters, and even just more or less large enterprise their. Parents bought vouchers - sending a child for one shift cost about 12 rubles. But this was only 10% of the real cost, the rest was paid by the union. Since in those days pioneer camps were not engaged in commercial activities, we can assume that the cost per child per shift was more than 100 rubles. In the USSR there were about 40 thousand pioneer camps, in which about 10 million children vacationed annually. It turns out that more than 1 billion Soviet rubles were spent per year on the maintenance of pioneer camps from the trade union budget, which in those days equaled approximately $1.7 billion.
At the origins of the pioneer organization was Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya. In 1921, she delivered a report “On Boy Scoutism,” in which she advised Komsomol members to pay attention to the experience of children’s scout groups and create an organization “scouting in form and communist in content.” The resolution adopted on May 19, 1922 at the II Komsomol Conference read: “Taking into account the urgent need for self-organization of proletarian children, the All-Russian Conference instructs the Central Committee to develop the issue of the children's movement and the use of the reorganized scouting system in it.” Taking into account the experience of the Moscow organization, the Conference proposes to extend this experience on the same basis to other organizations of the RKSM under the leadership of the Central Committee.”
The Pioneers were created from the very beginning as a communist organization of proletarian children. “We are pioneers, children of workers!” - sang in a song well known to everyone. The pioneer organization accepted, first of all, children from working and poor peasant families. The children of “class enemies” - representatives of the bourgeoisie and kulaks - were barred from joining the organization. However, it is unlikely that they wanted to go there, because the first pioneers had to really live up to the ideals of the builders of communism, including being active fighters against religion and other “remnants of the past.” The pioneers helped elders fight homelessness, taught those who wanted to read and write, and worked on an equal basis with adults when the fight against devastation was announced.
Later, in the 1930s, enrollment in pioneers became widespread; pioneer organizations existed in all schools. The children's lives became more orderly, and pioneer responsibilities included good studies and exemplary behavior at school. During this period, children of “enemies of the people” were not accepted as pioneers. There are many memories of those who had to go through the humiliating procedure of expulsion from the pioneers - their tie was removed in front of the entire school.
“pioneers” are pioneers who explored new lands during the colonization of the Wild West.
The origins of the pioneer movement
The origins of the pioneer movement lie in scouting. In 1917, there was a relatively extensive network of children's scout organizations in Russia; There were about 50 thousand scouts in total. During the ensuing Civil War, scouts helped search for street children, organized children's police units and provided social assistance. At the same time, in the territories controlled by the Soviet government, the scout movement split into several directions. So, if the Moscow detachment of V. A. Popov tried to remain on the traditional principles of Baden-Powell, then in a number of cities (Petrograd, Kazan, etc.) associations of the so-called “Forest Brothers” - forest rangers; finally, pro-Soviet tendencies emerged in scouting. Their most prominent spokesman was the scout leader of the RSFSR and the Far Eastern Republic Innokenty Zhukov (former secretary of the Russian Scout society), who called for the creation World Chivalry And Labor brotherhood of scouts based on work, play, love for each other and the whole world, calling for close cooperation between scouting and the Komsomol. In parallel, there was also a movement of “Yukism” (Yuk-scouts, that is, “young communists - scouts”), which directly tried to combine the principles of scouting with communist ideology. The idea of creating the YK Scouts belongs to the Bolshevik functionary Vera Bonch-Bruevich. The Komsomol, however, accused the Yukovites of not conducting real communist education, and the communist idea serves them only as a formal cover for the former “bourgeois” scoutism.
As soon as it emerged, the Komsomol declared war on scoutism (including Yukism), seeing it as its rival. Already at the 1919 RKSM congress, a decision was made to disband scout troops.
Creation of a pioneer organization
At the same time, in communist circles there began to be a need to create their own, communist organization to work with children. The idea was formulated by N.K. Krupskaya, who on the 20th of November 1921 made a report “On Boy Scoutism” several times in different places (the report was soon published in a brochure entitled “RKSM and Boy Scoutism”), in which she suggested that the Komsomol take adopt scouting methods and create a children's organization, “scouting in form and communist in content.” The leaders of the Komsomol, who had an extremely negative attitude towards scouting, initially perceived these ideas with caution. However, after Krupskaya’s speech at the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM (November 29), a special commission was created to discuss the issue of “using scouting for the education of working youth and children.” A detailed report by I. Zhukov was presented to the commission. On December 10, 1921, based on the commission’s report, a positive decision was made by the Bureau, and the search for specific organizational forms. At the beginning of 1922, the idea was put forward of using scouting methods not among Komsomol members, but among children and creating a children's communist movement(DKD). I. Zhukov proposed the name “pioneers” (borrowed from scouting practice) for the new organization. Its symbols were slightly modified scout symbols: a red tie (instead of green; it was already used by the Yukovites), a white blouse (instead of green), the scout motto “Be prepared!” and the scout’s answer to it is “Always ready!” From scouting, the pioneer organization retained playful forms of educational work with children, the organization of children into groups, the institute of counselors, gatherings around the fire, elements of symbolism (for example, the three lily petals of the scout badge in the pioneer badge replaced the three flames of the fire, the three ends of the pioneer tie that became red began to mean three generations: pioneers, Komsomol members and communists). The scout call “Be ready!” has also been preserved. with a change in its focus on the struggle for the liberation of workers and peasants around the world.
Throughout 1922, pioneer detachments appeared in a number of cities and villages. On December 3, the first pioneer detachments appeared in Petrograd. The very first of them was organized by Komsomol member Margot S.V. The first four detachments were created from the Russian detachment of young intelligence officers. This event took place in the club of the old and young guards (Teatralnaya Square, building No. 14).
In October, the 5th All-Russian Congress of the RKSM decided to unite all pioneer detachments into the children's communist organization “Young Pioneers named after Spartak”. On January 21, 1924, the day of Lenin’s death, by decision of the Central Committee of the RKSM, the organization was named after Lenin, and in March 1926 it was established official name- All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenin (retained by the organization until the end of its existence).
Structure of the pioneer organization
Initially, pioneer organizations were created by local cells of the RKSM at enterprises, institutions and in villages. Pioneer organizations in schools, that is, regardless of place of residence, began to be created in the city (under the name of “outposts” and “bases”); they united pioneers of different detachments and were used in the fight for " new school"(in fact - in establishing communist control over the school, equally in relation to students and teachers). In 1929, the restructuring of the organization began according to the school principle (class - detachment, school - squad). It assumed such proportions that the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, in a special resolution dated April 21, 1932, condemned “attempts to liquidate the pioneer movement by merging it with the school, as well as perversions promoting the transfer of the educational functions of the school to the pioneer movement.” However, noticeable practical results this ruling did not.
Senior Pioneer Badge
For active work with pioneers
In its classic form, the All-Union Pioneer Organization united republican, regional, regional, district, city, and district pioneer organizations in the USSR. Formally, the Regulations on the All-Union Pioneer Organization stated that the basis of the organization is the squad, which is created in schools, orphanages and boarding schools with at least 3 pioneers. In squads numbering more than 20 pioneers, pioneer detachments are created, uniting at least 3 pioneers. In orphanages and pioneer camps, groups of different ages could be created. A detachment consisting of 15 or more pioneers is divided into units. In fact, as indicated, the pioneer detachments (divided in turn into units led by the unit members) united students of the same class, and the squads united students of the same school.
Senior Pioneers
Pioneer self-government
The highest body of a squad, detachment, unit is the pioneer gathering. The gathering of the detachment accepted schoolchildren into the pioneer organization, invited the squad council to recommend worthy pioneers to the ranks of the Komsomol, planned the work, assessed the activities of the detachment council, units, and each pioneer. The gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council, the gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council, the gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council. The councils of the squad and detachments elected the chairman of the council of the squad and detachment. In the All-Union, republican, regional, regional, district, city, district pioneer organizations, the form of self-government of pioneers was pioneer rallies, which were held once every 5 years (all-Union and republican) or once every 2-3 years (territorial, regional, district, city and regional). City (district) councils of the pioneer organization created pioneer headquarters from representatives of all pioneer squads of the city. The most active part of the pioneer organization, its most active elite, gathered at the city headquarters.
Procedure for admission to the pioneer organization
Soviet postcard for admission to the pioneers
The pioneer organization accepted schoolchildren aged 9 to 14 years. Formally, admission was carried out on a voluntary basis. Reception was carried out individually, by open voting at a meeting of the pioneer detachment or squad (if it was not divided into detachments) operating in secondary school and boarding school. Those who joined the Pioneer organization at the Pioneer line made the Solemn Promise of a Pioneer Soviet Union. A communist, Komsomol member or senior pioneer presented him with a red pioneer tie and a pioneer badge. As a rule, pioneers were accepted into a solemn atmosphere during communist holidays in memorable historical and revolutionary places, for example on April 22 near the monument to V.I. Lenin. Excellent and good students were accepted on the November holidays, and all others on April 22.
Pioneer's Solemn Promise
“I, (last name, first name), joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise: to passionately love and take care of my Motherland, to live as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches, as required by the Laws of the Pioneers Soviet Union".
Note. Until 1986 it was: “...to passionately love your Motherland, to live, study and fight, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches, to always fulfill the laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union.”
Previous editions
Promise of 1922
I promise with my word of honor that I will be loyal to the working class, I will help my fellow workers every day, I know the laws of the pioneers and I will obey them
Promise of 1923
I, a young pioneer of the USSR, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise that
1) I will firmly stand for the cause of the working class in its struggle for the liberation of workers and peasants throughout the world.
2) I will honestly and steadily comply with the laws and customs of young pioneers.
Promise of 1924
I, a young pioneer of the USSR, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise that I will firmly stand for the cause of the working class in its struggle for the liberation of workers and peasants of the whole world. I will honestly and steadily fulfill Ilyich’s behests, the laws and customs of the young pioneers.
Promise of 1928
I, a young pioneer of the USSR, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise that: 1) I will firmly stand for the cause of the working class in its struggle for the liberation of the working people of the whole world. 2) I will honestly and steadily carry out the behests of Ilyich - Laws of UP
Pioneer Laws
Latest edition (1986)
Penultimate edition (1967)
- The pioneer is devoted to the Motherland, the party, and communism.
- A pioneer is preparing to become a Komsomol member.
- The pioneer looks up to the heroes of struggle and labor.
- The pioneer honors the memory of the fallen fighters and prepares to become a defender of the Motherland.
- The pioneer is persistent in learning, work and sports.
- A pioneer is an honest and faithful comrade, always boldly standing for the truth.
- A pioneer is a comrade and leader of the Octobrists.
- A pioneer is a friend to pioneers and the children of workers of all countries.
Texts of previous editions
1922
Pioneer camps
The vast majority of pioneers spent their school holidays in pioneer camps. In the USSR, there were up to 40 thousand summer and year-round pioneer camps, where about 10 million children vacationed annually. There was a kind of unspoken hierarchy between them. The most famous of them was the All-Union Pioneer Camp of the Komsomol Central Committee "Artek", which had international status. The second place in prestige was occupied by the All-Russian Pioneer Camp "Orlyonok" (Krasnodar Territory, RSFSR). This was followed by the republican recreation camps “Ocean” (Primorsky Territory, RSFSR), “Young Guard” (Odessa Region, Ukrainian SSR) and “Zubrenok” (Minsk Region, BSSR).
Pioneer motto
The declared goal of the pioneer organization: to educate young fighters for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. It is expressed in the motto of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin. To the call: “Pioneer, be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union!” - the answer follows: “Always ready!”
Pioneer Anthem
The anthem of the pioneer organization is considered to be “March of Young Pioneers” - a Soviet pioneer song written in 1922 by two Komsomol members - pianist Sergei Kaidan-Deshkin and poet Alexander Zharov:
Rise up with fires, blue nights,
We are Pioneers - children of workers!
The era of bright years is approaching,
With a joyful step, with a cheerful song,
We stand for Komsomol,
The era of bright years is approaching,
The cry of the pioneers is always be prepared!
We raise the red banner
Children of workers - boldly follow us!
The era of bright years is approaching,
The cry of the pioneers is always be prepared!
Rise up with fires, blue nights,
We are Pioneers - children of workers!
The era of bright years is approaching,
The cry of the pioneers is always be prepared!
Pioneer symbols
Front pioneer uniform
Pioneer paraphernalia
The most important pioneer attributes were the squad banner, squad flags, bugle and drum, which accompanied all the solemn pioneer rituals. Each pioneer squad had a pioneer room where the corresponding attributes were stored and meetings of the squad council were held. In the pioneer room, as a rule, there was a ritual stand with pioneer attributes, a Lenin corner and a corner of international friendship. At school and in classrooms, pioneers published and hung handwritten squad and detachment wall newspapers.
Pioneer uniform
Soviet pioneer uniform
Pioneer organization in the post-war years
After the end of the Great Patriotic War The pioneers were engaged in: in the city - collecting waste paper and scrap metal, planting green spaces, rural areas- raising small domestic animals (rabbits, birds). The best of the young workers were awarded by the Motherland. On December 4, 1935, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, pioneer Mamlakat Nakhangova was awarded the Order of Lenin. An eleven-year-old Tajik girl exceeded the norm for an adult in picking cotton by seven times. The Order of the Badge of Honor was awarded to Ishan Kadyrov and Khavakhan Atakulova, young livestock breeders Alyosha Fadeev from Leningrad region, Barasbi Khamgokov from the Kabardian Autonomous Region, Kolya Kuzmin from the Kalinin Region, Vanya Chulkov from the Moscow Region, Mamed Hasanov from Dagestan, Vasya Voznyuk from Ukraine, Buza Shamzhanov from Kazakhstan, Eteri Gvintseladze - Tbilisi pioneer, excellent student. In the republics Central Asia pioneers grew cotton. Pioneers Tursunali Matkazinov and Natalie Chelebadze in 1949 were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor and awarded the Gold Star medal and the Order of Lenin.
Since 1955, the names of the best pioneers began to be entered in the book of honor of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin. In 1958, three stages of growth were introduced in the children's organization, at each of which the children were awarded a special badge. To move to a new level, the pioneer worked according to a pre-drafted individual plan. All pioneer work was combined into a two-year pioneer plan, which was focused on concrete assistance to adults in fulfilling the seven-year plan.
Since 1962, the pioneer badge has depicted Lenin’s profile, which symbolizes the state’s recognition of the merits of the pioneer organization. This is due to the fact that in 1962 the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Lenin was awarded the Order of Lenin for its success in the socialist education of teenagers. In 1972, the pioneer organization was re-awarded the Order of Lenin.
By 1970, the All-Union Pioneer Organization united 23 million pioneers in more than 118 thousand pioneer squads.
Dissolution
In 1990, at the X All-Union rally in Artek, the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Lenin was transformed into international union pioneer organizations - Federation of Children's Organizations. In practice, this is a union of independent children's organizations, without the structure and symbolism of the Pioneer movement. The ban in 1991 of the CPSU and the dissolution of the Komsomol with the collapse of the USSR undermined the power of the pioneer organization and led to the virtual liquidation of the majority of pioneer squads. At the same time, a small part of pioneer organizations still exist in Russia and in all countries of the Commonwealth independent states and the former Soviet republics not included in it, being of a symbolic nature.
In modern Russia
Criticism of pioneer methods
USSR postage stamp, “Pioneer Squad” - Standard bearer, honor guard, drummers
The main points of criticism of the pioneer organization are: its ideological nature and formalism. The leader of modern St. Petersburg scouts, Kirill Alekseev, considers the pioneer organization “a monster of formalism, indifference and bureaucracy.” According to the President of the Russian Union of Scouts, Igor Bogdanov, “in a pioneer organization, the main thing is to hold the pioneer gathering on time, the main thing is formalism, what adults want. But the children don’t want that, they want to play.” Bogdanov considers another mistake of the pioneers to be tied to school. In his opinion, for a child, school is a prison.
MOSCOW, May 19— RIA Novosti, Anna Mikhailova. A red tie, a solemn oath in front of his comrades and the cry “Always ready!” — On May 19, 1922, the All-Union Pioneer Organization appeared in the USSR. Young Leninists were accepted into the ranks in the third grade, when the children were 9-10 years old. In 1991, this tradition was interrupted, the organization was dissolved, and Pioneer Day ceased to be a public holiday. On the anniversary of the 95th anniversary of the organization's founding, the last generation of Soviet pioneers remembers what this day meant to them.
Ilya Kazakov, joined the pioneers in 1980
Joining the Pioneers was associated with resentment, because I joined first, and we were told that due to some snag, the first place they would accept as Pioneers was at the Kalinin Museum, and the next - at the Lenin Museum. This caused me some kind of childish shock: I did not understand how Kalinin could turn out to be older than Lenin. I don’t remember the details of the event well, it was very solemn, I had to learn the pioneer oath. Excitement, preparation and some feeling of a Soviet holiday - like a demonstration. It was a very clear evolutionary chain Soviet man- an October child, a pioneer, a Komsomol member, a communist - and each link had to be conquered at a certain age. People who were accepted in third place were considered inferior in the eyes of the children themselves. No matter what, you had to get there first or second in order to feel complete Soviet child. There was no particular ideology in this - it was nothing more than a competitive test, which was very stimulating.
Ekaterina Nekrasova, joined the pioneers in 1989
Not only poor students, but also excellent students were afraid of not getting into the pioneers, because they could screw up on the most insignificant things, like a library book not returned on time. Naturally, we all memorized the pioneer oath: I don’t remember a single line now, but then we knew it by heart. We were accepted as pioneers in Musical theater named after Natalya Sats. Everyone was wearing white shirts, the girls were in blue skirts, the boys were in blue trousers. They brought with them carefully ironed ties, everyone said: “I stood there ironing this in the morning,” but it is clear that the ironing was done by grandmothers who got up at four in the morning for this purpose. The older kids—fifth or sixth graders—would put these ties on us. I was especially proud that my teacher put a tie on me: that is, it was a very high honor that the teacher herself was introducing me to the sacred title of a pioneer. There were rumors that you needed to iron your tie every morning, but after a month they turned into just rags - crumpled and chewed. Although the most responsible excellent students actually had them ironed, but not me. It was a separate story to learn how to tie a tie to make a beautiful knot. This was also a special procedure.
Sergey, joined the pioneers in 1989
When they were accepted into pioneers, the main emotions were joy and pride. At that time, not being a pioneer meant being a kind of outcast, so everyone aspired to become a pioneer, although I did not have any specific expectations or thoughts about why. The dissolution of the organization went unnoticed for me; my most vivid memory is that the children stopped wearing ties. There was no particular disappointment, because the tie caused a lot of problems - they weren’t even allowed to go to school if they forgot to put it on.
Ekaterina Nigmatulina, was supposed to join the pioneers in 1991
The year I was supposed to join the pioneers, they were just disbanded. I really wanted to become a pioneer, and for me it was the biggest tragedy that everything was cancelled. I was mentally completely ready to join. Firstly, I had a girlfriend in my yard who was a couple of years older than me. She walked around with this tie all the time, and I thought: “Well, when will I grow up and also wear a tie?” The second motivation is, of course, Soviet movies like “Guest from the Future”, “Adventures of Electronics”, where everyone was friendly and wonderful. And third: I was probably always an obedient excellent student, and it seemed to me that this was very prestigious.
In the fall of 1918, a children's organization of young communists (YuKov) was created, but a year later it was dissolved. In November 1921, a decision was made to create an all-Russian children's organization. Children's groups operated in Moscow for several months; during the experiment, pioneer symbols and attributes were developed, and the name of the new organization was adopted - the Spartak Young Pioneer Units. On May 7, 1922, the first Pioneer bonfire was held in the Sokolnichesky Forest in Moscow.
In the Soviet Union, the Day of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin, or, more simply, Pioneer Day, was officially celebrated on May 19. It was on this day in 1922 that the 2nd All-Russian Komsomol Conference decided to create pioneer detachments everywhere. Social hierarchy: October - Pioneer - Komsomol member, was aimed at creating an internal ideological core in Soviet children and teenagers, the desire to grow and improve. Pioneer organization taught children life in a socialist society, ways of coexistence with peers. Now many citizens see shortcomings in this approach to educating young people, they say, ideological clouding of the brain, which made puppets out of people. Even so, at that time the level of drug addiction and crime among young people was extremely low compared to our time. After the collapse of the USSR, Pioneer Day ceased to be an official holiday. Today Pioneer Day is unofficially celebrated by some children's organizations and companies involved in the organization children's leisure. And there will always be people who remember their young pioneer years with pleasure.
Which of the Soviet pioneers does not remember the excitement with which they were preparing to join the ranks of a mass socio-political organization? How were scarlet ties tied to the sounds of bugles and drums? How, for the first time in our lives, did we solemnly swear allegiance to the cause of Lenin and the Communist Party? The Soviet country spared nothing for the young. Beautiful Pioneer Palaces and children's camps were built. The very activity of children's communist organizations in the USSR and other socialist countries was on such a serious scale that it even surpassed in significance its “bourgeois” prototype and analogue - scout movement. The pioneer movement differed from it in significant aspects: the system was all-encompassing state character and set as its goal the ideological education of children as citizens fully devoted to the Communist Party and the state. It should be noted that, as the movement evolved, the role of the scouting heritage in it decreased (which can be clearly seen in the evolution of the pioneer camp from the type of sports and tourist tent camp to the type of sanatorium complex). Among the particular differences is the absence of separate organizations for boys and girls. Until 1924, the pioneer organization bore the name of Spartak, and after Lenin’s death it received his name.
"Be ready!"
"Always ready!"
Pioneer oath
I, I.F., joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization, in the face of my comrades, solemnly swear: to passionately love my Motherland; live, study and fight as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches; Always follow the laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union."
"Be ready!"
"Always ready!" Note. Until 1986 it was: “...to passionately love your Motherland, to live, study and fight, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches, to always fulfill the laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union.”
1922 edition
I promise with my word of honor that I will be loyal to the working class, I will help my fellow workers every day, I know the laws of the pioneers and will obey them.
1923 edition
I, a young pioneer of the USSR, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise that
1) I will firmly stand for the cause of the working class in its struggle for the liberation of workers and peasants throughout the world.
2) I will honestly and steadily comply with the laws and customs of young pioneers.
1924 edition
I, a young pioneer of the USSR, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise that I will firmly stand for the cause of the working class in its struggle for the liberation of workers and peasants of the whole world. I will honestly and steadily fulfill Ilyich’s behests, the laws and customs of the young pioneers.
1928 edition
I, a young pioneer of the USSR, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise that: 1) I will firmly stand for the cause of the working class in its struggle for the liberation of the working people of the whole world. 2) I will honestly and steadily fulfill Ilyich’s behests - Laws of UP Laws of Young Pioneers - a set of basic rules for the life and activities of a member of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenin. The goals and objectives of the children's communist organization, the basic principles of communist morality, and moral and ethical standards of behavior for young pioneers are set out in a form that is imaginative and understandable to children.
For the first time, the Laws of Young Pioneers, developed by the commission of the Central Committee of the RKSM with the participation of N.K. Krupskaya, were approved by the 5th Congress of the RKSM in October 1922. In the Laws of Young Pioneers, it was highlighted as one of the main laws - “I will always strive, wherever possible, to obtain knowledge in order to use it for the benefit of the working people.”
The changes that occurred during the years of socialist construction in the conditions of activity of the pioneer organization, the deepening of the content and improvement of the forms and methods of its work were reflected in the new text of the Laws of Young Pioneers, approved in 1957 by the 8th plenum of the Komsomol Central Committee.
Laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union
The pioneer is devoted to the Motherland, the party, and communism.
A pioneer is preparing to become a Komsomol member.
The pioneer looks up to the heroes of struggle and labor.
The pioneer honors the memory of the fallen fighters and prepares to become a defender of the Fatherland.
A pioneer is the best in studies, work and sports.
The pioneer is disciplined.
A pioneer is an honest and faithful comrade, always boldly standing for the truth.
Pioneer - comrade and leader of the October.
A pioneer is a friend to pioneers and the children of workers of all countries.
The pioneer is honest and truthful. His word is like granite.
Pioneer customs.
The pioneer does not lie in bed in the morning, but gets up straight away, like a good-for-nothing.
Pioneers make their beds with their own hands, not with someone else’s hands.
Pioneers wash thoroughly, not forgetting to wash their necks and ears, brush their teeth and remember that teeth are friends of the stomach.
Pioneers are precise and accurate.
Pioneers stand and sit straight, without hunching.
Pioneers are not afraid to offer their services to people. Pioneers do not smoke; a smoking pioneer is no longer a pioneer.
Pioneers don't keep their hands in their pockets; Those who keep their hands in their pockets are not always ready.
Pioneers protect useful animals.
Pioneers always remember their customs and laws.
Pioneer anthem
Music: S. Dyoshkin Words: A. Zharov
We, the pioneers, are the children of workers.
Chorus (after each verse):
The time is approaching /aut:era/
Happy years,
Pioneer's cry -
"Always be prepared!"
With a joyful step, with a cheerful song,
We stand for the Komsomol.
We raise the red /aut:scarlet/ banner,
Children of workers, boldly follow us!
Together we will ring out a distant song
For the pioneers of the world family
Raise your bonfires, blue nights!
We, the pioneers, are the children of workers.
1922
Signals and marches of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V. I. Lenin (Parts 1, 2)
Genre: signals and marches
Year of release: 1983
Disc manufacturer: USSR
Audio bitrate: 320 kbps
Duration: 00:16:11
|
I Signals
1. Introduction - 00:00:35 |
II Squad line
8. Signal "Gathering" - 00:00:40 |
|
III Marches to accompany pioneer system 14. Solemn greeting - 00:00:36 |
IV Pioneer Signals military sports game "Zarnitsa" 21. Signal "Zarya" - 00:01:04 |
Regulations on the symbols, attributes and rituals of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. IN AND. Lenin provides for the use of state symbols established by the Constitution of the USSR in educational work. The pioneer organization instills in children and adolescents deep respect for the Coat of Arms, Flag, and Anthem of the USSR, as well as for the Coat of Arms, Flag, and Anthem of the Union Republic. These state symbols personify the heroic history, power and greatness of the socialist Fatherland.
The educational purpose of the symbols of the pioneer organization, the importance of using state symbols in its work lies, first of all, in explaining to them in a specific, bright, imaginative, emotional and understandable form for children:
The idea of revolutionary continuity of generations of communists - Komsomol members - pioneers, loyalty of the younger generation to the revolutionary, combat and labor traditions of the Soviet people, readiness to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union;
the socio-political meaning of the activities of the communist organization of children and adolescents;
the importance of the pioneer organization as a replacement and reserve Lenin Komsomol;
the need to strengthen the unity of members of the pioneer organization.
The symbolism of the pioneer organization was distinguished by the following ideological and political orientations:
The deep ideological and political content of each symbol, an inextricable connection with communist ideas;
concreteness and accuracy of expression of the ideological and political content of certain communist ideas;
brightness and emotional appeal of the external form of the symbol;
simplicity and accessibility of the disclosure of political concepts that are difficult for children.
Red banner and red flag. The Communist Party and Komsomol entrusted pioneer organizations and squads with the right to have the Red Banner, and the detachment - the red pioneer flag. These were symbols of the loyalty of the younger generation to the cause of the October Revolution, the cause of the Communist Party, a symbol of loyalty to the Motherland, honor and unity of the pioneers.
On the Red Banner of the All-Union Pioneer Organization there are two Orders of Lenin and the Commemorative Ribbon of the Komsomol Central Committee. The first Order of Lenin was awarded to the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. IN AND. Lenina was awarded on May 17, 1962 in connection with her 40th birthday for her great work in the communist education of children. The commemorative ribbon of the Central Committee of the Komsomol was presented to the pioneer organization on June 30, 1970 at the XVII All-Union Rally of Pioneers in Leningrad for successful work in preparation for the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin. The pioneer organization was awarded the second Order of Lenin on May 18, 1972 in connection with its 50th anniversary and for its great work in educating children in the spirit of Lenin’s precepts.
The Red Banner was solemnly presented by representatives of the Lenin Komsomol to pioneer organizations of union and autonomous republics, national districts, regional and regional, city and district organizations, a school squad, and a temporary squad of a pioneer camp.
Samples of the Red Banners of pioneer organizations and squads were established by the Central Committee of the Komsomol. These banners depicted a pioneer badge and inscribed the words of the pioneer motto: “Be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union!” On the ribbon attached to the flagpole is the name of the organization or squad. Commemorative ribbons for successes in all-Union and republican pioneer affairs were also attached to the flagpole of the squad. Caring attitude to the Red Banner was the sacred duty of every leader and pioneer.
Red flag was presented by a representative Komsomol organization to the newly created pioneer joy at the ceremonial assembly. A sample of the red flag of the detachment was also approved by the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League. On the front side of the flag was a pioneer badge. A ribbon with the honorary name of the detachment embroidered in silk, and commemorative ribbons - a reward for success in pioneering affairs, for example, were attached to the flag pole. Ribbon of Honor Central Council All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. IN AND. Lenin to the “right-flank” detachment of the All-Union March of Pioneer Detachments.
Red tie and pioneer badge.
Every pioneer wore a red tie. It was a symbol of loyalty to the cause of the Great October Revolution, a symbol of the unbreakable unity of three generations: communists - Komsomol members - pioneers. The pioneer's tie is a piece of the revolutionary Red Banner. Protect your honor pioneer tie- means sacredly preserving the honor of the Red Banner. The badge is a symbol of the pioneer’s membership in the unified mass communist organization of children and teenagers of the Soviet Union. “Such an icon,” wrote N.K. Krupskaya in the brochure “RKSM and Boy Scoutism,” strengthens the connection between the organization and its members and strengthens the member’s responsibility for his actions.”
Pioneer badge.
The pioneer badge is an image of a five-pointed red star (a symbol of unity and the working people of five continents) with the profile of V.I. Lenin in the center of the star (a sign of belonging to the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin and the pioneer’s fidelity to Lenin’s covenants), above the upper rays of the star there is a pioneer fire with three flames (a symbol of the unity of generations of communists - Komsomol members - pioneers), the lower rays of the star are intertwined ribbon with the words “Always Ready!” (a symbol of the pioneer’s readiness to fight for the cause of the Communist Party).
Pioneer fireworks. The pioneer's salute means that for him the interests of society, his communist organization, squad and detachment are higher than personal ones. The pioneer gave a salute, raising a bent at an angle right hand with fingers tightly clenched above head:
Https://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/62701/108533029.23/0_211944_e1f9d85f_orig.jpg when presenting him with a red tie;
during the performance of the Anthem of the Communist Party of the Internationale, the Anthem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the anthems of the union republics, the raising of the State Flag of the USSR and the flags of the union republics;
at the Mausoleum and monuments to V.I. Lenin, memorials to the revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people, answering “Always ready!” to the words of the pioneer motto;
when presenting insignia to members of the councils of squads and detachments, rewarding during a solemn ceremony;
the pioneer also salutes the Red Banner - the flag of the detachment, and greets the counselors, pioneer and military formation with a salute.
An honorary name. Naming a pioneer organization, squad, detachment after an outstanding figure of the Communist Party and revolutionary movement, the hero of our Motherland, was a symbol of fidelity to the glorious traditions of the struggle for communism. Examples of heroic life and struggle, "glorious work Soviet people, the feat of the heroes act as the high moral ideal of the pioneers,” which they were supposed to imitate. Already N.K. Krupskaya noted in her works the significant educational power of the connection between ideals and practical behavior of adolescents and children. The life and work of V. I. Lenin was proposed as the highest ideological and moral ideal for the pioneers.
The symbolism is inextricably linked with the attributes of the pioneer organization. Attributes are certain objects and signs that express the ideas, symbols and traditions of the pioneer movement in a bright and expressive form, emphasize the cohesion, unity and organization of pioneer groups, and create an emotionally attractive design for a children's communist organization.
Some of the main symbols of the pioneer organization were also its attributes (red banners of pioneer organizations and squads, red flags of detachments, a tie and a pioneer badge).
The attributes, having a symbolic meaning, reflected the revolutionary romance of pioneer life, the pathos of the heroic struggle of the people for the great cause of the Communist Party. Therefore, for example, it is wrong to consider both the horn and the drum only from the point of view of their utilitarian and practical purpose of sending signals. The bugle and drum became companions of the detachment as symbols of the battle trumpet of the Red Army regiments of the fiery years civil war and marching drums of the young Gavroches of the Paris Commune.
The attributes of the pioneer organization were the uniform of counselors and pioneers, insignia of elected pioneer activists, awards of counselors and pioneers, memorable emblems, signs and award badges of pioneer rallies, festivals, contests, competitions, all-Union and republican games.
Thus, the goals and objectives of the pioneer organization were determined on the basis of party directives and formulated in the Komsomol Charter and the Regulations on the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenin, documents of the Lenin Komsomol.
The common and unified goal of the school, the Komsomol and the pioneer organization were the tasks comprehensive development communist personality. The goal of each squad was to prepare a worthy replacement for the Leninist Komsomol.
The symbols and attributes imparted a revolutionary-romantic mood to the life and work of the pioneers, helped to organizationally and ideologically strengthen the team of members of the communist organization of children and adolescents, bring emotional and solemn elation to pioneer affairs, and create an aesthetics for the life of the collective. They expressed socio-political ideas of social life, the pathos of the struggle to build socialism and communism.
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