Foods and drinks that are very familiar to us can turn out to be deadly. And the simplest objects contain poison. It turns out that the most powerful poisons are sometimes close to us, and we don’t even suspect it.
Dangerous poisons
- Methanol, or methyl alcohol, is a very dangerous poison. This is explained by the fact that it is easy to confuse it with ordinary wine alcohol, since they are indistinguishable in taste and smell. Counterfeit alcoholic drinks are sometimes made from methyl alcohol, but without an examination it is impossible to determine the presence of methanol. Unfortunately, the consequences of consuming such drinks are irreversible, best case scenario the person goes blind. 
Mercury. Everyone at home has the most common item - a mercury thermometer. It turns out that if you spill mercury from two or three thermometers in a medium-sized room, this will be enough to cause serious poisoning. True, elemental mercury itself is not dangerous, its vapors are dangerous, and it begins to evaporate already at room temperature. In addition to thermometers, the same type of mercury is found in fluorescent lamps. So be careful with them.
Snake poison. There are more than two and a half thousand species of reptiles, but only about 250 species are poisonous. The most famous - common vipers, cobras, rattlesnakes, black mambas, small snakes - sand frets.
People have long found out that snake venom is dangerous only when it enters the human bloodstream. And, since humanity has been dealing with snakes for many millennia, it is not surprising that it was while studying the effects of snake venom on the bodies of animals and people that the first antidote was created in 1895 - anti-snake serum. By the way, there is no universal antidote even in case of poisoning snake venom, for each species of snakes its own antitoxin is created - for the king cobra - one, for vipers - another, for rattlesnakes- third.
The fastest poison
There are many poisons, but potassium cyanide is still considered one of the fastest-acting. It has been used since ancient times, it is probably the most famous "spy" poison: many agents in films and books use cyanide in ampoules or tablets. And everyone probably read about such a sign as the smell of “bitter almonds” in Agatha Christie’s wonderful detective stories. 
You can be poisoned by cyanide not only by ingestion, but also by inhalation or touching. Potassium cyanide is found in some plants and foods, as well as cigarettes. It is used in the extraction of gold from ore. Cyanide kills by binding iron in blood cells, thereby preventing them from delivering oxygen to vital organs.
Cyanide can be determined using a solution of ferric salts
By the way, they tried to poison Grigory Rasputin with potassium cyanide, but they couldn’t because they added the poison to a sweet pie. Glucose is an antidote to potassium cyanide.
The most accessible poisons
In summer and autumn, the time comes for seasonal mushroom poisoning - by the way, these are the most accessible poisonous substances today. The most famous poisonous mushrooms are false mushrooms, toadstools, lines and fly agarics. The most poisoned mushroom is the toadstool, since it has many varieties, sometimes indistinguishable from edible mushrooms, and one such mushroom can lead to the death of several people. 
Although the Germans have learned to prepare fly agarics in such a way that they are not poisoned by them, it is true that it takes them a lot of time to prepare these mushrooms - they boil them for days. True, the question arises - why do they need fly agarics when they can simply take other mushrooms for food? And of course, we must remember the rules for storing cooked mushrooms, even edible mushrooms may become toxic if stored beyond their expiration date.
Regular potatoes or bread can also be poisonous. When stored improperly, potatoes accumulate the substance solanine, which causes poisoning to the body. And bread becomes poisonous if flour was used to make it and contained cereals contaminated with ergot. We are not talking about fatal poisoning, but it is quite possible to ruin your health with such products.
In addition, there are many household chemicals and fertilizers, which can also cause poisoning. For example, potassium chloride is the most common fertilizer, but if it gets into the blood it becomes deadly, since potassium ions block the activity of the heart.
The most famous poison
In South America, the most famous poison is curare, a poison of plant origin; there are several subspecies of this poison. It causes paralysis respiratory system. Initially it was used for hunting animals, but in the 20th century it was successfully used in medicine. 
There is also strychnine powder white, which is sometimes used in some drugs (such as heroin and cocaine). Although it is much more often used in the manufacture of pesticides. To obtain this powder, take the seeds of the chilibuha tree, whose homeland is Southeast Asia and India.
But the most famous poison is, of course, arsenic; it can be called the “royal poison”. It has been used since ancient times (its use is also attributed to Caligula) to eliminate their enemies and competitors in the struggle for the throne, no matter the papal or royal one. It was the favorite poison of European nobility in the Middle Ages.
The most famous poisoners
The story of the Italian Borgia dynasty of poisoners, who elevated poisoning almost to the level of art, is unique. Everyone without exception was afraid of their invitation to the feast. The most famous representatives of this family for their treachery are Pope Alexander VI Borgia and his children: son Cesare, who became a cardinal, and daughter Lucrezia. This family had their own poison, "cantarella", supposedly containing arsenic, phosphorus and copper salts. It is known that the head of the family himself ultimately paid with his life for his treachery, having mistakenly drunk a cup of poison that he had prepared for another. The source of botulism infection is homemade preparationsFrom natural poisons Batrachotoxin is very dangerous; it is secreted by the skin of small but dangerous amphibians - dart frogs, fortunately, they can only be found in Colombia. One such frog contains so much toxic substance that it is enough to destroy several elephants.
In addition, there are radioactive poisons, such as polonium. It acts slowly, but only 1 gram of this substance is needed to destroy one and a half million people. Snake venom, curare, potassium cyanide- they are all inferior to the above-mentioned poisons.
It's not just snakes that are poisonous. As the editors of the site found out, the most poisonous creature on Earth is the jellyfish.
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Foods and drinks that are very familiar to us can turn out to be deadly. And the simplest objects contain poison. It turns out that the most powerful poisons are sometimes close to us, and we don’t even suspect it.
We present to your attention a list of the most known poisons which have been used to kill people throughout history.
1. Hemlock
Hemlock is a genus of highly toxic flowering plants native to Europe and South Africa. The ancient Greeks used it to kill their captives. For an adult, 100 mg is enough. infusion or about 8 hemlock leaves to cause death - your mind is awake, but your body does not respond and eventually the respiratory system stops. The most famous case of poisoning is considered to be one sentenced to death for atheism in 399 BC. e., the Greek philosopher Socrates, who received a very concentrated infusion of hemlock.
2. Fighter or Wolfsbane
Ninth place in the list of the most famous poisons is taken by Borets - a genus of perennial poisonous plants growing on damp places along the banks of rivers in Europe, Asia and North America. The poison of this plant causes asphyxia, which leads to suffocation. Poisoning can occur even after touching the leaves without gloves, since the poison is absorbed very quickly and easily. According to legend, Emperor Claudius was poisoned by the poison of this plant. It was also used to lubricate bolts for the Chu Ko Nu crossbow, one of the unusual ancient types of weapons.
3. Belladonna or Belladonna
The name belladonna comes from the Italian word and translates as “beautiful woman.” In the old days, this plant was used for cosmetic purposes - Italian women dropped belladonna juice into their eyes, the pupils dilated, and the eyes acquired a special shine. The berries were also rubbed on the cheeks to give them a “natural” blush. It is one of the most poisonous plants in the world. All its parts are toxic and contain atropine, which can cause severe poisoning.
4. Dimethylmercury
Dimethylmercury is a colorless liquid and one of the most powerful neurotoxins. Hit 0.1 ml. this liquid on the skin is already fatal for humans. Interestingly, symptoms of poisoning begin to appear after several months, which is too late for effective treatment. In 1996, inorganic chemist Karen Wetterhahn was conducting experiments at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire and spilled one drop of this liquid on her gloved hand - dimethylmercury was absorbed into the skin through the latex gloves. Symptoms appeared four months later, and Karen died ten months later.
5. Tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin is found in two sea creatures - blue-ringed octopus and in Fugu fish. The octopus is the most dangerous because it deliberately injects its venom, killing its prey within minutes. It has enough poison to kill 26 adults within minutes. The bites are often painless, so many people only realize they have been bitten when paralysis occurs. But fugu fish is only lethal when eaten. But if the fish is cooked correctly, it is harmless.
6. Polonium
Polonium is a radioactive poison and a slow killer. One gram of polonium vapor can kill about 1.5 million people in just a couple of months. Most famous case poisoning presumably with polonium-210, there was a case of poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko. Polonium was found in his cup of tea - a dose 200 times the average lethal dose. He died three weeks later.
7. Mercury
Mercury - relative rare element, which at room temperature is a heavy, silvery-white liquid. Only vapors and soluble mercury compounds are poisonous, causing severe poisoning. Metallic mercury does not have a noticeable effect on the body. A famous case of death from mercury (allegedly) is the Austrian composer Amadeus Mozart.
8. Cyanide
Cyanide is a deadly poison that results in internal asphyxia. The lethal dose of cyanide for humans is 1.5 mg. per kilogram of body weight. Cyanide was usually sewn into the collars of the shirts of scouts and spies. In addition, the poison was used in gaseous form in Nazi Germany, For massacre in gas chambers during the Holocaust. It is a proven fact that Rasputin was poisoned with several lethal doses of cyanide, but he never died, but was drowned.
9. Botulinum toxin
Botulinum toxin is the most powerful poison from known to science organic toxins and substances in general. The poison causes severe toxic damage - botulism. Death occurs from hypoxia caused by impaired oxygen metabolism, asphyxia respiratory tract, paralysis of the respiratory muscles and cardiac muscles. And now scientists will not answer the question of what poison is the most powerful in the world. Some of the most strong poisons are toxins from botulism and tetanus. The source of botulism infection is homemade preparations.
Botulinum toxin is produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum, which are the causative agents of the most dangerous disease - botulism. This is the most powerful poison of organic nature and one of the strongest poisons in the world. In the last century, botulinum toxin was part of the arsenals of chemical weapons, but at the same time, active research was conducted regarding its use in medicine. And today great amount people who want to at least temporarily restore the smoothness of their skin experience the influence of this the most terrible poison, which is part of the most popular drug “Botox”, which once again confirms the validity of the famous saying of the great Paracelsus: “Everything is poison, everything is medicine; both are determined by the dose.”
10. Arsenic
Arsenic was recognized as the “king of poisons.” Arsenic poisoning causes symptoms similar to those of cholera (abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea). Arsenic, like Belladonna (item 8), was used in ancient times by women to make their faces pale white. There is an assumption that Napoleon was poisoned on the island of St. Helena with arsenic compounds.
11. Methanol, or methyl alcohol
It is a very dangerous poison. This is explained by the fact that it is easy to confuse it with ordinary wine alcohol, since they are indistinguishable in taste and smell. Counterfeit alcoholic drinks are sometimes made from methyl alcohol, but without an examination it is impossible to determine the presence of methanol. Unfortunately, the consequences of consuming such drinks are irreversible; at best, a person becomes blind.
12. Snake venom
There are more than two and a half thousand species of reptiles, but only about 250 species are poisonous. The most famous are common vipers, cobras, rattlesnakes, black mambas, and small snakes - sand ephs. Poisonous snakes — unpleasant neighbors. People have long found out that snake venom is dangerous only when it enters the human bloodstream. And, since humanity has been dealing with snakes for many millennia, it is not surprising that it was while studying the effects of snake venom on the bodies of animals and people that the first antidote was created in 1895 - anti-snake serum. By the way, there is no universal antidote even in case of poisoning by snake venom; for each type of snake, its own antitoxin is created - for king cobras - one, for vipers - another, for rattlesnakes - a third.
13. Vi-Ex (VX)
VX, or, as it is also called, VI gas, belongs to the category of chemical warfare gases that have a nerve-paralytic effect. It was also born as a new pesticide, but soon the military began to use it for their own purposes. Symptoms of poisoning with this gas appear within 1 minute after inhalation or contact with the skin, and death occurs within 10-15 minutes.
14. Bacillus anthrax
Anthrax is a very serious, rapidly developing disease caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. There are several forms anthrax. The most “harmless” one is the skin one. Even without treatment, the mortality rate from this form does not exceed 20%. The intestinal form kills about half of those sick, but the pulmonary form is almost certain death. Even with the latest treatment methods modern doctors no more than 5% of patients can be saved.
15. Sarin
Sarin was created by German scientists trying to synthesize a powerful pesticide. But this deadly poison, which causes quick but very painful death, acquired its dark fame not in agricultural fields, but as a chemical weapon. Sarin was produced by the ton for military purposes for decades, and it was only in 1993 that its production was banned. But despite calls for the complete destruction of all stocks of this substance, both terrorists and the military still use it in our time.
16. Amatoxins
Amatoxins are a whole group of protein poisons contained in poisonous mushrooms of the amanita family, including the deadly toadstool. The particular danger of these poisons lies in their “slowness”. Once they enter the human body, they immediately begin their destructive activity, but the victim begins to feel the first discomfort no earlier than 10 hours later, and sometimes several days later, when it is already very difficult for doctors to do anything. Even if such a patient can be saved, he will still suffer for the rest of his life from painful dysfunctions of the liver, kidneys and lungs.
In summer and autumn, the time comes for seasonal mushroom poisoning - by the way, these are the most accessible poisonous substances today. The most famous poisonous mushrooms are false mushrooms, toadstools, lines and fly agarics. The most poisoned mushroom is the toadstool, since it has many varieties, sometimes indistinguishable from edible mushrooms, and one such mushroom can lead to the death of several people. False honey mushrooms- the most common poisonous mushrooms. Although the Germans have learned to prepare fly agarics in such a way that they are not poisoned by them, it is true that it takes them a lot of time to prepare these mushrooms - they boil them for days. True, the question arises - why do they need fly agaric mushrooms when you can just take other mushrooms for food? And of course, we must remember the rules for storing cooked mushrooms; even edible mushrooms can become poisonous if the shelf life is violated.
17. Strychnine
Strychnine in large quantities found in the nuts of the tropical chilibuha tree. It was from them that it was obtained in 1818 by the French chemists Pelletier and Cavantou. In small doses, strychnine can be used as a medicine that increases metabolic processes, improves heart function and treats paralysis. It was even actively used as an antidote for barbiturate poisoning. However, it is one of the most powerful poisons. Its lethal dose is even less than the famous potassium cyanide, but it acts much more slowly. Death from strychnine poisoning occurs after about half an hour of terrible agony and severe convulsions.
18. Potatoes and grains
Regular potatoes or bread can also be poisonous. When stored improperly, potatoes accumulate the substance solanine, which causes poisoning to the body. And bread becomes poisonous if flour was used to make it and contained cereals contaminated with ergot. We are not talking about fatal poisoning, but it is quite possible to ruin your health with such products. An ear affected by ergot. In addition, there are many household chemicals and fertilizers that can also cause poisoning. For example, potassium chloride is the most common fertilizer, but if it gets into the bloodstream it becomes deadly, since potassium ions block the activity of the heart.
19. Curare
The most famous poison In South America, the most famous poison is curare, a poison of plant origin; there are several subspecies of this poison. It causes paralysis of the respiratory system. Initially it was used for hunting animals, but in the 20th century it was successfully used in medicine. Curare is the most famous poison among the Indians.
20. Batrachotoxin
Among natural poisons, batrachotoxin is very dangerous; it is secreted by the skin of small but dangerous amphibians - dart frogs, fortunately, they can only be found in Colombia. One such frog contains so much poisonous substance that it is enough to destroy several elephants. Poison frog there is no need to hide. In addition, there are radioactive poisons, such as polonium. It acts slowly, but only 1 gram of this substance is needed to destroy one and a half million people. Snake venom, curare, potassium cyanide - they are all inferior to the above poisons. It's not just snakes that are poisonous. The most poisonous creature on Earth is the jellyfish.
21. Ricin
Ricin is an extremely powerful poison of plant origin. Great danger represents the inhalation of its smallest grains. Ricin is about 6 times more powerful poison than potassium cyanide, but as a weapon mass destruction it was not used due to purely technical difficulties. But various intelligence services and terrorists are very fond of this substance. Politicians and public figures receive letters filled with ricin with enviable regularity. True, it rarely comes to this fatal outcome, since the penetration of ricin through the lungs is quite low. For a 100% result, ricin must be injected directly into the blood.
The most famous poisoners
The story of the Italian Borgia dynasty of poisoners, who elevated poisoning almost to the level of art, is unique. Everyone without exception was afraid of their invitation to the feast. The most famous representatives of this family for their treachery are Pope Alexander VI Borgia and his children: son Cesare, who became a cardinal, and daughter Lucrezia. This family had their own poison, "cantarella", supposedly containing arsenic, phosphorus and copper salts. It is known that the head of the family himself ultimately paid with his life for his treachery, having mistakenly drunk a cup of poison that he had prepared for another. Secret rings became the weapon of poisoners in the Middle Ages. In France, arsenic was used by women, the most famous of them was Catherine de Medici, who became Queen of France. There were also poisoners of lower rank - favorites of kings, marquises, baronesses and wives of jewelers. It is believed that Napoleon was poisoned with arsenic.
Household poisons, as the name suggests, can often be found in everyday life even where in theory they cannot exist. But forewarned is forearmed, so let’s slowly study the material on household poisons.
ADRENALIN
Adrenaline (epinephrine, suprarenin). Neurotropic and psychotropic effects. Lethal dose 10 mg. Quickly inactivated in the gastrointestinal tract. When administered parenterally, it is detoxified in the liver and excreted in the form of metabolites in the urine.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Symptoms of intoxication appear within the first 10 minutes after administration of the drug. Nausea, vomiting, pale skin, cyanosis, chills, dilated pupils, blurred vision, tremors, convulsions, difficulty breathing, coma. Tachycardia and initially a significant increase in blood pressure. Then a sharp decrease in it and ventricular fibrillation are possible. Sometimes psychosis develops with hallucinations and a feeling of fear.
C. Emergency care:
2. Antidote treatment.
3. Symptomatic therapy.
1. When taken orally, gastric lavage. Forced diuresis.
2. Phentolamine 5-10 mg intravenously (1-2 ml 0.5%
solution), aminazine 50-100 mg intramuscularly or intravenously.
3. for tachycadria, obzidan, inderal 1-2 ml of 0.1% solution intravenously repeatedly until a clinical effect is obtained.
ACACIA WHITE.
Yalovite roots and bark containing toxalbumin. Gastroenterotoxic effect. .
B. Symptoms of poisoning
Nausea, vomiting, tenesmus, abdominal pain, diarrhea. In severe cases, bloody stools, hematuria, acute cardiovascular failure.
C. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
D. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage, activated carbon orally
2. Intravenous administration of 5-10% glucose solution, 0.9% sodium chloride solution, electrolyte solution used for forced diuresis. Cardiovascular drugs, calcium chloride, vikasol.
ACONITE.
Aconite (borech, blue buttercup, Issykul root). The active principle is the alkaloid aconitine. Neurotoxic (curare-like, ganglion-blocking), cardiotactic effect. Lethal dose - about 1 g of plant, 5 ml of tincture, 2 mg of aconite alkaloid.
B. Symptoms of poisoning
Nausea, vomiting, numbness of the tongue, lips, cheeks, tips of the fingers and toes, crawling sensation, sensation of hot and cold in the extremities, transient visual disturbances (seeing objects in green light), dry mouth, thirst, headache, anxiety, convulsive twitching of the muscles of the face, limbs, loss of consciousness. Breathing is rapid, shallow, difficulty inhaling and exhaling, there may be a sudden stop in breathing. Decrease in blood pressure (especially diastolic). In the initial stage, bradyarrhythmia, extrasystole, then paroxysmal tachycardia, turning into ventricular fibrillation
C. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods 2. Antidote treatment
D. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative, activated carbon orally, forced diuresis, detoxification hemosorbium
2. Intravenous 20-50 ml of 1% novocaine solution, 500 ml of 5% glucose. Intramuscularly 10 ml of 25% magnesium sulfate solution. For convulsions, diazepam (Seduxen) 5-10 mg internally. For heart rhythm disorders - intravenously 10 mg of 10% solution of novocainamide (with normal blood pressure!) or 1-2 ml of 0.1% solution of obsidan, 20 ml of 40% glucose solution with 1 ml of 0.06% solution of corglycone. For bradycardia -0.1% atropine solution subcutaneously. Intramuscular cocarboxylase - 100 mg, 1% ATP solution - 2 ml, 5% ascorbic acid solution - 5 ml, 5% solutions of vitamins B1 - 4 ml, B6 - 4 ml.
ALCOHOL
A. Title chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics
Alcohol
B. Symptoms of poisoning - see Ethyl alcohol. Alcohol substitutes
ALDEHYDES
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics
Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, paraldehyde, metaldehyde. Psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic (convulsive), local irritant, hepatoxic effect. Absorbed through the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. excreted in the lungs and in the urine in the form of non-toxic metabolites.
B. Symptoms of poisoning
See Formalin. When taken orally - salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, chills, drowsiness, tremor, tonic convulsions, coma, respiratory depression. Jaundice, enlargement and tenderness of the liver on palpation. When inhaling vapors - severe irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract, sharp cough, suffocation, impaired consciousness, and in severe cases, coma.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage with the addition of sodium bicarbonate
2. Forced diuresis
3. See Formalin. For seizures - diazepam 10 mg intravenously
Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics
AMIDOPYRINE
Amidopyrine (pyramidon). Neurotoxic (convulsive), psychotropic effect. Lethal dose 10-15 g. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, 15% is bound to plasma proteins. Metabolism in the liver, excretion mainly in the urine.
Symptoms of poisoning.
In case of mild poisoning, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, general weakness, decreased temperature, shortness of breath, palpitations. In case of severe poisoning - convulsions, drowsiness, delirium, loss of consciousness and coma with dilated pupils, cyanosis, hypothermia, decreased blood pressure. The development of peripheral edema, acute agranulocytosis, gastric bleeding, and hemorrhagic rash is possible.
Urgent Care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Flushing the ventricle through a probe. Saline laxative orally. Forced diuresis, alkalization of the blood (sodium bicarbonate 10 -15 g orally). Detoxification hemosrbia.
2. Vitamin B1 solution 6% - 2 ml intramuscularly. Cardiovascular drugs. For seizures, diazepam 10 mg intravenously.
AMINAZINE.
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.
Aminazine (plegomazine, largactil, chlorpromazine). Psychotropic, neurotoxic effects (gangliolytic, adrenolytic). Toxic dose is more than 500 ml. Lethal dose 5-10g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 1-2 mg/l, lethal 3-12 mg/l. Detoxification in the liver, excretion through the intestines and urine - no more than 8% of the dose taken for 3 days.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Severe weakness, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea. Convulsions and loss of consciousness may occur. The comatose state is shallow, tendon reflexes are increased, the pupils are constricted. Increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure without cyanosis. Skin allergic reactions. Upon recovery from a coma, symptoms of parkinsonism are possible. When chewing chlorpromazine tablets, hyperemia and swelling of the oral mucosa occurs; in children, this has an expressive effect on the mucous membrane of the digestive tract.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative. Forced diuresis of plasma alkalization bases.
3. For hypotania: 10% caffeine solution - 1-3 ml or 5% ephedrine solution - 2 ml subcutaneously, 6% vitamin B1 solution - 4 ml intramuscularly. For parkinsonism syndrome: cyclodol 10-20 mg/day orally. Treatment of acute cardiovascular failure.
AMITRYPTYLINE.
Amitriptyline (tryptisol), imizin (melipramine, imipramine, tofranil) and other tricyclic natidepressants. Psychotropic, neurotoxic (anticholinergic, antihistamine), cardiotoxic effects. Toxic dose 500 mg, lethal 1200 mg. Rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract Binds to plasma proteins, partial metabolism in the liver, excretion in urine within 24 hours - 4 days
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
In mild cases, dry mouth, blurred vision, psychomotor agitation, weakened intestinal motility, urinary retention. Muscle twitching and hyperkinesis. In severe poisoning - confusion up to deep coma, attacks of colonic-tonic convulsions of the epileptiform type. Cardiac disorders: brady and tachyarrhythmias, intracardiac blockade, ventricular fibrillation. Acute cardiovascular failure (collapse). The development of toxic hepatopathy, hyperglycemia, and intestinal paresis is possible.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Repeated gastric lavage, forced diuresis.
2. 3. For tachyarrhythmia - 0.05% proserin - 1 ml intramuscularly or 0.1% solution of physiostigmine - 1 ml subcutaneously again an hour later until the pulse rate is 60 - 70 per minute, lidocaine - 100 mg, 0.1% solution inderal 1-5 ml intravenously. For bradyathermia - 0.1% atropine solution subcutaneously or intravenously again after an hour. For convulsions and agitation - 5 - 10 mg of diazepam intravenously or intramuscularly. Sodium bicarbonate solution 4% - 400 ml intravenously.
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.
AMMONIA.
B. Symptoms of poisoning: see. Alkalis are caustic.
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics
ANALGIN.
B. Symptoms of poisoning: see Amidopyrine
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics
ANESTHESIN.
Anestezin (benzocaine, ethylaminobenzoate). Hemotoxic (methemoglobin-forming) effect. Lethal dose 10-15 g.
Rapidly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver, and excreted by the kidneys.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When a toxic dose is ingested, there is severe cyanosis of the lips, ears, face, and limbs due to acute methemoglobinemia. Psychomotor agitation. When methglobinemia exceeds 50% of the total hemoglobin content, the development of a coma, hemolysis, and exotoxic shock is possible. High risk of anaphylactic reactions, especially in children
B. Emergency care:
2. Antidote treatment.
3. Symptomatic therapy.
1. Gastric lavage through a tube, forced diuresis with blood alkalization (sodium bicarbonate 10-15 g orally)
2. Methylene blue 1% solution, 1-2 ml per 1 kg of body weight with 250-300 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously, 5% ascorbic acid solution - 10 ml intravenously.
3. Oxygen therapy, hyperbaric oxygenation.
ANDAXIN.
A. Names of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.
Andaxin (meprotan, meprobamate). Psychotropic neurotoxic (central muscle relaxation), antipyretic effect. The lethal dose is about 15 g. The toxic concentration in the blood is 100 mg/l, lethal 200 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and excreted in the urine within 2-3 days
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Drowsiness, muscle weakness, decreased body temperature. In severe cases - coma, dilated pupils, decreased blood pressure, respiratory failure. See also barbiturates.
B. Emergency care:
1. Methods of active detoxification.
2. Antidote treatment.
3. Symptomatic therapy.
1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative. Forced diuresis without plasma alkalization. With the development of a coma - peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, detoxification hemosorption. In case of severe breathing disorders - artificial ventilation.
ANILINE.
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics
Aniline (amidobenzene, phenylamine). Psychotropic, neurotoxic, hemotoxic (methemoglobin-forming, secondary hemolysis), hepatotoxic effect. The lethal dose when taken orally is 1 g. When the methemoglobin content of total hemoglobin is 20-30%, symptoms of intoxication appear, 60-80% is a lethal concentration. Entry through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, skin. Most of it is metabolized to form intermediate products that cause methemoglobin formation. Deposited in adipose tissue, relapses of intoxication are possible. Excreted through the lungs and kidneys (para-aminophenol).
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Bluish discoloration of the mucous membranes of the lips, ears, and nails due to acute methemoglobinemia. Severe weakness, dizziness, headache, euphoria with motor excitement, vomiting, shortness of breath. The pulse is frequent, the liver is enlarged and painful. In severe poisoning, impaired consciousness and coma quickly occur, the pupils are constricted, without reaction to light, salivation and bronchorrhea, hemic hypoxia. Danger of developing paralysis of the respiratory center and exotoxic shock. On the 2-3rd day of the disease, relapses of methemoglobinemia, clonic-tonic convulsions, toxic anemia, parenchymal jaundice, and acute hepatic-renal failure are possible.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. In case of contact with skin, wash with a solution of 1:1000 potassium permanganate. When taken orally - abundant gastric lavage, administration of 150 ml of petroleum jelly through a tube. Forced diuresis, hemosorption, hemodialysis.
2. Treatment of methemoglobinemia: 1% solution of methylene blue, 1-2 ml per 1 kg of body weight with 5% glucose solution 200-300 ml intravenously. Ascorbic acid solution 5% to 60 ml per day intravenously. Vitamin B12 600 mcg intramuscularly. Sodium thiosulfate 30% solution - 100 ml intravenously.
3. Treatment of exotoxic shock, acute hepatic-renal failure. Oxygen therapy, hyperbaric oxygenation.
ANTABUS.
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.
Antabuse (teturam, disulfiram). Psychotropic, hepatotoxic effect. Lethal dose: without alcohol in the blood about 30g with a blood alcohol concentration of more than 1% - 1g. Slowly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, excreted slowly in the urine (in unchanged form). Leads to the accumulation of acetaldehyde in the body, the main metabolite of ethyl alcohol.
B. Symptoms of poisoning
After a course of treatment with Antabuse, drinking alcohol causes a sharp vegetative-vascular reaction - hyperemia of the skin, a feeling of heat in the face, difficulty breathing, palpitations, a feeling of fear of death, chills. Gradually the reaction ends and after 1-2 hours sleep sets in. After taking large doses of alcohol, a severe reaction may develop - severe pallor of the skin, cyanosis, repeated vomiting, increased heart rate, drop in blood pressure, signs of myocardial ischemia.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. When taking a toxic dose - gastric lavage, forced diuresis.
3. Place the patient in a horizontal position. Intravenous influence of a 40% glucose solution - 40 ml with a 5% ascorbic acid solution - 10 ml. Sodium bicarbonate 4% solution 200 ml - intravenous drip. Vitamin B1 5% solution - 2 ml intramuscularly. Lasix - 40 mg intravenously. Cardiovascular drugs
ANTIBIOTICS.
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.
Antibiotics (streptomycin, monomycin, kanamycin). Neurotoxic otoxic effect
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
At the same time, ingestion of an excessively high dose of antibiotics (over 10 g) can cause deafness due to damage to the auditory nerve (streptomycin) or oliguria due to renal failure (kanamycin, monomycin). These complications develop 6 as a rule, with a noticeable decrease in diuresis against the background of various infections with a lower daily dose of the drug, but longer use. At hypersensitivity To antibiotics, when using normal therapeutic doses, anaphylactic shock may develop.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. For hearing loss: 1-3 days after poisoning, hemodialysis or forced diuresis is indicated.
3. For oliguria: forced diuresis for the first day. Treatment of acute renal failure.
ANTICOAGULANTS.
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.
Direct anticoagulants - heparin.
B. Symptoms of poisoning
When administered into a vein, the effect is immediate, into a muscle or under the skin - after 45-60 minutes.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. In severe cases - blood replacement surgery, forced diuresis
2. Vikasol - 5 ml of 1% solution intravenously under the control of prothrombin content. Calcium chloride - 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously. In case of heparin overdose - 5 ml of 1% protamine sulfate solution intravenously, repeated if necessary (1 ml for every 100 units of heparin administered)
3. Aminocaproic acid 5% solution - 250 ml intravenously. Antihemophilic plasma - 500 ml intravenously. Repeated blood transfusion of 250 ml. Cardiovascular drugs as indicated.
Indirect anticoagulants - dicoumarin (dicoumarol), neodicoumarin (pelentan), syncumar, phenylin, etc. Hemotoxic effect (blood hypocoagulation).
B. Symptoms of poisoning
It is quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, the effect appears after 12-72 hours. It is excreted in the urine. Bleedings from the nose, uterus, stomach, intestines. Hematuria. Hemorrhage into the skin, muscles, sclera, hemorrhagic anemia. A sharp increase in blood clotting time (heparin) or a decrease in the prothombin index (other drugs)
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.
Antifreeze
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
See ethylene glycol.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
See ethylene glycol.
ARSENITES.
Arsenites: sodium arsenite, calcium arsenite, double salt of acetic and metaarsenic copper (Schweinfurt or Paris green). See Arsenic.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
See Arsenic.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
See Arsenic.
ASPIRIN.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Aspirin (acetylsolicylic acid). Also included in the preparations: askofen, asphen, citramon, sodium salicylate. Psychotropic, hemotoxic (anticoagulant) effect. The lethal dose is about 30 - 40g, for children 10g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 150 - 300 mg/l, lethal 500 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed in the stomach and small intestine. Deacetylated in blood plasma, 80% is excreted in urine within 24 - 28 hours. B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Excitement, euphoria. Dizziness, tinnitus, hearing loss, visual impairment. Breathing is noisy and rapid. Delirium, suparosis, coma. Sometimes subcutaneous hemorrhages, nasal, nasal, gastrointestinal, uterine bleeding. The development of methemoglobinemia and toxic nephropathy is possible. Metabolic acidosis, peripheral edema
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage, Vaseline oil 50 ml orally. Forced diuresis, alkalization of the blood. Early hemodialysis, hemosorption.
3. For bleeding - 1 ml of 1% solution of Vikasol, 10 ml of 10% solution of calcium chloride intravenously. When excited - 2 ml of a 2.5% solution of aminazine subcutaneously or intramuscularly. For methemoglobinemia - see Aniline.
ATROPINE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Atropine (also found in bellaldonna, henbane, datura). Psychotropic, neurotoxic (anticholinergic) effect. The lethal dose for adults is 100 mg, for children (under 10 years old) - about 10 ml. Rapidly absorbed through mucous membranes and skin, hydrolyzed in the liver. About 13% is excreted unchanged in urine within 14 hours.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Dry mouth and throat, speech and swallowing disorders, impaired near vision, diplopia, photophobia, palpitations, shortness of breath, headache. The skin is red, dry, the pulse is rapid, the pupils are dilated and do not respond to light. Mental and motor agitation, visual hallucinations, delirium, epileptiform convulsions followed by loss of consciousness, development of a coma, especially in children.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. When taken orally - gastric lavage through a tube generously lubricated with petroleum jelly, forced diuresis.
2. In a comatose state in the absence of sudden excitement - 1 ml of a 1% solution of pilocarpine repeatedly, 1 ml of a 0.05% solution of proserine or 1 ml of a 0.1% solution of eserine subcutaneously again.
3. When excited, 2.5% solution of aminazine - 2 ml intramuscularly, 1% solution of diphenhydramine - 2 ml intramuscularly, 1% solution of promedol 2 ml subcutaneously, 5 - 10 mg diazepam intravenously. For severe hyperthermia - 4% amidopyrine solution - 10 - 20 ml intramuscularly, ice packs on the head and groin areas, wrapping in a damp sheet and blowing with a fan.
ACETONE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Acetone (dimethylketone, propanol). Psychotropic (narcotic) nephrotoxic, local irritant effect. Lethal dose is more than 100 ml. Toxic concentration in the blood is 200 - 300 mg/l, lethal - 550 mg/l. It is quickly adsorbed by mucous membranes and excreted through the lungs in the urine.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
If ingested and inhaled, intoxication, dizziness, weakness, unsteady gait, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, collapse, coma. There may be a decrease in diuresis, the appearance of protein and red blood cells in the urine. When recovering from a comatose state, pneumonia often develops.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. For oral administration, gastric lavage; for inhalation poisoning, rinse eyes with water and inhale oxygen. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization (sodium bicarbonate 10-15 g orally).
3. Treatment of acute cardiovascular failure (toxic shock), pneumonia. For abdominal pain, subcutaneously 2% solution of papaverine - 2 ml, 0.2% solution of platiflline - 1 ml, 0.1 solution of atropine -1 ml.
BABITURATES.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Long-acting barbiturates (8 - 12 hours) - phenobarbital (luminal), medium-acting (6 - 8 hours) - barbital (veronal), sodium barbital (medinal), sodium amytal (barbamyl), short-acting (4 - 6 hours) - sodium etaminal ( Nembutal).
Preparations containing barbiturates: tardil, bellaspon, Sereysky powders, verodone, bromital, andipal, dipasalin, camphotal, tepaphilin, etc. Psychotropic (narcotic, hypnotic) effect. The lethal dose is about 10 therapeutic doses with large individual differences. Absorption in the stomach and small intestine; sometimes in unconscious patients, drugs are found unchanged in the stomach 2-3 days after administration. Short-acting barbiturates are almost completely (90%) metabolized in the liver, 50-60% are protein bound. Long-acting barbiturates are protein bound (8-10%), 90-95% are not metabolized and are excreted in the urine.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
There are 4 clinical stages of intoxication. Stage 1 - falling asleep: drowsiness, apathy, contact with the patient is possible, moderate miosis with a lively reaction to light, bradycardia during shallow sleep, hypersalivation. Stage 2 - superficial coma (a - uncomplicated, b - complicated): total loss consciousness, preserved reaction to painful stimulation, weakening of pupillary and corneal reflexes. Variable neurological symptoms: decreased or increased reflexes, muscle hypotonia or hypertension, pathological reflexes of Babinsky, Rossolimo, which are transient in nature. Breathing disorders due to hypersalivation, bronchorrhea, tongue retraction, aspiration of vomit. There are no pronounced hemodynamic disturbances. Stage 3 - deep coma (a - uncomplicated, b - complicated): a sharp absence or decrease in eye and tendon reflexes, lack of response to painful stimulation. The pupils are narrow. Breathing is rare, superficial, pulse is weak, cyanosis. Diuresis is reduced. In the case of a prolonged coma (12 hours), the development of bronchopneumonia, collapse, deep bedsores and septic complications is possible. Impaired liver and kidney function. Stage 4 - postcomatose period: unstable neurological symptoms (prose, unsteady gait, etc.), emotional lability, depression, thromboembolic complications.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage (in comatose patients - after preliminary intubation) again after 3 - 4 days until consciousness is restored, water-alkaline load, forced diuresis in combination with blood alkalization. In stages IIb, III - early use of hemodialysis in case of poisoning with long-acting barbiturates, detoxification hemosorption, in case of poisoning with short-acting barbiturates or mixed poisoning. In stage IV - water-electrolyte load, diuretics
2. In the stage of complicated coma, the use of bemegride is contraindicated. A 20% solution of camphor, a 10% solution of caffeine, a 5% solution of ephedrine, and 2-3 ml of cardamine are administered subcutaneously after 3-4 hours.
3. Intensive infusion therapy. Plasma substitutes (polyglucin, hemodez). Antibiotics. Intramuscularly: vitamins B1 and B6 5% solutions - 6-8 ml, B12 - 500 mcg (B vitamins should not be administered at the same time), ascorbic acid 5% solution - 5-10 ml, ATP 1% solution - 6 ml per day. For low blood pressure - 0.2% norepinephrine in combination with a 0.5% dopamine solution, 1 ml intravenously in 400 ml of polyglucin. Cardiac glycosites.
BARIUM.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Barium. Neurotoxic (paraletic), cardiotoxic effect. All soluble barium salts are toxic; insoluble barium sulfate, used in radiology, is practically nontoxic. Lethal dose is about 1g. Soluble barium salts are quickly absorbed in the small intestine and excreted primarily through the kidneys.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Burning in the mouth and esophagus, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, profuse diarrhea, dizziness, profuse sweating. The skin is pale. The pulse is slow and weak. Extrasystole, bigheminia, atrial fibrillation, arterial hypertension with a subsequent drop in blood pressure. Shortness of breath, cyanosis. 2-3 hours after poisoning - increasing muscle weakness, especially the muscles of the upper limbs and neck. Hemolysis, weakened vision and hearing, and clonic-tonic convulsions are possible with preserved consciousness.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1, 2. Gastric lavage through a tube with a 1% solution of sodium or magnesium sulfate to form insoluble barium sulfate, magnesium or barium sulfate 30 g orally (100 ml of a 30% solution). Forced diuresis, hemodialysis. Intravenous 10-20 ml of 10% solution of sodium or magnesium sulfate. Tetacin - calcium - 20 ml of 10% solution with 500 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously.
3. Promedol - 1 ml of 2% solution. Atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution intravenously with 300 ml of 5% glucose solution. For rhythm disturbances - potassium chloride 2.5 g in 500 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously, repeated if necessary. Cardiovascular drugs. Vitamins B1 and B6 intramuscularly (not simultaneously). Oxygen therapy. Treatment of toxic shock. Cardiac glycosides are contraindicated.
HENBANE.
See Atropine.
BELLADONNA.
See Atropine.
BELLOOID, BELLASPON.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Psychotropic (narcotic) and neurotoxic (cholinergic) effects. The drugs contain barbiturates, ergotamine, atropine. Lethal dose - more than 50 tablets.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
The earliest symptoms of atropine poisoning (see Atropine) appear, followed by the development of a severe coma, similar to a barbiturate coma (see barbiturates), with severe dryness of the skin and mucous membranes, dilated pupils, and skin hyperemia, hyperthermia. Poisoning is especially dangerous in children.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage. Forced diuresis, in case of severe poisoning - detoxification hemosorption.
3. When excited - see Atropine. If coma develops, see Barbiturates.
PETROL.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Petrol. Psychotropic (narcotic), hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, pneumotoxic effects. Leaded gasoline containing tetraethyl lead is especially dangerous. Rapidly absorbed in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. It is excreted primarily through the lungs.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When inhaling vapors - dizziness, headache, feeling of intoxication, agitation, nausea, vomiting. In severe cases - breathing problems, loss of consciousness, convulsions, smell of gasoline from the mouth. If swallowed - abdominal pain, vomiting, enlarged and painful liver, jaundice, toxic hepatopathy, nephropathy. With aspiration - chest pain, bloody sputum, cyanosis, shortness of breath, fever, severe weakness (gasoline toxic pneumonia). Poisoning is especially severe in children. Chronic inhalation intoxication is possible.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Removing the victim from the premises, steamy gasoline. If gasoline gets inside, lavage the stomach through a 200 ml tube. Vaseline oil or activated carbon.
3. In case of inhalation of vapors or aspiration - oxygen inhalation, antibiotics (10,000,000 units of penicillin and 1 g of streptomycin intramuscularly), cups, mustard plasters. Subcutaneously camphor - 2 ml of a 20 (percent) solution, cordiamine - 2 ml, caffeine - 2 ml of a 10 (percent) solution. Intravenous 30-50 ml of 40 (percent) glucose solution with corglycon (0.06 (percent) solution - 1 ml) or strophanthin (0.05 (percent) solution - 0.5 ml). For pain - 1 ml of 1 (percent) solution of promedol, 1 ml of 1 (percent) solution of atropine subcutaneously. In a comatose state with respiratory failure - intubation and artificial respiration, oxygen.
BENZODIAZEPINES.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Benzodiazepines - elenium (chlordiazepoxide, Napotom, Librium), diazepam (Seduxen, Valium), oxazepam (Tazepam), nitrazepam (Eunoctin, Radedorm). Psychotropic, neurotoxic effect. Lethal dose - 1-2g (large individual differences. Absorbed in the stomach and small intestine, binds to plasma proteins, detoxification in the liver, excretion in urine and feces.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
See Barbiturates.
BENZENE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Bezol. Psychotropic (narcotic), hemotoxic, hepatotoxic effects. Lethal dose 10-20 ml. The lethal concentration in the blood is 0.9 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed from the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. 15-30% is oxidized and excreted by the kidneys in the form of metabolites, the remaining portion is excreted unchanged through the lungs and in the urine. Depanation is possible in red blood cells, glandular organs, muscles, and fatty tissue.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When inhaling benzene vapors - excitement similar to alcohol, clinical-tonic convulsions, pallor of the face, red mucous membranes, dilated pupils. Shortness of breath with irregular breathing rhythm. Increased pulse rate, often arrhythmic, decreased blood pressure. Bleeding from the nose and gums, hemorrhage into the skin, and uterine bleeding are possible. When taking benzene orally - burning in the mouth, behind the sternum, in the epigastric region, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, agitation followed by depression, coma, enlarged liver, jaundice (toxic hepatopathy). Chronic inhalation intoxication is possible.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Removing the victim from the danger zone. If poison is ingested, gastric lavage through a tube, Vezelin oil orally - 200 ml. Forced diuresis, blood replacement surgery.
2. 30% sodium thiosulfate solution - 200 ml intravenously.
3. Intramuscular vitamins B1 and B6 - up to 1000 mcg/day (B vitamins should not be administered at the same time). Cardiovascular drugs. Ascorbic acid - 10-20 ml of 5% solution with 5% glucose solution intravenously. Oxygen inhalation. For bleeding - 1% solution of Vikasol intramuscularly up to 5 ml.
BORIC ACID.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Boric acid (borax), borax, sodium borate. Local irritant, weak cytotoxic, convulsive effect. The lethal dose for adults is 10-20g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 40 mg/l, lethal 50 mg/l. Absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and damaged skin. They are excreted unchanged by the kidneys and through the intestines within a week. Deposited in bone tissue and liver.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Symptoms of intoxication develop 1 to 48 hours after ingestion. Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, general weakness, headache. Dehydration of the body, loss of consciousness, generalized twitching of the muscles of the face, limbs, convulsions. Cardiovascular failure. Possible damage to the liver and kidneys. Poisoning is especially severe in children.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diurcz. Hemodialysis for severe poisoning.
3. Riboflavin mononucleotide 10 g per day into the muscle. Correction of wine-electrolyte balance and acidosis: infusion of sodium bicarbonate solution, plasma-substituting solutions, glucose, sodium chloride. For abdominal pain - 0.1% atropine solution - 1 ml, 0.2% platifilin solution - 1 ml, 1% promedol solution - 1 ml subcutaneously. Novocaine 2% solution - 50 ml with glucose - 5% solution - 500 ml intravenously. Cardiovascular drugs.
VEGH IS POISONOUS.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Veh poisonous (hemlock, water hemlock, water omega). The most poisonous rhizomes of the plant, especially in late autumn and early spring. Contains cycototoxin. Neurotoxic (cholinergic, convulsive) effect. The lethal dose is about 50 mg of plant per 1 kg of body weight.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Initial symptoms of poisoning appear after 1.5 - 2 hours, sometimes after 20 - 30 minutes. Salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dilated pupils, tachycardia, clonic-tonic convulsions, respiratory depression. Loss of consciousness, collapse. Most often, poisoning develops in children, who usually eat rhizomes, mistaking them for carrots.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative, activated carbon orally, hemosorption.
3. Intramuscular injection of 25% magnesium sulfate solution - 10 ml. For seizures - diazepam 5 - 10 mg intravenously. Artificial respiration. For cardiac arrhythmias - 10 ml of 10% solution of novocainamide intravenously.
HYDROGEN IS ARSENIC.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Arsenic hydrogen (arsine) is a colorless gas with a garlic odor. Neurotoxic, hemotoxic (hemolytic), hepatotoxic effects. The lethal concentration in the air is 0.05 mg/l with an exposure of 1 hour; at a concentration of 5 mg/l, several breaths lead to death.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
In case of poisoning with low doses, the development of poisoning is preceded by a latent period of about 6 hours; in case of severe intoxication, the latent period is less than 3 hours. General weakness, nausea, vomiting, chills, anxiety, headache, parasthesia in the limbs, suffocation. After 8 - 12 hours - hemoglobinuria (red or brown urine), cyanosis, possible convulsions, impaired consciousness. On the 2-3rd day - toxic hepatotopathy, nephropathy, hemolytic anemia.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Early hemodialysis. Blood replacement surgery.
2. Mecaptide 40% solution - 1-2 ml every 4 hours with 0.25% navocaine solution intramuscularly for the first 2 days, then 2 times a day until 5 - 6 days, after which - unithiol 5% solution 5 ml 3 - 4 times per day.
For hemoglobinuria - intravenous glucozone-novocaine mixture (glucose 5% solution - 500 ml, novocaine 2% solution - 50 ml), hypertonic 20-30% glucose solutions - 200 - 300 ml, aminophylline 2, 4% solution - 10 ml, sodium bicarbonate 4 % solution - 100 ml intravenously. Forced diuresis. Cardiovascular drugs.
VITAMIN D2.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol, calciferol). Disturbance of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body, cytotoxic (membrane), nephrotoxic effect. The toxic dose for a single dose of 1,000,000 IU is 25 mg (20 ml of oil solution, 5 ml of alcohol solution). Vitamin D is metabolized in the liver and kidneys to form active metabolites that cause the toxicity of the drug. Cumulates in the body.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Intoxication can develop as a result of a single dose of a large dose of the drug or repeated consumption of food (sometimes instead of sunflower oil). In children - as a result of exceeding the course of preventive and therapeutic doses. Nausea, repeated vomiting, dehydration, malnutrition, lethargy, increased body temperature, general adynamia, muscle hypotension, drowsiness, followed by severe anxiety, clonicotonic convulsions. Increased blood pressure, muffled heart sounds, sometimes rhythm and conduction disturbances. Hematuria, leukocyturia, proteinuria, azotemia, acute heart failure. Hypercalcemia (calcium content in blood serum up to 20 mg% or more), hypercholesterolemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperproteinemia. Fluoroscopy of cadaveric bones reveals osteoporosis of the diaphyseal part. Metastatic calcification of the kidneys, myocardium, heart valves, and vascular wall is possible.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. At a high dose - hemodialysis, detoxification hemosorption.
3. Hydrocotisone - 250 mg/day or prednisolone - 60 mg/day intramuscularly. Thyrocalcitonia - 5D 2-3 times a day, vitamins A (oil solution) 3000-50000 IU 2 times a day intramuscularly. Tocopherol (vitamin E) 30% solution - 2 ml intramuscularly 2 times a day. Cardiovascular drugs. For increased blood pressure - 1% dibazole solution, 2-4 ml intramuscularly. Calcium-disodium salt ELTA 2-4 g per 500 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously. Glucose with insulin - 8D, isotonic sodium chloride solution 40% - 20 ml, plasma and plasma-substituting solutions.
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Cardiac glycosides: preparations of various types of foxglove (the active principle is glycosides ditoxin, digoxin), adonis, lily of the valley, jaundice, strophanthus, hellebore, sea onion, etc. Cardiotoxic effect. It is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract; when administered intravenously, it is excreted slowly in the urine.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Dyspeptic disorders (nausea, vomiting). Bradycardia, ventricular and atrial extrasystoles, conduction disturbances, various types of tachycardia, fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation. Fall in blood pressure, cyanosis, convulsions, blurred vision, mental disorders, loss of consciousness.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative, activated carbon orally. Detoxification hemosorption.
2. Atropine 0.1% solution - 1 ml subcutaneously for bradycardia. Intravenous drip administration of potassium chloride (only for hypokalemia!) - 0.5% solution 500 ml. Unithiol 5% solution, 5 ml intramuscularly 4 times a day.
For arrhythmias: 0.1% atropine solution - 1-2 ml intravenously, lidocaine - 100 ml every 3 - 5 minutes intravenously (until the arrhythmia is eliminated), diphenin - 10 - 12 mg/kg for 12-24 hours intravenously .
GRANOSAN.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Granosan (2% ethyl mercuric chloride). Enterotoxic, hepatotoxic effects.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Poisoning develops when consuming granosan-treated sunflower seeds, peas, flour from treated seeds, and fruits from untimely treated trees. Symptoms of poisoning develop gradually - 1-3 weeks after eating contaminated foods. Loss of appetite, unpleasant taste and dry mouth, thirst, lethargy, insomnia, headache. Then nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, lethargy, adynamia, hallucinations, and sometimes paresis of the limbs appear. Possible visual impairment, anisocaria, strabismus, ptosis (damage to the cranial nerves), tremor, epileptic syndrome, vomiting, diarrhea with blood. Symptoms of toxic nephropathy and toxic hepatopathy appear (enlarged and painful liver, jaundice).
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1, 2. See Sulema.
H. Vitamins B1 and B12. Prozerin - 0.05% solution, 1 ml subcutaneously.
MUSHROOMS ARE POISONOUS.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Mushrooms are poisonous. 1. Toadstool - contains toxic alkaloids phalloin, phalloidin, amanitin. Hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, enterotoxic effects. 100 g of fresh mushrooms (5 g of dry) contains 10 mg of phalloidin, 13.5 mg of amanitin. The lethal dose of amanitin is 0.1 mg/kg. Toxins are not destroyed by heat treatment or drying; they are quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and deposited in the liver.
2. Fly agaric - active ingredient - muscarine, muscaridine. Neurotoxic (cholinergic effect). Toxins are partially destroyed during heat treatment.
3. Strings, morels - contain gelvelic acid. Hemotoxic (hemolytic) effect. The toxin is destroyed by heat treatment.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
The latent period before the development of pronounced symptoms of intoxication is 6 - 24 hours. Uncontrollable vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria (red urine). Damage to the liver, kidneys. Hemolytic jaundice.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Sodium bicarbonate - 1000 ml of 4% solution into a vein. Forced diuresis.
DIKUMARIN.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Dicumarin.
B. Symptoms of poisoning. See Anticoagulants
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
See Anticoagulants.
DIMEDROL.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Diphenhydramine (diphenhydramine) and other antihistamines.
Neurotoxic (parasympatholytic, central anticholinergic), psychotropic (narcotic) effect. The lethal dose is 40 mg/kg. Toxic concentration in the blood is 10 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed, reaches maximum concentration in tissues within the first 6 hours, detoxification in the liver, excreted in the urine mainly in the form of metabolites within 24 hours.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Dry mouth and throat, drowsiness and dizziness, nausea, nausea, muscle twitching, tachycardia, blurred vision. The pupils are dilated, there may be horizontal nystagmus, the skin is dry and pale. Motor and psychological agitation, convulsions followed by loss of consciousness. Comatose state, drop in blood pressure, respiratory depression. Oral numbness may occur when taking premedimedrol by mouth.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. When taken orally, lavage the stomach through a tube lubricated with petroleum jelly. Forced diuresis.
2. Physostigmine - 0.1% solution, 1 ml subcutaneously, again, in the absence of sudden excitement - pilocarpine - 1 ml of 1% solution subcutaneously.
3. For agitation - aminazine or tizercin - 2.5% solutions, 2 ml intramuscularly, for convulsions - diazepam - 5 - 10 mg intravenously.
DIMETHYL PHTHALATE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Dimethyl phthalate. Local irritant, psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic, nephrotoxic effect. Absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract. In the body it is quickly metabolized to form methyl alcohol.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
See Methyl alcohol.
Inhalation of vapors causes irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
See Methyl alcohol.
DICHLOROETHANE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) exists in the form of 2 isomers: 1 - 1-dichloroethane and the most toxic 1 - 2-dichloroethane. Psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, local irritant effect. The lethal dose when taken orally is 15 - 20 ml. Toxic concentration in the blood - traces of dichloroethane, lethal 5 mg/l. Quickly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and skin. After oral administration, the maximum concentration in the blood is reached in the first 6 hours; the rate of absorption increases when taken together with alcohol and fats. It is metabolized in the liver with the formation of toxic metabolites chloroethylene and monochloroacetic acid. Deposited in adipose tissue. Excreted in exhaled air, urine, and feces.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Symptoms of intoxication appear in the first 1 - 3 hours. Upon admission - nausea, vomiting (persistent) with an admixture of bile, blood, pain in the epigastric region, salivation, loose, flaky stool with the smell of dichloroethane, scleral hyperemia, severe weakness, headache, psychomotor agitation, coma, exotoxic shock (1 - 2 days), on days 2 - 3 - toxic hepatopathy (pain in the right hypochondrium, liver enlargement, jaundice, nephropathy, hepatic-renal failure, hemorrhagic diathesis (stomach, nosebleeds) With inhalation poisoning - headache, dizziness, drowsiness, dyspeptic disorders, increased salivation, hepatopathy, nephropathy. In severe cases - coma, exotoxic shock. In case of contact with the skin - dermatitis, bullous rashes.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Abundant repeated gastric lavage through a tube, followed by the introduction of vaseline oil (150 - 200 ml) into the stomach. Detoxification hemosorbium, forced diuresis with blood alkalization. Vitamin E 1 - 2 ml 30% intramuscularly 4 times in the first 3 days.
3. In the presence of deep coma - intubation, artificial respiration. Cardiovascular drugs. Treatment of toxic shock. On the first day - hormone therapy (prednisolone up to 120 mg intravenously repeatedly. Vitamin therapy: B12 - up to 1500 mcg; B1 - 4 ml of a 5% solution intramuscularly; B15 up to - 5 g orally. Ascorbic acid - 5-10 ml of a 5% solution intravenously. Tetacin calcium - 40 ml of 10% solution with 300 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously. Unithiol 5% solution, 5 ml intramuscularly again. Lipoic acid - 20 - 30 mg/kg intravenously per day. Antibiotics (levomytin, penicillin).
In case of sudden excitement, 2 ml of 2.5% solution of pipolfen intravenously. Treatment of toxic nephropathy and hepatopathy is carried out in a hospital.
Datura.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Datura. See atropine.
B. Symptoms of poisoning. See Atropine.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
See Atropine
LUCK.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Zamanikha (araliaceae seeds). Rhizomes and roots contain saponins, traces of alkaloids and glycosides, essential oil. Available as a 5% alcohol tincture. Cardiotoxic local irritant, psychotropic (stimulating) effect.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
If you take a toxic dose, you may experience nausea, repeated vomiting, loose stools, bradycardia, dizziness, anxiety, and a possible decrease in blood pressure. Bradyarrhythmia, ventricular extrasystole.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
3. Atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously or intravenously again until bradycardia is relieved.
ISOMIAZIDE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Isoniazid (GINK, isonicotinic acid hydrazide); derivatives: tubazide, ftivazide, saluzide, larusan, etc. Neurotoxic (convulsive) effect. Lethal dose - 10 g. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, maximum concentration in the blood 1-3 hours after administration. 50 - 75% of the drug in acetylated form is excreted in the urine within 24 hours, 5 - 10% through the intestines.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, headache, paresthesia, dry mouth, tremor, ataxia, shortness of breath, bradycardia, then tachycardia. In severe poisoning - epileptiform-type convulsions with loss of consciousness and respiratory distress. The development of toxic nephropathy and hepotopathy is possible.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization. Detoxification hemosorption.
2. B6 - 5% solution, 10 ml intravenously repeatedly.
3. Essential oxygen anesthesia with muscle relaxants, mechanical breathing. Correction of acidosis - 4% sodium bicarbonate solution 1000 ml into a vein.
INDIAN HEMP.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Indian hemp (hashish, plan, marijuana, anasha).
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Initially, psychomotor agitation, dilated pupils, tinnitus, vivid visual hallucinations, then general lethargy, weakness, tearfulness and long, deep sleep with a slow pulse and a drop in body temperature.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
Gastric lavage if poison is taken orally, forced diuresis. In case of sudden excitement - 4 - 5% ml of 2.5% chlorpromazine solution intramuscularly.
INSULIN.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Insulin. Hypoglycemic effect.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Active only when administered parenterally. In case of an overdose, symptoms of hypoglycemia occur - weakness, increased sweating, hand tremors, feeling of hunger. In case of severe poisoning (blood sugar level below 50 mg%) - psychomotor agitation, clinical-tonic convulsions, coma. When emerging from a comatose state, prolonged encephalopathy (schizophrenia-like syndrome) is observed.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Phosphorus diuresis with blood alkalization.
2. Immediate intravenous administration of a 20% glucose solution in the amount necessary to restore normal blood sugar levels. Glucagon - 0.5 - 1 mg intramuscularly.
3. For coma, adrenaline - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously. Cardiovascular drugs.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Iodine. Local cauterizing effect. The lethal dose is about - - 3g.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When inhaling iodine vapor, the upper respiratory tract is affected.
(see Chlorine). When concentrated solutions get inside, severe burns of the digestive tract occur; the mucous membrane has a characteristic color. The development of hemolysis and hemoglobinuria is possible.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
Gastric lavage through a tube, preferably 0.5% sodium thiosulfate solution.
2. Sodium thiosulfate 30% solution - up to 300 ml per day intravenously, 10% sodium chloride solution 30 ml intravenously.
3. Treatment of burns of the digestive tract (see Strong acids)
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Potassium permanganate. Local cauterizing, resorptive, hemotoxic (methemoglobinemia) effects. The lethal dose for children is about 3 g, for adults - 0.3 - 0.5 g / kg.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
If ingested, sharp pain occurs in the oral cavity, along the esophagus, in the abdomen, vomiting, and diarrhea. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity and pharynx is swollen, dark brown, purple. Possible swelling of the larynx and mechanical asphyxia, burn shock, motor agitation, and convulsions. Severe pneumonia, hemorrhagic colitis, nephropathy, hepatopathy, and parkinsonism often occur. With reduced acidity of gastric juice, methemoglobinemia with severe cyanosis and shortness of breath is possible.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. See Strong acids.
2. For severe cyanosis (methemoglobinemia) - methyl blue 50 ml of 1% solution, ascorbic acid - 30 ml of 5% solution intravenously.
3. Vitamin therapy: B12 up to 1000 mcg, B6 - 3 ml of 5% solution intramuscularly. Treatment of toxic nephropathy, hepatopathy in the hospital.
ACIDS ARE STRONG.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Strong acids: inorganic (nitric, sulfuric, hydrochloric, etc.), organic (acetic, oxalic, etc.). Oxalic acid is part of a number of household chemicals used to remove rust: liquid "Vaniol" (10%), "Antirzhavin", paste "Prima" (19.7%), powder "Sanitary" (15%), "Tartarene" "(23%). Local cauterizing effect (coagulative necrosis), hemotoxic (hemolytic) and nephrohepatotoxic - for organic acids. Lethal dose - 30 -50 ml.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When ingested, a chemical burn develops in the oral cavity, pharynx, pharynx, stomach, esophagus, and sometimes intestines - sharp pain in the oral cavity along the esophagus, in the abdomen. Significant salivation, repeated vomiting with blood, esophageal bleeding. Mechanical asphyxia due to burns and swelling of the larynx. Phenomena of toxic burn shock (compensated or decompensated). In severe cases, especially in case of poisoning with vinegar essence, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria are observed (urine becomes red-brown, dark brown), and by the end of the first day, yellowness of the skin and sclera appears. Against the background of hemolysis, toxic coagulopathy develops (short-term phase of hypercoagulation and secondary fibrinolysis). On days 2 - 3, the phenomena of exogenous toxemia (fever, agitation), the phenomena of active peritonitis, pancreatitis, then the phenomenon of nephropathy against the background of acute hemoglobinuric nephrosis (in case of acetic acid poisoning), hepatopathy, infectious complications (purulent tracheobronchitis, pneumonia) predominate. - 3 weeks, a complication of a burn disease may be late esophageal-gastric bleeding. By the end of the 3rd week, with severe burns (ulcerative-necrotic inflammation), signs of cicatricial narrowing of the esophagus or, more often, of the outlet of the stomach (in case of poisoning with inorganic acids) appear. Burn asthenia is noted, loss of body weight, disturbance of protein and water-electrolyte balance.Ulcerative-necrotizing gastritis and esophagitis often become chronic.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Rinse the stomach with cold water through a tube lubricated with vegetable oil. Before gastric lavage - subcutaneous morphine - 1 ml of 1% solution and atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution. Forced diuresis with alkalization of the blood. Swallow pieces of ice.
2. Injection of 4% sodium bicarbonate solution up to 1500 ml into a vein when dark urine appears and metabolic acidosis develops.
3. Treatment of burn shock. Polyglucin - 800 ml intravenously. Glucose-novocaine mixture (glucose - 300 ml of 5% solution, novocaine - 30 ml of 2% solution) intravenous drip. Papaverine - 2 ml of 2% solution, platifilin - 1 ml of 0.2% solution, atropine - 0.5 - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously up to 6 - 8 times a day. Cardiovascular drugs (cordiamin - 2 ml, caffeine - 2 ml of 10% solution subcutaneously). If bleeding develops, apply ice inside. In cases of significant blood loss, repeat blood transfusion. Antibiotic therapy (penicillin - up to 8,000,000 units per day). Hormone therapy: hydrocartisone - 125 mg, ACTH - 40 units intramuscularly per day. For local treatment of the burned surface, 20 ml of the mixture of the following composition is given orally after 3 hours: 10% sunflower oil emulsion - 200 ml, anesthesin - 2 ml, chloramphenicol - 2 g. Vitamin therapy: B12 - 400 mcg, B1 - 2 ml of 5% solution intramuscularly (do not enter at the same time). Treatment of toxic nephropathy, hepatopathy - in a hospital. For the treatment of toxic coagulopathy after stopping bleeding - heparin up to 30,000 - 60,000 units per day intravenously intramuscularly for 2 - 3 days (under the control of a coagulogram). For swelling of the larynx - inhalation of aerosols: novokina - 3 ml of 0.5% solution with ephedrine - 1 ml of 5% solution or adrenaline - 1 ml of 0.1% solution. If this measure fails, tracheostomy is performed.
CAFFEINE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Caffeine and other xanthines - theophylline, theobromine, aminophylline, aminophylline. . Psychotropic, neurotoxic (convulsive) effect. The lethal dose is 20 g with large individual differences, the lethal concentration in the blood is more than 100 mg/l. It is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, demethylated in the body, and excreted in the urine in the form of metabolites, 10% unchanged.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Tinnitus, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, increased body temperature, palpitations. Severe psychomotor agitation and clonicotonic convulsions are possible. In the future, depression of the nervous system may develop up to a soporous state, severe tachycardia (sometimes paroxysmal, accompanied by hypotension), and cardiac arrhythmias. In case of an overdose of drugs, especially when administered intravenously, an attack of clonic-tonic convulsions and a drop in blood pressure are possible. Orthostatic collapse.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative. Forced diuresis. In severe cases - detoxification hemosorption.
3. Aminazine - 2 ml of 2.5% solution intramuscularly. In severe cases - intramuscular injection of a lytic mixture: aminazine - 1 ml of a 2.5% solution, promedol - 1 ml of a 1% solution, diprazine (pipolfen) - 2.5% solution. For convulsions - barbamyl - 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously. For cupping paroxysmal tachycardia- novocainamide 10% solution 5 ml intravenously slowly.
LITHIUM.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Lithium - lithium carbonate. Psychotropic, neurotoxic, cardiotoxic effects. Lethal dose - 20 g. Toxic concentration in the blood - 13.9 mg/l, lethal dose -34.7 mg/l. Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, distributed evenly in the body in intracellular and extracellular fluid, 40% is excreted in the urine, a small part through the intestines.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, muscle weakness, tremor of the limbs, adynamia, ataxia, drowsiness, stuporous state, coma. Heart rhythm disturbances, bradyarrhythmia, decreased blood pressure, acute cardiovascular failure (collapse). On days 3 - 4 - manifestations of toxic nephropathy. The wavy course of intoxication is characteristic.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diuresis. In severe cases, early hemodialysis.
2. Into a vein - sodium bicarbonate - 1500 - 2000 ml of 4% solution, sodium chloride - 20 - 30 ml of 10% solution after 6 - 8 hours for 1 - 2 days.
3. When blood pressure decreases - 0.2% norepinephrine solution intravenously until a clinical effect is obtained. B vitamins, ATP - 2 ml of 1% solution intramuscularly 2 - 3 times a day. Treatment of toxic nephropathy.
MERCURY OINTMENT.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Mercury ointment: gray (contains 30% metallic mercury, white (10% mercury amide chloride), yellow (2% yellow mercuric oxide).
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Poisoning develops when the ointment is rubbed into the skin, especially into the hairy parts of the body and when there are excoriations, abrasions on the skin or during prolonged exposure (more than 2 hours). On days 1–2, signs of dermatitis appear and body temperature rises, which may be a manifestation of hypersensitivity to mercury preparations. On days 3–5, symptoms of toxic nephropathy and acute renal failure develop. At the same time, manifestations of stomatitis, gingivitis, enlargement of regional nodes occur, and on the 5th - 6th day - enterocolitis.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Forced diuresis. Early hemodialysis in the presence of toxic concentrations of mercury in the blood and severe intoxication.
2. Unithiol - 5% solution, 10 ml intramuscularly repeatedly.
3. Treatment of toxic nephropathy in a hospital setting. Apply ointment dressings with hydrocortisone and anesthesin to the affected areas of the skin. Treatment of stomatitis.
COPPER.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Copper and its compounds (copper sulfate). Copper-containing toxic chemicals: Bordeaux liquid (a mixture of copper sulfate and lime), Burgud liquid (a mixture of copper sulfate and sodium carbonate), cupronafte (a combination of copper sulfate with a solution of methylonaphtha), etc. Local cauterizing, hemotoxic (hemolytic), nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic effect. The lethal dose of copper sulfate is 30 - 50 ml. The toxic concentration of copper in the blood is 5.4 mg/l. About 1/4 of the dose administered orally is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and binds to plasma proteins. Most of it is deposited in the liver. Excretion with bile, feces, urine.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When copper sulfate is ingested, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, frequent bowel movements, headache, weakness, tachycardia, and toxic shock develop. With severe hemolysis (hemoglobin), acute renal failure (anuria, nuremia). Texas hepotopathy. Hemolytic jaundice, anemia. When non-ferrous metals (highly dispersed copper dust (zinc and chromium)) enter the upper respiratory tract during welding, acute “foundry fever” develops: chills, dry cough, headache, weakness, shortness of breath, persistent fever. Possible allergic reaction(red rash on the skin, itching).
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diuresis. Early hemodialysis.
2. Unithiol - 10 ml of a 5% solution, then 5 ml every 3 hours intramuscularly for 2 - 3 days. Sodium thiosulfate - 100 ml of 30% solution intravenously.
3. Morphine - 1 ml of 1% solution, atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously. For frequent vomiting - aminazine - 1 ml of 2.5 solution intramuscularly. Glucose-novocaine mixture (glucose 5% - 500 ml, novocaine 2% - 50 ml intravenously). Antibiotics. Vitamin therapy. For hemoglobinuria - sodium bicarbonate - 1000 ml of 4% solution intravenously. Treatment of acute renal failure and toxic hepatopathy - in a hospital setting. For foundry fever - acetylsolicylic acid - 1 g, codeine - 0.015 g orally. For allergic rash - diphenhydramine - 1 ml of 1% solution subcutaneously, calcium gluconate 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously.
MORPHINE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Mlorphine and other narcotic analgesics of the opium group: opium, pantopon, heroin, dionine, codeine, tecodin, fenadone. Preparations containing substances of the opium group - gastric drops and tablets, codeterpine, cotermops. Psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic effect. The lethal dose when morphine is taken orally is 0.5 - 1 g, when administered intravenously - 0.2 g. The lethal concentration in the blood is 0.1 - 4 mg/l. All drugs are especially toxic for young children. The lethal dose for children under 3 years of age is 400 ml, phenadone - 40 mg, heroin - 20 mg. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and when administered parenterally, detoxification in the liver by conjugation with glucoronic acid (90%), 75% is excreted in the urine on the first day in the form of conjugants.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When ingesting or parenterally administering toxic doses of drugs, a coma develops, which is characterized by significant constriction of the pupils with a weakened reaction to light, skin hyperemia, muscle hypertonicity, and sometimes clonic-tonic convulsions. In severe cases, breathing disturbances and the development of asphyxia are often observed - severe cyanosis of the mucous membranes, dilated pupils, bradycardia, collapse, hypothermia. In case of severe cadeine poisoning, breathing problems are possible while the patient remains conscious, as well as a significant decrease in blood pressure.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Repeated gastric lavage (even with pantheral administration of morphine), activated charcoal orally, saline laxative. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization. Detoxification hemosorption.
2. Administration of nalorphine (anthorphine) - 3 - 5 ml of 0.5% solution intravenously.
3. Subcutaneously atropine - 1 - 2 ml of 0.1% solution, caffeine - 2 ml of 10% solution, cordiamine - 2 ml. Vitamin B1 - 3 ml of 5% solution intravenously again. Oxygen inhalation, artificial respiration. Warming the body.
ARSENIC.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Arsenic and its compounds. Nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, enterotoxic, neurotoxic effects. The most toxic compounds are trivalent arsenic. The lethal dose of arsenic when taken orally is 0.1 - 0.2 g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 1 mg/l, lethal - 15 mg/l. Slowly absorbed from the intestine and after parenteral administration. Deposited in the liver, kidneys, spleens, thin intestinal walls, and lungs. When inorganic compounds are consumed, arsenic appears in the urine within 2–8 hours and is excreted in the urine within 10 days. Organic compounds excreted in urine and feces within 24 hours.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When ingested, a gastrointestinal form of poisoning is more often observed. Metallic taste in mouth, vomiting, strong pain in a stomach. Vomit is greenish in color. Loose stools resembling rice water. Severe dehydration of the body, accompanied by chlorpenic convulsions. Hemoglobinuria as a result of hemolysis, jaundice, hemolytic numbness, acute hepatic-renal failure. In the terminal phase - collapse, coma. A paralytic form is possible: stunning, stuporous state, convulsions, loss of consciousness, coma, respiratory paralysis, collapse. In case of inhalation poisoning with arsenous hydrogen, severe hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, cyanosis quickly develop, and on the 2nd - 3rd day - hepatic-renal failure.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube, repeated siphon enemas. Early hemodialysis with simultaneous intravenous administration of 150 - 200 ml of 5% unithiol solution.
2. Unithiol - 5% solution, 5 ml 8 times a day intramuscularly; 10% solution of thetacine-calcium - 30 ml in 500 ml of 5% glucose intravenously.
3. Vitamin therapy: ascorbic acid, vitamins B1, B6, B15. 10% sodium chloride solution intravenously, repeated 10 ml (under ionogram control). For severe pain in the intestines - platifilin -1 ml of 0.2% rasta, atropine 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously, perirenal block with novocaine. Cardiovascular drugs. Treatment of exotoxic shock. For hemoglobinuria - glucose-novocaine mixture (glucose 5% - 500 ml, novocaine 2% - 50 ml) intravenously, hypertonic solution (20 - 30%) glucose - 200 - 300 ml, aminophylline 2, 4% solution - 10 ml, bicarbonate sodium 4% - 1000 ml intravenously. Forced diuresis.
NAPHTHALENE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Naphthalene has a local irritant, hemotoxic (hemolytic) effect. The lethal dose when taken orally is about 10 g, for children - 2 g. Poisoning is possible through inhalation of vapors and dust, through penetration through the skin, or into the stomach. Excretion in urine in the form of metabolites.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When inhaled - headache, nausea, vomiting, lacrimation, cough, superficial clouding of the cornea. The development of hemolysis and hemoglobinuria is possible. Upon contact with skin - erythema, dermatitis phenomena. If ingested - abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea. Anxiety, in severe cases - coma, convulsions. Tachycardia, shortness of breath, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, toxic nephropathy. The development of toxic hepatopathy is possible. Poisoning is especially dangerous in children.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. When taken orally - gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization.
2. Sodium bicarbonate 5 g orally in water every 4 hours or intravenously 4% solution 1 - 1.5 liters per day.
3. Calcium chloride - 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously, orally - rutin - 0.01 g, riboflavin 0.01 g repeated. Treatment of toxic nephropathy.
AMMONIA.
Ammonia - see Caustic alkalis.
NICOTINE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Nicotine. Psychotropic (stimulating), neurotoxic (cholinergic, convulsive) effect. Toxic concentration in the blood is 5 ml/l, lethal dose is 10 - 22 mg/l. It is quickly absorbed by the mucous membranes and quickly metabolized in the body. Detoxification in the liver. 25% are excreted unchanged in the urine and through the lungs with sweat.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, cold sweat. The pulse is slow at first, then rapid and irregular. Constriction of the pupils, visual and hearing disturbances, muscle fibrillations, clonic-tonic convulsions. Coma, collapse. Non-smokers are more sensitive to nicotine than long-term smokers.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage with a solution of potassium permanganate 1:1000, followed by the administration of a saline laxative. Activated carbon inside. Forced diuresis. In case of severe poisoning - detoxification hemosorption.
3. Intravenous 50 ml of 2% novocaine solution, 500 ml of 5% glucose solution. Intramuscularly - magnesium sulfate 25% - 10 ml. For convulsions with difficulty breathing - 10 ml of 10% barbamyl solution intravenously or 2 ml of 2% ditilin and artificial respiration. For severe bradycardia - 1 ml of 0.1% atropine solution subcutaneously.
NITRITES.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Nitrites: sodium nitrite (saltpeter), potassium, ammonium, amyl nitrite, nitroglycerin. Hemotoxic (direct hemoglobin formation), vascular effect (relaxation of the smooth muscles of the vascular wall). The lethal dose of sodium nitrite is 2 g. It is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and is excreted mainly unchanged through the kidneys and intestines. They are not deposited in the body.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
First, redness of the skin, then cyanosis of the mucous membranes and skin. The clinical picture is mainly due to the development of methemoglobinemia (see Aniline). A decrease in blood pressure is possible up to the development of acute cardiovascular failure (collapse).
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diuresis.
2. Treatment of methemoglobinemia (see Aniline).
3. When blood pressure decreases, administer 1 - 2 ml of cordiamine, 1 - 2 ml of a 10% caffeine solution subcutaneously, 1 - 2 ml of a 0.2% solution of norepinephrine in 500 ml of a 5% glucose solution - intravenously.
CARBON MONOXIDE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide). Hypotoxic, neurotoxic, hemotoxic effects (carboxyhemoglobinemia). The lethal concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood is 50% general content hemoglobin. Poisoning by exhaust gases of internal combustion engines (cars), “burning out” due to malfunctions of the stove heating system, poisoning at the source of the fire.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Mild degree - headache of a girdling nature (symptom of a hoop), pounding in the temples, dizziness, nausea, vomiting. A transient increase in blood pressure and the phenomenon of trachyobronchitis (poisoning in a fire) are possible. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood taken at the scene of the incident is 20 - 30%. Moderate severity - short-term loss of consciousness at the scene, followed by agitation with visual and auditory hallucinations or retardation, adynamia. Hypertension syndrome, tachycardia, toxic damage to the heart muscle. The phenomenon of tracheobronchitis with impaired external respiration function (poisoning in a fire). The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in blood taken at the scene of the incident is 30 - 40%.
Severe poisoning - prolonged coma, convulsions, cerebral edema, disturbances in external respiration with symptoms of respiratory failure (aspiration-obstruction syndrome, burn of the upper respiratory tract - fire poisoning), hypertensive syndrome, toxic damage to the heart muscle, possible development of myocardial infarction. Sometimes trophic skin disorders, development of myorenal syndrome, acute renal failure. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood taken at the scene was 50%.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Carry the victim to Fresh air. Continuous inhalation for 2 - 3 hours.
2. For moderate and severe poisoning - hyperboric oxygenation at a pressure in the chamber of 2 - 3 atm for 50 - 60 minutes.
3. For cerebral edema - lumbar punctures with removal of 10 - 15% of the cerebrospinal fluid at elevated pressure, craniocerebral hypothermia (ice application or cold apparatus) for 6 - 8 hours, osmotic diuretics (mannitol, urea). For agitation, 1 ml of a 1% solution subcutaneously, aminazine - 2 ml of a 2.5% solution intramuscularly, for convulsions - 2 ml of a 0.5% solution of diazepam or 5 ml of a 10% solution of barbamyl intravenously. In case of damage to the upper respiratory tract - therapeutic and diagnostic tracheobronchoscopy, sanitation. Prevention of pulmonary complications: antibiotics, heparin (up to 25,000 units per day intramuscularly). With severe respiratory failure- artificial respiration, aminophylline - 10 ml of 2.4% solution intravenously, ascorbic acid - 10 - 20 ml of 5% glucose solution - 500 ml. Vitamin therapy.
PAHICARPIN.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Pahikarpin. Neurotoxic (ganglionic blocking) effect. The lethal dose is about 2 g. The lethal concentration in the blood is more than 15 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed when taken orally and parenterally. Excreted in urine.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Stage I - nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, weakness, dry mucous membranes; stage II - impaired neuromuscular conduction: dilated pupils, impaired vision, hearing, severe weakness, ataxia, psychomotor agitation, clonic-toxic convulsions, muscle fibrillations, tachycardia, pallor, acrocyanosis, hypotension; stage III - coma, respiratory failure, collapse, cardiac arrest with sudden brachycardia.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative, forced diuresis, detoxification hemosorption.
2. In stage I, specific therapy is not performed. In stage II: 0.05% proserin solution subcutaneously 10 - 15 ml (days 1 - 2), 2 - 3 ml (days 3 and 4), ATP - 12 - 15
Let's start with the “king” of poisons – Arsenic. Until 1832, arsenic poisoning was extremely difficult to diagnose, since the symptoms of poisoning with this poison were similar to those of cholera. This similarity made it possible to mask the use of arsenic and its compounds as deadly poison.
In acute arsenic poisoning, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and depression of the central nervous system are observed.
Antidote: aqueous solution of sodium thiosulfate, dimercaprol.
Cyanide
Potassium cyanide, or potassium cyanide, is the most powerful inorganic poison. It looks like granulated sugar.
When it enters the body, the cells stop absorbing oxygen, resulting in the body dying from interstitial hypoxia. Potassium cyanide is absorbed very quickly and therefore death occurs within 15 minutes.
Sarin gas
Sarin gas is a poisonous substance with a nerve-paralytic effect.
The first signs of exposure to sarin include nasal discharge, chest congestion, and constriction of the pupils. Soon after this, the victim has difficulty breathing, nausea and increased salivation. The victim then completely loses control over bodily functions. This phase is accompanied by convulsions. Ultimately, the victim falls into a comatose state and suffocates in a fit of convulsive spasms followed by cardiac arrest.
Antidote: Atropine, Pralidoxime, Diazepam, Athens.
Diamphotoxin
Diamphotoxin is the most powerful poison of animal origin on our planet, contained in the blood of the larvae of the South African leaf beetle.
It is capable of reducing the hemoglobin content in the blood by 75% in a short period of time due to the massive destruction of red blood cells.
Antidote: There is no specific antidote.
Ricin
Ricin is the most powerful poison of plant origin, which is obtained from castor beans of the castor bean plant.
A few grains are enough to kill an adult. Ricin kills cells in the human body, preventing it from producing the proteins it needs, resulting in organ failure. A person can become poisoned by ricin through inhalation or ingestion.
If inhaled, symptoms of poisoning usually appear within 8 hours of exposure and include difficulty breathing, fever, cough, nausea, sweating and chest tightness.
If swallowed, symptoms appear in less than 6 hours and include nausea, low blood pressure, hallucinations and seizures. Death can occur within 36-72 hours.
Antidote: There is no specific antidote.
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There are many poisons in the world of different nature. Some of them act almost instantly, others can torment the victim of poisoning for years, slowly destroying him from the inside. True, the concept of poison has no clear boundaries. It all depends on concentration. And often the same substance can act both as a deadly poison and as one of the most necessary components for maintaining life. A striking example Vitamins are such a duality - even a slight excess of their concentration can completely destroy health or kill on the spot.
Here we propose to take a look at 10 substances that are classified as pure poisons, and are among the most dangerous and fast-acting.
Cyanide
Cyanides are a fairly large group of hydrocyanic acid salts. They are all, like the acid itself, extremely poisonous. In the last century, both hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride were used as chemical warfare agents and were responsible for tens of thousands of deaths.
Potassium cyanide is also famous for its extreme toxicity. Just 200-300 mg of this white powder, which resembles granulated sugar in appearance, is enough to kill an adult in just a few seconds. Thanks to such a small dosage and incredibly quick death, this poison was chosen to kill Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Goering and other Nazis.
They tried to poison Grigory Rasputin with this poison. True, the senders mixed cyanide into sweet wine and cakes, not knowing that sugar is one of the most powerful antidotes for this poison. So in the end they had to use the gun.
Bacillus anthrax
Anthrax is a very serious, rapidly developing disease caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. There are several forms of anthrax. The most “harmless” one is the skin one. Even without treatment, the mortality rate from this form does not exceed 20%. The intestinal form kills about half of those sick, but the pulmonary form is almost certain death. Even with the help of the latest treatment methods, modern doctors manage to save no more than 5% of patients.
Sarin
Sarin was created by German scientists trying to synthesize a powerful pesticide. But this deadly poison, which causes quick but very painful death, acquired its dark fame not in agricultural fields, but as a chemical weapon. Sarin was produced by the ton for military purposes for decades, and it was only in 1993 that its production was banned. But despite calls for the complete destruction of all stocks of this substance, both terrorists and the military still use it in our time.
Amatoxins
Amatoxins are a whole group of protein poisons contained in poisonous mushrooms of the amanita family, including the deadly toadstool. The particular danger of these poisons lies in their “slowness”. Once they enter the human body, they immediately begin their destructive activity, but the victim begins to feel the first discomfort no earlier than 10 hours later, and sometimes several days later, when it is already very difficult for doctors to do anything. Even if such a patient can be saved, he will still suffer for the rest of his life from painful dysfunctions of the liver, kidneys and lungs.
Strychnine
Strychnine is found in large quantities in the nuts of the tropical chilibuha tree. It was from them that it was obtained in 1818 by the French chemists Pelletier and Cavantou. In small doses, strychnine can be used as a medicine that increases metabolic processes, improves heart function and treats paralysis. It was even actively used as an antidote for barbiturate poisoning.
However, it is one of the most powerful poisons. Its lethal dose is even less than the famous potassium cyanide, but it acts much more slowly. Death from strychnine poisoning occurs after about half an hour of terrible agony and severe convulsions.
Mercury
Mercury is extremely dangerous in all its manifestations, but its vapors and soluble compounds cause especially great harm. Even small amounts of mercury entering the body cause severe damage to the nervous system, liver, kidneys and the entire gastrointestinal tract.
When small amounts of mercury enter the body, the process of poisoning occurs gradually, but inevitably, since this poison is not eliminated, but rather accumulates. In ancient times, mercury was widely used for the production of mirrors, as well as felt for hats. Chronic poisoning with mercury vapor, expressed in behavioral disorders up to complete insanity, was at that time called “the old hatter’s disease.”
Tetrodotoxin
This extremely strong poison is found in the liver, milk and caviar of the famous puffer fish, as well as in the skin and caviar of some species of tropical frogs, octopuses, crabs and in the caviar of the Californian newt. Europeans first became acquainted with the effects of this poison in 1774, when the crew on James Cook's ship ate an unknown tropical fish, and the slops from the dinner were given to the ship's pigs. By morning, all the people were seriously ill, and the pigs died.
Tetrodotoxin poisoning is very serious, and even today doctors manage to save less than half of all those poisoned.
It is interesting to note that the famous Japanese delicacy fugu fish is prepared from fish that contains the most dangerous toxin exceeds lethal doses for humans. Lovers of this treat literally entrust their lives to the art of the cook. But no matter how hard the chefs try, accidents cannot be avoided, and every year several gourmets die after feasting on a delicious dish.
Ricin
Ricin is an extremely powerful poison of plant origin. The greatest danger is inhaling its smallest grains. Ricin is about 6 times more powerful a poison than potassium cyanide, but it has not been used as a weapon of mass destruction due to purely technical difficulties. But various intelligence services and terrorists are very fond of this substance. Politicians and public figures receive letters filled with ricin with enviable regularity. True, the case quite rarely ends in death, since the penetration of ricin through the lungs is quite low in efficiency. For a 100% result, ricin must be injected directly into the blood.
Vi-Ex (VX)
VX, or, as it is also called, VI gas, belongs to the category of chemical warfare gases that have a nerve-paralytic effect. It was also born as a new pesticide, but soon the military began to use it for their own purposes. Symptoms of poisoning with this gas appear within 1 minute after inhalation or contact with the skin, and death occurs within 10-15 minutes.
Botulism toxin
Botulinum toxin is produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum, which are the causative agents of the most dangerous disease - botulism. This is the most powerful poison of organic nature and one of the strongest poisons in the world. In the last century, botulinum toxin was part of the arsenals of chemical weapons, but at the same time, active research was conducted regarding its use in medicine. And today, a huge number of people who want to at least temporarily restore the smoothness of their skin are experiencing the influence of this terrible poison, which is part of the popular drug Botox, which once again confirms the validity of the famous saying of the great Paracelsus: “Everything is poison, everything - medicine; both are determined by the dose.”
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