Kalmykia Reserve "Black Lands" A biosphere reserve is an area of nature, untouched or slightly modified by people, and is a self-governing natural system. On the territory of the reserve: roast and dry summer– + 42 degrees. Winter with little snow - 36 degrees. C Photography from an altitude of 5000 km
Reserve "Chernye Zemli" Ornithological site ("Manych-Gudilo") - formed in 1996 and annexed to the reserve Chernye Zemli. Territory nature reserve is divided into two sections: Steppe section (“Black Lands”) - formed in 1990. Yashkulsky district Chernozemelsky district Yashaltinsky district Priyutnensky district
Saiga nose: in summer - a filter to clean the air from dust; in winter - air heater. Saiga horns have many healing properties and have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine. The speed of the saiga is 70 km per hour (20 meters per second) equal to the speed of a metro train. Painting “Running Saiga Antelopes”
Bellvalia Sarmatian Larkspur crimson Iris dwarf Iris leathery Feather grass Maykaragan Volga Asparagus short-leaved Licorice of Korzhinsky Schrenk's tulip The territory of the reserve is located at the junction of two zones - dry steppe and desert; and has a unique vegetation cover. The territory of the reserve is located at the junction of two zones - dry steppe and desert; and has a unique vegetation cover. Reserve "Black Lands"
Lake Manych-Gudilo Photo from a height of 500 km Kuma River Volga River Caspian Sea Lake Manych-Gudilo Manych-Gudilo is a relict, tectonic lake, the so-called saucer lake. The lake is more than 150 km long and up to km wide. The depth of the lake is from 2 to 8 m. The salinity of the water is 2 times higher than the salinity of the Black Sea. Wave height reaches m
Lake Manych-Gudilo The main task of this reserve is to protect the mass habitat of waterfowl Vodny Island Bird Island More than 300 wild horses live on Vodny Island On Vodny Island On some days, congregations of up to three thousand were recorded on Bird Island flocks of up to three thousand birds simultaneously
Unique biosphere reserve"Black Lands" is the only Russian reserve in which natural landscapes characteristic of deserts, semi-deserts and steppes are studied. In addition, he is trying to preserve the Kalmyk saigas by increasing their numbers. The reserve, created in 1990, was awarded the status of a biosphere reserve by UNESCO on December 3, 1993.
Location of the reserve
The reserve spreads across the southern European lands of Russia. In the same place where the Black Lands reserve is located, the Republic of Kalmykia is located. The national park consists of two sections, the natural and climatic conditions of which are sharply different.
The steppe territory covers the north-west of the Caspian lowland. It stretches along the lower reaches of the Volga and Kuma rivers, lands occupied by the Yashkul and Chernozemelsky districts. The ornithological territory extends around Lake Manych-Gudilo. It is located in the Kuma-Manych depression, or rather, in its center. Her possessions stretched across the Yashaltinsky and Priyutnensky districts.
The natural park is adjacent to the villages of Komsomolskoye, Khultukha, and the village of Priyutnoye. The Black Lands Biosphere Reserve is a place where two major world ecosystems meet. Dominion is shared in it temperate zone with herbaceous communities and continental belt where freezing winters prevail.
Geographical features
Spread over a gently undulating low-lying plain formed by vast massifs of ridge-hilly sands, national park"Black Lands". The reserve is located on lands covered with sediments formed during the period of the Caspian Sea's advance onto land. Therefore, its sandy lands are highly saline.
The junction of the Azov and Caspian lowlands - an ancient strait 500 kilometers long - was transformed into the Manych depression. The only reminder of the once existing strait is Lake Manych-Gudilo, located in the depression.
Initially, the lake's waters were overly mineralized. During the drought, the reservoir almost completely dried up. What remained of it was a chain of tiny lakes with salt water, connected by tiny channels or completely scattered. Artificial watering has reduced the salinity of the lake, but helps keep its width in the range from 1.5 to 10 kilometers, and the depth in the center of the extreme depression of the relief to 5-8 meters.
The Black Lands nature reserve is ideal for brown hares and long-eared hedgehogs, gophers and jerboas. Animals classified as predators have defined their hunting territories. In the vastness of the park, foxes and wolves, light-colored horis and bandages hunt. Occasionally you can come across steppe mice, black-legged jerboas and mottled jerboas. The most common artiodactyl is the saiga. The protected saiga population, which virtually disappeared in the 1980s, has now grown to 150,000 individuals.
A community of waterbirds nests on twelve islands. Colonies of rare lake birds stand out against the background of common bird species. Common gulls, spoonbills and cormorants become neighbors of a few pink and Dalmatian pelicans. Flocks of Anseriformes, migrating from long wintering grounds, take a break on the lake. During the migration period, white-fronted and gray geese are encountered.
Vegetation of the reserve
Two zones converge on the territory of the park - desert and dry steppe. The color palette of the desert and steppe changes depending on the season. In spring, the colors of ephemera in national park"Black Lands". The reserve is filled with colorful inflorescences of irises and tulips, interspersed with the greenery of cereals and growing wormwood with foliage in gray-green tones.
With the arrival of summer days, silvery-whitish islands shine among the lilac-brown thickets of brome and bluegrass that have gained strength. At the end of summer, brownish-yellow shades dominate, with which alfalfa, thinlegs, wheatgrass and wormwood blaze. In autumn, against a grayish-brown background formed by black wormwood and wilting grasses, interspersed with dark green saltwort communities are visible, gradually turning into blood-red spots.
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Slide captions:
Biosphere Reserve "Black Earth" Prepared by 8th grade students of the MKOU "Molodezhnenskaya Secondary School" Magomedova Aminat and Denisenko Daria
The reserve was founded on June 11, 1990. Its area is 121.9 thousand hectares. "Black Lands" occupy two various friend from another territory. The main section of the Black Lands reserve is located in the Caspian lowland, between the lower reaches of the Kuma and Volga rivers, on the territory of the Yashkul and Chernozemelsky regions of Kalmykia.
Objectives of the reserve In this area, the protection and restoration of the saiga population is carried out, and in the second area, located on Lake Manych-Gudilo, rare species of waterfowl and shore birds nest and winter (mute swan, greylag goose, red-breasted goose, pink and Dalmatian pelicans, bustard , demoiselle crane and others).
History of the name “Black Lands” The name “Black Lands” appeared due to the fact that in winter the steppe here is not covered with snow and the ground remains black. Since ancient times, this territory was used for winter grazing of livestock: “Every more or less large cattle-breeding farm of the steppes from the east of the banks of the Volga, from the northeast of the Ergen Mountains, gathers for the winter to the so-called “Black Lands”, where it is grouped from all ends of the steppe great amount cattle with all the herding khotons, and in the summer all these cattle disperse to different corners of the steppe" (I.A. Zhitetsky, 19th century)
The symbol of the reserve The symbol of the reserve is the saiga antelope, one of the rarest species of antelope in Russia. Its numbers sharply decreased in the 80s due to poaching, but then, thanks to the creation of organizations (the Chernye Zemli reserve, the Sarpinsky, Harbinsky and Mekletinsky reserves) for the protection and restoration of the saiga population, its numbers recovered and was about 150 thousand individuals. However, at present, according to calculations by employees of the Black Lands Nature Reserve, the number of saigas is very low and amounts to about 13-15 thousand.
Fauna The fauna of the “Black Lands” consists of typical steppe and semi-desert species. The background reptiles are the multi-colored and fast foot-and-mouth disease, the long-eared roundhead and the spiny tail, sand boa, yellowbell, lizard snake, steppe viper. The most common mammals are saiga, corsac fox, brown hare, long-eared hedgehog, small ground squirrel, large, small and hairy jerboas
Flora Vegetation cover The reserve is represented by desert steppes of feather grass, black wormwood and Lerch, wormwood, prostrate grass, and chamomile. Sands in the overgrowing stage are characterized by gristle grass, camel thorn, potassium solyanka, sand wormwood and broom. There are communities of steppe meadows and salt marshes. On the Manych-Gudilo islands, steppes with Lessing's feather grass and ephemeral synusia are common. From rare plants In the Black Lands Nature Reserve you can find Taliev's cornflower, beautiful feather grass and Zalessky's feather grass, and Schrenk's tulip.
Lake Manych - Gudilo
Birds living on Lake Manych - Gudilo The rarest bird species listed in the Red Book of Russia nest on its islands: pink and Dalmatian pelicans, black-headed gull, spoonbill and others
Saiga Antelope The saiga is a medium-sized antelope, high-legged, light and agile. The saiga cannot be confused with anyone thanks to its large head with a swollen, humpbacked muzzle ending in what looks like a small proboscis. Males have small translucent light horns with dark tips, females are hornless. The largest adult animals do not exceed 60 kg; on average, males are about 45 kg, and females - 30-35.
Saiga migrations Migrations of thousands of saigas herds - amazing natural phenomenon. In autumn, with the onset of winter, and especially with the fall of snow, saigas gradually move from the steppes to the south - where there is no snow, or - at least - there is much less of it. In the summer, when the grasses burn out in the south and the water bodies dry up, saigas move north. Migrating herds can gather thousands, tens of thousands of animals moving in a continuous stream.
Steppe Eagle One of the largest feathered predators of our fauna with a wingspan of up to 3 meters. Body length up to 85 cm, weight 2.7–4.8 kg. The color of adult individuals is dark brown, often with a reddish spot on the back of the head, with black-brown primaries, where there are gray-brown streaks at the base of the internal webs. The tail feathers are dark brown with gray transverse stripes. The down-curved beak is dark gray, yellow at the base. The claws are black, the wax and legs are yellow.
Thank you for your attention
The Black Earth State Nature Reserve is located on the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia in the Yashkul and Chernozemelsky regions. The nature reserve was formed on June 11, 1990, and later a large section of Lake Manych Gudilo was added to it in May 1996.
On this moment The protected area consists of two different sections: "Black Lands" And "Lake Manych Gudilo" . The biggest "Black Lands" occupies an area of 94,300 hectares and is located between the Kama and Volga rivers. The second plot accounts for 27,600 hectares. total area Chernye Zemli Nature Reserve is 121,900 hectares.
When creating the reserve, several goals were set. The first goal is preservation and protection saiga populations which is on the verge of extinction. The second goal is to study steppes and deserts, because this is the only place in Russia with this type of landscape.
Reserve Black Lands is located in the Caspian lowland, so the terrain is flat with small hills of sand. The site “Lake Manych Gudilo” is located in the Kuma-Manych depression, which was once a strait and connected the Azov and Caspian lowlands.
On the territory of the main section of the Chernye Zemli reserve sharply continental climate with hot, dry summers and little snow in winter. The temperature in January is 6.5ºС below zero, in July ++24.5ºС. Due to the fact that there is little precipitation in winter and the ground remains uncovered by snow, the reserve got its name.
Flora of the Black Lands Nature Reserve represented by steppe and desert species. In desert areas, black wormwood, feather grass, wormwood, chamomile, etc. grow. For desert areas undergoing the process of overgrowing, camel thorn, grass grass, and potassium saltwort are characteristic.
I would also like to note the rare plants on the territory of the reserve Taliev's cornflower, Schrenk's tulip, beautiful feather grass and Zalessky.
In the animal world largest number It has saiga . In the early 80s of the last century, its numbers sharply decreased due to the actions of poachers, but the change in the status of these lands played a role important role. Today the number of saiga antelopes is 150 thousand individuals.
The territory of the reserve is wonderful place habitat for many reptiles, such as the multi-colored and fast foot-and-mouth disease, the sand boa, the round-eared and spiny head, the yellow-bellied viper, the steppe viper and the lizard snake.
Among mammals we can distinguish the horsac fox, brown hare , small gopher, long-eared hedgehog, small and big jerboa, wolf and light ferret.
The Black Lands Nature Reserve is a nesting and wintering site for rare species birds. The most common are the mute swan, red-breasted goose, greylag goose, pink and Dalmatian pelicans, gray duck, pintail, mallard, red-headed pochard, shoveler, and tufted duck.
Birds of prey are represented by the steppe eagle and the buzzard.
In the Chernye Zemli reserve Ecotourism is rapidly developing. On the territory of the reserve there are enclosures with wild saigas, and in the area “Lake Manych Gudilo” you can observe rare species of birds in their natural environment.
Contact Information:
Address: 359240, Russia, Republic of Kalmykia, Chernozemelsky district, Komsomolsky village, st. Nekrasova, 31
Phone: 8(84743)91254
The Black Lands Nature Reserve was established on June 11, 1990. The main section of the reserve is located in the Caspian lowland, between the lower reaches of the river. Kuma and Volga, on the territory of the Yashkul and Chernozemelsky districts of the Republic of Kalmykia. Almost all of it is below sea level. The site “Lake Manych Gudilo” is located in the central part of the Kuma-Manych depression, on the shores of the lake of the same name, in the Yashaltinsky and Priyutnensky regions of the Republic of Kalmykia.
Manych Gudilo. Photo Bykov Yu.The Black Lands Biosphere Reserve was established in connection with anthropogenic desertification of the Black Lands territory. Also, when creating the Black Lands reserve, the task was to preserve the saiga population, which is on the verge of extinction.
This task is carried out on the main site “Black Lands”, which represents intact desert and semi-desert landscapes. Lake Manych-Gudilo is a wetland international importance, here are the nesting and wintering grounds of many rare species of waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds.
Geographical position
The total area of the reserve is 121,482 hectares. The territory of the reserve is divided into two sections: Area of sections: “Black Lands” (steppe), “Manych-Gudilo” (ornithological). The reserve was originally designed as a biosphere reserve, and received official UNESCO biosphere status on December 3, 1993.
Plot "Black Lands". Caspian lowland in the northwestern part, where the site is located, it is composed mainly of sand. Almost everywhere they are saline. The relief of the territory is a slightly undulating plain with a slight slope to the southeast, with massifs of finely hilly and hilly sands, blowing in places.
The reservoirs on the site are exclusively seasonal, both rivers and brackish lakes, which dry up by summer. The climate of the Caspian region is continental. The name “Black Lands” is by no means connected with the constant lack of snow in winter.
Section “Lake Manych-Gudilo”. The Manych depression, located between the high right bank of the Volga and the Ergeni upland in the north and the Stavropol upland in the south, is an ancient strait almost 500 km long. Before artificial watering of the lake. Manych-Gudilo was a shallow, highly mineralized reservoir, fed by the local catchment - the influx of melted and groundwater, as well as showers. As a result of the construction of the Nevinnomyssk Canal in 1948, Lake Manych-Gudilo was intensively watered.
The Manych valley, which lies west of the lake, called the Proletarsky Reservoir. Currently the width of the lake. Manych-Gudilo ranges from 1.5-2 to 7-10 km. In the central part, where the maximum depression of the relief has been preserved, the depths are 5-8 m, the main part of the water area is shallow water with depths from 0.5 to 2 m.
The water area is characterized by islands, the area of which varies from several hectares to several hundred hectares. When the water level drops, a mass of flat islands forms on the lake. The climate is moderate continental.
The disruption of the “fragile” ecosystem of the Black Lands by human agricultural activity has had a detrimental effect on the state soil cover.
Flora
The vegetation cover of the reserve modern stage is still not a formed stable formation. On the territory of the reserve there are still areas of lumpy, loose sand, completely devoid of vegetation; but the main part is represented by relatively established plant communities, which occupy largest areas.
The plant cover of the reserve is represented by desert steppes of feather grass, black wormwood and Lerch, wormwood, prostrate grass, and chamomile. Sands in the overgrowing stage are characterized by gristle grass, camel thorn, potassium solyanka, sand wormwood and broom. There are communities of steppe meadows and salt marshes.
On the Manych-Gudilo islands, steppes with Lessing's feather grass and ephemeral synusia are common. Among the rare plants in the Black Lands reserve are Taliev's cornflower, beautiful feather grass and Zalessky's feather grass, and Schrenk's tulip.
The dry steppe and desert change their colors with the seasons. In spring they are characterized by ephemera flowers - Bibirstein and Schrenk tulips, irises; The green of the cereals is complemented by the gray-green shades of regrown wormwood. In early summer, a brownish-purple background of bulbous bluegrass and bromegrass predominates, with silvery-whitish islands of flowering feather grasses.
By the end of summer, the most noticeable yellow-brown tones are from some types of wormwood, flowering yellow alfalfa and drying wheatgrass and tonguing. Autumn is characterized by a grayish-brown color created by black wormwood, dried grass vegetation and saltwort communities that change from dark green to blood red.
Fauna
In the Black Lands area, the main protected species is the saiga antelope. By the end of the 1980s. its numbers decreased sharply due to poaching, but thanks to timely measures taken security has been restored. Currently, about 150 thousand saigas live in Kalmykia.
The bird fauna in general is much poorer than in the Lake Manych-Gudilo area, but there are also protected desert-steppe species - bustard, little bustard, several species of larks, demoiselle crane, a number of birds of prey - steppe eagle, buzzard.
Common mammals in this area are the brown hare, corsac fox, long-eared hedgehog, small ground squirrel, large jerboa, small jerboa and bushy jerboa. The fauna of reptiles is rich - the steppe viper, the colorful and fast foot-and-mouth disease, the long-eared and spiny-tailed roundhead, the yellow-bellied snake, and the lizard snake.
The brackish-water environment of Lake Manych-Gudilo determines its significant specificity as a wetland. The composition of phytoplankton is characterized big variety- more than 180 species. There are more than 80 species and forms in the bottom communities of hydrobionts.
The most important habitats on lakes are islands. The site is located within the largest migration route in Eurasia, connecting Western Siberia, Taimyr and Kazakhstan with the Near and Middle East, Northern and East Africa.
Currently, the site is one of the most large places long stopovers of migrating Anseriformes and waterbirds within Russia. In spring, migrations are mainly of a transit nature with short stops. In some years, white-fronted goose, red-breasted goose and lesser white-fronted goose linger on the lakes until early to mid-May.
Among the migrant ducks, the most numerous are mallard, pintail, gadwall, shoveler, red-headed duck, and tufted duck. Migration begins at the end of February - beginning of March. Mass migrations occur in late March - early April.
Among the swans on migration, there is the whooper swan, whose migration is observed in March - early April. In some years, a small swan is recorded. Mute swan migrations cover the period from March to May.
Waders (Turukhtan, Tules, Brown-winged Plover, Round-billed Phalarope, Sandpipers, etc.), gulls and terns migrate en masse through the reservoirs of Manych. In autumn, waterfowl migrations are transitive in some years; in other years, ducks and geese linger until freeze-up (December - January). Species composition waterfowl is similar to the spring bird, but additionally in quality mass type A coot also appears.
Oz. Manych-Gudilo is an area of mass nesting of colonial waterbirds: pink pelican, Dalmatian pelican, spoonbill, gray heron, black-headed laughing gull, herring gull, black-headed gull, sea pigeon. Common at nesting sites cormorant, avocet, stilt, and occasionally little egret and ibex.
The site is home to 26 rare and endangered bird species and 3 mammal species.
Short-eared owl. Photo by Lipkovich A.D.
Lagunin G.
August in the reserve. Photo by V.V. Tyakhta
Belladonna. Photo by V.N. Moseikin
Red-breasted goose. Photo by V. Bulteau
Dalmatian pelicans. photo by V. Moseykin
Manych Gudilo. Photo Bykov Yu.
Pink pelicans. Photos of Moseykin
Rollers. Photos of Moseykin
Steppe eagle. Photo by Sidorov O.
Green bee-eater. Photo by V.N. Moseykin
July in the reserve. Photo Oleg Pershin
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