Therefore, a license is required for collection, transportation, storage, and disposal. Licenses are issued for:

• export;
• transportation;
• recycling;
• collection;
• polygon;
• disinfection.

Licensing

The Law of the Russian Federation dated 04.05.2011 No. 99-FZ “On licensing of certain types of activities” as amended on 14.10.2014 No. 307-FZ requires a license when accumulating, recycling and using waste of hazard categories I–IV is carried out.

The body issuing licenses is represented by the federal service exercising supervision in the field of environmental management. The permit is valid for an indefinite period. Issued within 2.5–3 months. Licenses are obtained by specialized enterprises that have the appropriate technical base and the ability to comply with sanitary, epidemiological, environmental and other regulatory requirements. Most often, to obtain paper, people turn to companies that collect and submit documents to the necessary authorities.

There are Russian classifiers of economic activity OKVED (code for this type of activity 90.00.2) and OKPD (code for solid waste removal 93 190), which were updated in September 2014.

Accounting

There are three groups of consumers: population, budget and others.

Each group has its own tariff system. For each person, tariffs are set according to the standards for the accumulation of solid waste. Tariffs are developed by local governments and are changed only after passing a special examination.
This industry needs improvement.

There is a methodology for calculating tariffs per 1 m3, which depends on the distance to the place of waste disposal and on the make of the car in which they are removed. The initial cost calculation is the cost of work and the profit received. Cost includes:

• waste collection and unloading;
• delivery of solid waste to disposal sites;
• visits to houses to collect solid waste;
• zero runs.

Often, problems in organizing source accounting lead to excess volumes of solid waste. The result is the presence huge amount unauthorized dumps throughout the country. It is estimated that one representative of humanity can produce about three hundred kilograms of garbage in 365 days.

Currently, this trash contains a lot of plastic, plastic, used appliances. All this has a long period of decay, which, accordingly, greatly pollutes the environment. Many issues related to waste disposal are very pressing and affect many areas of our lives.

The use of national economy products (food, household products) tend to change their consumer value and become waste. What is MSW? Waste is a concept that does not have a clear definition. It is unknown what is waste and what can be disposed of as secondary raw materials. The environmental movement to use waste as a secondary resource proposes to subject waste collection to a sorting system.

Management companies regulate their activities in accordance with the regulations adopted legislative level resolution on inclusion in the fee for handling MSW. What is in the receipt, and how will this service be provided? In accordance with the innovations of 2016, this column in the receipt appeared as a separate line for payment for maintenance services apartment buildings. This column determines the fee for waste removal utilities.

Waste classification

When asking the question, “Handling solid waste - what’s on the receipt?”, you need to understand everything in order. All stored waste is divided into classes according to the degree of danger of impact on the environment. There are five of them in total, only the last one (5th) includes municipal or household waste. The remaining four classes are industrial waste.

Municipal solid waste has the following sources of formation:

• residential areas;
• municipal facilities, public catering;
• cemeteries;
• street sweeps, melted snow;
• retail establishments, with the exception of industrial sales areas, such as office equipment, auto showrooms, etc.;
• consumer service enterprises.

What is MSW, what does the concept consist of? Waste is divided according to its state of aggregation into solid, liquid and gaseous. Solid waste is generated in municipal services, during the production of products as unused by-products or output products. - in chemical plants, metallurgical plants and where solvents and many other liquid substances are used. Gaseous wastes are emissions (decomposition products) at industrial enterprises generated during the disposal of household waste.

Municipal solid waste

Every year, tons of household waste is sent to landfills.

Until 2016, waste was considered household waste and was understood as waste from residential areas. What is MSW and MSW? What is the difference? The answer is not difficult. These are wastes classified as non-hazardous wastes, and their sources of generation do not differ. The reform of payment for housing and communal services and the development of new rules for the name and management of waste made its own adjustments, which were reflected in utility bills.

Waste management

Waste management activities consist of a set of operations such as collection, accumulation, processing, disposal, neutralization and disposal of waste. This activity is regulated by Decree No. 458-FZ of 2016 on waste management. It is carried out by the regional solid waste management operator. In some cases, this service is provided jointly with the management company.

Tariffs for MSW management are determined by the regional operator that services the territory. Distribution and appointment to the position of regional operator is carried out on a territorial basis.

What does “solid waste management” mean on the receipt? When waste is accumulated and collected, it is disposed of. The cost of these services and the standards for their accumulation are calculated by the regional operator (according to tariffs). The fee for maintenance services for apartment buildings is reduced by the amount for waste disposal by the operator.

The management company, concluding an agreement with the waste management operator, ensures regular and constant collection and removal of waste, followed by its neutralization and disposal. The same company must keep the areas near the containers clean. Still, what is this “handling of solid waste” in the receipt? This is the amount of the service fee distribution apartment building(based on the number of residents of this house). The amount of the fee depends on the sorting of waste, which is taken into account at a separate rate.

Tariffs for MSW management

Regulation of waste management activities includes a tariff system for paying for activities and develops a system of tariffs for each item of this activity.

Waste accumulation is the starting unit for determining tariffs. The tariff system is provided for activities related to the services of the regional operator, processing, disinfection and disposal of them. Regulated tariffs are reviewed every six months and are broken down according to a territorial scheme, differentiated by type and technological features. The removal of MSW and its frequency or frequency is included in the components of tariff charges.

Waste collection

Organizing waste collection requires an equipped site and the availability of containers for collecting and storing waste.

MSW handling, what's on the receipt? Is this included in the container fee? Separate collection of waste is advisable if after sorting it will be used as secondary raw materials ( plastic bottles, glass, paper, bulky waste).

Waste accumulation

After systematic storage and accumulation, MSW must be removed. Waste is transported to special landfills or some other places provided for these purposes. This is also part of the MSW management fee in the receipt.

Before the owners had time to figure out one abbreviation, a new concept arose. MSW and MSW: what is the difference? Solid waste is a product. Until 2016, their handling was not subject to commercial accounting, which is carried out by calculation and based on their mass. Accumulation standards are determined based on the number of residents of an apartment building. The average mass of waste per resident is calculated. Regular removal of waste from places of its accumulation allows for adequate accounting of it and calculation of the accumulation standard according to the tariff. Measuring instruments are subject to certification. To work with them you must have permission.

Waste treatment

Sorting waste, collecting it and preparing it for disposal is processing for its subsequent use or disposal. The waste that is most suitable for use as secondary raw materials is sorted. For example, paper that has retained its consumer qualities may become suitable for use after processing as a raw material in paper and pulp production.

Disinfection/neutralization and disposal of waste

Disinfection is carried out using the combustion method in order to extract ferrous and non-ferrous metals from waste with their subsequent reclamation. Solid municipal waste has properties that are determined by its morphological and fractional composition.

This composition has variable values ​​in different climatic zones and seasonal changes. These parameters determine the humidity, heat capacity and size of the waste, which are taken into account to select methods for their neutralization. Humidity promotes their sticking together, and when they are neutralized in furnaces - to the walls of the drum. Fractional components of MSW can have abrasive properties and abrade each other when compacted; such components include glass, porcelain, and metal parts. The density of waste has a seasonal nature, which determines it to be most pronounced in the summer. The mass depends on the size of the settlement.

At specialized authorized landfills, which are called landfills for municipal solid waste.

These are engineering structures that ensure waste disposal and create conditions for its safe storage for a long period of time. The extraction of filtrate during the process of compacting and pressing them in landfill conditions is carried out in a special filtration compartment.

Impact of waste on the environment

Environmental pollution by waste is an environmental problem. To solve problems of providing environmental safety people and the natural environment, it is necessary to develop schemes that ensure safe waste management. Now it is clear that in the receipt “MSW management” is a payment for environmental, sanitary and epidemiological safety, which consists of services that guarantee it.

The environmental tension created by waste has not been solved by innovations in the management of solid waste since 2016, but creates the prerequisites for creating a safe environment within the city. Fulfillment of legally valid requirements when arranging places for accumulation and collection of waste creates conditions for their safe transportation. Reforms include handling MSW in the utility billing system. This is reflected in the receipt and payments are received regional operator, which geographically serves public utilities.

On conducting an experiment on the management of municipal solid waste and bulky garbage generated in apartment buildings located in the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow, and introducing changes to...

THE GOVERNMENT OF MOSCOW

RESOLUTION

On conducting an experiment on the management of solid household waste and bulky garbage generated in apartment buildings located in the South-Western administrative district of the city of Moscow, and amending the resolution of the Moscow Government of April 24, 2007 N 299-PP

Document with changes made:
Decree of the Moscow Government of November 27, 2012 N 671-PP (Bulletin of the Mayor and Government of Moscow, N 66 (volume 7), November 29, 2012);
Decree of the Moscow Government of October 2, 2013 N 662-PP (Bulletin of the Mayor and Government of Moscow, N 56, 10/08/2013) (applies to legal relations arising from January 1, 2013);
(Official website of the Mayor and Government of Moscow www.mos.ru, 12/23/2015);
Decree of the Moscow Government of July 7, 2016 N 402-PP (Official website of the Moscow Mayor and Government www.mos.ru, 07/08/2016) (applies to legal relations arising from July 1, 2016);
Decree of the Moscow Government of June 30, 2017 N 399-PP (Official website of the Mayor and Government of Moscow www.mos.ru, 06/30/2017).
____________________________________________________________________

In order to increase the level of protection of the environment and public health from the negative impact of waste, as well as to increase the share of collection of secondary material resources, taking into account the requirements of federal laws of June 24, 1998 N 89-FZ "On production and consumption waste" and of October 6, 2003 of the year N 131-FZ “On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation”, as well as the Moscow City Law of November 30, 2005 N 68 “On industrial and consumption waste in the city of Moscow” Moscow Government

decides:

1. Conduct from January 1 to December 31, 2013 on the territory of the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow an experiment on the management of solid household waste and bulky waste generated in apartment buildings (hereinafter referred to as waste).

2. Approve the Procedure for conducting an experiment on the management of municipal solid waste and bulky garbage generated in apartment buildings located in the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow (Appendix 1).

3. Approve the Requirements for the composition and quality of services for the management of solid household waste and bulky waste generated in apartment buildings (Appendix 2).

4. Establish that:

4.1. To ensure the uninterrupted implementation of the entire range of waste management works (creation of infrastructure and technical base, provision of collection, transportation, disposal, disposal of waste), characterized by cyclicality and continuity (clause 1), the state customer enters into a state contract for a period of up to 15 years.

4.2. The purpose of the state contract is to organize centralized management of municipal solid waste and bulky garbage generated in apartment buildings located in the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow, by one contractor selected in the prescribed manner based on the results of tenders.

4.3. Planned results of the government contract:

Introduction of a centralized system for managing waste generated in apartment buildings (removal, transportation, processing, disposal and disposal);

Ensuring compliance with sanitary, epidemiological, environmental and other standards and regulations in the process of waste management, including requirements for the condition and characteristics of motor vehicles used to transport waste;

Optimization of budget expenditures of the city of Moscow within the limits of budgetary allocations provided for these purposes;

Optimizing logistics and reducing the number of garbage trucks on the streets of Moscow;

Creation of waste sorting facilities.

4.4. Scope of work under the government contract:

Removal and transportation of solid household waste and bulky waste generated in apartment buildings in the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow, from their collection points (container sites) to the neutralization/disposal facility;

Neutralization/disposal of solid household waste and bulky waste, ensuring the selection of secondary material resources in the amount established by this resolution.

4.5. Bidding for the selection of a contractor for the performance of work (provision of services) for the management of municipal solid waste and bulky garbage generated in apartment buildings located in the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow for a period of up to 15 years should be:

4.6. Financing is carried out within the limits of budgetary allocations provided for these purposes in the law of the city of Moscow on the budget of the city of Moscow for the corresponding financial year and planning period for the Department of Housing, Communal Services and Improvement of the City of Moscow.

5. To amend the resolution of the Moscow Government dated April 24, 2007 N 299-PP “On measures to bring the management system of apartment buildings in the city of Moscow into compliance with the Housing Code of the Russian Federation” (as amended by the resolutions of the Moscow Government dated August 28, 2007 N 752 -PP, dated March 11, 2008 N 177-PP, dated April 8, 2008 N 284-PP, dated May 13, 2008 N 381-PP, dated July 22, 2008 N 639-PP, dated August 5, 2008 N 708 -PP, dated August 19, 2008 N 738-PP, dated August 26, 2008 N 766-PP, dated December 30, 2008 N 1248-PP, dated February 10, 2009 N 78-PP, dated June 30, 2009 N 642 -PP, dated August 4, 2009 N 745-PP, dated December 8, 2009 N 1357-PP, dated September 29, 2010 N 854-PP, dated November 30, 2010 N 1038-PP, dated December 21, 2010 N 1080 -PP, dated January 18, 2011 N 4-PP, dated March 29, 2011 N 92-PP, dated May 16, 2011 N 202-PP, dated August 16, 2011 N 369-PP, dated August 30, 2011 N 401 -PP, dated December 6, 2011 N 574-PP, dated June 15, 2012 N 272-PP), setting out Appendix 2 to the Temporary Procedure of Appendix 1 to the resolution as amended in accordance with Appendix 3 to this resolution.

6. Control over the implementation of this resolution shall be entrusted to the Deputy Mayor of Moscow in the Moscow Government for housing, communal services and improvement, P.P. Biryukov.

Mayor of Moscow
S.S. Sobyanin

Appendix 1. Procedure for conducting an experiment on the management of municipal solid waste and bulky garbage generated in apartment buildings located in the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow

1. General Provisions

1.1. This Procedure for conducting an experiment on the management of municipal solid waste and bulky garbage generated in apartment buildings located on the territory of the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow (hereinafter referred to as the Procedure) determines the conditions for conducting an experiment on the management of municipal solid waste and bulky garbage (hereinafter - waste) generated in apartment buildings located in the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow.

1.2. An experiment on the management of waste generated in apartment buildings located on the territory of the South-Western administrative district of Moscow (hereinafter also referred to as the experiment) is carried out in order to increase the efficiency of waste management activities generated in apartment buildings located on the territory of the South-Western administrative district of the city of Moscow.

1.3. The objectives of the experiment are:

1.3.1. Ensuring compliance with sanitary, epidemiological, environmental and other standards and regulations in the process of waste management, including requirements for the condition and characteristics of motor vehicles used to transport waste.

1.3.2. Introduction of an integrated system for handling (removal, processing, disposal and disposal) of waste generated in apartment buildings.

1.4. The experiment is based on the principles of voluntary participation in the experiment and the choice of waste management method for organizations managing apartment buildings located in the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow (hereinafter referred to as management companies), and unconditional respect for their rights.

1.5. Indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the experiment are:

1.5.1. Reducing the average (per ton) cost of waste management.

1.5.2. Increasing the share of selection of secondary material resources.

1.5.3. Reducing the impact on the environment, reducing the share of waste disposal.

2. Subject of the experiment

2.1. The experiment consists of the city of Moscow accepting obligations to manage waste generated in apartment buildings by concluding an agreement with management companies, if they make the appropriate decision, to participate in the experiment.

2.2. When conducting the experiment, the following technological operations are ensured (hereinafter referred to as waste management):

2.2.1. Transportation of waste from the container site (waste collection site) to the disposal/neutralization site.

2.2.2. Neutralization and/or disposal of waste.

3. Organization of the experiment

3.1. Department of Housing and Communal Services and Improvement of the City of Moscow:

3.1.1. He is the coordinator of the experiment.

3.1.2. Provides methodological and regulatory support for the experiment, including establishing requirements for waste management.

3.1.3. Approves approximate form agreements on participation in the experiment with organizations managing apartment buildings (clause 4.1 of the Procedure).

3.1.4. During the period of the experiment, he submits to the Department of Economic Policy and Development of the City of Moscow a draft rate of planned and normative expenses for the maintenance and current repairs of common property in an apartment building, which separately takes into account the amount of costs for waste management from an apartment building.

3.1.5. Based on the results of the experiment, he submits a report to the Moscow Government on the results of its conduct and proposals on the feasibility of introducing experimental mechanisms throughout the city of Moscow.

3.2. State government institution of the city of Moscow for organizing the management of production and consumption waste "Mosekoprom" (GKU "Mosekoprom"):

3.2.1. Within the framework of the experiment, it carries out the functions of the state customer in organizing and carrying out work on the management of waste generated in apartment buildings located in the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow, whose management companies have entered into an agreement to participate in the experiment.

3.2.2. Notifies management companies about the experiment.

3.3. The Prefecture of the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow, at the request of the State Institution "Mosekoprom", sends to the State Institution "Mosekoprom" information received from the district administrations of the city of Moscow about management companies that receive subsidies in the prescribed manner from the budget of the city of Moscow for the maintenance and current repairs of common property in apartment buildings (hereinafter referred to as the Subsidy).
(Clause 3.3 was additionally included from January 1, 2016 by Decree of the Moscow Government dated December 22, 2015 N 920-PP)

4. Conditions and procedure for participation in the experiment

4.1. The involvement of management companies to participate in the experiment is ensured by the State Public Institution "Mosekoprom" by sending a signed draft agreement on participation in the experiment on waste management generated in apartment buildings (hereinafter referred to as the agreement) to management companies receiving Subsidies in the prescribed manner, in a manner that ensures their confirmation receiving.
(Clause 4.1 as amended, put into effect on January 1, 2016 by Decree of the Moscow Government dated December 22, 2015 N 920-PP.

4.2. Participants in the experiment are management companies that receive Subsidies in the prescribed manner, who voluntarily signed the agreement (clause 4.1 of the Procedure) and submitted it to the State Public Institution "Mosekoprom" in the prescribed manner.
(Clause 4.2 as amended, put into effect on January 1, 2016 by Decree of the Moscow Government dated December 22, 2015 N 920-PP.

4.3. The participation of management companies in the experiment begins on the 1st day of the calendar quarter following the quarter in which the State Institution "Mosekoprom" received a signed agreement from the management company, but not earlier than 70 days from the date of receipt of the agreement by the State Institution "Mosekoprom" (clause 4.2 of the Procedure ). State Public Institution "Mosekoprom" notifies the management company of the start date of its participation in the experiment.

4.4. Termination by the management company of conducting the experiment is carried out on the basis of an application from the management company, which is submitted to the State Public Institution "Mosekoprom" no later than October 1 calendar year.

The management company ceases to participate in the experiment from the first day of the calendar year following the year in which the corresponding application was submitted to the Mosekoprom State Public Institution.

5. Financing the experiment

5.1. Financing of expenses associated with the implementation of the experiment is carried out within the budget allocations provided for in the Moscow city law on the budget of the city of Moscow for the corresponding financial year and planning period to the Department of Housing, Communal Services and Improvement of the City of Moscow for these purposes.

5.2. The amount of the Subsidy for organizations engaged in managing apartment buildings and participating in the experiment is subject to reduction by the cost of work on managing waste generated in apartment buildings, determined at the rate of 2.34 rubles. per 1 sq.m. of total area of ​​residential and non-residential premises.
(Clause as amended, put into effect on July 1, 2017 by Decree of the Moscow Government dated June 30, 2017 N 398-PP.

5.3. If the amount of the Subsidy is less than the cost of waste management work generated in an apartment building, the management company will organize waste management in accordance with the provisions provided for in paragraph 5.4 of this Procedure.

5.4. Organizations managing apartment buildings located on the territory of the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow and not being recipients of the Subsidy, individuals and legal entities owning and/or using non-residential premises in apartment buildings, and enterprises and organizations located on the territory of the South-Western Administrative District Districts of the city of Moscow organize waste management at their own expense.

6. Ensuring waste management

6.1. In order to organize the management of waste generated in apartment buildings, GKU "Mosekoprom" ensures the placement of state orders in the manner established by Federal Law of July 21, 2005 N 94-FZ "On placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, provision of services for government and municipal needs" and legal acts of the city of Moscow.

6.2. The subject of the state order is the performance of work (provision of services) for the management of solid household waste and bulky waste generated in apartment buildings located in the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow.

Appendix 2. Requirements for the composition and quality of services for the management of municipal solid waste and bulky waste generated in apartment buildings

1. Technical requirements

1.1. Technical requirements for containers and bunkers used for waste collection:

1.1.1. The container must meet the following requirements: galvanized or painted (twice a year: spring, autumn), made of stamped sheet steel with a spring-loaded tightly closing and easy to open lid with two pairs of rotating, rubber-coated metal wheels with a diameter of at least 150 mm, capacity 1 ,1 cubic m. The container must be in technically sound condition, marked with the details of the owner and the time of removal of solid household waste.

1.1.2. Disinfection and washing of containers is carried out as necessary, but at least once every 10 days, except in winter.

1.1.3. The bunker must meet the following requirements: made of sheet metal with a thickness of at least 3 mm, with a capacity of at least 8 cubic meters. The bunker must be in technically sound condition, painted (twice a year: spring, autumn), and be marked with the owner’s details.

1.1.4. Bins must be delivered to waste collection sites in a clean and disinfected form.

1.1.5. In accordance with the duly approved sanitary maintenance scheme for the territory and in agreement with the territorial authority executive power In the city of Moscow, containers and bunkers may have a different volume, size, be made of a different material (plastic), or be buried.

1.2. Technical requirements for vehicles (garbage trucks).

1.2.1. The vehicle (garbage truck) must be equipped with a positioning system (GLONASS and/or GPS) that provides real-time data transmission, including telemetry equipment, to ensure:

Radiation monitoring;

Blocking the hydraulics of the container loading mechanism when attempting to load unauthorized containers not included in the electronic route map;

Accounting for turning on/off the engine of a garbage truck;

Recording the current and average speed of the garbage truck;

Recording the fuel consumption of a garbage truck;

Recording the unit weight of waste in a container;

Fixation total weight waste in a garbage truck.

1.2.2. The garbage truck must comply environmental characteristics not lower than EURO-4.

1.2.3. The service life of a garbage truck should not exceed beneficial use vehicle according to its technical passport.

1.2.4. The garbage truck must be equipped with a video recorder.

1.2.5. The driver of the garbage truck sets out on the route with an electronic route map.

1.2.6. The total noise level when loading containers and bins and operating the garbage truck engine should be:

Maximum: at night no more than 60 dBA, during the day no more than 70 dBA;

Equivalent: at night no more than 45 dBA, during the day no more than 55 dBA;

1.2.7. The garbage truck must leave the route in technically sound condition and be marked with the owner’s details.

1.3. Technical requirements for the waste neutralization and disposal facility:

1.3.1. The waste neutralization and/or disposal facility must be equipped with waste control and accounting equipment that provides real-time data transfer to ensure:

Radiation monitoring;

Video surveillance at the entrance/exit of the garbage truck;

Weight accounting of waste;

Reading and recording of an electronic route map.

1.3.2. The placement facility (waste disposal) must be equipped with a mast with a PTZ camera that provides real-time data transmission.

1.3.3. The video surveillance system must comply with the standards determined by the Moscow Government.

1.3.4. The facility for neutralization and/or disposal of waste must comply with the requirements for such facilities by law and regulations Russian Federation and the city of Moscow.

2. Requirements for information support

2.1. When performing work on handling municipal solid waste and bulky waste generated in apartment buildings, the material and technical equipment (computers, office equipment, software, consumables, etc.) must be provided for the activity in terms of information interaction and information disclosure.

2.2. Records are kept of all technical operations related to waste management (in the form of electronic journal), including telemetry data.

The specified information and data are signed with an electronic digital signature official performer of work in the ACS ODS.

2.3. Consideration of justified complaints from citizens received on information portals of the Moscow Government is ensured.

2.4. Ensuring the disclosure of information about waste management activities.

3. List of organizations that monitor, control and supervise the activities of the work contractor providing services for the management of solid household waste and bulky waste generated in apartment buildings

The list of organizations that monitor, control and supervise the activities of the contractor providing services for the management of solid household waste and bulky waste generated in apartment buildings through the ACS MDS is determined in accordance with the current legislation.

4. Requirements for environmental support for the management of municipal solid waste and bulky waste generated in apartment buildings

4.1. Ensuring separate collection and/or sorting of waste with the allocation of secondary raw materials: in 2013 at least 10%, in 2014 at least 15%, in 2015 at least 20%.

4.2. Elimination of waste weight loss during transportation of more than 0.5% of the total weight volume of waste.

4.3. Ensuring waste disposal up to hazard class V.

4.4. Providing in each district the collection of waste paper, PET containers and aluminum containers, household chemical power sources from the population using stationary, semi-mobile and mobile collection points on a paid and free basis at the rate of 1 per 12.5 thousand people.

4.5. Ensuring the installation of containers or bins for collecting glass containers from the population at the rate of 1 container per 1 thousand people.

5. Organizational support

5.1. A legal entity operating a waste neutralization and/or disposal facility issues, in accordance with the established procedure, a license to carry out activities and a permit to accept the corresponding volume of waste.

5.2. Waste management work must be carried out in accordance with the legislation and regulations of the Russian Federation and the city of Moscow in the field of improvement, ecology and sanitation.

5.3. When carrying out work, liability for the following factors must be insured:

Environmental damage;

Violation of sanitary and environmental legislation;

Harm to the health of citizens;

Damage to property of individuals and legal entities.

5.4. A dispatch service and a telephone hotline should be created.

5.5. The working day of a garbage truck driver lasts no more than 8 hours a day.

5.6. In accordance with the established procedure, a tripartite agreement is signed (between the Moscow Government, the association of trade unions of the city of Moscow, the association of employers) and collective agreement(between the employer and employees represented by their representative).

Appendix 3. Amendments to Appendix 1 to the resolution of the Moscow Government of April 24, 2007 N 299-PP

Appendix 2
to the Temporary Order

Methodology for calculating the size (amount) of a budget subsidy

I. When applying the procedure and prices established by the Moscow Government

The size (amount) of the budget subsidy is determined as the difference between the planned and normative expenditure - the amount of expenses calculated based on the rates of planned and normative expenditure approved in the established manner, and the income of the management organization from charging payments for the maintenance and repair of common property in an apartment building at prices established by the Moscow Government.

cm (i) = P (i) - D (i) - A (i) *, where:

P (i) - planned and normative expenditure for the i-th month (rub.);

________________

D (i) - income for the i-th month based on the calculation of accruals of payments for services for the maintenance and repair of residential premises, paid in the manner and at prices established by the Moscow Government (rub.);

A (i) - waste management costs for the i-th month (rub.).

A (i) = O x P

P (i) is determined by the formula:

P (i) = Cst x [P1 (i) + P2 (i) + P3 (i)], where:

St - the rate of planned and normative expenses for the maintenance and current repairs of common property in an apartment building, approved in accordance with the established procedure by the Moscow Government for the corresponding period of time (the rate is applied depending on the category of the house and whether the land plot is included or not included in the common property) (RUB/sq.m per month);

P1 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises owned by the state of the city of Moscow, occupied under the terms of a social rental agreement for residential premises or a rental agreement for specialized residential premises, paid in the manner and at prices established by the Moscow Government for the area occupied within the established limits norms, for the (i-th) month (sq.m);

P2 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises owned by citizens who have the right to pay for services for the maintenance and repair of residential premises in the manner and at prices established by the Moscow Government for the area occupied within the established standards, for (i-th) months (sq.m);

P3 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises owned by the state of the city of Moscow, occupied under a rental agreement for housing stock for commercial use, paid at prices established by the Moscow Government for the area occupied in excess of the established norms, for the (i-th) month (sq. .m).

D (i) is determined by the formula:

D (i) = Ts1 x [P1.1 (i) + P2.1 (i)] + Ts1 x P1.2 (i) + Ts2 x [P2.2 (i) + P3.1 (i)] + C3 x [P1.3 (i) + P2.3 (i)] + C4 x [P1.4 (i) + P2.4 (i) + P3.2 (i)], where:

P2.1 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises located on the ground floor of the house, owned by citizens, paid in the manner and at prices established by the Moscow Government for the area occupied within the established standards for the (i-th) month (sq.m);

P2.2 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises located on the ground floor of a house owned by citizens, paid in the manner and at prices established by the Moscow Government for the area occupied in excess of the established standards for the (i-th) month ( sq.m);

P2.3 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises located on the second floor of the house and above, owned by citizens, paid in the manner and at prices established by the Moscow Government for the area occupied within the established standards, for (i-th ) month (sq.m);

P2.4 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises located on the second floor of the house and above, owned by citizens, paid in the manner and at prices established by the Moscow Government for the area occupied in excess of the established standards, for (i-th) months (sq.m);

P3.1 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises located on the ground floor of a house, state-owned by the city of Moscow, occupied by citizens under a lease agreement for commercial housing stock, paid in the manner and at prices established by the Moscow Government for the area occupied in excess established standards for the (i-th) month (sq.m);

P3.2 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises located on the second floor of a building and above, which are state-owned by the city of Moscow, occupied by citizens under a lease agreement for commercial housing stock, paid in the manner and at prices established by the Moscow Government for the area, occupied in excess of the established norms, for the (i-th) month (sq.m);

Notes:

1. When determining the area of ​​premises that citizens have the right to pay at prices established by the Moscow Government for the area occupied within the established standards, the excess area is taken into account, which certain categories of citizens have the right to pay at prices established by the Moscow Government to pay for area occupied within established standards.

4. If, as of January 1 of the accounting year, the rate of planned and normative expenditure for the accounting year has not been approved, when determining the amount of the budget subsidy, the rate of planned and normative expenditure of the previous year is applied until the rate of planned and normative expenditure for the accounting period is approved.

II. When applying prices set by the owners of premises in an apartment building

The size (amount) of the budget subsidy is determined as the difference between the amount of income determined based on the calculation of payments to tenants of residential premises owned by the state of the city of Moscow, at prices for the maintenance and repair of residential premises established by the owners of premises in an apartment building, and the amount of income received from the accrual of payments for services for the maintenance and repair of residential premises to the named categories of citizens, in the manner and at prices established by the Moscow Government.

The size (amount) of the budget subsidy is determined annually by the following calculation for each house:

Cr = sum Cm (i), i = 1... 12, where:

Сг - size (amount) of the budget subsidy per year (rub.);

cm (i) - the size (amount) of the budget subsidy, determined for each (i-th) month for each house (rub.).

cm (i) is determined by the formula:

cm (i) = Ds (i) - DP (i) - A(i)*, where:

Ds (i) - income for the i-th month based on the calculation of payments to tenants of residential premises owned by the state of the city of Moscow, at prices set by the owners of premises in an apartment building (rubles);

DP (i) - income for the i-th month, calculated from the accrual of payments to tenants of residential premises owned by the state of the city of Moscow, in the manner and at prices established by the Moscow Government (rub.);

A (i) - waste management costs for the i-th month, (rub.).

A (i) = O x P

O - the amount of expenses for waste management, approved in the prescribed manner (RUB/sq.m per month).

P - total area of ​​residential and non-residential premises of an apartment building (sq.m).

Dc (i) is determined by the formula:

Ds (i) = C x [P1 (i) + P2 (i)], where:

Ts - the price for the maintenance and repair of residential premises, established by the owners of premises in an apartment building (RUB/sq.m per month);

P1 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises owned by the state of the city of Moscow, occupied under the terms of a social rental agreement for residential premises or a rental agreement for specialized residential premises, paid in the manner and at prices established by the Moscow Government for the area occupied within the established standards , for the (i-th) month (sq.m);
________________
* This indicator applies to organizations that manage apartment buildings located in the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow and receive subsidies from the Moscow city budget for the maintenance and ongoing repairs of common property in apartment buildings.

P2 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises owned by the state of the city of Moscow, occupied under a rental agreement for housing stock for commercial use, paid at prices established by the Moscow Government for the area occupied in excess of the established standards, for the (i-th) month (sq. .m).

DP (i) is determined by the formula:

DP (i) = C1 x P1.1 (i) + C2 x [P1.2 (i) + P2.1 (i)] + C3 x P1.3 (i) + C4 x [P1.4 (i) + P2.2 (i)], where:

P1.1 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises located on the ground floor of a house, state-owned by the city of Moscow, occupied under the terms of a social rental agreement for residential premises or a rental agreement for specialized residential premises, paid in the manner and at prices established by the Government Moscow for the area occupied within the established standards for the (i-th) month (sq.m);

P1.2 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises located on the ground floor of a house, state-owned by the city of Moscow, occupied under the terms of a social rental agreement for residential premises or a rental agreement for specialized residential premises, paid in the manner and at prices established by the Government Moscow for the area occupied in excess of the established standards for the (i-th) month (sq.m);

P1.3 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises located on the second floor of a building and above, which are in state ownership of the city of Moscow, occupied under the terms of a social rental agreement for residential premises or a rental agreement for specialized residential premises, paid in the manner and at prices that established by the Moscow Government for the area occupied within the established standards for the (i-th) month (sq.m);

P1.4 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises located on the second floor of a building and above, which are in state ownership of the city of Moscow, occupied under the terms of a social rental agreement for residential premises or a rental agreement for specialized residential premises, paid in the manner and at prices that established by the Moscow Government for the area occupied in excess of the established standards for the (i-th) month (sq.m);

P2.1 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises located on the ground floor of a building, state-owned by the city of Moscow, occupied under a lease agreement for commercial housing stock, paid at prices established by the Moscow Government for the area occupied in excess of established standards, for (i-th) month (sq.m);

P2.2 (i) - the total area of ​​residential premises located on the second floor of a building and above, state-owned by the city of Moscow, occupied under a lease agreement for commercial housing stock, paid at prices established by the Moscow Government for the area occupied in excess of established standards , for the (i-th) month (sq.m);

T1 - the price for the maintenance and repair of residential premises, established by the Moscow Government for settlements with tenants or owners of residential premises for the area occupied within the established standards, for residential premises located on the ground floor of the house (RUB/sq.m per month);

T2 - the price for the maintenance and repair of residential premises, established by the Moscow Government for settlements with tenants or owners of residential premises for the area occupied in excess of the established standards for residential premises located on the ground floor of the house (RUB/sq.m per month);

T3 - the price for the maintenance and repair of residential premises, established by the Moscow Government for settlements with tenants or owners of residential premises for the area occupied within the established standards, for residential premises located on the second floor of the house and above (RUB/sq.m per month );

Ts4 - the price for the maintenance and repair of residential premises, established by the Moscow Government for settlements with tenants or owners of residential premises for the area occupied in excess of the established standards, for residential premises located on the second floor of the house and above (RUB/sq.m per month) .

Notes:

1. When determining the area of ​​premises that citizens have the right to pay at prices established by the Moscow Government for the area occupied within the established standards, the additional space provided to such citizens in accordance with the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and the city of Moscow is taken into account.

2. To calculate the budget subsidy for the maintenance and current repairs of the common property of the hostel, the indicator “total area” is used with an increase by the area of ​​beds common use(corridors, toilets, kitchens, showers).

3. The actual cost is indicated if the approved prices for an area exceeding the established standards exceed its indicators per 1 sq.m of total area.

Revision of the document taking into account
changes and additions prepared
JSC "Kodeks"

On conducting an experiment on the management of solid household waste and bulky garbage generated in apartment buildings located on the territory of the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow, and amending the Moscow Government Decree of April 24, 2007 N 299-PP (as amended by 30 June 2017)

GOSSTROY OF RUSSIA

Federal Center for Improvement and Environmental Safety of Urban and Rural Settlements of Russia

CONCEPT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MDS 13-8.2000

Approved by a resolution of the board of the Gosstroy of Russia
dated December 22, 1999 No. 17.

Moscow 1999

This material was developed on the basis of the “Concept of housing and communal services reform in the Russian Federation”, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 28, 1997 No. 425, as well as in development of the main provisions of the federal target program “Waste” and the subprogram “Technical policy in the field of solid waste management”, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 30, 1996 No. 1098.

Concept prepared:

creative team of the Academy of Public Utilities named after. K.D. Pamfilova: head. Department of Sanitary Cleaning of Cities, Ph.D. tech. sciences N.F. Abramov, head laboratory Environmental problems cities, doctor of technical sciences Sciences A.N. Peaceful, head Laboratory of Thermal Methods of Solid Waste Neutralization B.M. Spassky;

deputy Head of the Housing and Communal Sphere Department of the Gosstroy of Russia V. P. Kovalevsky;

deputy Head of the Department of Housing and Communal Services of the Gosstroy of Russia L.N. Gavrikov;

head laboratory of the Institute NIIECHGOS named after. Sysina RAMS, Doctor of Medicine. sciences N.V. Rusakov;

hands Regional Branch of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Doctor of Engineering. Sciences L.S. Skvortsov;

beginning Department of Environmental Protection Institute GIPROKOMMUNSTROY V. S. Maslov;

technical director of PET CJSC B.I. Levin;

gene. Director of OJSC "KOMTEKHMASH", Doctor of Engineering. sciences V.A. Samoilov;

V.N.S. MOSVODOKANALNIIPROEKT, Ph.D. tech. sciences V.N. Abramov.

The concept is intended for managers of housing and communal services of cities and regions of Russia, as well as for senior officials of the Russian State Construction Committee carrying out long-term planning in the field of solid waste management.

INTRODUCTION

Solid household waste (MSW) includes waste generated in residential and public buildings, trade, entertainment, sports and other enterprises (including waste from routine renovation of apartments), waste from local heating devices, waste, fallen leaves collected from courtyard areas , and bulky waste.

Solid waste is generated from two sources:

Residential buildings;

Administrative buildings, institutions and public enterprises (catering, educational, entertainment, hotels, kindergartens, etc.).

The main problem of reforming the housing and communal services is its transition to full self-sufficiency. The main directions of work to solve this problem are:

Introduction of comprehensive mechanization of urban sanitary cleaning; increasing the technical level, reliability, reducing metal consumption for all groups of machinery and equipment;

Two-stage waste transportation system;

Maximum possible disposal, recycling;

Environmentally safe processing and storage of the remaining waste;

Development of the market for secondary raw materials and its products;

Incentive tax, credit and depreciation policies in the field of solid waste management;

Introduction of a system of state accounting and control of collection, transportation, disposal and storage of solid waste;

Optimization of tariffs for collection, transport and disposal of solid waste;

Reducing the cost of services for the population and increasing the efficiency of the solid waste management system.

The main task of achieving these goals is the integrated use of all levers of management and resource conservation: environmental, technical, economic, regulatory, legal and information.

1. ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SITUATION IN THE FIELD OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

Currently, the activities of housing and communal services in the field of solid waste management are accompanied by very large losses of resources, as well as an increase in environmental pollution.

The first stage of the waste management system is the organization of collection at the places of waste generation. Collection is carried out in metal containers installed on the territory of the household. The type and capacity of the containers used depend on the amount of accumulated waste, the type and number of floors of the building, as well as on the method of loading and removal of solid waste. Containers made of metal have significant weight, low corrosion resistance and adhesion to wet waste, as well as high operating costs. The service life of such containers does not exceed 2 years, which is 2-2.5 times lower than the norm. The country's actual losses amount to 5-7 million tons of sheet steel annually.

Russia produces a fairly wide range of machines for solid waste removal, which differ in:

Purpose (vehicles for removing waste from residential and public organizations, machines for removing bulky waste);

Body capacity (mini-garbage trucks with a capacity of 7-10 m3; medium-sized garbage trucks with a capacity of 16-45 m3; heavy-duty transport garbage trucks with a capacity of more than 45 m3);

Waste loading mechanisms;

The nature of the waste compaction process (continuous, cyclic);

A system for unloading waste from the body (tipper or forced using an ejector plate).

Comparison of indicators of the technical level of manufactured domestic industry special machines for sanitary cleaning of cities with the best foreign analogues showed that domestic machines mainly provide the technological process of loading, transporting and unloading solid waste, but lag behind the best foreign models in the following indicators:

=> mass of machines and special equipment;

=> rated engine power;

=> fuel consumption;

=> operating efficiency of the hydraulic drive of the working bodies.

There are no domestic machines for servicing the cities of the North and the Far North, which must be made in a special design, which increases the cost of solid waste removal in these areas by 2-2.5 times. Also, machines for washing non-removable containers are not produced commercially, which worsens environmental situation in cities.

Due to the growth of the urban population, the problem of long-distance waste disposal is becoming increasingly important.

The average distance for solid waste removal in Russia is 20 km, in major cities with a population of more than 500 thousand inhabitants it increases to 45 km or more. According to a survey of 100 cities of the Russian Federation (excluding Moscow and St. Petersburg), about 45% of all solid waste is transported over a distance of 10-15 km, 40% - over 15-20 km, and 15% of all waste - over 20 km. As statistical data show, the distance of solid waste removal annually increases by an average of 1.5 km, and the cost of their transportation correspondingly increases by 15-20%.

One of the real ways to reduce transportation costs is the transition to a two-stage solid waste removal system using waste transfer stations (MTS) and heavy-duty transport garbage trucks. The analysis shows that by introducing two-stage export, transport costs can be reduced by 30%. At the same time, emissions into the atmosphere from waste transport are reduced.

The accumulation of solid waste in the Russian Federation in 1998 amounted to about 30 million tons. Taking into account the increase in specific accumulation rates, their growth is projected to reach 35 million tons by 2005. The bulk of solid waste is transported from cities and urban-type settlements to landfills and landfills occupying the country's over 40 thousand hectares of land; In addition, about 50 thousand hectares are the area of ​​closed (filled) landfills and landfills. Additionally, about 1 thousand hectares are alienated annually for solid waste disposal.

Of the total number of polygons, only about 8% respond sanitary requirements, most landfills pose a significant epidemiological hazard, disrupt the natural landscape and are a source of soil, groundwater and groundwater pollution, and atmospheric air. It should be noted that, despite the danger to the environment, many of the already overcrowded and formally closed landfills continue to accept significant volumes of solid waste, which provides their owners with high incomes.

When handling solid waste, it is necessary to take into account that they contain valuable waste components. In table Figure 1 shows the approximate morphological and physico-chemical composition of solid waste in Russian cities located in different climatic zones.

Table1. Morphological and physico-chemical composition of solid waste for different climatic zones, % by weight

As can be seen from the above data, the solid waste of Russian cities contains such valuable components as paper, cardboard, glass, polymer materials, and metals.

When solid waste is buried in landfills, these waste fractions are irretrievably lost. In particular, 9 million tons of waste paper, 1.5 million tons of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, 2 million tons of polymer materials, 10 million tons of food waste, 0.5 million tons of glass are lost.

Currently, there are 4 waste incineration plants and 4 waste processing plants ( and ) in operation in Russia. All waste incineration plants are equipped with imported equipment, all waste processing plants are equipped with domestic equipment.

The main disadvantage of waste incineration plants is the difficulty of purifying gases released into the atmosphere from harmful impurities, especially dioxins and nitrogen oxides.

Waste incineration plants use a single-stage gas purification scheme, which does not allow for complete purification and can cause air pollution. Technologies for deeper gas purification are currently being developed.

All waste incineration plants provide heat recovery and recovery of ferrous scrap metal.

During the combustion of solid waste at an incineration plant, along with flue gases, two more types of waste are formed: slag and ash. An important task in the operation of waste incineration plants is the disposal or disposal of toxic ash and slag, the mass of which amounts to up to 30% of the dry mass of solid waste. The problem of recycling ash and slag has now been solved and is in the implementation stage.

Waste processing plants operate using aerobic biothermal composting technology, in which a significant (more than 50%) part of solid waste is neutralized and converted into compost - a valuable organic fertilizer.

Table 2. Technical and operational indicators of waste incineration plants operating in the Russian Federation

During processing at factories, scrap ferrous and non-ferrous metals and other waste fractions are extracted from solid waste, for which enterprises are equipped with a set of special equipment: separators for ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass, plastics, as well as screens, crushers, etc.

Table 3. Technical and operational indicators of waste processing plants operating in the Russian Federation

Along with useful components (organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, etc.), compost contains microelements of metals, therefore, when adding it to the soil, it is necessary to take into account the background concentrations of these elements in the soil, so as not to exceed the maximum values permissible concentrations(MPC) in soil and agricultural products.

The feasibility of using one or another of the listed methods of handling solid waste depends on the size of the city, the composition and properties of the solid waste of a given city or region, the need for waste fractions, thermal energy or fertilizer, climatic conditions and many other factors.

The selected technology for neutralizing solid waste must be justified by the following criteria:

1. Environmental acceptability from the point of view of reducing pollution of the atmosphere, water sources, and land.

2. Sanitary and epidemiological safety of the entire system of waste collection, transportation, neutralization and disposal.

3. Compliance with legislative standards on the release of pollutants into the environment from waste disposal complexes (environmental safety), including gas purification systems, ash removal, slag and wastewater treatment.

4. Efficiency of technological and design solutions, including:

=> technology performance;

=> level of its automation;

=> degree of protection from emergency situations and salvo emissions;

=> utilization rate of energy resources used in technology.

5. Capital investments and implementation deadlines capital investments, reduced cost unit costs for the neutralization of a unit mass of solid waste.

Over the past 15 years, both in industrialized countries and in Russia, waste management strategies have undergone significant changes. The main reasons for such changes were the increase in environmental pollution and its negative impact on public health, as well as changes in environmental policy and legislation.

In 1998, Russia adopted the Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste”, which defines the legal framework for the management of household and industrial waste in order to prevent the harmful effects of waste on human health and the environment, as well as the inclusion of such waste into economic circulation as additional sources of raw materials.

Currently, work is underway to restore the normal functioning of the entire complex of urban sanitary cleaning enterprises. The main objectives of waste management in Russia are:

a) maximum use of selective collection of solid waste in order to obtain secondary resources and reduce the volume of neutralized waste;

b) optimal operation of solid waste landfills, taking into account subsequent reclamation of the territories;

c) further construction of highly mechanized integrated waste processing plants.

Thus, waste management policies are mainly focused on reducing the amount of waste generated and developing methods for maximizing its use.

With this formulation of the problem, one of the most important elements is the selective collection and sorting of waste before its disposal in order to extract useful and hazardous components for burning or composting.

However, currently the country has a centralized government system there is no accounting, collection and use of secondary resources. During the transition to a market economic system, conditions were not created that would stimulate the use of secondary resources. Specialized enterprises involved in the processing of secondary materials partially switched to other types of activities during corporatization. The destruction of the centralized waste collection and recycling system and the general decline in industrial production have sharply reduced the volume of collection and use of secondary raw materials. Therefore, the Russian Government faces a big task in creating a system for the collection and use of secondary resources in new socio-economic conditions.

The problem of collecting and sorting solid waste is complicated by the lack of a regulatory framework for the practical implementation of the system. It is necessary to develop and adopt by-laws for the management of solid waste, regional laws that would ensure the implementation of the Federal Law “On Industrial and Consumption Waste”, the introduction of a system of state accounting and control of the collection, transportation, disposal and storage of solid waste, optimization of tariffs for the collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste.

Despite the fact that residential waste is a significant source of secondary raw materials, the practical implementation of selective collection of valuable components is a complex problem associated with the organization of collection and processing of contaminated material, as well as with the price level for raw materials of appropriate quality. From this point of view, at the first stage of development of the solid waste management system, the greatest interest is in the collection of secondary raw materials from waste of public and commercial organizations and institutions, the quantity and quality of which is higher than the quality of recyclable materials contained in residential solid waste.

The existing system of accounting and control over the generation and disposal of waste does not allow, due to its decentralization, to obtain reliable information about the actual volumes of waste generation both in Russia as a whole and in individual regions, as well as to exclude unauthorized disposal. This led to the formation of numerous spontaneous, unauthorized landfills. The current situation with waste disposal negatively affects the state of the natural environment and the sanitary and epidemiological situation both throughout the country and especially near large cities.

The length of waste disposal routes, the location of repair bases, parking lots for special vehicles, waste transfer stations, disposal plants and other sanitary cleaning services of the city depend on the architectural and planning composition of the city.

With the growth and emergence of new cities, the need for urban areas is constantly increasing. Approximately every five years, the size of residential land in cities increases by an average of 20%, which leads to an increase in the distance to solid waste landfills and transportation costs.

A significant territory of Russia occupied by residential development is determined by the low and medium-rise housing stock. Even in the largest and largest cities of the country, a significant part of the residential area is occupied by one-story buildings. The country currently has a strong house-building industry; The share of multi-storey residential buildings has sharply increased.

The organizational and practical measures taken in the regions to stabilize and improve the environment from consumer waste do not lead to a significant effect, mainly for the following reasons:

=> lack of a unified ideology in the system of collection and disposal of consumer waste in the Russian Federation;

=> unsatisfactory coordination of work;

=> insufficient funding;

=> lack of an effective economic mechanism for the purpose of:

stimulating the creation of waste processing industries;

resource saving;

implementation of environmentally friendly technologies and waste reduction.

An analysis of the state of solid waste management in developed countries has shown that, depending on the specific situation, different decisions can be made. Thus, in 1989, according to literature data, in the USA, 80% of solid waste was sent to landfills and only 9% was burned; on the contrary, in 1998, the recycling rate for solid waste management was 30%. Comparative data on the prospects for solid waste management in the USA, Holland, France and Portugal allow us to conclude that there is a noticeable reduction in the use of landfills for solid waste disposal and an unconditional increase in their volumes. reuse and processing.

2. MAIN DIRECTIONS OF COLLECTION, TRANSPORTATION AND DISPOSAL OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

The organization of sanitary cleaning of cities from solid waste, the technical means and forms of service used are largely determined by specific conditions, of which the main ones are:

=> size and density of urban population;

=> level of improvement of the housing stock (presence of sewerage, centralized heating and heat supply, number of floors and presence of a garbage chute);

==> climatic and other natural conditions;

=> architectural and planning composition of the city;

=> the state and prospects for the development of residential development;

=> economic opportunities.

2.1. Collection and transportation of solid household waste

The size of the urban population is one of the main factors determining the volume of work on the collection and disposal of solid waste, as well as the choice optimal option their neutralization. Currently, the urban population is growing mainly due to influx from rural areas, which leads to excessive density in agglomeration centers and insufficient population density in peripheral areas. Therefore, in large cities it is necessary to create a system that ensures centralized collection and transportation of solid waste, as well as the functioning of waste disposal and recycling enterprises using waste transfer stations and heavy vehicles.

Climatic conditions are also one of the determining factors in organizing the collection and disposal of waste and choosing a technology for neutralizing solid waste. These conditions determine the specifics of the development, special requirements for the operation of technical equipment (containers and special vehicles), the timing of solid waste removal, etc. From the point of view of organizing the cleaning of households, the territory of the Russian Federation can be conditionally divided into three climatic zones: northern, middle and southern.

The majority of the urban population lives in the middle zone; the vast majority of cities with a population of over 400...500 thousand inhabitants are located in it. Therefore, the basic requirements for the conditions for the collection and disposal of solid household waste are usually determined for the middle zone, indicating the specific requirements that must be taken into account when handling waste in the northern and southern zones.

Important factors in the northern zone from the point of view of city cleaning technology are: long periods of dominance low temperatures, large amounts of precipitation in winter, snow transport, the presence of permafrost soils. Due to the remoteness from densely populated, developed industrial areas and the isolation of northern cities, it becomes difficult to provide them with energy and water resources.

Low temperatures determine the difficulty of operating special vehicles and special equipment. Due to the increased fragility of metal and rubber, premature wear and breakdown of equipment occurs, the service life of which is sharply reduced. Low temperatures also cause waste to freeze to collection points and vehicles.

In areas of heavy snowfall and snow transport, access to container parking areas and conditions for loading and unloading operations become more difficult. The presence of permafrost soils complicates the construction and operation of solid waste landfills, while at the same time reducing their environmental hazard. The absence of consumers of recyclable materials and compost determines the requirements for solid waste collection and disposal systems.

The southern zone is characterized by high temperatures and the duration of the warm period, an abundance of vegetables and fruits and the length of the season for their consumption.

High outdoor temperatures contribute to the rapid decomposition of organic matter in waste, the accelerated development of microflora, including pathogenic microorganisms, and the breeding of flies. All this causes the need to reduce the storage period of solid waste, increased requirements for the tightness of containers and vehicles, and the need for their systematic and thorough washing and disinfection.

In the current situation, to successfully solve problems in the solid waste collection and disposal system, the following main directions can be identified:

In low-rise buildings, waste should be collected in small plastic or paper containers, which are manually or mechanically loaded into the back of a collection truck, similar to the method used in industrialized countries;

In high-rise buildings or for a group of low-rise buildings, install a standard sealed container on wheels made of galvanized iron, plastic, metal, treated with anti-corrosion and anti-adhesive coating;

For bulky waste, install removable container bodies;

For the regions of the North and the Far North it is necessary to use bunker waste containers (Norilsk). At the same time, waste removal from apartments is possible at any time of the year; solid waste does not mix with snow. Loading of waste is carried out indoors using machines with removable container bodies.

When the range of solid waste removal is more than 20 km, a significant economic and environmental effect can be obtained by introducing waste transfer stations and heavy transport garbage trucks.

Currently, the industry produces 6 standard sizes of collecting body and removable body garbage trucks on GAZ, ZIL and KamAZ chassis, as well as single series production of heavy-duty transport garbage trucks on KamAZ and MAZ chassis with a payload capacity of 15-25 tons. At the same time, there is no serial production in the country production of equipment for the Ministry of Railways. Therefore, for the successful implementation of two-stage waste removal it is necessary:

=> put into serial production equipment for waste transfer stations;

=> increase the production of heavy-duty transport garbage trucks.

For the regions of the North and the Far North, it is advisable to use a collection system with replaceable container bodies. Solid waste can be removed every 3 days in winter.

Control over the movement of waste should currently be carried out with the help of regulatory documents and acts. However, with regard to consumer waste, the effect of documents is very limited, which does not allow full control over their formation and movement. The reasons for this situation are the following:

Lack of real specific rates of accumulation both from the housing stock and from institutions and public enterprises;

Lack of ongoing analysis of the real state in the field of generation and movement of consumer waste.

The feasibility of introducing waste transfer stations, as well as a system of centralized waste collection and sorting in cities, is determined by the following factors:

Reduction by 20-25% per year of waste flow to landfills and, consequently, the load on the natural environment;

More rational use of landfill space due to the orderly placement of compact pressed briquettes of the “non-business” part of the waste after sorting;

Reducing the city's costs for the removal and disposal of solid waste;

The return of secondary material resources to the sphere of production and consumption with the market sale of recyclable materials and thereby compensating part of the budget costs for the creation of sorting production.

2.2. Strategy for neutralization and recycling of waste in new conditions

One of the main conditions for overcoming the current situation in the field of solid waste disposal is the reduction of waste flows through selective collection and the organization of preliminary sorting. It is necessary to begin the development and serial production of special equipment for selective collection, control and preliminary sorting of recyclable materials at collection points, as well as to develop a network of collection points. From the practice of European countries, it is known that the optimal location is one point for the integrated collection of secondary raw materials (waste paper, polymers, glass, metal cans) per 10-15 thousand inhabitants. The area of ​​one collection point is about 100 m2.

Practical experience of solid waste processing in Russia and foreign countries shows that there is no one universal method that meets modern economic and resource saving requirements. Specifically for each region and locality, the method of processing solid waste is selected based on local conditions:

=> composition and properties of solid waste, changes by season;

=> annual rate of solid waste accumulation;

=> climatic conditions;

=> needs for organic fertilizers, energy resources and secondary raw materials;

=> economic factors.

For megacities, the design and construction of integrated plants that ensure the use of waste as a source of energy and secondary raw materials are most suitable. The construction of industrial technology precisely on the principle of combining various methods of processing solid waste eliminates the disadvantages of each method taken separately. It is the complex processing of solid waste that ensures overall low production waste and its maximum environmental and economic feasibility. When using the “sorting + combustion” technology, the amount of slag is reduced to 15% of the original solid waste, and ash - to 1%, and the slag can be involved in industrial processing (production of building materials using known technologies). At the same time, pre-sorting improves and accelerates the process of composting organic matter of solid waste, facilitates the purification of compost from impurities, reduces the required productivity of equipment for thermal and biothermal treatment of solid waste, improves the composition of waste gases, and facilitates the thermal treatment process in an optimal mode.

For cities with a population of 100-200 thousand inhabitants, it is advisable to develop a simplified technology for the neutralization and disposal of solid waste.

For cities with a population of about 100 thousand inhabitants located in the southern regions, it is advisable to use field composting of solid waste with preliminary selection of waste fractions.

Storing waste in landfills remains the main method of waste disposal. To reduce the area for landfills, methods of multi-tiered storage with multiple compaction have been developed, which can significantly increase the load per unit area. In a high-rise scheme, solid waste is stacked at a height of more than 20.0 m.

Experience in the construction and operation of landfills for solid waste requires:

Development of economical and efficient materials for intermediate insulation and impervious screens at the base of solid waste landfills;

Development and implementation of special compactor rollers;

Development of equipment for collection and purification of filtrate, collection and utilization of biogas.

3. ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

The problem of environmental hazards from municipal solid waste is acute for Russia. This danger affects all stages of solid waste management, from its collection and transportation to preparation for the use of waste components and destruction or disposal of unused fractions.

Until now, there is no unified system of regulatory documents for municipal solid waste and similar waste. Some documents define the conditions for handling solid waste, others - with industrial, medical, biological waste, and others - with industrial and consumer waste. The degree and class of hazard of solid waste has not yet been determined depending on the content of toxic substances in its composition, in particular heavy metals (lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium, etc.), carcinogens and mutagens, pathogenic microorganisms and viable helminth eggs.

When transporting waste, the need to minimize the passage of vehicles, which itself is an intense source of air pollution, is not always taken into account. Therefore, the problem of creating waste transfer stations and using highly loaded garbage trucks is important not only from the point of view of fuel economy, but also from an environmental point of view.

The existing solid waste disposal system in the Russian Federation (see) is based on the disposal of the vast majority of waste (about 98%) in landfills and unorganized landfills. The situation is aggravated by the fact that due to the lack of separate collection of solid waste in a common container, and often next to it, along with paper, polymer, glass and metal containers, food waste medicines with expired expiration dates, broken mercury-containing thermometers and fluorescent lamps, containers with residues of pesticides, varnishes, paints, etc. All this, under the guise of low-hazard solid waste, is transported to landfills, which are most often located in mined-out quarries, ravines, and wetlands near settlements, which is unacceptable from an environmental and hygienic point of view. They are often called landfills, but they do not meet the requirements for waste disposal facilities and do not have a waterproofing (concrete, clay or other) base that prevents the spread of toxic contaminants through aquifers.

As a result, wastewater (filtrate), which flows from the body of the landfill as a result of the influence of natural precipitation and processes in solid waste, contains a large volume of extremely toxic organic and inorganic contaminants. Uncontrolled processes in the body of the landfill lead to the formation of pathogenic microflora, which also aggravates the danger of leachate. In the absence of the necessary waterproofing, the filtrate enters the soil and penetrates into The groundwater and through drains - into open bodies of water, poisoning water supplies. The toxicity of the leachate leads to the destruction of vegetation surrounding the landfill.

In addition to the release of filtrate from the body of the landfill, gaseous decay products of solid waste - methane, ammonia, etc. - are constantly released into the atmosphere. They are a source of systematic fires in landfills, which, in turn, pollute the atmosphere. In addition, methane is a gas that contributes to the destruction of the ozone layer.

The data presented indicate the extreme environmental danger of unorganized landfills, even for those who do not come into direct contact with waste. As a result of the spread of pollution through water and air, residents living near landfills experience increased morbidity and mortality, and the birth of children with deformities. Our landfills are not only time bombs, they are already affecting those living today and will have an even greater impact on future generations.

Due to the lack of territory, organized landfills are moving further and further away from cities. In order not to carry it far, waste is thrown into places not intended for these purposes. A huge number of unauthorized landfills are spread out in countless numbers along highways and railways, in places of rest and swimming, around dacha and garden communities. There is practically no control over them; principles and conditions that prevent their formation have not been developed. Administrations and territorial leaders do not notice them and do not organize control and elimination work.

Further work in order to reduce the environmental hazard of solid waste management should be carried out in the following directions:

1. Conduct an inventory of generated, processed and buried production and consumption waste on the territory of the Russian Federation.

2. Conduct a screening inventory of former waste disposal sites in order to identify additional raw material resources for the country and assess the impact of these sites on the environment and human health.

3. Develop by-laws on the main provisions of the federal law “On production and consumption waste”.

4. Develop technologies for the separate collection, processing and disposal of production and consumption waste.

5. Introduce existing domestic resource-saving and environmentally friendly waste processing technologies. Create and distribute a directory of domestic safe technologies for processing solid waste and obtaining secondary raw materials, fuel, and energy from them.

6. Organize a system of environmental and hygienic education for managers of administrative territories, enterprises, and organizations for the management of production and consumption waste.

7. Organize a system of separate collection of production and consumption waste for the purpose of using it as raw materials; systematically carry out explanatory work with the population on the separate collection of consumer waste.

9. Develop a system of strict control over unauthorized dumps and create conditions that exclude the possibility of their occurrence.

4. MAIN FEATURES OF PROCESSING SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS AND THE MARKET FOR PRODUCTS BASED ON IT

One of the main indicators that determine the effectiveness of a solid waste management system is the degree of recycling. Developed processes for primary sorting of solid waste, as well as manual or mechanized separation at processing plants, make it possible to isolate such valuable waste components as ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastic, glass, and convert the bulk of solid waste into organic fertilizer, thermal energy, and building materials.

Thus, already at the current level of recycling technology it is possible to practically use more than 70% of solid waste.

The problem of preparing waste fractions and converting them into secondary raw materials is not always solved simply and effectively. Ferrous and non-ferrous metal waste, after being separated from the bulk of solid waste, is pressed and packaged, which ensures its readiness for shipment to the appropriate foundries.

Glass waste can be used for processing into technical glass products, for example, for construction, where the purity of the glass is not of decisive importance.

Main difficulties of recycling polymer materials are caused by two factors: contamination and the discrepancy between the properties of the secondary polymer and the properties of the initial raw material (pellets for processing from the melt). An assessment of the cost of processing recycled polymer containers into the same products shows that this process is unprofitable - the pre-material of the required purity is more expensive than the original and is therefore uncompetitive.

Analysis of the use of recycled plastics focuses its market primarily on non-polymer areas, for example, the production of wood-polymer boards, concrete, etc. For these purposes it is not necessary to high degree cleaning and sorting of secondary polymers. However, even in this case, the processes of their collection, preparation and processing must be carried out under strict control. The main stages of such work include:

=> determination of technical requirements for a secondary polymer for a specific application;

=> development of material based on its specified characteristics;

=> checking the quality of the manufactured material.

The first stage is especially effective when working with regular suppliers of solid waste, in particular with commercial and industrial enterprises. Retail waste is mainly represented by packaging film of various thicknesses. Waste from enterprises - substandard products and waste itself, for example, from granulation or casting processes.

Drink bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) occupy a special place among polymer waste. The volume of their production in the country exceeds 200 thousand tons per year. For the production of such bottles, special food-grade polyester is used, which does not contain, in particular, aldehydes. The main production of PET, created in the USSR, is currently located in Belarus. The small production of this polymer in Kursk does not provide the necessary raw materials for the production of lavsan fiber. Food grade PET comes from abroad. Therefore, the problem of bottle recycling is extremely acute. Regenerated PET can be used to make polyester staple fiber filler for insulated products (jackets, coats, etc.), for carpets, containers, trays and pallets for non-food products, bumpers, car grilles and door panels, etc. Currently, the main difficulty in using bottles is their selection and transportation to the recycling site. A radical solution to this issue could be the creation of plants for mechanized processing of solid waste with the selection of bottles as one of the waste fractions.

Despite the growth in the production of synthetic polymers and products made from them, natural polymers, and primarily cellulose, will continue to dominate in the total production of polymer materials for technical and household purposes for a long time. Currently, the annual production of only two types of products - paper and fiber based on cellulose raw materials - is five to six times higher than the volume of production of synthetic polymer materials. This ratio increases even more when taking into account the use of cellulosic materials in construction.

Consequently, the amount of waste paper in waste will increase, which is confirmed by research data over the past ten years. Since cellulose material is universal, it is widely used for the manufacture of printing products, packaging, thermal and electrical insulation, etc. However, it must be taken into account that the characteristics of waste cellulose material are influenced by the time factor, heavy metal salts, moisture, contamination with water-repellent impregnations and a number of other factors.

The increase in the share of waste paper in solid waste has not led to an increase in its use in the industrial sector of the economy. The volume of waste paper in production over the last five years has fallen by 16.5 times, but the level of waste paper use in relation to the volume of its generation has decreased overall from 22.6 to 3.3%.

The decrease in the share of used waste paper makes it necessary to include over 10 million m 3 of wood in the turnover of the pulp and paper complex. Currently, the need for waste paper in such industries as construction, packaging, thermal and electrical insulation is 6-8 million tons.

The sale of waste raw materials from solid waste will not only reduce the amount of waste in landfills, but also generate income of over 1 million rubles at today's prices for these types of raw materials.

To significantly increase the volume of processing and use of secondary raw materials, it is absolutely necessary to carry out a set of organizational measures that would allow creating effectively current market waste, secondary raw materials and products made from recycled materials. At the same time, there is currently no need to purchase specialized equipment and complex lines for processing secondary raw materials into products and complex lines for processing most of the waste into secondary materials.

A set of organizational measures to increase the share of utilization of waste fractions of solid waste comes down to the following:

1. Organization of waste collection and primary treatment centers.

2. Creation of a regulatory framework obliging legal entities (industrial enterprises, shopping centers, shops, wholesale markets, banks) to transport waste to collection and primary processing centers. At the same time, this regulatory framework should ensure economic efficiency activities of these centers.

3. Creation of a regulatory and legislative framework that ensures the use of products made from recycled materials in the urban economy.

In order to direct waste to collection and sorting points, it is necessary to economically stimulate the entire system of collection, processing and disposal of secondary raw materials. It is necessary to develop prices for the removal of waste to collection points depending on the amount of waste, its type, the degree of contamination with mechanical impurities and packaging residues.

In world practice, federal and local authorities of all developed countries stimulate the use and consumption of secondary polymers. Incentive methods include reducing tax rates on enterprises engaged in the production of products from recycled materials and ensuring state (federal and local) orders for products from recycled materials. A government order typically requires businesses fulfilling federal and local orders to use a certain amount of products made from recycled materials.

The world practice of stimulating enterprises producing products from recycled materials should be used in Russian conditions. To do this, it is necessary to select from the range of products made from materials consumed in the urban economy those that can be made from recycled materials, and prepare regulatory documents that would guarantee their sale. When drawing up these documents, it is necessary to ensure that the enterprises themselves are interested in using recycled materials. In particular, European experience can be used to market packaging materials made from recycled polymers. In Switzerland, according to the legislation, packaging of household waste, hotel waste, shopping centers carried out only in bags made of recycled materials. Local authorities will not accept waste if it is packed in other bags. At the same time, these bags, which have a so-called green mark and a special stamp of the municipality, are sold to owners of private houses, hotels and shopping centers by the municipalities themselves, who are wholesale buyers of bags from manufacturing companies. Municipalities have additional income from the sale of packaging bags and are interested in selling them.

There is currently no developed market for recycled materials in Russia. However, an analysis of the activities of companies operating in the secondary materials market allows us to draw the following conclusions:

1. Prices of recycled materials on the market are determined by the degree of their preparation for processing into products. You can consider the price level for recycled materials using the example of the most common product on the Russian market - low-density polyethylene film. The price of clean, crushed, ready-to-recycle polyethylene film ranges from 8 to 13% of the cost of the virgin polymer. The price of polyethylene film agglomerate is from 20 to 30% of the cost of the primary polymer. The price of polyethylene film granules ranges from 45 to 60% of the cost of the primary polymer.

2. The price of most granular secondary polymers, averaged by composition, ranges from 45 to 70% of the price of primary polymers.

3. The price of recycled polymers greatly depends on their color, that is, on the preliminary sorting of polymer waste by color. The difference in the price of recycled polymers of pure colors and mixed colors can reach 10-20%.

4. Prices for products made from primary and secondary polymers are, as a rule, almost the same, which makes the use of secondary polymers in production extremely profitable.

5. IMPROVING THE ECONOMIC MECHANISM IN THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The complexity of the situation in the field of waste management requires that, in parallel with the improvement of existing financial and economic mechanisms, new economic mechanisms are created and organizational measures are taken aimed at covering the costs of sanitary cleaning of populated areas from extra-budgetary sources, which is fully consistent with the approaches reflected in the concept of housing reform. -municipal services.

5.1. Organization of work

Organization of work to improve economic mechanisms in the waste management system should be carried out in the following directions:

· strengthening state financial and technical control over the collection, removal and disposal of solid waste;

· improvement and adjustment of existing and development of new regulatory documents that meet the real situation;

· operational information and methodological support for regions in the field of changes in economic mechanisms in the waste management system.

Coordination of efforts in these areas should be entrusted to the newly created under the Gosstroy of Russia on the basis of the Academy of Public Utilities named after. K.D. Pamfilova Federal Center for Improvement and Environmental Safety.

The Center’s objectives in improving the economic mechanism are information and methodological support:

=> state and municipal enterprises, working in the field of waste management systems;

=> commercial enterprises;

=> non-profit target organizations (funds).

Increasing the efficiency of the functioning of housing and communal services in the field of waste management can be achieved both through funds received from potential investors, and through attracting extra-budgetary sources of funding, stricter control over subjects of uncontrolled indirect pollution.

For potential investors, improving the system for regulating utility tariffs is one of the most important and attractive factors in guaranteeing their investments. However, an upward change in tariffs cannot but cause an increase in social tension in society. In this connection, it becomes relevant to introduce the principle generally accepted in world practice when calculating for the collection and disposal of solid waste - the polluter pays.

The subjects of uncontrolled indirect pollution of urban areas are enterprises and organizations that rent areas of these territories for trade and storage needs. Their extraction of commercial income is accompanied by the formation of volumes and specific nomenclature of solid waste. It follows from this that reimbursement of costs associated with sanitary cleaning should be carried out at the expense of the tenant enterprises. This approach seems all the more justified since sanitary cleaning is one of the forms of simple reproduction of urban areas, and financing of related expenses is always considered as the responsibility of the tenant (as part of the rent). Funds received in this way should be accumulated in regional funds under the control of the administration and spent in a targeted manner.

Normative and methodological Information Support necessary to prepare for the newly created Center.

The economic mechanism for waste management should be based on the following organizational and economic principles:

1. Establishing a fee for the generation of a standardized volume of waste and exceeding the allocated limit, as well as differentiation of payments depending on factors such as:

suitability (readiness) of waste for subsequent processing;

level of technogenic and environmental safety (waste hazard class);

feature of the territory;

the need for this type of secondary resources;

placement volume;

preparedness of waste for disposal.

2. Providing (depending on the state of the market and regional policy) tax, credit and other benefits to subjects entrepreneurial activity when:

their waste disposal;

use of low-waste technologies;

participation in the collection, procurement and supply of secondary raw materials.

3. Development and periodic revision of a list of wastes for which a special regime may be established to stimulate their collection, processing into raw materials and use.

4. Formation of specialized sources of funds for targeted financing of measures to modernize solid waste collection and processing systems.

5. Introduction (on a competitive basis) of a system of subsidies for experimental and research papers in the field of waste management, including those aimed at developing and optimizing processes for their recycling and disposal.

IN general case The economic mechanism for solid waste management should include:

creation of a special state organization responsible for control and management of the entire system of collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste;

implementation of optimal tariff policy;

searching for additional sources of financing in entities that create and sell products that include potential waste.

5.2. Waste generation fee

Entities that generate waste in the course of their activities are charged a fee for their generation.

Payment for waste generation is established on the basis of the standard price per unit volume of waste, taking into account the class of its environmental hazard. The fee may be differentiated depending on the state of the environment of the territories, their recreational and land-use value. For waste generation above the limit, the fee is charged in multiples. Collection of fees for waste generation does not relieve waste producers from responsibility for their safe storage, neutralization and disposal.

Payment for waste generation is not charged for those volumes of waste that are used at the enterprise itself as raw materials, were sold or transferred to other enterprises and specialized procurement organizations.

The procedure for establishing standards and collecting payments for waste generation, as well as exemptions from fees, is determined by the State Construction Committee of Russia.

5.3. Benefits (incentives) for waste management

Benefits are established for subjects of legal relations who:

· introduce new technologies aimed at minimizing waste,

· dispose of waste during production (performance of work),

· carry out waste collection,

· carry out the construction of enterprises and workshops, as well as organize the production of equipment and devices for waste processing,

· take part in co-financing of measures to reduce the formation and safety of waste disposal.

The listed entities are entitled to the following benefits:

· establishing a reduced tax rate on income (profit) received from the sale of products made using waste;

· establishment of privileges related to value added tax;

· priority presentation of government loans;

· receiving special government subsidies to reduce interest on loans (bank loans) associated with investments in waste processing and the manufacture of related equipment;

· allocation of regional transport subsidies for the transportation of waste and raw materials or semi-finished products obtained from these wastes;

· application of accelerated depreciation standards for fixed production assets;

· provision of funds from specialized funds or funds from extra-budgetary funds for environmental protection on contractual terms;

· free receipt of information related to the resource and technological capabilities of waste processing and disposal.

The procedure for establishing appropriate benefits, their composition and size are determined by the State Construction Committee of Russia.

State authorities and local governments can establish, within the framework of their powers, additional measures of economic incentives for the use of certain categories of waste and the introduction of low-waste technologies (reduced prices for equipment and devices for the neutralization and destruction of waste, exemption from land tax, etc.).

5.4. Benefits for the procurement of secondary raw materials

Legal entities and individuals - entrepreneurs who, in accordance with the established procedure, collect and deliver secondary raw materials (according to a special list) to procurement organizations or directly to processing enterprises, have the right to a reduction in the tax rate or to an exemption from taxation of income (profit) received from this account.

Business entities specializing in the procurement of secondary raw materials have the right to be exempt from paying tax on the growth of funds in the consumption fund.

The list of types of secondary raw materials for which the specified benefits can be established, and the procedure for their establishment are determined by the State Construction Committee of Russia.

5.5. Financing waste management activities

1. Funds received from collecting fees for the generation and disposal of waste are directed to the system of state environmental funds, federal, regional and local budgets and are used for activities in the field of waste management, as well as for other types of environmental activities in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

2. Financing of waste management activities is carried out at the expense of waste producers and owners, at the expense of local budgets, extra-budgetary environmental funds, voluntary contributions from enterprises, institutions, organizations, citizens and their associations, as well as insofar as they relate to activities vital for Russia , knowledge-intensive work, measures for the rehabilitation of waste-contaminated areas, etc., at the expense of regional and federal budgets.

CONCLUSIONS AND OFFERS

Currently, the activities of housing and communal services in the field of solid waste management are accompanied by very large losses of resources, as well as an increase in environmental pollution.

The problem of environmental hazards from municipal solid waste is acute for Russia. This danger affects all stages of solid waste management, from its collection and transportation to preparation for the use of waste components and destruction or disposal of unused fractions.

The existing system of accounting and control over the generation and disposal of waste does not allow, due to its decentralization, to obtain reliable information about the actual volumes of waste generation both in Russia as a whole and in individual regions, as well as to exclude unauthorized disposal.

Waste management policies are mainly focused on reducing the amount of waste generated and developing methods for maximizing its use.

Further work in order to reduce the environmental hazard of solid waste management should be carried out in the following directions:

1. Conduct an inventory of generated, processed and buried production and consumption waste on the territory of the Russian Federation.

2. Conduct a screening inventory of former waste disposal sites in order to identify additional raw material resources for the country and assess the impact of these sites on the environment and human health.

3. Develop by-laws on the main provisions of the federal law “On production and consumption waste”. Create a Federal Center for Improvement and Environmental Safety under the State Construction Committee of Russia on the basis of the Academy of Public Utilities.

4. Improve technologies for separate collection and two-stage removal of solid waste.

5. Introduce existing domestic resource-saving and environmentally friendly waste processing technologies. Create and distribute a data bank of domestic safe technologies for processing solid waste and secondary raw materials obtained from them.

6. In order to exclude the construction of enterprises for the processing and disposal of solid waste that do not meet the advanced technical level, with low technical and economic indicators that do not ensure environmental safety, it is necessary, before signing contracts with equipment supply companies, to send raw materials to the State Construction Committee of Russia for consideration for Export -technical advice.

7. Organize a system of environmental and hygienic education for managers of administrative territories, enterprises, and organizations for the management of production and consumption waste.

8. Organize a system of separate collection of solid waste for the purpose of using it as a raw material; systematically carry out explanatory work with the population on the separate collection of consumer waste.

9. Develop a system of strict control over unauthorized dumps and create conditions that exclude the possibility of their occurrence.

10. Establish optimal tariffs for the processing of solid waste, ensuring economically justified operation of enterprises and excluding the system of subsidies.

11. Increase the attraction of extra-budgetary sources of funding in the waste management system, for which the newly created Federal Center for Improvement and Environmental Safety will prepare an information, legal, regulatory and methodological base to ensure the organization and functioning of regional non-profit trust funds.

The main task of implementing this program is the integrated use of all levers of solid waste management and resource conservation: technical, economic, regulatory, legal and information.

Municipal solid waste(MSW, household waste) - food products and household items unsuitable for further use or goods that have lost their consumer properties, the largest part of consumer waste. Solid waste is also divided into waste (biological waste) and household waste itself (non-biological waste of artificial or natural origin), and the latter is often referred to simply as garbage at the household level.

Municipal solid waste and its classification

Every year the amount of garbage increases by approximately 3% by volume. The amount of solid waste in the CIS is about 100 million tons/year, with Russia accounting for more than a quarter of this volume (according to other data for 2007 for the Russian Federation - about 63 million tons/year).

The composition of solid household waste depends on many factors: the level of development of the country and region, the cultural level of the population and its customs, the time of year and other reasons. More than a third of solid waste is packaging materials, the number of which is constantly increasing. Solid waste is characterized by multicomponent and heterogeneous composition, low density and instability (ability to rot). Sources of solid waste generation can be both residential and public buildings, shopping, entertainment, sports and other enterprises. In foreign practice, the name “MSW” corresponds to the term “municipal solid waste” (Municipal Solid Waste).

Solid waste includes the following types important waste:

• paper (cardboard);
• large materials;
• food (organic) waste;
• plastic;
• metals;
• rubber;
• leather;
• textile;
• glass;
• tree and others.

Hazardous solid waste includes:

• waste batteries and accumulators;
• electrical appliances;
• varnishes;
• paints and cosmetics;
• fertilizers and pesticides;
• household chemicals;
• medical waste;
• mercury-containing thermometers;
• barometers;
• tonometers;
• lamps.

Some waste (for example, medical, toxic chemicals, residues of paints, varnishes, adhesives, cosmetics, anti-corrosion agents, household chemicals) pose a danger to the environment if they fall through sewage into water bodies or as soon as they are washed out of a landfill and end up in ground or surface water. water. Batteries and mercury-containing devices will be safe until the case is damaged: glass cases of devices break easily on the way to a landfill, and corrosion will corrode the battery case over time. Then mercury, alkali, lead, zinc will become elements of secondary pollution of atmospheric air, ground and surface waters.

According to the nature and degree of impact on the natural environment, they are divided into:

• industrial; waste consisting of inert materials, the disposal of which is currently economically unjustified;
• recyclable materials (recycled raw materials);
• waste of hazard class 3;
• waste of hazard class 2;
• waste of hazard class 1.

In Russia, the volume of solid waste generation in 2007 amounted to 56.8 million tons

Table No. 1: Solid waste management in Russia

Russian regulatory framework for waste management

Active national standards Russian Federation in the field of resource conservation. During 1994-2003, the following 13 standards were developed and adopted by the IGU of the CIS countries and the State Standard of Russia:

1. GOST 30166-95 Resource saving. Basic provisions;
2. GOST 30167-95 Resource saving. The procedure for establishing indicators in product documentation;
3. GOST 30772-2001 Resource saving. Waste management. Terms and Definitions;
4. GOST 30773-2001 Resource saving. Waste management. Stages of the waste technological cycle;
5. GOST 30774-2001 Resource conservation. Waste management. Waste hazard certificate. Primary requirements;
6. GOST 30775-2001 Resource saving. Waste management. Classification, identification and coding of waste. Basic provisions;
7. GOST R 51768-2001 Resource conservation. Waste management. Determination of mercury in mercury-containing industrial and consumer waste. Basic provisions;
8. GOST R 51769-2001 Resource saving. Waste management. Documentation and regulation of industrial and consumer waste management activities. Basic provisions;
9. GOST R 52106-2003 Resource conservation. Basic provisions;
10. GOST R 52104-2003 Resource saving. Terms and Definitions;
11. GOST R 52107-2003 Resource saving. Classification and definition of indicators;
12. GOST R 52108-2003 Resource conservation. Waste management. Basic provisions;
13. GOST R 52105-2003 Resource saving. Waste management. Classification and methods of processing mercury-containing waste.

All of these standards are aimed at solving problems of resource conservation through the effective involvement of waste into industrial circulation, the use of modern methods and means of standardization and metrology necessary to regulate these activities, including the use of tools such as certification, registration, certification, licensing, as well as identification, coding, classification, information support, determination of hazardous and commercial (inert) characteristics of waste.

Improving Russian environmental legislation in the field of waste management The Russian regulatory framework in the field of waste management21 today is largely outdated and lags behind the norms international law and requires modernization. The government does little to encourage waste recycling. Modern environmental principles, approaches and requirements are not properly taken into account when placing government orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, and provision of services for state and municipal needs. The manufacture of products from recycled materials is not a priority criterion for government procurement. The developed countries came to understand the need to strengthen government regulation in the field of waste management. Their recycling is considered as an independent branch of the economy, closely related to those industries where the corresponding types of waste are generated. Revisions of approaches to the problem of waste management in European countries are carried out regularly and entail changes in legislation. In Russia, the fundamental Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste” was adopted almost 15 years ago - in 1998, and for this reason alone requires adjustment. It is this law that most subjects involved in the waste management process are guided by. Experts note that it does not include:

• priority of disposal over disposal;
• manufacturer's responsibility for end-of-life disposal;
• prohibition of the import of non-recyclable packaging;
• the need to use the best available technologies. Fundamental legal act The European Union's framework for waste management has become the Waste Framework Directive.

The most important principles of the strategy chosen in the EU in the field of resource conservation, waste recycling and waste management are:

• preference for preventing the generation of waste rather than placing it in landfills and landfills;
• the principle of sufficiency of production capacity and equipment for waste disposal and disposal;
• implementation of the best available technologies without excessive financial costs for enterprises;
• rational placement of recycling facilities closer to the production facilities that are the source of their formation (which significantly reduces transport costs of moving waste);
• expansion of manufacturer responsibility for the entire cycle of manufactured products;
• compliance with the “polluter pays” principle, according to which the polluter covers the costs of removing waste or minimizing the adverse effects of it;
• attention to preventive measures to prevent damage to the environment and public health.

In Russia, an effectively working legal framework has not yet been formed in the field of best available technologies, although it is precisely this area that can stimulate the technological renewal of production.

The Federal Law of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection” enshrines the term “best existing technology”, which causes concern among experts due to the fact that it is difficult, including economically, to introduce the best existing technology due to its possible inaccessibility . It is therefore proposed to use the term “best available technology”, which is common in European legislation. Another shortcoming of the existing legislation is that the law does not clarify the criteria for classifying technologies into this category and does not provide a rationale for the selection of these technologies. In the European Union, best available technology has been introduced into industry since Directive 96/61/EC on integrated pollution prevention and control came into force in 1996. This directive obliges EU member states to regulate industrial activities through a permitting procedure based on technological standards using “best available technologies”. In general, European legislation in this industry is becoming more systematic and comprehensive. Thus, this directive was replaced by the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council European Union 2008/1/EC dated 15 January 2008. The new directive incorporates the provisions of Council Directive 96/61/EC, as well as several major changes introduced by subsequent directives in this area, in particular Directive 2003/4/EC.

The key element of modern pan-European regulatory mechanisms, based on the principle of using the best available technologies, is not only the legislative norms themselves, but also the infrastructure, including specialized government institutions involved in their analysis, monitoring, informing stakeholders, introducing appropriate technological and environmental standards, issuing and updating relevant industry reference books. In the bill “On amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation in terms of improving regulation in the field of environmental protection and introducing measures of economic incentives for business entities to implement best technologies“all this is implicitly assigned to the “federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation.” Today, the need to bring the norms of Russian state environmental policy in the field of waste management closer to the main directions of European lawmaking is of paramount importance. Therefore, the “direct implementation” of EU standards into current legislation in the field of ecology, resource conservation and waste management and recycling is currently being considered. Poor knowledge of the EU regulatory framework is already having a negative impact on the export of Russian products. In the future, the importance of environmental friendliness as a competitive advantage will only increase.

Legislation and practice of household waste management in European countries

Issues of household waste management are currently one of the most pressing problems of modern cities. European countries have accumulated extensive experience in collecting, transporting and processing waste. The main measures taken are aimed at reducing the volume of waste subject to disposal, processing waste and converting it into secondary raw materials. This material is devoted to the organization of work on household waste management, the responsibility of executive authorities, and the activities of private companies.

The principle of waste management using the example of Poland

Responsibility for organizing the collection of household garbage and waste local authorities authorities. Their main functions include:

• issuing rules that homeowners must follow (for example, the obligation to collect household waste and hand it over to an authorized waste collection company);
• issuing licenses to companies for collecting and transporting waste;
• definition maximum size tax for waste removal (payment for waste collection companies charged to homeowners depends on the market situation, but should not exceed the maximum established amount).

The average Polish municipality (especially in rural areas of the country) occupies a small area, which does not allow the creation of complete and cost-effective waste collection and disposal systems. Therefore, the creation of regional waste management associations by local authorities is encouraged. However, since such association is not mandatory, few such associations have been created in the country. All homeowners (owners and managers) are required to enter into an agreement with a company that collects, transports and disposes of waste. They have the right to choose from firms this profile operating on the market. The firm must inform the relevant local authorities of all contracts entered into (the local authorities maintain a register of contracts). This ensures that all householders are handling waste properly. Local authorities determine the conditions for issuing licenses. These could be, for example, requirements for equipment that the company has and uses. Formally, there are no restrictions on the issuance of licenses. The number of companies operating in the waste market is significant. As a result, it often happens that waste from different buildings on the same street is collected by several different companies. Proponents of such a system argue that it is beneficial for homeowners (they can choose the operator offering the lowest prices). However, according to local authorities, there are complaints about such a system because environmental costs increase and complete control of waste streams becomes more difficult. In such a system, the transport of waste collection companies is used inefficiently; some of the secondary raw materials are lost and not used, since the companies themselves choose a solution that is convenient for them, and burying waste, for example, turns out to be the cheapest. As a result, in Poland more than 95% of household waste ends up in landfills. As a result, Parliament empowered local authorities to specify in the license what the end result of the waste management work should be. Despite protests from the private sector (waste firms, for example, argue that such regulation is a violation of free market rules), the new regulations are likely to increase control over waste streams and encourage the development of recycling systems. Another measure is aimed at significantly increasing the level of fees for landfilling. Thus, in the future, landfilling will be less competitive in comparison with various options for recycling and recycling waste.