Pacitary jam - Thoracica
G. B. Zevina
Strongly modified in connection with the attached lifestyle of crustaceans. The body is hidden in a limehouse consisting of separate plates - tablets. Plates are highlighted by the surface of the skin "masonry - mantia, dresses the whole body of the animal. Part of the tablets is fixedly connected to each other and makes the walls of the house (Fig. 66, a), others form its lid and can be closed and unlocked (Fig. 67). Through the slot between rolling signs Animal communicates with external environment. At the bottom of the house, the spine down, is a pound. Head with rotted appendages; The thoracic department of 6 segments, each of which carries a couple of two-time limbs - the booming; The abdomen is underdeveloped. The antennas and the entire front department of the head turns into an attachment body: in sea centers (Lepadomorpha's supervisor) - in the elongated meaty skeleton (Fig. 66, b), from others (Balanomorpha and VerruComorpha's superiority) - in a flat wide sole. Basically hermaphrodites. Some species have dwarf males sitting in the mantle cavity of females or hermaphrodites. Internal fertilization. Out of the egg comes out of a free-laying larva - a nauplius, which, iridescents several times, turns into a ciprice larva, characteristic only by the preoccupative crustacean.
Inhabit all seas and oceans from the littoral to a depth of 7000 m.
Sea Cellular Family - Lepadidae
Barnacle- LEPAS ANATIFERA (L.) (Fig. 66, b). Head with 5 thin lime signs, there is a rather long skeleton. Spacer smooth. Karina is formed at the bottom of the Wild Extension. Left scoop carries on inner side Bulk tooth (navel - the center of growth of each plate). In adult copies on the body there are 2 (sometimes 1) filamentous appendage. Head length up to 5, steel up to 60 cm, usually significantly less.
It is found in tropical, subtropical and moderate areas of the World Ocean. Leads a passive pelagic lifestyle. Sometimes on drifting items and on the bottoms of ships is entered into the Japanese Sea.
Sea Acorns Family - Balanidae
Triangular - Balanus Trigonus Darwin (Fig. 68). The house is conical, usually shredded, ribbed, painted in pink or reddish-purple color. Radius bright, sometimes white. Scounds are narrow, outside with 1-4 rows of deep holes, with a long juiced comb, narrow and deep juiced grooves I am a short ridge of the adducer (locking muscle). Torgum wider scoundum, with a wide short spur. The side signs are permeated with longitudinal channels without transverse partitions, but the channels are secondally filled at the top. Diameter of the base of the house up to 25 mm.
Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters. In 1970, it was found in the intensity of buoys to the hall. Peter the Great. It is often found in the events of ships that went to tropical and subtropical waters.
Marine Acorn Amphitrites- Balanus Araphitrite Amphitrite Darwin (Fig. 69). Konic house, with longitudinal brown-violet stripes; Looking flaps are also partially painted. Scounds with a well-developed articulated comb, reaching the middle of the tergal edge. Torguum with relatively wide spur and direct lower edge. The diameter of the base of the house is up to 16, the height is up to 9 mm.
Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters. It dwells in subnamers. In the hall. Peter the Great Throws the bottom of ships and hydraulic structures.
Ivory - Balanus Eburneus Gould (Fig. 70). The house of yellowish color, conical, sometimes with convex walls, in adult copies with pretty thick signs. Radius wide with space cut-off vertices. Plates and lime base of the house are permeated with channels with transverse partitions. Scounds outside with well-pronounced growth lines and radial aperture. Torgum with a strongly concave bottom edge from the Karinal side and with a rather wide spur. Diameter and height of the house up to 30 mm. Widely spread on the bottoms of ships in tropical, subtropical and even in boreal waters. In the hall. Peter the Great was first noted in 1969 the type of thermal-loving, mainly solonitarian.
Unusual marine acorn - Balanus Improvisus Darwin (Fig. 71). House white color, conical or semi-conical, with very convex smooth walls, in crowded settlements, cylindrical. Narrow radii, with rounded vertices rounded. Wings are wide. Plates and lime base of the house are permeated with channels with partitions. Scounds outside with well-developed growth lines, but without radial aperture, from the inside with good developed articulated comb and long, almost direct ridge of the adductor. The lower edge of the tergum is direct or almost straight, the spur is quite narrow. Diameter and height of the house up to 23 mm.
Per recent decades On the bottoms of the courts spread wide all over the world. W. Japanese islands Detected in 1962, in the hall. Peter the Great - in 1969 lives in the subnodennel. The type of predominantly saline, although it can live at salons from 2 to 60% o, tolerate pollution.
Cute sea acorn - Balanus Rostratus Hoek (Fig. 72). The house is light, grayish, smooth, sometimes folded. Carino-lateral signs narrow. The base is lime, subtle, radially exhausted. Scounds with a low articulated comb, a narrow articulated furrow, a low ridge of the adductor and a deep hole of the muscle-depressor. Torgum with a bezvoid, unpainted vertex. Outside with well-noticeable growth ridges and weak radial aperture. The spur is short, wide at the base and narrowing to the end, the lower edge of it slightly bevered. Side signs of a house from the inside ribbed. Channels inside tablets with transverse partitions, at least in upper parts Tablets. Diameter of the house up to 85, height up to 60 mm.
Completed in yellow, Japanese seas, eastern coast Japanese islands, in Okhotsk, Bering Seas and along the Pacific Coast of North America south to British Columbia. He lives in sublitter, sometimes found in the intensity of ships and hydraulic structures.
Seague sea - Balanus Crenatus Bruguiere (Fig. 73). The house is white or gray, smooth or with outdoor folds, with a joined upper edge. Narrow radii, wing wings. Signs from the inside ribbed; Channels inside tablets with transverse partitions. Scounds with strongly protruding articulated comb; The imprint of the adductor is available, but the adductor crest is not. Torguum with short widespread spur. Diameter of the base of the house up to 40 mm. With a strong crowding, the houses are acquired by an elongated tubular shape.
Distributed in the northern part Atlantic Ocean, in all the outskirts of the northern Arctic Ocean, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas. Along the Pacific coast of North America comes to San Francisco. It dwells in subnamers. Common in fighters. In the hall. Peter the Great is commonly common from water and deeper.
Ribbed sea acorn- Balanus Cariosus (Pallas) (Fig. 74). The dirt-white house, more often conical, in the crowded settlements there may be a cylindrical and loose-shaped form. Outside, covered with rows of narrow ribs resembling a straw roof. Talter house plates are permeated with thin, located in several rows with channels with transverse partitions. Sometimes the channels are secondally filled. Loading flaps are deeply immersed inside the house. Scounds with a small articulated ridge; The adductor crest "is usually developed well; Muscle imprint Deep and wide. Torguum is narrow, with a long spur, narrowing towards an end, usually with an acute beak vertex of purple color (as a result of corrosion, the top can be rounded and short). Diameter of the house of the house up to 50 , height in cylindrical forms up to 100 mm.
Widden in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean from the northern part of the Korean Peninsula to the Bering Sea and along the American coast south to Oregon. It dwells the littoral. In the hall. Peter the Great settled under the cover of various protrusions, in crevices with the rocks facing the coast.
Marine acorn - Balanus Balanoides (L.) (Fig. 75). Single-colored house, conical, tubular or lilyoid, smooth or folded. Narrow radii. The base is refigured. Channels permeating tablets are thin, usually replenished. "Skutams with a well-developed articulated comb, reaching the middle of the tergal edge; The prints of the muscles of the adductor and the depressor are well noticeable. Torgum with a short and fairly wide spur, with a powerful triangular articulated comb; on the fingerprint of the depressor clearly visible scallops. Diameter of the house up to 22 mm.
Common B. North Atlantic, Barents, White and in all Far Eastern seas. The littoral view, sometimes getting into sub-cell. In the hall. Peter the Great meets predominantly in the fines of the courts.
Giant sea acorn - Balanus Evermanni Pilsbry (Fig. 76). The house is conical, very large. The signs are perfectly connected, thick, narrow (especially brown-lateral), which are highly narrowing up. Wings are wide, narrow radii. The hole is usually wide, deep, served. Torguum with acute curved vertex and narrow spur. The base of the house in adults is lime, young people are a web-free or limescale, but very thin. Diameter base of the bottom of the house up to 100, height is up to 200 mm.
Distributed in the Bering, Okhotsk and the North-West Part Japanese Sea At depths from 50 to 500 m, mainly in places with strong bottom currents. Often forms huge sensities. In the hall. Peter the Great has not yet been detected.
Giant muscular fibers In the muscles - adductor and depressor can be used by physiologists and histologists for special scientific research. Meat can be eaten.
Khtamalida - Chthamalidae
Htamalyus dol - Chthamalus Dalli Pilsbry (Fig. 77). Low, conical, sometimes cylindrical, fold, gray or grayish brown. As with other representatives of the genus Chthamalus, Rostrum with wings. Side tables 6 (like Balanus). The base of the mudflower house. Screewomen elongated, with well-developed adductor crests, with several scallops on the depressor fingerprint. Tergum is wide, with a very short, almost inconspicuous spur, with a wide articulated comb. Diameter of the base of the house to 9.5, height is up to 7 mm.
Completed from the northern part of yellow to Bering sea and on the American coast from Unlasheka to Washington state. It dwells on the rocks in the top horizon of the littoral.
Those who wish to see these peculiar animals to come to the seashore: coastal stones, rocks, sash shells swept their small conical houses. Sea acorns, or, as they are also called, Balyanas, belong to the detachment of the prey-feeding crayfish, although appearance They are not at all similar to those known to us crustaceans.
Usonogne crustaceans, to which marine acorn relates, wonderful in many ways and outwardly do not look like cancers.
In adulthood they lead sitted image Life, attaching to all sorts of underwater subjects - rocks, stones, pile of ships. The body of the Uponogih is enclosed in a solid limehouse consisting of separate plates. Some of these plates are movably connected to each other, so the wrap can push the plates and in the resulting gap to oversail from time to time the breast legs performing characteristic crackles. At the same time, water with planktonic organisms rushes inside the house. This is powered and breathing.
The presence of a solid shell and a sedentary lifestyle for a long time forced scientists to attribute these animals to the type of mollusks. Only discovered the larvae of the pre-emergence, similar to the structure with other crustaceans, scientists found out the belonging of these animals to the class of crustaceans.
"We live your own yet, a lot of all sorts of dirty seashells sticks to our Boca" - such a metaphor used Mayakovsky, comparing human life With the life of the ship. And indeed, imagine that the newly built ship leaves the harbor and starts swimming. His speed is known, it is fully fit into the chart. However, every day the movement slows down. Overcoming the same route is spent more and more time and fuel. Why does this happen? The bottom of the ship is becoming different marine animals forming powerful layers, as a result, friction about water increases, and the speed drops.
The basis of the boots of ships is precipitated crustaceans - sea acorns.
They settle not only on ships. They covered coastal rocks and stones, they are attached to the sinks of mollusks, to the shells of crabs, settled on the skin of whales, on whale mustache and even on the teeth of the couch, on the sides of the fish and other most incredible items under water. Sea acorns are similar to a small white cup, consisting of several "petals". Inside a cup, a cone from several sash is visible, in shape resembling a tooth. The sash of this tooth is capable of opening, and the legs of the label are screwed through the sample hole.
At the bottom of such a house, reliably closed by very hard flaps, it lies on the back itself. The front of his head is bent under the body in such a way that the antennas are in the middle of the "soles". Rear end Heads are enlarged, so the mouth of the acorn is turned up. The wrapping of the legs covered with long bristles from the house, paints them like a fan, and then folds. These movements create a water current directed inside the house.
Food sea acorns It is quite diverse due to the fact that the legs are covered with bristles of different dense: on the front legs they sit more often, and in the rear portraight. As a result, different legs filter particles different sizes. Sea acorns eaten algae, bacteria and many other small plankton creatures, primarily their relatives - weakly rich. They also swallow their own larvae, but adult larvae of the marine acorns with their parents are not digested, and unharmed come out.
Since the penny all his adult life Conducts inside the house, he does not need well-developed senses, but something remains from them. Sea acorns can distinguish light from darkness with one primitive eye. Of course, the rags are still very much that now is a day or night, and the eyes have preserved at all for this. With it, the acorns react to the instantaneous change in illumination, i.e. Notice the shadow falling on their sink, and after all, it can be from a predator. Just in case, they quickly draw the legs and close the sash of the house. If for a long time to shade the sink of an acorns with a constant frequency, the pitch ceases to respond to this stimulus, it gets used to that the shadow does not testify to the danger. Among the marine acorns are species that are addictive occur at different intervals. More "fearful" wraps do not "believe" for a very long time, that they are not threatened with danger, while more "brave" quickly get used to the shading.
In nature, sea acorns orient their houses so that the entrance to it is directed towards the light. In case of unsuccessful sedimentation of the larvae, the wrap is able at the very beginning of his sitting life slightly turn the house so that the light fell right in the "window". This, however, is not limited to the requirements of the marine acorns when choosing a position of the house. They try to place their home so that the entrance was aimed at meeting the current. Then the constant current of water brings more food particles. Some acorns are so "lazy", which is generally ceased to wave with legs to drive water into the sink, and sit motionless, waving bristly legs, as a network, towards the flow.
Most of the types of marine acorns are routine organisms, but their self-exploitation is found not often. The wraps manage to mate, without leaving at home, while one person acts as a male, and the other - females. Such marriages are possible only in settlements where the gastry houses are closely adjacent to each other. The focusing organ of the sea acorns is very long and is able to reach the neighboring house to move the cum there. Huriz living in full of lonelinesscapable of self-effort. Fertilized eggs are dressed in a common chitinous shell and stored in the cavity of the house.
Early childhood Sea acorders spend about the same way as their relatives are other cancers. Having raised from the egg, the larva leads a free lifestyle, it lines several times and turns into a larva with a double sink. She is always ajar, and the legs of the lacker stick out of it, with the help of which he floats. After some time, the larva settles and arranges on permanent residenceBy attaching to the substrate with front short antennas. The reliability of the attachment is provided by the adhesive secret of the cement glands. The larva drops its temporary double sink and begins to build a reliable durable house around him.
Sea Zhöldi, they are SEPTEMBER 30th Balyanas, 2013
Those who wish to see these peculiar animals to come to the seashore: coastal stones, rocks, sash shells swept their small conical houses. Sea acorns, or, as they are also called, Balyanas, belong to the detachment of the pre-cooked crayfish, although in appearance they are not at all similar to those known to us crustaceans.
Usonogne crustaceans, to which marine acorn relates, wonderful in many ways and outwardly do not look like cancers.
In an adult condition, they lead a sedentary lifestyle, attaching to all sorts of underwater subjects - rocks, stones, pile, the bottoms of the ships. The body of the Uponogih is enclosed in a solid limehouse consisting of separate plates. Some of these plates are movably connected to each other, so the wrap can push the plates and in the resulting gap to oversail from time to time the breast legs performing characteristic crackles. At the same time, water with planktonic organisms rushes inside the house. This is powered and breathing.
The presence of a solid shell and a sedentary lifestyle for a long time forced scientists to attribute these animals to the type of mollusks. Only discovered the larvae of the pre-emergence, similar to the structure with other crustaceans, scientists found out the belonging of these animals to the class of crustaceans.
"We will live your own yet, a lot of all sorts of dirty seashells sticks to us on the Boca" - such a metaphor used Mayakovsky, comparing human life with the life of the ship. And indeed, imagine that the newly built ship leaves the harbor and starts swimming. His speed is known, it is fully fit into the chart. However, every day the movement slows down. Overcoming the same route is spent more and more time and fuel. Why does this happen? The bottom of the ship is becoming different marine animals forming powerful layers, as a result, friction about water increases, and the speed drops.
The basis of the boots of ships is precipitated crustaceans - sea acorns.
They settle not only on ships. They covered coastal rocks and stones, they are attached to the sinks of mollusks, to the shells of crabs, settled on the skin of whales, on whale mustache and even on the teeth of the couch, on the sides of the fish and other most incredible items under water. Sea acorns are similar to a small white cup, consisting of several "petals". Inside a cup, a cone from several sash is visible, in shape resembling a tooth. The sash of this tooth is capable of opening, and the legs of the label are screwed through the sample hole.
At the bottom of such a house, reliably closed by very hard flaps, it lies on the back itself. The front of his head is bent under the body in such a way that the antennas are in the middle of the "soles". The back of the head is increased, so the mouth of the acorn is turned up. The wrapping of the legs covered with long bristles from the house, paints them like a fan, and then folds. These movements create a water current directed inside the house.
The food of the marine acorns is quite diverse due to the fact that the legs are covered with bristles of different density: on the front legs they sit more often, and in the rear portraight. As a result, different legs filter particles of different sizes. Sea acorns eaten algae, bacteria and many other small plankton creatures, primarily their relatives - weakly rich. They also swallow their own larvae, but adult larvae of the marine acorns with their parents are not digested, and unharmed come out.
Since the pounding all his adult life is spent inside the house, he does not need well-developed senses, but something remains. Sea acorns can distinguish light from darkness with one primitive eye. Of course, the rags are still very much that now is a day or night, and the eyes have preserved at all for this. With it, the acorns react to the instantaneous change in illumination, i.e. Notice the shadow falling on their sink, and after all, it can be from a predator. Just in case, they quickly draw the legs and close the sash of the house. If for a long time to shade the sink of an acorns with a constant frequency, the pitch ceases to respond to this stimulus, it gets used to that the shadow does not testify to the danger. Among the marine acorns are species that are addictive occur at different intervals. More "fearful" wraps do not "believe" for a very long time, that they are not threatened with danger, while more "brave" quickly get used to the shading.
In nature, sea acorns orient their houses so that the entrance to it is directed towards the light. In case of unsuccessful sedimentation of the larvae, the wrap is able at the very beginning of his sitting life slightly turn the house so that the light fell right in the "window". This, however, is not limited to the requirements of the marine acorns when choosing a position of the house. They try to place their home so that the entrance was aimed at meeting the current. Then the constant current of water brings more food particles. Some acorns are so "lazy", which is generally ceased to wave with legs to drive water into the sink, and sit motionless, waving bristly legs, as a network, towards the flow.
Most of the types of marine acorns are routine organisms, but their self-exploitation is found not often. The wraps manage to mate, without leaving at home, while one person acts as a male, and the other - females. Such marriages are possible only in settlements where the gastry houses are closely adjacent to each other. The focusing organ of the sea acorns is very long and is able to reach the neighboring house to move the cum there. Hagtomes living in full solitude are capable of self-effort. Fertilized eggs are dressed in a common chitinous shell and stored in the cavity of the house.
Early childhood Sea acorders spend about the same way as their relatives are other cancers. Having raised from the egg, the larva leads a free lifestyle, it lines several times and turns into a larva with a double sink. She is always ajar, and the legs of the lacker stick out of it, with the help of which he floats. After some time, the larva is settled and arranged for permanent residence, attaching to the substrate with front short antennas. The reliability of the attachment is provided by the adhesive secret of the cement glands. The larva drops its temporary double sink and begins to build a reliable durable house around him.
Many of us do not think about the numerous limeths on the coastal stones, which for creatures form them. Small lumps that cover rocks, mollusc shells are actually the closest relatives of shrimps, crabs and crabs. . sea ZhöldiSea tulips are one of the most common and numerous births in the family of pre-felling racks. The concepts are called for 6 pairs of long doubletime legs, similar to the mustache and prominent, when the house's flaps are open. Because of this house, many consider them molluscs.
There are currently more than 1000 species and inhabit them in all seas. Everyone is dying as small species, with a diameter of a 1-1.5 cm house and real giants with a house of up to 40 cm high. One of the most major representatives Balyanus - Giant Sea Acorn (Evermanna Balanus, Balanus Evermanni) is widespread in the Bering, Okhotsk and the North-Western part of the Japanese Sea at depths from 50 to 500 m, in places with strong bottom currents. The height of the conical sink of this stitch is greater than 20 cm, the base diameter is 10 cm, and the weight of individual instances is greater than 1 kg.
Unlike most of their relatives, as a rule, they are attached to a permanent residence to some surface. For this, they use ships, pier, rocks, and even other marine animals. Once on the ship's housing, they increase the friction and weight of the vessel, which can reduce its speed. To prevent this body, paint containing toxic tin, copper or plastic is coated. Helps weakly. Researchers are trying to open the mystery of "glue", which the backing attacks its sink to the stones. This substance withstands the heating to 177c, freezing to -146, does not crack, not exhausting, does not dissolve neither with acids or alkalis, nor organic solvents. Shells glued 15 million years ago, keep still. Effort of separation for this glue - more than 70 kg per square centimeter.
What else is special in Balyanus?
They are hermaphrodites, which means that one animal has both men's and female sex glands. They can produce both spermatozoa (male sex cells) and egg cells (female sex cells). This reproductive strategy allows them to fertilize themselves and produce offspring, even if there are no other partners nearby.
When the wrapping is ready for reproduction, it unlocks a long tubular penis and directs it through the cover to search for a nearby adult neighbor. According to researchers at the sea acorns, the longest penis in the animal world (according to the ratio towards the length of the body). When the sperm is transferred, fertilized eggs are slowly developing inside the body, turning into cunty balls of which the larva develops.
The larvae takes place several different stages of development, swimming like plankton before you settle in place. One adult barboards can grow more than 10,000 larvae.
Sea zhuluding larvae released from eggs have two stages:
nauplius (First Stage) and Cipris (second stage).
Savuplication is growing and developing, it passes several stages of molting until it reaches the stage of the ciprice larva.
Ciprice larvae do not eat. She has many appendages and antennas equipped with chemical and sensory sensors that can recognize adult individuals of their own species and look for suitable surfaces for attachment. If the larva found such a surface, it is attached using the secret of special glands in the antennas, amazing properties which we described at the beginning of the article. Then the larvae allocate calcium carbonate (lime) layers, which can be yellow, red, purple or brown and build whole multicolored seaside colonies.
Adult acorns are similar to a small rock, - the Balyanus body closes four or six lime plates, which form a lodge type of volcano. From above, the entrance to the house closes two more movable plates.
Four running through themselves water with food particles: the two upper plates open and waves, guides the food directly in the mouth.
In Europe I. North America, sea acorns eat as a treat. Their meat is reminded to the taste of the lobsarians related to them. In Chile, canned food.
The aquarium uses the Balyanus houses for decorating freshwater and sea acavriums. Many types of fish, especially small cichlids, use them as shelter. Thanks to such houses in decorative aquariums We breed and grow offspring different types Fish. But it must be borne in mind that the calcium skeleton can affect the rigidity of water. Balyanusi is organically looking in aquariums in sea style and fantasy aquariums.
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