Since ancient times, people have tried to understand the mystery of the rainbow: why does it appear, what omens are associated with it? Some tribes believed that the "sky bridge" led the chosen ones to other world, while others believed that it was from these shining stripes that the gods irrigate the lands with moisture.
The double rainbow gave birth to more large quantity ideas and legends. But the scientists’ findings made it possible to understand the exact cause of this phenomenon.
It's all in the drops
Modern ideas about the rainbow are different. It consists of small drops of water, which, due to the refraction of light, create a multi-colored glow. An iridescent arc can light up in the sky immediately after heavy rain or ordinary fog; it can be easily seen by directing a stream from a hose onto the beds. You can notice it while on the shore of a lake or standing near a river.
Only 7 colors of the “sky bridge” are accessible to the human eye, but in fact there are many more shades in it! The brightness and size of the arc depend on how large the raindrops are: the largest of them provide the rainbow with rich colors.
Also, the size of the droplets determines the color of the “sky bridge”. Small ones produce dull yellow edges on the rainbow. If there are large ones, red color will predominate in it.
Scientists have found that at a refraction angle of just over 40 degrees, the rainbow will become visible to the viewer. But the light source must be behind the person’s back. It's best to watch it a natural phenomenon while on top of a mountain or looking out of an airplane window.
Two, three - who is more?
Signs say: if a double rainbow flashes in the sky, you can safely make a wish. This happens when a beam of light passes through the droplets twice. According to long-term observations, this portends inclement weather. The strip of sky between the “bridges” is always dark.
By the way, there may not be 2 rainbows after rain, but more - 3 or even 4. A magnificent sight!
The real lucky ones can be considered those people who have seen a rare event- an inverted rainbow. This only happens when rays of light strike a thin layer of cirrus clouds at a certain angle. Clouds, in turn, must consist of tiny ice crystals.
Most often, such an extraordinary “sky bridge” can be observed in the northern countries.
“Foggy”, “night”, “fiery”
What other types of rainbow are there? Scientists highlight the following:
- foggy;
- night;
- fiery;
- winter
Foggy occurs when rays of sunlight break through the tiny droplets of moisture that make up the fog. This is a pale, delicate, barely noticeable rainbow. But it can be seen even at night, during the full moon.
And if it’s raining and the Moon is shining brightly, you will be mesmerized by the spectacle of the “night” celestial arc. Why does a rainbow appear at this time of day? The Earth's satellite is low above the horizon, and its light falls on water droplets at a certain angle. Also at night, you will see a glow of a strip of seven colors if you are near flowing water: these could be fountains or waterfalls.
The fiery one is also an infrequent guest in our sky. The angle of incidence of sunlight through cirrus clouds should be about 58 degrees. And the ice crystals that make them up must have no more and no less, but 6 faces. Light breaking through them will give the desired effect - a rainbow the color of fire will appear.
And the last, also a rare guest - winter. When the time comes for severe frosts, the following factors may coincide. The sun shines brightly in a cloudless, pale blue sky, and at this time tiny ice crystals are scattered in the air. As a result of the reflection of light rays from them, a seven-color arc lights up.
A rainbow after rain is a long-studied phenomenon, and yet its appearance is perceived every time as a miracle.
When you look at a rainbow, it enchants with its amazing, mysterious appearance. A multi-colored bridge along the sky seems fantastic, unreal, making you believe in a fairy tale. Looking at this miracle of nature, which always appears suddenly, we freeze in silent admiration.
This interesting natural phenomenon is not very often observed in the sky. It occurs when it rains and the sun shines at the same time. In this case, you need to stand with your back to the sun and your face to the rain.
A rainbow can also be seen in a drop of water when the sun shines on it at a certain angle. This beautiful phenomenon can be recreated. The easiest way to get a rainbow is with sunlight. To carry out the experiment you will need the following items: a container of water, a sheet of white paper, a mirror, a flashlight. The refraction of light in water breaks it up into colors and reflects them on a white sheet. As a result, we observe a spectrum - bands of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. There are only seven of them and they are called the main ones. In reality, they are replaced by thousands of shades, they are continuous and smoothly transition from one to another.
You can make a rainbow without using sunlight, that is, in the dark. But then the color spectrum looks less bright. To demonstrate the appearance of a rainbow, it is enough to limit yourself to one object - a CD. In this case, even water is not required. If you change the angle of the CD, very beautiful effects arise. You can get either a rainbow stripe or a whole circle.
Essay-reasoning about a rainbow
It is loving and fun to look at a rainbow. When gloomy, stormy weather gives way to sunny weather, and a bright multi-colored bridge appears before your eyes, both young and old rejoice. It’s not for nothing that in Ukrainian the rainbow is called “veselka”. Sometimes you can notice two or more multi-colored arcs that are observed against the background of a cloud if it is located opposite the sun. In this case, we see red from the outside of the rainbow, and violet from the inside.
The image of the rainbow is widely reflected in oral folk art, literature, poetry and painting. Many songs, poems, riddles and proverbs are dedicated to this delightful optical phenomenon. And how much is connected with him folk signs and superstitions! Here are just a few of them, the most favorable and promising. Whoever passes under the rainbow, his life will renew its colors, become brighter, more saturated. A rainbow resting its ends on the ground indicates places where there will be good harvest or hidden treasures - a “pot of gold”. The water from which the multi-colored semicircle “grows” has healing properties. She will give a long-awaited child to a woman who was considered infertile, and recovery to a seriously ill person. A person who sees a rainbow in winter will certainly be very happy, since luck will accompany him in all his endeavors.
Not only in Ancient Egypt, but also among the ancient Aryans-Proto-Slavs the sun god was called Ra. According to legend, he carried the sun to the vault of heaven on his chariot. Perhaps this is where the name of the rainbow came from - the arc of the god Ra. In many cultures, this phenomenon serves as a symbol of transfiguration, heavenly glory, the throne of God, the border between worlds. According to the Bible, this bridge between heaven and earth was created by God as a sign of God's promise to never again send a flood to people, as well as a symbol of forgiveness for humanity.
In conditions modern city It’s quite rare to come across a seven-colored heavenly path on your way. So let's believe in the joy and beauty given by nature itself - in the rainbow! If you are lucky enough to witness this amazing spectacle, rejoice at it with all your heart and admire it to your heart's content.
Elena Samonkina
Research
Subject: Where does a rainbow come from?
Completed: Bagrationova Polina, Mukha Lena
pupils of the preparatory group
Preschool educational institution "Olenyonok" Nizhny Kuranakh
Scientific adviser: Samonkina Elena Alexandrovna
teacher
1. Introduction (Relevance).
2. Theoretical part
3. Practical part
5. Conclusion
6. Bibliography
Characteristics of the study:
The topic relates to empirical research, as it involves own observations and experiments.
Preliminary work: familiarizing children with research methods, conducting a training session.
Introduction (relevance)
"Multi-colored rocker
Hung over the meadow" (rainbow).
The impact of nature on our lives is pervasive. The beauty of nature cannot leave anyone indifferent. One of the most beautiful natural phenomena is the rainbow. Rainbow attracts the attention of not only children, but also adults. Who among us has not admired this wonderful natural phenomenon? The choice of theme is due to the fact that children look at the rainbow with interest, and they also love to draw with paints and the drawings turn out as bright as a rainbow.
One day, when my mother and friend Lena and I were walking on the street, we saw a rainbow in the sky. She was so beautiful. We asked mom: where did the rainbow come from? Mom said she didn’t know, she just appeared in the sky. Lena and I wanted to know where the rainbow comes from? How many colors does it have? And can there be other colors? We asked the teacher about this kindergarten. She advised us to do our research and find out for ourselves.
Problem: find out how and why rainbows appear? Can we make a rainbow ourselves?
Object of study: rainbow.
Subject of study: getting a rainbow at home.
Target: Identifying the properties and capabilities of different materials needed to create a rainbow at home.
Tasks:
1. Study the literature.
2. Understand the features of the appearance of such a phenomenon as a rainbow.
3. Conduct experimental work with different materials.
4. Prepare a report.
Hypothesis: if we carry out experimental work, we will find out why a rainbow appears in the sky, what colors are in it. And most importantly, we will get a rainbow ourselves at home.
Expected Result:
Will acquire new knowledge and skills focused on the development of cognitive abilities;
They will learn to conduct experiments and experiments to obtain a rainbow;
They will be able to visualize the results of their research.
Research stages: Stage 1 – analyze your knowledge;
Stage 2 – collecting information: questioning, studying literature, watching TV shows;
Stage 3 – conducting experiments;
Stage 4 – report.
Research methods:
1. Theoretical
2. Practical
Experimental base of the study: preparatory group d\s "Deer"
Practical significance of the work: The significance is that the children learned a lot useful information, discovered unusual possibilities for obtaining a rainbow effect using different materials (methods), introduced the children. The work can be used to help the teacher in ecology classes.
Theoretical part
To find out how to conduct research (determine the sequence of actions), we looked at cards with research methods. We needed to collect information.
At first we thought, what do we know about where rainbows come from?
It happens in the summer when it's raining, has the shape of an arc. We sketched this phenomenon on pieces of paper.
Then we turned to the teacher and the children in our group with questions. 20 children took part in the survey.
Questions yes no
1. Have you seen a rainbow? yes - 20 children
2. Do you know how many colors there are in the rainbow? (what) yes -12 children; no - 8 children
3. Do you know where it comes from? no - 20 children
To find out how and why rainbows appear, we decided to turn to our ecologist. To do this, we went to the environmental laboratory, to Olga Nikolaevna. And they asked to answer the questions: “Why does a rainbow appear?” Olga Nikolaevna told us: Sunlight seems colorless, but in fact it consists of different colors. A rainbow can be seen when the sun comes out during and after rain. The sun's ray is reflected in the raindrops, refracted and the 7 colors of the rainbow are obtained. There are always seven of them and they are arranged in order. And the rhyme will help you remember this order: “Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits.” We also looked at pictures of natural phenomena. On them, the rainbow has the shape of an arc. As a group we drew a rainbow and put all the colors in order. But it turns out that the rainbow has the shape of an arc because we look at it from the bottom up
And our teacher (Elena Aleksandrovna) said that if we looked at a rainbow while flying on an airplane, we would see that the rainbow has the shape of a circle.
In the library, we (together with Elena Alexandrovna) read and looked at books, from which we learned that there is interesting experiments How to get a rainbow yourself. We decided to try experiments.
Practical part
Experiment 1: What is a rainbow? - mixing colors.
What colors does a rainbow consist of? To get orange you need to mix red and yellow, To obtain purple you need to mix red and Blue colour, To obtain green color You need to shift the yellow and blue colors.
We mixed colors and painted a rainbow.
Experiment 2: Rainbow film.
Materials: liter bowl of water, bottle of light nail polish
Place a bowl of water on the table so that the sun's rays do not fall on it. Hold the brush from the bottle of varnish over the bowl until a drop of varnish falls into the water. We observe the surface of the water and see that the varnish forms a thin film on the surface of the water. We turn the bowl towards the light, when the beam falls on the surface, the play of rainbow tones is visible.
Experiment 3: The rainbow has appeared.
Material: mirror, bowl of water.
Place the mirror in the water at a slight angle. Catch a ray of sunlight with a mirror and direct it to the wall (white cardboard). We turn the mirror until we see a spectrum on the wall. Water acts as a prism that separates light into its component colors. Experiment 4: Rainbow in bubbles.
Material: jar with soap bubbles.
We blow bubbles, the light falls on bubble, you can see a rainbow in them.
Experiment 5: Rainbow on disk.
Material: disks. If you take a computer disk and shine light on it, you will see the colors of the rainbow. You can also see a rainbow in a puddle where gasoline has been spilled.
conclusions
Rainbows happen in summer, autumn, and spring. She appears when sunlight reflected in water droplets. The rainbow can be seen not only in the sky, it can be seen in paints (by mixing and obtaining different colors). The colors of the rainbow are always arranged in this order. There are only seven of them.
Conclusion
The objectives set in our study were achieved. The hypothesis was confirmed. We learned why such a phenomenon as a rainbow appears, conducted experiments, learned to draw a rainbow different ways; told the children in our group about our research. Try to conduct experiments yourself and get a rainbow at home.
Bibliography:
1. Great encyclopedia preschooler, M.: Makhaon, 2004.
2. Kulikovskaya I. E., Sovgir N. N. Children's experimentation, M.: Pedagogical Society of Russia, 2005.
3. Savenkov A.I. Methodology for conducting educational research in kindergarten Samara: educational literature, 2004
Instructions
As Newton established, a white light ray is produced as a result of the interaction of rays different color: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. Each color is characterized by a specific wavelength and vibration frequency. At the boundary of transparent media, the speed and length of light waves change, but the oscillation frequency remains the same. Each color has its own refractive index. The red beam deviates the least from its previous direction, a little more orange, then yellow, etc. The violet ray has the highest refractive index. If a glass prism is placed in the path of a light beam, it will not only be deflected, but will also split into several rays of different colors.
And now . In nature, the role of a glass prism is played by raindrops that collide with the sun's rays when passing through the atmosphere. Since the density of water is greater, the light beam at the boundary of the two media is refracted and decomposed into components. Next, the color rays move inside the drop before colliding with its opposite wall, which is also the boundary of the two media, and, moreover, has mirror properties. Most of the luminous flux after secondary refraction will continue to move in the air behind the raindrops. Some of it will be reflected from the back wall of the drop and will exit into air environment after secondary refraction on its front surface.
This process occurs in many drops at once. To see a rainbow, the observer must stand with his back to the Sun and his face to the wall of rain. Spectral rays emerge from raindrops at different angles. From each drop only one ray hits the observer's eye. The rays emerging from neighboring drops merge to form an arc. Thus, red rays fall into the observer’s eye from the topmost drops, orange rays from those lower, etc. The violet rays bow out the most. The purple stripe will be at the bottom. Rainbow form can be seen when the Sun is at an angle of no more than 42° relative to the horizon. The higher the sun rises, the smaller sizes rainbows.
Actually, the process described is somewhat more complicated. The light beam inside the drop is reflected many times. In this case, not one color arc can be observed, but two - a rainbow of the first and second order. The outer arc of a first-order rainbow is colored red, the inner arc is purple. For a second-order rainbow, it's the opposite. It usually looks much paler than the first one, since with multiple reflections the intensity of the light flux decreases.
Much less often, three, four or even five colored arcs can be observed in the sky at the same time. This was observed, for example, by residents of Leningrad in September 1948. This is explained by the fact that rainbows can also appear in reflected sunlight. Such multiple color arcs can be observed over a large water surface. In this case, the reflected rays go from bottom to top,
Rainbow is one of the most beautiful natural phenomena. Since time immemorial, man has thought about its nature and associated the appearance of a multi-colored arc in the sky with many beliefs and legends. People compared the rainbow either to a heavenly bridge from which gods or angels descended to earth, or to a road between heaven and earth, or to a gate to another other world.What is a rainbow
A rainbow is an atmospheric optical phenomenon that occurs when the sun illuminates many water droplets during rain or fog, or after rain. As a result of the refraction of sunlight in drops of water during rain, a multi-colored arc appears in the sky.
A rainbow also appears in the reflected rays of the Sun from the water surface of sea bays, lakes, waterfalls or big rivers. Such a rainbow appears on the shores of reservoirs and looks unusually beautiful.
Why is the rainbow colorful?
The arcs of the rainbow are multi-colored, but for them to appear, sunlight is needed. Sunlight appears white to us, but is actually made up of the colors of the spectrum. We are accustomed to distinguishing seven colors in the rainbow - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, but since the spectrum is continuous, the colors smoothly transform into each other through many shades.
The multi-colored arc appears because a ray of light is refracted in water droplets, and then, returning to the observer at an angle of 42 degrees, is split into components ranging from red to violet.
The brightness of the colors and the width of the rainbow depend on the size of the raindrops. The larger the drops, the narrower the brighter than the rainbow, the more saturated red color it contains. If there is light rain, the rainbow turns out to be wide, but with faded orange and yellow edges.
What kind of rainbow is there?
We most often see a rainbow in the form of an arc, but the arc is only part of the rainbow. The rainbow has the shape of a circle, but we see only half of the arc because its center is on the same line as our eyes and the Sun. The entire rainbow can only be seen on high altitude, from an aircraft or from high mountain.
Double Rainbow
We already know that a rainbow in the sky appears because the rays of the sun penetrate through raindrops, are refracted and reflected on the other side of the sky in a multi-colored arc. And sometimes a ray of sunshine can create two, three, or even four rainbows in the sky at once. A double rainbow is created when a ray of light is reflected from inner surface raindrops twice.
The first rainbow, the inner one, is always brighter than the second, the outer one, and the colors of the arcs on the second rainbow are located in a mirror image and are less bright. The sky between rainbows is always darker than other parts of the sky. The area of sky between two rainbows is called Alexander's stripe. See double rainbow- a good omen means good luck, fulfillment of desires. So if you are lucky enough to see a double rainbow, hurry up and make a wish and it will definitely come true.
Inverted Rainbow
An inverted rainbow is a rather rare phenomenon. It appears under certain conditions, when cirrus clouds consisting of ice crystals are located at an altitude of 7-8 kilometers as a thin curtain. Sunlight, falling at a certain angle on these crystals, is decomposed into a spectrum and reflected into the atmosphere. The colors in an inverted rainbow are in reverse order, with purple at the top and red at the bottom.
Misty Rainbow
A hazy rainbow or white appears when the sun's rays illuminate a faint fog consisting of very small droplets of water. Such a rainbow is an arc, painted in very pale colors, and if the droplets are very small, then the rainbow is painted in White color. A foggy rainbow can also appear at night during fog, when there is a bright moon in the sky. Misty Rainbow is quite rare atmospheric phenomenon.
Moon Rainbow
A lunar rainbow or night rainbow appears at night and is generated by the Moon. A lunar rainbow is observed during rain that falls opposite the Moon; a lunar rainbow is especially clearly visible during a full moon, when the bright Moon is low in the dark sky. You can also observe a lunar rainbow in areas where there are waterfalls.
Fire Rainbow
A fire rainbow is a rare optical atmospheric phenomenon. A fire rainbow appears when sunlight passes through cirrus clouds at an angle of 58 degrees above the horizon. One more a necessary condition For a fiery rainbow to appear, there are hexagonal ice crystals that are leaf-shaped and their edges must be parallel to the ground. Sun rays, passing through the vertical edges of an ice crystal, they refract and light up a fiery rainbow or a rounded horizontal arc, as science calls a fiery rainbow.
winter rainbow
Winter rainbow is very amazing phenomenon. Such a rainbow can only be observed in winter, during severe frost when the cold Sun shines in the pale blue sky and the air is filled with small ice crystals. The sun's rays are refracted when passing through these crystals, as if through a prism, and are reflected in the cold sky in a multi-colored arc.
Can there be a rainbow without rain?
A rainbow can also be observed on a sunny, clear day near waterfalls, fountains, or in the garden when watering flowers from a hose, holding the hole of the hose with your fingers, creating a water mist and pointing the hose towards the Sun.
How to remember the colors of the rainbow
If you cannot remember how the colors are located in the rainbow, a phrase known to everyone from childhood will help you: “ TO every ABOUT hunter AND wants Z nat G de WITH goes F adhan."
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