We carry out many experiments and experiments in the kitchen, using what is found in the kitchen cabinets. Today I found vinegar. I present to your attention experiments with vinegar, which made us very happy.
Using vinegar:
- let's cheat balloon IR;
- let's make a volcano;
- dissolve the shell;
- Let's make a rubber egg.
Volcano in a bottle
Using the reaction between soda and vinegar, we created a volcano in a bottle.
For the experiments we used:
Rubber egg
Using vinegar, a chicken egg, and 
If desired, quail can also be turned into “rubber”. Vinegar reacts not only with soda, but also with many other substances, one of them is calcium. The egg shell contains calcium.
To observe the interaction reaction, you need to place the egg in a glass with vinegar. We used 9% vinegar. After just 12 hours, the egg changed, it lost its hard shell. From the glass we took out a chicken egg that could bounce like a ball. But not 
overdo it! Our experimental egg jumped, jumped and burst right on the carpet in the room. Of course, the egg does not turn into rubber, the shell simply dissolves under the influence of acid, and the white and yolk remain “wrapped” in a thin film that existed before, but was not visible. An egg without a shell glows very beautifully if you shine a flashlight on it.
After experiments with eggs, we wondered what else could be dissolved in vinegar?
Dissolving the shell 
Grandmother brought us beautiful shells from the sea. We decided to donate one of them to study its solubility. We believed that shells were made primarily of calcium carbonate and assumed that the calcium would react with the vinegar and cause our shell to dissolve. Tested empirically. We immersed the shell in vinegar, but no significant changes occurred within a day. Do you think we're disappointed? No! Once in vinegar 
does not dissolve, which means the acid concentration is too low. Soak the shell in 70% acetic acid. Over the course of 18 hours, the shell became significantly thinner, and after 48 hours it completely melted.
WITH acetic acid you need to be extremely careful!
Our solvent moods did not end there. A piece of chalk came into view. Here he is 
It must be great to dissolve! It turned out that we were mistaken. Having immersed a school chalk in a glass of vinegar, we observed a beautiful reaction of gas release, small bubbles enveloped the chalk. But the reaction quickly ended, leaving us disappointed. As we later found out, gypsum is added to school crayons, but it does not dissolve in vinegar.
Inflate a balloon using vinegar and soda
All baking lovers know that when baking soda and vinegar react, carbon dioxide. Using this knowledge you can inflate a balloon.
For this we need:
- plastic bottle,
- vinegar,
- soda,
- ball,
- funnel.
Pour about 100-150 ml of vinegar into the bottle. Pour 1 tablespoon of soda into the not yet inflated balloon. It is easier to do this by using a plastic funnel or making a funnel out of paper. Next, we put the ball on the neck of the bottle and straighten it. The soda begins to pour into the vinegar, a violent reaction between the two substances occurs, releasing carbon dioxide, which inflates the balloon. Joy on the child's face is guaranteed! Here is a video of our experiment.
We often use vinegar in our experiments. For example, in experiments with indicators under the influence of vinegar, liquids change color or we used it to clean coins.
Friends, which of today’s experiences did your child like best? The experiments are simple, but bring a lot of positive emotions to kids. I like to photograph children's smiles, their joy and delight. Send photos of your experiences and share your impressions in the comments.
Happy experimenting! Science is fun!
Entertaining experiments for preschoolers, experiments for children at home, magic tricks for children, entertaining science... How to curb the ebullient energy and indefatigable curiosity of a child? How to make the most of the inquisitiveness of a child’s mind and push the child to understand the world? How to promote development creativity child? These and other questions certainly arise before parents and educators. This work contains a large number of various experiences and experiments that can be carried out with children to expand their understanding of the world, for intellectual and creative development child. The experiments described do not require any special preparation and almost no material costs.
How to puncture a balloon without harming it?
The child knows that if you puncture the balloon, it will burst. Place a piece of tape on both sides of the ball. And now you can easily push the ball through the tape without any harm to it.
« Submarine"No. 1. Grape submarine
Take a glass of fresh sparkling water or lemonade and drop a grape into it. It is slightly heavier than water and will sink to the bottom. But gas bubbles, similar to small ones, will immediately begin to land on it. air balloons. Soon there will be so many of them that the grape will float up.
But on the surface the bubbles will burst and the gas will fly away. The heavy grape will sink to the bottom again. Here it will again become covered with gas bubbles and float up again. This will continue several times until the water runs out. This principle is how a real boat floats up and rises. And fish have a swim bladder. When she needs to submerge, the muscles contract, squeezing the bubble. Its volume decreases, the fish goes down. But you need to get up - the muscles relax, the bubble dissolves. It increases and the fish floats up.
"Submarine" No. 2. Egg submarine
Take 3 cans: two half-liter and one liter. Fill one jar clean water and put it in it a raw egg. It will drown.
Pour a strong solution into the second jar table salt(2 tablespoons per 0.5 liters of water). Place the second egg there and it will float. This is explained by salty water heavier, which is why it is easier to swim in the sea than in a river.
Now put it on the bottom liter jar egg. By gradually adding water from both small jars in turn, you can get a solution in which the egg will neither float nor sink. It will remain suspended in the middle of the solution.
When the experiment is completed, you can show the trick. By adding salt water, you will ensure that the egg floats. Adding fresh water will cause the egg to sink. Externally salty and fresh water are no different from each other and it will look amazing.
How to get a coin out of water without getting your hands wet? How to get away with it?
Place a coin in the bottom of a plate and fill it with water. How to take it out without getting your hands wet? The plate must not be tilted. Fold a small piece of newspaper into a ball, set it on fire, throw it into a half-liter jar and immediately place it with the hole down in the water next to the coin. The fire will go out. The heated air will come out of the can, and thanks to the difference atmospheric pressure inside the jar, the water will be drawn into the jar. Now you can take the coin without getting your hands wet.
Lotus flowers
Cut out flowers with long petals from colored paper. Using a pencil, curl the petals towards the center. Now lower the multi-colored lotuses into the water poured into the basin. Literally before your eyes, flower petals will begin to bloom. This happens because the paper gets wet, gradually becomes heavier and the petals open.
Natural magnifying glass
If you need to look at any small creature, such as a spider, mosquito or fly, this is very easy to do.
Place the insect in a three-liter jar. Cover the top of the neck with cling film, but do not pull it, but, on the contrary, push it through so that a small container is formed. Now tie the film with a rope or elastic band, and pour water into the recess. You will get a wonderful magnifying glass through which you can perfectly see the smallest details.
The same effect can be achieved if you look at an object through a jar of water, securing it to the back wall of the jar with transparent tape.
Water candlestick
Take a short stearin candle and a glass of water. Weight the lower end of the candle with a heated nail (if the nail is cold, the candle will crumble) so that only the wick and the very edge of the candle remain above the surface.
The glass of water in which this candle floats will act as a candlestick. Light the wick and the candle will burn for quite a long time. It seems that it is about to burn down to the water and go out. But this won't happen. The candle will burn out almost to the very end. And besides, a candle in such a candlestick will never cause a fire. The wick will be extinguished with water.
How to get water for drinking?
Dig a hole in the ground approximately 25 cm deep and 50 cm in diameter. Place an empty Plastic container or a wide bowl, place fresh green herbs and leaves around it. Cover the hole with a clean plastic film and fill its edges with earth so that air does not escape from the hole. Place a pebble in the center of the film and lightly press the film over the empty container. The water collecting device is ready.
Leave your design until the evening. Now carefully shake off the soil from the film so that it does not fall into the container (bowl), and look: there is clean water in the bowl.
Where did she come from? Explain to your child that under the influence solar heat the grass and leaves began to decompose, releasing heat. Warm air always rises. It settles in the form of evaporation on the cold film and condenses on it in the form of water droplets. This water flowed into your container; remember, you slightly pressed the film and put the stone there.
Now you just have to figure it out interesting story about travelers who went to distant countries and forgot to take water with them, and begin an exciting journey.
Wonderful matches
You will need 5 matches.
Break them in the middle, bend them at a right angle and place them on a saucer.
Place a few drops of water on the folds of the matches. Watch. Gradually the matches will begin to straighten out and form a star.
The reason for this phenomenon, called capillarity, is that wood fibers absorb moisture. It creeps further and further through the capillaries. The tree swells, and its surviving fibers “get fat”, and they can no longer bend much and begin to straighten out.
The head of the wash basins. Making a washbasin is easy
Babies have one peculiarity: they always get dirty when there is even the slightest opportunity. And taking a child home to wash all day is quite troublesome, and besides, children don’t always want to leave the street. Solving this issue is very simple. Make a simple washbasin with your child.
To do this you need to take plastic bottle, on its side surface about 5 cm from the bottom, make a hole with an awl or nail. The work is finished, the washbasin is ready. Plug the hole with your finger, fill it to the top with water and close the lid. By unscrewing it slightly, you get a trickle of water by screwing it on - you will “close the tap” of your washbasin.
Where did the ink go? Transformations
Add ink or ink to a bottle of water until the solution is pale blue. Place a crushed tablet there. activated carbon. Close the neck with your finger and shake the mixture.
It will brighten before your eyes. The fact is that coal absorbs dye molecules on its surface and it is no longer visible.
Making a cloud
Pour into a three-liter jar hot water(approximately 2.5 cm). Place a few ice cubes on a baking sheet and place it on top of the jar. The air inside the jar will begin to cool as it rises. The water vapor it contains will condense to form a cloud.
This experiment simulates the process of cloud formation during cooling warm air. Where does rain come from? It turns out that the drops, having heated up on the ground, rise upward. There they get cold, and they huddle together, forming clouds. When they meet together, they increase in size, become heavy and fall to the ground as rain.
I don't believe my hands
Prepare three bowls of water: one with cold water, one with room temperature, and the third with hot water. Ask your child to place one hand in a bowl of cold water, the second - with hot water. After a few minutes, have him put both hands in the water room temperature. Ask if she seems hot or cold to him. Why is there a difference in how your hands feel? Can you always trust your hands?
Water suction
Place the flower in water tinted with any paint. Observe how the color of the flower changes. Explain that the stem has conducting tubes through which water rises to the flower and colors it. This phenomenon of water absorption is called osmosis.
Vaults and tunnels
Glue a tube out of thin paper, slightly larger in diameter than a pencil. Insert a pencil into it. Then carefully fill the pencil tube with sand so that the ends of the tube protrude out. Pull out the pencil and you will see that the tube remains uncrumpled. Grains of sand form protective arches. Insects trapped in sand emerge from under the thick layer unharmed.
Equal share for everyone
Take a regular hanger, two identical containers (these can also be large or medium disposable cups and even aluminum cans from drinks, although the cans need to be cut off top part). In the upper part of the container on the side, opposite each other, make two holes, insert any rope into them and attach to a hanger, which you hang, for example, on the back of a chair. Balance containers. Now pour berries, candies, or cookies into these improvised scales, and then the children won’t argue about who got the most goodies.
"Good boy and Vanka-Vstanka." Obedient and naughty egg
First, try placing a whole raw egg on the blunt or sharp end. Then start the experiment.
Poke two holes the size of a match head in the ends of the egg and blow out the contents. Rinse the inside thoroughly. Let the shell dry thoroughly from the inside for one to two days. After this, cover the hole with plaster, glue with chalk or whitewash so that it becomes invisible.
Fill the shell about one-quarter full of clean, dry sand. Seal the second hole in the same way as the first. The obedient egg is ready. Now, in order to put it in any position, just shake the egg slightly, holding it in the position that it should take. The grains of sand will move, and the placed egg will maintain balance.
To make a “vanka-vstanka” (tumbler), instead of sand, you need to throw 30-40 pieces of the smallest pellets and pieces of stearin from a candle into the egg. Then put the egg on one end and heat it up. The stearin will melt, and when it hardens, the pellets will stick together and stick them to the shell. Mask the holes in the shell.
It will be impossible to lay the tumbler down. An obedient egg will stand on the table, on the edge of a glass, and on the handle of a knife.
If your child wants, let him paint both eggs or glue funny faces on them.
Boiled or raw?
If there are two eggs on the table, one of which is raw and the other is boiled, how can you determine this? Of course, every housewife will do this with ease, but show this experience to a child - he will be interested.
Of course, he is unlikely to connect this phenomenon with the center of gravity. Explain to him that a boiled egg has a constant center of gravity, so it rotates. And in a raw egg, the internal liquid mass acts as a kind of brake, so the raw egg cannot spin.
“Stop, hands up!”
Take a small plastic jar for medicine, vitamins, etc. Pour some water into it, put any effervescent tablet and close it with a lid (non-screw).
Place it on the table, turning it upside down, and wait. Gas released during chemical reaction tablets and water, will push out the bottle, there will be a “rumble” and the bottle will be thrown up.
"Magic Mirrors" or 1? 3? 5?
Place two mirrors at an angle greater than 90°. Place one apple in the corner.
This is where the real miracle begins, but only just begins. There are three apples. And if you gradually decrease the angle between the mirrors, the number of apples begins to increase.
In other words, the smaller the angle of approach of the mirrors, the more objects will be reflected.
Ask your child if it is possible to make 3, 5, 7 from one apple without using cutting objects. What will he answer you? Now perform the experiment described above.
How to scrub green grass off your knee?
Take fresh leaves of any green plant, put them in a thin-walled glass and pour in a small amount of vodka. Place the glass in a pan of hot water (in a water bath), but not directly on the bottom, but on some kind of wooden circle. When the water in the saucepan has cooled, use tweezers to remove the leaves from the glass. They will become discolored, and the vodka will turn emerald green, as chlorophyll, the green dye of plants, has been released from the leaves. It helps plants “feed” on solar energy.
This experience will be useful in life. For example, if a child accidentally stains his knees or hands with grass, you can wipe them off with alcohol or cologne.
Where did the smell go?
Take the corn pops, put them in a jar that has previously had a drop of cologne in it, and close it with a tight lid. After 10 minutes, opening the lid, you will not feel the smell: it was absorbed by the porous substance of the corn sticks. This absorption of color or odor is called adsorption.
What is elasticity?
Take a small rubber ball in one hand and a plasticine ball of the same size in the other. Throw them onto the floor from the same height.
How did the ball and ball behave, what changes happened to them after the fall? Why doesn't the plasticine bounce, but the ball does - maybe because it's round, or because it's red, or because it's rubber?
Invite your child to be the ball. Touch the baby's head with your hand, and let him sit down a little, bending his knees, and when you remove your hand, let the child straighten his legs and jump. Let the baby bounce like a ball. Then explain to the child that the same thing happens to the ball as to him: he bends his knees, and the ball is pressed in a little, when it falls to the floor, he straightens his knees and jumps, and what was pressed in the ball is straightened. The ball is elastic.
But a plasticine or wooden ball is not elastic. Tell your child: “I will touch your head with my hand, but you don’t bend your knees, you won’t be elastic.”
Touch the child’s head, but don’t let him bounce like a wooden ball. If you don't bend your knees, then it's impossible to jump. You can’t straighten knees that aren’t bent. A wooden ball, when it falls on the floor, is not pressed in, which means it does not straighten out, which is why it does not bounce. It's not elastic.
The concept of electric charges
Inflate a small balloon. Rub the ball on wool or fur, or even better, on your hair, and you will see how the ball begins to stick to literally every object in the room: to the closet, to the wall, and most importantly, to the child.
This is explained by the fact that all objects have a certain electric charge. As a result of contact between two various materials electrical discharges are separated.
Dancing foil
Cut aluminum foil (the shiny wrapper from chocolate or candy) into very narrow, long strips. Run the comb through your hair and then bring it close to the sections.
The stripes will begin to “dance”. This attracts positive and negative electrical charges to each other.
Hanging on your head, or Is it possible to hang on your head?
Make a light top out of cardboard by placing it on a thin stick. Sharpen the lower end of the stick, and insert a tailor's pin (with a metal, not a plastic head) deeper into the upper end so that only the head is visible.
Descendants of Sherlock Holmes, or In the Footsteps of Sherlock Holmes
Mix stove soot with talcum powder. Have the child breathe on a finger and press it to a piece of white paper. Sprinkle this area with the prepared black mixture. Shake the sheet of paper until the mixture well covers the area where your finger was applied. Pour the remaining powder back into the jar. There will be a clear fingerprint on the sheet.
This is explained by the fact that we always have some fat from the subcutaneous glands on our skin. Everything we touch leaves an imperceptible mark. And the mixture we made sticks well to fat. Thanks to black soot, it makes the print visible.
It's more fun together
Cut a circle out of thick cardboard around the rim of the tea cup. On one side, in the left half of the circle, draw a figure of a boy, and on the other side, a figure of a girl, which should be located upside down in relation to the boy. Make a small hole on the left and right of the cardboard, insert the elastic bands in loops.
Now stretch the elastic bands in different directions. The cardboard circle will spin quickly, the pictures from different sides will align, and you will see two figures standing next to each other.
The secret jam thief. Or maybe it's Carlson?
Chop the pencil lead with a knife. Let the child rub the prepared powder on his finger. Now you need to press your finger to a piece of tape, and stick the tape to a white sheet of paper - the imprint of your baby’s finger pattern will be visible on it. Now we will find out whose fingerprints were left on the jam jar. Or maybe it was Carlosson who flew in?
Unusual drawing
Give your child a piece of clean, light-colored fabric (white, blue, pink, light green).
Pick some petals from different colors: yellow, orange, red, blue, blue, and green leaves of different shades. Just remember that some plants are poisonous, such as aconite.
Sprinkle this mixture onto a cloth placed on cutting board. You can either spontaneously sprinkle petals and leaves or build a planned composition. Cover it with plastic wrap, secure the sides with buttons and roll it all out with a rolling pin or tap the fabric with a hammer. Shake off the used “paints”, stretch the fabric over thin plywood and insert it into the frame. The masterpiece of the young talent is ready!
It turned out to be a wonderful gift for mom and grandma.
Appendix 2: “Pieces of chalk”
Appendix 3: “School Chalk”
Appendix 4: “Colored chalk”
Appendix 5
1. Not a single school can do without chalk, which is successfully used for writing on large blackboards.
2. In medicine, chalk is used for calcium deficiency, as a food additive. Its use has a great effect on strengthening nails, teeth and bones.
3. Wide Application chalk found in industry:
3.1. it is used to purify beet juice;
3.2. in glass production;
3.3. for the production of matches;
3.4. for making drinking soda;
3.5. in the manufacture of rubber;
3.6. for the production of cement, varnishes, paints;
3.7. for obtaining window profiles, pipes and even finishing siding;
3.8. in the printing and paper industry.
4. In agriculture, chalk is added to the soil to reduce its acidity, as well as for the production of animal feed.
5. In perfumery – chalk is component tooth powders and pastes.
6. Chalk is also perfectly used for painting fences, borders, walls, and for protecting tree trunks from sunburn, for whitewashing ceilings, for controlling plant diseases and pests in the garden, for cleaning tableware and kitchen utensils.
Appendix 6
- to decrease Negative influence chalk on the skin of your hands, you can wrap the chalk with tape or insert a piece of chalk into a lipstick case;
To make school chalk non-staining, just dip it in milk diluted 2-3 times for a few seconds. After this procedure, the chalk will no longer get dirty, and writing will still be good;
To prevent the chalk from crumbling, you need to dry it in a radiator and store it in a dry place.
For decreasing negative consequences that appear due to constant contact with chalk, we recommend:
Teachers should use wet wipes while working;
The attendants should ventilate the classroom more often;
Wipe chalk from the board only with a damp cloth;
Rinse the chalk rag as often as possible;
At the end working week A school employee can wash the board with a cloth soaked in water and vinegar.
Appendix 7: Survey results
Application: 8
Experiment 1
Experiment 2.
« ».
Experiment 3. “Interaction of chalk with iodine”
Experiment 4. “Interaction of chalk with water and vegetable oil”
Appendix 9 “Games for children”
1. Playing with crayons and water
Try wet chalk. Drawing with wet chalk is a completely different sensation and completely different drawings. If you want to make the colors of regular asphalt chalks brighter and the crayons themselves harder, soak them in a sugar solution of plain water. You can also take a sprinkler or water pistol with you into the yard. With their help, you can have fun washing off chalk drawings from asphalt and walls, and draw new ones in their place.
2. Playing on the asphalt " London»
During this chalk game, children develop skills logical thinking and begin to understand what strategy is, wondering what they should do and what will follow.
In Game " London“You need to fill out the playing field, which consists of an area of approximately 1x1.5 meters drawn with chalk on the asphalt, divided into seven rectangles, with three drawn little men.
At one end of the site it is necessary to draw a semicircle with the inscription “ London" Participants take turns throwing a stone onto the playing area from the base. If it lands within the boundaries of one of the rectangles, then they begin to draw a little man in it: first the head, and in the next successful moves - the torso, then the arms and legs, if the stone falls there.
When one resident is completed, they begin to draw the next one until there are three of them. If you get into the cell " London"(the farthest part of the playing field in the form of a semicircle), then the already started man is completed or a new one is started in any rectangle. Younger children really like this game school age, because he tests their intelligence.
3. Playing on the asphalt " Tick tock»
There are chalk games that children can play in two teams. Team games teach children working together and friendliness, because the disparate composition will not agree with each other and is unlikely to win. To play as a team, a game similar to tic-tac-toe, called “ Tick tock».
Use chalk to draw a play area on the path or sidewalk (a square approximately 1 meter on a side, divided into 9 squares). Use two colored crayons to color 10 pebbles, you should get 5 of each color. Children can play individually or in groups; The goal of the game is to place pebbles of your color 3 in a row before your opponent.
Standing behind a special line, teams take turns throwing stones onto the net, having previously consulted with members of their team about which is better. Game option: the fifth stone may be called " replacing” and have a different color, its purpose is to instantly change the result, it rushes only once to try to capture the opponent’s square.
Players lose it anyway, and even if they miss the intended target, they do not have the opportunity to throw it again.
4. Playing on the asphalt " Classics»
Everyone knows the game Classics", it has been very popular among children for many years. By using " classes" children younger age can improve their counting skills. Draw a play area on the pavement with chalk and have the children take turns throwing stones at squares 1 to 10.
If the stone falls into the desired cell, then you need to jump to it on one leg if the number is odd, or on two if the number is even. The first one to reach ten wins. There are many variations of this game: you can, for example, not throw a bat, but push it with your foot every time you jump, or number the cells not in order, but in a random order, so that you have to jump to the right, and to the left, and back, and forward.
Children of primary school age can be encouraged to include examples in the game, let the children add and subtract as they have fun.
5. Learn by playing
Drawing with crayons can be used to master educational material. Use children's crayons to reinforce music notation during an outdoor lesson. Give the children crayons and have them draw the musical notes you name on the pavement with chalk.
If you are teaching a reading lesson, have students draw chalk pictures on the pavement to illustrate the work they are studying. Or have students practice spelling by copying words in the schoolyard. Children can also copy a short poem (or a fragment of it) from memory with chalk on the asphalt.
Appendix 9: Questions for the Quiz “Familiar Stranger”
Circle the correct answer
A) Rules of etiquette
B) to better feel the taste of the drink
C) protect teeth from exposure to acidic ingredients in the drink
Question 2. Is it necessary to protect a marble figure from rain?
A) not at all necessary
B) it is necessary not to dissolve
C) necessary, since there is a danger of falling out " acidic» rain
Question 3. What you can't " bathe» pearls and corals?
A) in a soap solution
B) in a vinegar solution
Question 4. How can eggshells help a gardener?
A) applied to reduce soil acidity
B) as an element of park decor
Question 5. How to descale a kettle?
A) Scrape off with a sharp object
B) boil with citric acid solution
B) fill with detergent
Interesting experiments for children
In the preparatory group, conducting experiments should become the norm of life; they should be considered not as entertainment, but as a way to familiarize children with the world around them and the most effective way development of thought processes. Experiments allow you to combine all types of activities and all aspects of education, develop observation and inquisitiveness of the mind, develop the desire to understand the world, all cognitive abilities, the ability to invent, use standard solutions V difficult situations, create creative personality.
Some important tips:
1. Conduct experiments better in the morning when the child is full of strength and energy;
2. It is important for us not only to teach, but also to interest the child, to make him want to gain knowledge and do new experiments himself.
3. Explain to your child that you cannot taste unknown substances, no matter how beautiful and appetizing they look;
4. Don't just show it to your child. interesting experience, but also explain in a language accessible to him why this is happening;
5. Do not ignore your child’s questions - look for answers to them in books, reference books, and the Internet;
6. Where there is no danger, give the child more independence;
7. Invite your child to show his favorite experiments to his friends;
8. And most importantly: rejoice in your child’s successes, praise him and encourage his desire to learn. Only positive emotions can instill a love for new knowledge.
Experience No. 1. "Vanishing Chalk"
For a spectacular experience, we will need a small piece of chalk. Dip chalk into a glass of vinegar and see what happens. The chalk in the glass will begin to hiss, bubble, decrease in size and soon disappear completely.
Chalk is limestone; when it comes into contact with acetic acid, it turns into other substances, one of which is carbon dioxide, which is rapidly released in the form of bubbles.
Experience No. 2. "Erupting Volcano"
Required equipment:
Volcano:
- Make a cone from plasticine (you can take plasticine that has already been used once)
- Soda, 2 tbsp. spoons
Lava:
1. Vinegar 1/3 cup
2. Red paint, drop
3. A drop of liquid detergent to make the volcano foam better;
Experience No. 3. "Lava - lamp"
Needed: Salt, water, glass vegetable oil, some food coloring, large transparent glass.
Experience: Fill a glass 2/3 full with water, pour vegetable oil into the water. Oil will float on the surface. Add food coloring to water and oil. Then slowly add 1 teaspoon of salt.
Explanation: Oil is lighter than water, so it floats on the surface, but salt is heavier than oil, so when you add salt to a glass, the oil and salt begin to sink to the bottom. As the salt breaks down, it releases oil particles and they rise to the surface. Food coloring will help make the experience more visual and spectacular.
Experience No. 4. "Rain Clouds"
Children will love this simple activity that teaches them how to it's raining(schematically, of course): water first accumulates in the clouds and then spills onto the ground. This “experience” can be carried out both in a natural history lesson and in kindergarten in the older group and at home with children of all ages - it enchants everyone, and the children ask to repeat it again and again. So, stock up on shaving foam.
Fill the jar with water about 2/3 full. Squeeze the foam directly on top of the water until it looks like a cumulus cloud. Now use a pipette to drop colored water onto the foam (or better yet, trust your child to do this). And now all that remains is to watch how the colored water passes through the cloud and continues its journey to the bottom of the jar.
Experience No. 5. "Red Head Chemistry"
Place finely chopped cabbage in a glass and pour boiling water over it for 5 minutes. Strain the cabbage infusion through a cloth.
Pour cold water into the other three glasses. Add a little vinegar to one glass, a little soda to the other. Add the cabbage solution to a glass with vinegar - the water will turn red, add it to a glass of soda - the water will turn blue. Add the solution to a glass of clean water - the water will remain dark blue.
Experience No. 6. "Blow up the balloon"
Pour water into a bottle and dissolve a teaspoon of baking soda in it.
2. In a separate glass, mix lemon juice with vinegar and pour into a bottle.
3. Quickly place the balloon on the neck of the bottle, securing it with electrical tape. The ball will inflate. Baking soda and lemon juice mixed with vinegar reacts to release carbon dioxide, which inflates the balloon.
Experience No. 7. "Colored milk"
Needed: Whole milk, food coloring, liquid detergent, cotton swabs, plate.
Experience: Pour milk into a plate, add a few drops of different food colors. Then you need to take a cotton swab, dip it in the detergent and touch the swab to the very center of the plate with milk. The milk will begin to move and the colors will begin to mix.
Explanation: The detergent reacts with the fat molecules in the milk and causes them to move. This is why skim milk is not suitable for the experiment.
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Introduction
It can be colored or white, Children love to draw with it, He is an artist, in skillful hands, He can create paintings! We can’t do repairs without it, And we can’t whitewash the ceiling, And we can use It in a whole lot of useful things. The teacher gives them the words, For the kids at school on the blackboard, Who is he, the riddles of this resident, Living in a small piece?
This mysterious resident is school chalk. Yes, this is that simple piece of chalk that every person has known since childhood.
Chalk is a very interesting substance, which is at the same time a mineral, a chemical raw material, and medicine, and a reliable home assistant. At every lesson, when we go to the school board, we excitedly pick up a piece of chalk. Otherwise, how can you learn something new?
Why is chalk so convenient for writing and drawing? Where did he come from? What does it consist of? Why do teachers complain about chalk, but children love it?
I became interested and decided to do research to find out what chalk is and what its secrets are.
Target: study the structure of school chalk and reveal its properties
Tasks:
Study the history of chalk;
study the properties of chalk and its structure;
find out how the use of chalk affects the health of schoolchildren and teachers;
present research results to classmates.
Hypothesis:
chalk has beneficial properties and is indispensable in everyday life;
Subject of study: school chalk
Main part
History of chalk
To find out everything about chalk, I studied encyclopedic literature and analyzed materials from the Internet. It turns out that the Cretaceous period existed on Earth, and it was then that chalk began to form.
Chalk has both plant and animal origin. It consists of calcareous algae, as well as crustaceans and snails, which were extracted from sea water calcium and built their shells and skeletons.
When they died, these plants and animals sank to the bottom and accumulated there. Over time, a thick layer of these remains formed. Of course, this took millions of years. Gradually, this layer cemented on the ocean floor and turned into soft limestone, which we call chalk.
Composition of natural and school chalk
Chalk is limestone composed of microorganisms and algae. That is, chalk is a sedimentary rock - semi-hardened silt, in which shells of mollusks and snails are found.
In nature it is Chemical substance It is found in various forms - it is made up of mollusk shells and corals, pearls and eggshells, school chalk and marble, limestone and clear Icelandic spar crystals.
The natural chalk used to make school chalk comes from quarries . It is absolutely safe and does not contain foreign impurities. For the production of good natural school chalk white chalk specially prepared. First, it is broken into small pieces, sorted, all impurities are removed and ground on a millstone with the addition of water.
The resulting mass is left to settle, allowing heavy impurities such as sand and stones to settle to the bottom of the vessel. The solution of the purer material is poured into the second vessel, and then into the next, until all unnecessary impurities fall to the bottom and are removed from the chalk solution.
The resulting mass is left to sit in a vat for a long time, then the water is drained, and the remaining mass is poured into a linen-covered box. The drained mass is dried on a wire rack. If the dried chalk becomes too crumbly, add a little glue to it. And with the help of various dyes you can get crayons of any color.
Human use of chalk
A lot of chalk is mined. Where does it find application? Chalk is used in many areas:
No school is complete without chalk, which is successfully used for writing on large blackboards.
In medicine, chalk is used for calcium deficiency, as a food additive. Its use has a great effect on strengthening nails, teeth and bones.
Chalk is widely used in industry:
in glass production;
for the production of matches;
for making drinking soda;
in the manufacture of rubber;
for the production of cement, varnishes, paints;
for obtaining window profiles, pipes and even finishing siding;
in the printing and paper industry.
In agriculture, chalk is added to the soil to reduce its acidity, as well as for the production of animal feed.
In perfumery, chalk is an integral part of tooth powders and pastes.
Chalk is also perfectly used for painting fences, borders, walls, for protecting tree trunks from sunburn, for whitewashing ceilings, for controlling plant diseases and pests in the garden, for cleaning tableware and kitchen utensils.
You see: everyone, everywhere needs chalk!
The effects of school chalk on human health
We learned from the media that Russian teachers are against teachers working with chalk: it is dangerous to health!
The fact is that this is a product containing, in addition to the main safe components (limestone, gypsum and starch), adhesives and dyes.
In addition, during use, school chalk begins to gather dust, settle on clothes and furniture, get into your nose, and stain your hands.
I was wondering - is chalk really that dangerous to health?
Practical part
Questioning students to study their knowledge about school chalk
Having learned a lot of interesting things about chalk, I prepared a questionnaire ( Appendix No. 1) ,to survey classmates and teachers to understand what classmates know about such useful material and how they feel when working with chalk. I conducted a survey on the following questions:
Does chalk affect your health?
What is chalk made of?
What does chalk have in common with pearls and shells? chicken egg and teeth?
What sensations do you experience when working with chalk?
29 students and 3 teachers took part in the survey.
The survey results are located in the table: ( Appendix No. 2). After the survey, we became convinced that school teachers knew a lot about the origin and composition of chalk, but students knew little. But teachers will also be interested in learning about the possibilities of protecting hands from chalk and how to use chalk in everyday life.
Conclusion: Students will find it useful and interesting to listen to our message about the origin, properties and uses of chalk.
Study of the composition and properties of chalk
If you touch school chalk with your hands, it is hard and rough. When we write on the board, it crumbles, crumbles, which means it is fragile. If you rub chalk on your hand, it leaves a mark, which means it gets dirty.
If you put chalk in water, it becomes cloudy, which means that the chalk does not dissolve in water. What does it consist of?
Experiment 1 (Appendix No. 3 “Chalk under a microscope »)
We decided to look at the chalk under a microscope.
They took a piece of chalk, placed it in a mortar and crushed it. Then mixed the chalk with water. The resulting slurry was placed on glass. The glass was placed under a microscope.
We saw white lumps, these are large pieces of chalk. It seemed to us that they really resembled pieces of shells.
And those smaller pieces were dark. Perhaps they are just grains of sand.
Conclusion: chalk consists of the remains of microorganisms and algae and various impurities.
If the chalk was formed from shells with shells made of lime, then the chalk is made of limestone. Is this really true? We decided to conduct another experiment.
Experiment 2 (Appendix No. 4 “Interaction of chalk and acid”)
A little vinegar was poured into the glass. We put chalk there. The vinegar began to bubble violently. Then small pieces began to break off from the chalk. My mother told me that vinegar is an acid. Chalk consists of limestone, which, when interacting with acid, is destroyed and carbon dioxide is released, which is what we saw during the experiment. The interaction of vinegar with chalk.
Conclusions:
- chalk consists of limestone (calcium);
Calcium is destroyed by acid.
We also learned that pearls, marble, eggshells and teeth also contain calcium. This means they must be protected from exposure to acids.
For example, juices should be drunk through a straw; marble sculptures in the park should be protected from the rain. But scale in a kettle can be removed using citric acid!
We have pieces of chalk in our classroom different shapes. Round chalk doesn't write very well on the blackboard; it crumbles a lot and gets your hands dirty.
Other crayons, including multi-colored ones, leave a very bright mark on the board, don’t crumble as much, and your hands are cleaner after them. I thought: " Why is this happening?»
Experiment 3 (Appendix No. 5 “Interaction of chalk and iodine”)
We took crayons of different shapes and dropped a drop of iodine onto them. It turns out that starch can change the color of iodine. The color of the iodine speck on the cylindrical crayon changed to blue-violet.
On other chalk samples the coloring alcohol solution Yoda has not changed. So, in different types chalk has different additives: some contain, for example, starch, and others, probably, glue.
Interaction of chalk with iodine
Conclusion: Round crayons contain starch.
Studying the effect of school chalk on human health
I was interested in the question of whether chalk affects human health. I asked this question to 3 teachers and 29 classmates.
« Yes" - answered 19 students, " No» - 3 teachers and 4 students, Don't know- 5 students
It seems to me that our classmates answered this question this way because they really like chalk, they like to draw with it on the blackboard and on the asphalt.
I asked more questions:
What is chalk made of?
Here the answers were divided almost evenly.
From limestone - 5 people, from calcium - 9 people, from minerals - 9 people, I don’t know - 9 people.
“Nothing” was answered by 5 people, “they contain calcium” - 20 people, “I don’t know” - 6 people.
How do you feel when working with chalk?
The majority of respondents noted that school chalk has a negative effect on the skin of their hands:
Hand skin dries - 26 people;
Causes allergies -0 people;
Breathing problems - 2 people;
Coughing attacks - 2 people
Some of the teachers surveyed noted that due to cracks in their skin, they constantly use hand moisturizer.
After reading the book " The main wonder of the world", we learned that a person has sweat glands under the skin. If after using chalk the skin on your hands becomes dry, it means that the chalk absorbs moisture and oil.
We conducted an experiment.
Experiment 4 (Appendix No. 6 “Interaction of chalk with water and oil”)
I took 2 plates. Water was poured into the first, a little vegetable oil into the second. They put a piece of chalk in each. The chalk absorbed the water very quickly, the oil more slowly, but the plate also turned out to be almost dry.
Conclusion: chalk dries the skin of your hands because it absorbs water and oil well.
To reduce the negative impact of chalk on the skin of your hands, you can wrap the chalk with tape or insert a piece of chalk into a lipstick case.
To prevent the chalk from crumbling, you need to dry it on a radiator and store it in a dry place.
Rinse the chalk rag as often as possible;
Teachers should use wet wipes while working;
The attendants should ventilate the classroom more often;
Wipe chalk from the board only with a damp cloth;
Conclusion
Having completed the work, I learned how chalk appeared and what it consists of;
conducted a number of experiments and studied the properties of chalk;
found out how the use of chalk affects human health;
collected information about the use of chalk in human life;
conducted a survey among teachers and classmates to study their knowledge about school chalk.
The hypothesis turned out to be correct, I found out that chalk has an effect on human health and is indispensable in everyday life. Its scope of application is very wide: it is everyday life human, and medicine, and industry, and Agriculture, and chalk is still indispensable in school lessons. But despite its importance, chalk can be dangerous and cause harm to human health, so when using it you need to be careful and follow the recommendations for safe use chalk.
List of sources and literature used
I explore the world: Children's encyclopedia: Chemistry / Author-comp. L.A. Savina. - M.: AST, 1999.
Encyclopedia of a young chemist.
“The Main Wonder of the World” G. Yudin / M.: Publishing House “ Interesting book", 2017
Encyclopedia for children. Volume 17 Chemistry. / Chief editor V.A. Volodin. - M.: Avanta+, 2000
Funny chemical experiments//Magazine “Masterilka” (05/11/2010) Publ. "Karapuz"
Chalk Wikipedia
Appendix No. 1
Questionnaire
Does chalk affect human health?
Yes________ no________ I don’t know_______
What is chalk made of?
Limestone______ calcium________ minerals______ I don’t know_______
What does chalk have in common with pearls, chicken egg shells and teeth?
Nothing_______
Don't know _______
The skin on your hands is dry_____
I'm allergic to chalk_____
breathing problems_____
coughing fits_______
coughing fits_______
Appendix No. 2
Survey results
|
№ p/p |
Question |
Result |
|
Does chalk affect human health? |
Yes -19 No - 5 students and 3 teachers I don't know -5 |
|
|
What is chalk made of? |
- Made of limestone - 4 people; - From calcium - 11 people; - I don’t know - 8 people; - From minerals - 9 people |
|
|
What does chalk have in common with pearls? chicken egg shell and teeth |
Nothing: 5 lessons I don't know: 6th grade They are all made of calcium: 20 uch 3 teachers - 100% |
|
|
What unpleasant sensations do you experience when working with chalk? |
- Hand skin dries out - 22 students, and 3 teachers - I am allergic to chalk - 0 people, - Breathing problems - 2 students - Coughing attacks - 2 frequent. |
|
Appendix No. 3
Chalk under a microscope
Appendix No. 4
Interaction of chalk with acid
Appendix No. 5
Interaction of chalk with iodine
Appendix No. 6
Interaction of chalk with water and oil
to reduce the negative impact of chalk on the skin of your hands, you can wrap the chalk with tape or insert a piece of chalk into a lipstick case;
To make school chalk non-staining, just dip it for a few seconds in milk diluted 2-3 times. After this procedure, the chalk will no longer get dirty, and writing will still be good;
To prevent the chalk from crumbling, you need to dry it on a radiator and store it in a dry place.
To reduce the negative consequences that appear from constant contact with chalk, we recommend:
use wet wipes while working;
duty officers - to ventilate the classroom more often;
wipe chalk from the board only with a damp cloth;
wash the chalk rag as often as possible;
At the end of the work week, a school employee can wash the board with a cloth soaked in water and vinegar.
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