Mobile short-range air defense missile systems of foreign countries. Comparison of short-range air defense systems

Anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) - a set of functionally related combat and technical means that provide solutions to problems in combating enemy aerospace attack means.

In general, the air defense system includes:

• means of transporting anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM) and loading the launcher with them;
• missile launcher;
• anti-aircraft guided missiles;
• enemy air reconnaissance equipment;
• ground interrogator of the system for determining the state ownership of an air target;
• missile control means (may be on the missile - during homing);
• means of automatic tracking of an air target (can be located on a missile);
• means of automatic missile tracking (homing missiles are not required);
• means of functional control of equipment;

Classification

By theater of war:

• ship
• land

Land air defense systems by mobility:

• stationary
• sedentary
• mobile

By way of movement:

• portable
• towed
• self-propelled

By range

• short range
• short range
• medium range
• long range
• ultra-long range (represented by a single sample CIM-10 Bomarc)

By the method of guidance (see methods and methods of guidance)

• with radio command control of a missile of the 1st or 2nd type
• with radio-guided missiles
• homing missile

By automation method

• automatic
• semi-automatic
• non-automatic

By subordination:

• regimental
• divisional
• army
• district

Ways and methods of targeting missiles

Pointing methods

1. Telecontrol of the first kind
2. Telecontrol of the second kind
   • The target tracking station is located on board the missile defense system and the coordinates of the target relative to the missile are transmitted to the ground
   • A flying missile is accompanied by a missile sighting station
   • The required maneuver is calculated by a ground-based computing device
   • Control commands are transmitted to the rocket, which are converted by the autopilot into control signals to the rudders
3. Tele-beam guidance
   • The target tracking station is on the ground
   • A ground-based missile guidance station creates an electromagnetic field in space with an equal-signal direction corresponding to the direction towards the target.
   • The counting and solving device is located on board the missile defense system and generates commands to the autopilot, ensuring the missile flies along the same-signal direction.
4. Homing
   • The target tracking station is located on board the missile defense system
   • The counting and solving device is located on board the missile defense system and generates commands to the autopilot, ensuring the proximity of the missile defense system to the target

Types of homing:

• active - the missile defense system uses an active target location method: it emits probing pulses;
• semi-active - the target is illuminated by a ground-based illumination radar, and the missile defense system receives an echo signal;
• passive - the missile defense system locates the target by its own radiation (thermal trace, operating on-board radar, etc.) or contrast against the sky (optical, thermal, etc.).

Guidance methods

1. Two-point methods - guidance is carried out based on information about the target (coordinates, speed and acceleration) in a related coordinate system (missile coordinate system). They are used for type 2 telecontrol and homing.

• Proportional approach method - the angular velocity of rotation of the rocket's velocity vector is proportional to the angular velocity of rotation

lines of sight (missile-target lines): d ψ d t = k d χ d t (\displaystyle (\frac (d\psi )(dt))=k(\frac (d\chi )(dt))),

Where dψ/dt is the angular velocity of the rocket velocity vector; ψ - rocket path angle; dχ/dt - angular velocity of rotation of the line of sight; χ - azimuth of the line of sight; k - proportionality coefficient.

The proportional approach method is a general homing method, the rest are its special cases, which are determined by the value of the proportionality coefficient k:

K = 1 - chase method; k = ∞ - parallel approach method;

• Chase method ru en - the rocket velocity vector is always directed towards the target;
• Direct guidance method - the axis of the missile is directed towards the target (close to the pursuit method with an accuracy of the attack angle α and the slip angle β, by which the missile velocity vector is rotated relative to its axis).
• Parallel rendezvous method - the line of sight on the guidance trajectory remains parallel to itself, and when the target flies in a straight line, the missile also flies in a straight line.

2. Three-point methods - guidance is carried out on the basis of information about the target (coordinates, velocities and accelerations) and about the missile being aimed at the target (coordinates, velocities and accelerations) in the launch coordinate system, most often associated with a ground control point. They are used for telecontrol of the 1st type and tele-guidance.

• Three-point method (alignment method, target covering method) - the missile is on the target’s line of sight;
• The three-point method with the parameter - the missile is on a line that advances the line of sight by an angle depending on the difference in the ranges of the missile and the target.

Story

First experiments

The first attempt to create a controlled remote projectile for hitting air targets was made in Great Britain by Archibald Lowe. Its “Aerial Target,” so named to mislead German intelligence, was a radio-controlled propeller with an ABC Gnat piston engine. The projectile was intended to destroy Zeppelins and heavy German bombers. After two unsuccessful launches in 1917, the program was closed due to little interest in it from the Air Force command.

The world's first anti-aircraft guided missiles, brought to the stage of pilot production, were the Reintochter, Hs-117 Schmetterling and Wasserfall missiles created in the Third Reich since 1943 (the latter was tested by the beginning of 1945 and was ready for launch into production production, which never began).

In 1944, faced with the threat of Japanese kamikazes, the US Navy initiated the development of anti-aircraft guided missiles designed to protect ships. Two projects were launched - the Lark long-range anti-aircraft missile and the simpler KAN. None of them managed to take part in the hostilities. Development of the Lark continued until 1950, but although the missile was successfully tested, it was considered too obsolete and was never installed on ships.

First missiles in service

Initially, significant attention was paid to German technical experience in post-war developments.

In the United States immediately after the war, there were de facto three independent anti-aircraft missile development programs: the Army Nike program, the US Air Force SAM-A-1 GAPA program, and the Navy Bumblebee program. American engineers also attempted to create an anti-aircraft missile based on the German Wasserfall as part of the Hermes program, but abandoned this idea at an early stage of development.

The first anti-aircraft missile developed in the United States was the MIM-3 Nike Ajax, developed by the US Army. The missile had a certain technical similarity to the S-25, but the Nike-Ajax complex was much simpler than its Soviet counterpart. At the same time, the MIM-3 Nike Ajax was much cheaper than the C-25, and, adopted for service in 1953, was deployed in huge quantities to cover cities and military bases in the United States. In total, more than 200 MIM-3 Nike Ajax batteries were deployed by 1958.

The third country to deploy its own air defense systems in the 1950s was Great Britain. In 1958, the Royal Air Force adopted the Bristol Bloodhound air defense system, equipped with a ramjet engine and designed to protect air bases. It turned out to be so successful that its improved versions were in service until 1999. The British Army created the English Electric Thunderbird complex, similar in layout, but differing in a number of elements, to cover its bases.

In addition to the USA, USSR and Great Britain, Switzerland created its own air defense system in the early 1950s. The Oerlikon RSC-51 complex developed by her entered service in 1951 and became the first commercially available air defense system in the world (although its purchases were mainly undertaken for research purposes). The complex never saw combat, but served as the basis for the development of rocketry in Italy and Japan, which purchased it in the 1950s.

At the same time, the first sea-based air defense systems were created. In 1956, the US Navy adopted the RIM-2 Terrier medium-range air defense system, designed to protect ships from cruise missiles and torpedo bombers.

Second generation missile defense system

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the development of jet military aircraft and cruise missiles led to widespread development of air defense systems. The advent of aircraft moving faster than the speed of sound finally pushed heavy anti-aircraft artillery into the background. In turn, the miniaturization of nuclear warheads made it possible to equip them with anti-aircraft missiles. The radius of destruction of a nuclear charge effectively compensated for any conceivable error in missile guidance, allowing it to hit and destroy an enemy aircraft even if it missed badly.

In 1958, the United States adopted the world's first long-range air defense system, MIM-14 Nike-Hercules. A development of the MIM-3 Nike Ajax, the complex had a much longer range (up to 140 km) and could be equipped with a nuclear charge W31 power 2-40 kt. Massively deployed on the basis of the infrastructure created for the previous Ajax complex, the MIM-14 Nike-Hercules complex remained the most effective air defense system in the world until 1967 [ ] .

At the same time, the US Air Force developed its own, the only ultra-long-range anti-aircraft missile system, CIM-10 Bomarc. The missile was a de facto unmanned interceptor fighter with a ramjet engine and active homing. It was guided to the target using signals from a system of ground-based radars and radio beacons. Radius effective action"Bomarka" was, depending on the modification, 450-800 km, which made it the longest-range anti-aircraft system ever created. "Bomark" was intended to effectively cover the territories of Canada and the United States from manned bombers and cruise missiles, but due to the rapid development of ballistic missiles, it quickly lost its importance.

The Soviet Union fielded its first mass-produced S-75 anti-aircraft missile system in 1957, roughly similar in performance to the MIM-3 Nike Ajax, but more mobile and adapted for forward deployment. The S-75 system was produced in large quantities, becoming the basis of the air defense of both the country and the USSR troops. The complex was most widely exported in the entire history of air defense systems, becoming the basis of air defense systems in more than 40 countries, and was successfully used in military operations in Vietnam.

The large dimensions of Soviet nuclear warheads prevented them from arming anti-aircraft missiles. The first Soviet long-range air defense system, the S-200, which had a range of up to 240 km and was capable of carrying a nuclear charge, appeared only in 1967. Throughout the 1970s, the S-200 air defense system was the most long-range and effective system Air defense in the world [ ] .

By the early 1960s, it became clear that existing air defense systems had a number of tactical shortcomings: low mobility and inability to hit targets at low altitudes. The advent of supersonic battlefield aircraft like the Su-7 and Republic F-105 Thunderchief made conventional anti-aircraft artillery an ineffective means of defense.

In 1959-1962, the first anti-aircraft missile systems were created, intended for forward cover of troops and combating low-flying targets: the American MIM-23 Hawk of 1959, and the Soviet S-125 of 1961.

The air defense systems of the navy were also actively developing. In 1958, the US Navy first adopted the RIM-8 Talos long-range naval air defense system. The missile, with a range of 90 to 150 km, was intended to withstand massive raids by naval missile-carrying aircraft and could carry a nuclear charge. Due to the extreme cost and huge dimensions of the complex, it was deployed in a relatively limited manner, mainly on rebuilt cruisers from the Second World War (the only carrier specifically built for Talos was the nuclear-powered missile cruiser USS Long Beach).

The main air defense system of the US Navy remained the actively modernized RIM-2 Terrier, the capabilities and range of which were greatly increased, including the creation of modifications of the missile defense system with nuclear warheads. In 1958, the RIM-24 Tartar short-range air defense system was also developed, designed to arm small ships.

The development program for air defense systems to protect Soviet ships from aviation was started in 1955; short-, medium-, long-range air defense systems and direct ship defense air defense systems were proposed for development. The first Soviet Navy anti-aircraft missile system created within the framework of this program was the M-1 Volna short-range air defense system, which appeared in 1962. The complex was a naval version of the S-125 air defense system, using the same missiles.

The USSR's attempt to develop a longer-range naval complex M-2 "Volkhov" based on the S-75 was unsuccessful - despite the effectiveness of the B-753 missile itself, limitations caused by the significant dimensions of the original missile, the use of a liquid engine in the sustainer stage of the missile defense system and the low fire performance of the complex , led to a halt in the development of this project.

In the early 1960s, Great Britain also created its own naval air defense systems. The Sea Slug, which was put into service in 1961, turned out to be insufficiently effective and by the end of the 1960s, the British Navy developed a much more advanced Sea Dart air defense system to replace it, capable of hitting aircraft at a distance of up to 75-150 km. At the same time, the world’s first short-range self-defense air defense system, Sea Cat, was created in Great Britain, which was actively exported due to its highest reliability and relatively small dimensions [ ] .

The era of solid fuel

The development of high-energy mixed solid rocket fuel technologies in the late 1960s made it possible to abandon the use of difficult-to-use liquid fuel on anti-aircraft missiles and to create efficient solid-fuel anti-aircraft missiles with a long flight range. Given the absence of the need for pre-launch refueling, such missiles could be stored completely ready for launch and effectively used against the enemy, providing the necessary fire performance. The development of electronics has made it possible to improve missile guidance systems and use new homing heads and proximity fuses to significantly improve the accuracy of missiles.

The development of new generation anti-aircraft missile systems began almost simultaneously in the USA and the USSR. A large number of technical problems that had to be solved led to the development programs being significantly delayed, and only in the late 1970s did new air defense systems enter service.

The first ground-based air defense system adopted for service that fully meets the requirements of the third generation was the Soviet S-300 anti-aircraft missile system, developed and put into service in 1978. Developing a line of Soviet anti-aircraft missiles, the complex, for the first time in the USSR, used solid fuel for long-range missiles and a mortar launch from a transport and launch container, in which the missile was constantly stored in a sealed inert environment (nitrogen), completely ready for launch. The absence of the need for lengthy pre-launch preparation significantly reduced the complex's reaction time to an air threat. Also, due to this, the mobility of the complex has significantly increased and its vulnerability to enemy influence has decreased.

A similar complex in the USA - MIM-104 Patriot, began to be developed back in the 1960s, but due to the lack of clear requirements for the complex and their regular changes, its development was extremely delayed and the complex was put into service only in 1981. It was assumed that the new air defense system would have to replace the outdated MIM-14 Nike-Hercules and MIM-23 Hawk complexes as effective remedy hitting targets at both high and low altitudes. When developing the complex, from the very beginning it was intended to be used against both aerodynamic and ballistic targets, that is, it was intended to be used not only for air defense, but also for theater missile defense.

SAM systems for direct defense of troops received significant development (especially in the USSR). The widespread development of attack helicopters and guided tactical weapons has led to the need to saturate troops with anti-aircraft systems at the regimental and battalion level. During the period 1960s - 1980s, a variety of mobile systems were adopted military air defense, such as Soviet, 2K11 Krug, 2K12 Kub, 9K33 Osa, American MIM-72 Chaparral, British Rapier.

At the same time, the first man-portable anti-aircraft missile systems (MANPADS) appeared.

Naval air defense systems also developed. Technically, the world's first new-generation air defense system was the modernization of American naval air defense systems in terms of the use of Standard-1 type missile defense systems, developed in the 1960s and put into service in 1967. The family of missiles was intended to replace the entire previous line of US naval air defense missiles, the so-called “three Ts”: Talos, Terrier and Tartar - with new, highly versatile missiles using existing launchers, storage facilities and combat control systems. However, the development of systems for storing and launching missiles from the TPK for the Standard family of missiles was delayed for a number of reasons and was completed only in the late 1980s with the advent of the Mk 41 launcher. The development of universal vertical launch systems has made it possible to significantly increase the rate of fire and capabilities of the system.

In the USSR, in the early 1980s, the S-300F Fort anti-aircraft missile system was adopted by the Navy - the world's first long-range naval system with missiles based in TPK, and not on beam installations. The complex was a naval version ground complex S-300, and was distinguished by very high efficiency, good noise immunity and the presence of multi-channel guidance, allowing one radar to direct several missiles at several targets at once. However, due to a number of design solutions: rotating revolving launchers, heavy multi-channel target designation radar, the complex turned out to be very heavy and large-sized and was suitable for placement only on large ships.

In general, in the 1970-1980s, the development of air defense systems followed the path of improving the logistics characteristics of missiles by switching to solid fuel, storage in TPK and the use of vertical launch systems, as well as increasing the reliability and noise immunity of equipment through the use of advances in microelectronics and unification.

Modern air defense systems

Modern development of air defense systems, starting from the 1990s, is mainly aimed at increasing the capabilities of hitting highly maneuverable, low-flying and unobtrusive targets (made using stealth technology). Most modern air defense systems are also designed with at least limited capabilities for destroying short-range missiles.

Thus, the development of the American Patriot air defense system in new modifications, starting with PAC-1 (Patriot Advanced Capabilites), was mainly refocused on hitting ballistic rather than aerodynamic targets. Assuming as an axiom of a military campaign the possibility of achieving air superiority at fairly early stages of the conflict, the United States and a number of other countries consider the enemy’s cruise and ballistic missiles as the main opponent for air defense systems, not manned aircraft.

In the USSR and later in Russia, the development of the S-300 line of anti-aircraft missiles continued. A number of new systems were developed, including the S-400 air defense system, which was put into service in 2007. The main attention during their creation was paid to increasing the number of simultaneously tracked and fired targets, improving the ability to hit low-flying and stealthy targets. The military doctrine of the Russian Federation and a number of other states is distinguished by a more comprehensive approach to long-range air defense systems, considering them not as a development of anti-aircraft artillery, but as an independent part of the military machine, together with aviation, ensuring the conquest and maintenance of air supremacy. Ballistic missile defense has received somewhat less attention, but Lately the situation has changed. The S-500 is currently being developed.

Naval systems have received particular development, among which one of the first places is the Aegis weapon system with the Standard missile defense system. The appearance of the Mk 41 UVP with a very high rate of missile launch and high degree versatility due to the possibility of placing a wide range of guided weapons in each UVP cell (including all types of Standard missiles adapted for vertical launch, the Sea Sparrow short-range missile defense system and its further development - ESSM, the RUR-5 ASROC anti-submarine missile and cruise missiles "Tomahawk") contributed to the wide distribution of the complex. At the moment, Standard missiles are in service with the navies of seventeen countries. The high dynamic characteristics and versatility of the complex contributed to the development of SM-3 anti-missile and anti-satellite weapons based on it.

see also

• List of anti-aircraft missile systems and anti-aircraft missiles

Notes

Literature

• Lenov N., Viktorov V. Anti-aircraft missile systems of the air forces of NATO countries (Russian) // Foreign military review. - M.: “Red Star”, 1975. - No. 2. - pp. 61-66. - ISSN 0134-921X.
• Demidov V., Kutyev N. Improving missile defense systems in capitalist countries (Russian) // Foreign Military Review. - M.: “Red Star”, 1975. - No. 5. - pp. 52-57. - ISSN 0134-921X.
• Dubinkin E., Pryadilov S. Development and production of anti-aircraft weapons for the US Army (Russian) // Foreign Military Review. - M.: “Red Star”, 1983. - No. 3. - pp. 30-34. -

The Russian army has two types of short-range anti-aircraft missile systems: Tor and Pantsir-S. The complexes have the same purpose: the destruction of low-flying cruise missiles and UAVs.

ZRPK "Pantsir-S" armed with 12 anti-aircraft guided missiles and four automatic cannons (two twin 30-mm anti-aircraft guns). The complex is capable of detecting targets at ranges of up to 30 km. The missile's destruction range is 20 kilometers. The maximum height of damage is 15 km. The minimum height of damage is 0-5 meters. The complex ensures the destruction of targets by missiles at speeds of up to 1000 m/s. Anti-aircraft guns ensure the destruction of subsonic targets. The air defense missile system is capable of covering industrial facilities, combined arms formations, long-range anti-aircraft missile systems, airfields and ports. Millimeter-wave air defense radar with an active phased array antenna (AFAR).

SAM "Thor"- short-range anti-aircraft missile system. The complex is designed to destroy targets flying at ultra-low altitudes. The complex effectively combats cruise missiles, drones and stealth aircraft. "Thor" is armed with 8 guided anti-aircraft missiles.

Short-range anti-aircraft missile systems are indispensable, as they intercept the most dangerous and difficult to shoot down targets - cruise missiles, anti-radar missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles.

Pantsir-SM

Evaluation of the highest efficiency of short-range complexes

IN modern warfare precision weapons plays vital role. Short-range air defense systems should be structurally present in every battalion, regiment, brigade and division. MANPADS should be used at the platoon and company level. Structurally, a motorized rifle battalion must have at least one Pantsir-S or Tor. This will significantly increase safety during the mobile maneuver of the battalion. Missile brigades must include greatest number short-range anti-aircraft systems.

Pantsir-S is capable of covering tactical missile launchers several kilometers away. This will allow you to run tactical missiles while at the same time being safe from return fire. Let's take for example the Iskander operational-tactical missile system. The maximum range of its ballistic missiles reaches 500 km. Without the cover of the Pantsir-S air defense missile system, the tactical missile system risks being destroyed by enemy aircraft. The radars of modern aircraft are capable of detecting a missile launch. In general, missile launches are clearly visible in the radar and infrared range. So the launch will probably be clearly visible from hundreds of kilometers away.

Having detected the missile launch, enemy aircraft will fly to the launch site. The cruising speed of a supersonic aircraft is 700-1000 km/h. The aircraft is also capable of turning on afterburner and accelerating to speeds of more than 1,500 km/h. Cover a distance of 50-300 km for an airplane in a short time(a few minutes) will not be difficult.

The operational-tactical complex will not have time to prepare for a traveling position and travel a distance of at least more than 5-10 km. The folding and deployment time of the Iskander OTRK is several minutes. It will take about 8 minutes to travel 10 km at a maximum speed of about 60 km. Although it will be impossible to accelerate to 60 km on the battlefield, the average speed will be 10-30 km, taking into account the unevenness of the road, dirt, etc. As a result, the OTRK will have no chance of traveling far to avoid getting hit by an airstrike.

For this reason, the Pantsir-S air defense missile system could protect launchers from missile attacks from aircraft as well as their aerial bombs. By the way, not very significant amount anti-aircraft missile systems are capable of intercepting aerial bombs. These include Pantsir-S.

AGM-65 "Meiverik"

AGM-65 “Meiverik” against short-range air defense systems

The range of the NATO tactical aircraft missile "Meiverik" is up to 30 km. The rocket speed is subsonic. The missile attacks the target while gliding towards it. Our anti-aircraft gun-missile system is capable of detecting a missile launch at ranges of up to 30 km (taking into account the millimeter range of the Pantsir-S radar and the lack of stealth protection of the Maverick missile) and will be able to attack it from 20 km (maximum launch range ZPRK missiles). At a distance of 3 to 20 km, an aircraft missile will be an excellent target for an anti-aircraft system.

From 3000 m, 2A38 automatic cannons will begin to fire at the rocket. Automatic cannons have a caliber of 30 mm and are designed to destroy subsonic targets, such as the Maverick missile. A high density of fire (several thousand rounds per mine) will make it possible to destroy the target with a high degree of probability.

SAM "Tor-M1"

If the Iskander OTRK had covered the Tor, the situation would have been somewhat different. Firstly, the complex’s radar has a centimeter range, which somewhat reduces its ability to detect targets. Secondly, the radar, unlike the Pantsir-S, does not have an active antenna array, which also impairs the detection of small targets. The air defense system would have noticed an aircraft missile at ranges of up to 8-20 km. From a range of 15 km to 0.5 km, the Thor could effectively fire at the Maverick missile (the effective firing range is approximate, based on the tactical and technical characteristics of the radar and its ability to fire at targets with a similar effective dispersion area).

According to the results of a comparison of the Pantsir-S air defense system and the Tor air defense system, the former is slightly superior to its competitor. The main advantages: the presence of an AFAR radar, a millimeter-wave radar, and missile and gun armament, which has certain advantages over missile weapons (missile and gun armament allows you to fire at significantly more targets due to the fact that the guns are additional weapons that can be used when the missiles run out).

If we compare the capabilities of the two systems to combat supersonic targets, they are approximately equal. Pantsir-S will not be able to use its cannons (they only intercept subsonic targets).

Pantsir-S1 fires

The advantage of Pantsir-S is automatic cannons

A significant advantage of the Pantsir-S air defense missile system is that its automatic cannons, if necessary, are capable of firing at ground targets. The guns can hit enemy personnel, lightly armored and unarmored targets. Also, taking into account the very high density of fire and a decent range (approximately the same as for air targets), the air defense missile system is capable of firing at the crew of an anti-tank missile system (man-portable anti-tank missile system), protecting itself and protected launchers of operational-tactical missiles.

Conventional large-caliber machine guns located on tanks and small-caliber automatic guns of infantry fighting vehicles do not have such a huge speed and density of fire, because of this they usually have little chance of firing at ATGM crews from ranges of more than 500 m and, as a result, are often destroyed in such “duels.” Also, “Pantsir-S” is capable of firing at an enemy tank, damaging its external instruments, the cannon and knocking down the track. Also, the air defense missile system is almost guaranteed to destroy in a confrontation any lightly armored vehicle that is not equipped with long-range anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM).

“Tor” cannot offer anything in terms of self-defense from ground equipment, with the exception of desperate attempts to launch a guided anti-aircraft missile at an attacking target (purely theoretically possible, in fact I heard only one case during the War in South Ossetia, the Russian small missile ship “Mirage” launched anti-aircraft missile of the Osa-M complex at the attacking Georgian boat, after which a fire started on it, in general, anyone interested can look it up on the Internet).

Pantsir-S1, automatic guns

Options for covering armored vehicles and providing fire support for them

The Pantsir-S air defense missile system can cover advancing tanks and infantry fighting vehicles at a safe distance (3-10 km) behind armored vehicles. Moreover, such a range will make it possible to intercept aircraft missiles, helicopters, and UAVs at a safe distance from advancing tanks and infantry fighting vehicles (5-10 km).

One Pantsir-S air defense missile system will be able to provide protection to a tank company (12 tanks) within a radius of 15-20 km. This, on the one hand, will allow the tanks to be dispersed over a large area (one air defense missile system will still provide protection from air attacks), on the other hand, for protection tank company a significant number of Pantsir-S air defense missile systems will not be needed. Also, the Pantsir-S radar with an active phased array antenna will make it possible to detect targets up to 30 km (10 km before the maximum destruction range) and inform armored vehicle crews about an upcoming or possible attack. Tankers will be able to put up a smoke screen of aerosols, making it difficult to target in the infrared, radar and optical ranges.

You can also try to hide the equipment behind any hill or shelter, or turn the tank with its frontal part (the most protected) towards the attacking air target. It is also possible to try to shoot down an enemy aircraft or low-speed aircraft yourself with a guided anti-tank missile or fire at them with a heavy machine gun. Also, the air defense missile system will be able to provide target designation to other anti-aircraft systems that have a greater range of destruction or are located closer to the target. The Pantsir-S air defense missile system is also capable of supporting tanks and infantry fighting vehicles with fire from automatic cannons. Probably in a “duel” between an infantry fighting vehicle and an air defense missile system, the latter will emerge victorious due to its much faster-firing barrels.

/Alexander Rastegin/

The S-400 Triumph air defense system (according to NATO classification SA-21 Growler (Russian: Grumpy)) is a new generation air defense system that replaced the well-known S-300P and S-200 air defense systems. In the coming years it should become the basis of air defense Russia, 56 divisions should be supplied to the troops by 2020. The complex is designed to destroy all types of targets (aircraft, UAVs, cruise missiles, etc.) at a distance of up to 400 km and at an altitude of up to 30 km. According to experts, the complex has a more than twofold advantage over previous generation systems.The S-400 Triumph air defense system is the only system in the world capable of operating with the selective use of more than 4 types of missiles, differing in different launch weights and launch ranges, which ensures the creation of layered defense.

The complex has high automation of all stages of combat work, which has made it possible to significantly reduce maintenance personnel. The organizational principle and extensive communication system make it possible to integrate the S-400 into various levels of control not only of the Air Force, but also of other types of aircraft.

The complex was put into service on April 28, 2007. The first division, armed with the S-400, was put on combat duty on April 5, 2007. Currently there are 4 divisions in service. By 2015, more than 20 divisions of the S-400 Triumph air defense system should be sent to the troops. It is planned that this system will be used to ensure the security of the Winter Olympic Games, which will be held in Sochi in 2014. The system has significant export potential and attracts the attention of many countries, including China and the UAE. It is assumed that export deliveries will begin only when the state defense order is fully completed.

Combat control point 55K6E

Application

The S-400 air defense system is designed to destroy a wide range of not only modern, but also promising air attack weapons, including:

Strategic and tactical aircraft
- reconnaissance aircraft
- radar patrol and guidance aircraft
- aircraft jammers
- medium-range ballistic missiles
- operational-tactical and tactical ballistic missiles
- hypersonic targets

The Triumph air defense system ensures the destruction of aerodynamic targets at a distance of up to 400 km, at a target altitude of up to 30 km. Maximum speed targets hit - up to 4,800 m/s.

The missiles used as part of the complex have a fragmentation warhead with a controlled field of destruction, which guarantees the elimination of the possibility of the warhead of an attacking missile falling in the area of ​​the protected object. This possibility can be completely excluded only if the target’s payload is destroyed by intercepting it with an anti-aircraft missile. In turn, a similar effect can be achieved either as a result of a direct hit by a missile on a target, or by combining a small miss and the effective impact of fragments of an anti-aircraft missile warhead on the target.

Composition of the complex

The composition of the S-400 air defense system is based on the well-proven structure of the S-300 family of air defense systems. At the same time, improved construction principles and the use of modern element base make it possible to provide more than twofold superiority over its predecessor.

Multifunctional control radar 92N2E

The basic version of the S-400 Triumph air defense system consists of:

Anti-aircraft missile systems
- multifunctional radar
- autonomous means of detection and target designation
- command post
- complex of technical support for the system
- means of technical operation of anti-aircraft missiles

All elements of the system are based on off-road wheeled chassis and allow for transportation by rail, air or water transport. The command post of the complex has a radar that creates a radar field within the range of the system and carries out detection, route tracking, and determination of the nationality of all types of targets in a quantity estimated at up to 300 units. The detection radar is equipped with a phased array with two-dimensional scanning, operates in all-round viewing mode, is three-dimensional and protected from interference. With active radio countermeasures from the enemy, it operates in constant frequency tuning mode.

Using the data received from the detection radar, the command post distributes targets between the system complexes, transmitting to them the appropriate target designations, as well as linking the actions of the air defense system in conditions of the massive use of air attack weapons at all reachable altitude levels with the active use of radio countermeasures. The air defense system command post is capable of receiving additional track information on targets from higher command posts, in whose interests ground-based radars in standby and combat modes operate, or directly from the radars themselves, as well as from airborne radars aviation complexes. Comprehensive acquisition of radar information from various sources in different wavelength ranges is most effective in conditions of strong radio countermeasures from the enemy. The S-400 air defense system is capable of simultaneously controlling 8 air defense systems with a total number of launchers up to 12 on each complex.

Launcher

One launcher can carry up to 4 ultra-long-range 40N6E missiles (up to 400 km), which are designed to destroy DLRO aircraft, electronic warfare aircraft, enemy airborne command posts, strategic bombers and ballistic missiles at speeds of up to 4,800 m/s. This rocket capable of destroying targets beyond the radio visibility of ground-based guidance locators. The need to hit over-the-horizon targets led to the installation of a new homing head (GOS) on the missile, created by NPO Almaz. This seeker operates in semi-active and active modes. In active mode, after reaching the required altitude, the rocket is switched to search mode and, having found the target, aims at it independently.

Action of rockets

Unlike their foreign analogues, the ZRS-400 uses the so-called “cold” launch of missiles. Before the propulsion engine is launched, the rocket is ejected from the launch container to a height exceeding 30 m. During the rise to this height, the rocket, thanks to the gas-dynamic system, tilts towards the target. After the main engine is started, inertial radio correction control is used in the initial and middle stages of the flight (this allows for maximum resistance to interference), and active radar homing is used directly in the target interception phase. If there is a need for intensive maneuvering before hitting a target, the missile is able to switch to “super-maneuverability” mode. To enter the mode, a gas-dynamic control system is used, which allows for 0.025 s. increase the aerodynamic overload of the rocket by more than 20 units. The use of such “super-maneuverability” together with increased guidance accuracy improves the conditions for an anti-aircraft missile to meet a target, which increases its effectiveness.

The missiles used in the S-400 air defense system are equipped with a 24-kg fragmentation warhead, which has a controlled destruction field. Such equipment of the missile allows it to hit targets with a “stopping” effect (destruction of the structure) when intercepting manned targets or destroying the warhead in the event of intercepting unmanned targets. The missile warhead is controlled using a radio fuse, which is able to use all the information available on board the missile to adapt to the conditions of the meeting with the target.

Complex missiles

The radio fuse calculates the moment of detonation of the missile warhead in strict accordance with the speed of dispersal of fragments, in order to cover the most vulnerabilities target, and the direction in which it is necessary to provide the fragmentation cloud. The directed release of fragments is realized using a controlled high-explosive fragmentation warhead, which has a multi-point initiation system. This system, upon command from the radio fuse to trigger the warhead in a controlled mode (with available information about the miss phase), causes the charge to detonate at the required peripheral detonation points. As a result, the explosion is redistributed and a fragmentation cloud is formed in the required direction. If there is no information about the miss phase, the central warhead is detonated with symmetrical scattering of fragments.

Main characteristics

Today, the S-400 Triumph air defense system has more than twofold superiority over its predecessors. The command post of this anti-aircraft missile system is capable of integrating it into the control structure of any air defense. Each air defense system of the system is capable of firing up to 10 air targets with up to 20 missiles aimed at them. According to foreign experts, the complex has no analogues in the world.

The S-400 air defense system provides the ability to build a layered defense of ground targets against a massive air attack. The system ensures the destruction of targets flying at speeds of up to 4,800 m/s at a range of up to 400 km. at target heights of up to 30 km. At the same time, the minimum firing range of the complex is only 2 km, and the minimum height of targets hit is only 5 m. For example, American complexes Patriot is not capable of destroying targets flying below 60 m. The time for full deployment from traveling to combat readiness is 5-10 minutes.

The system is distinguished by the automation of all processes of combat work - target detection, their route tracking, distribution of targets between air defense systems, target acquisition, selection of missile type and preparation for launch, evaluation of firing results.

Important new characteristics of the system are:

Information interface with the majority of existing and newly developed sources of information of ground, air or space deployment;
- application of the basic-modular principle, which makes it possible to satisfy the specific requirements that apply to the system when used in the Air Force, Ground Forces or Navy;
- the possibility of integration into existing and future control systems for air defense groups not only of the Air Force, but also of military air defense or naval air defense forces.

January 6th, 2015

The US monopoly on nuclear weapons ended on August 29, 1949 after successful test at the test site in the Semipalatinsk region of Kazakhstan of a stationary nuclear explosive device. Simultaneously with preparation for testing, the development and assembly of samples suitable for practical use was underway.

The United States believed that the Soviet Union would not have atomic weapons until at least the mid-50s. However, already in 1950 the USSR had nine, and at the end of 1951, 29 RDS-1 atomic bombs. On October 18, 1951, the first Soviet aviation atomic bomb RDS-3 was first tested by dropping it from a Tu-4 bomber.

The Tu-4 long-range bomber, created on the basis of the American B-29 bomber, was capable of striking US forward bases in Western Europe, including England. But its combat radius was not enough to strike US territory and return back.

However, the military-political leadership of the United States was aware that the appearance of intercontinental bombers in the USSR was only a matter of time. These expectations were soon fully justified. At the beginning of 1955, the operational units of Long-Range Aviation began operating the M-4 bombers (chief designer V. M. Myasishchev), followed by the improved 3M and Tu-95 (A. N. Tupolev Design Bureau).

Soviet long-range bomber M-4

The basis of the air defense of the continental United States in the early 50s were jet interceptors. For air defense of the entire vast territory North America in 1951 there were about 900 fighters equipped to intercept Soviet strategic bombers. In addition to them, it was decided to develop and deploy anti-aircraft missile systems.

But on this issue the opinions of the military were divided. Representatives of the ground forces defended the concept of object protection based on the Nike-Ajax and Nike-Hercules medium- and long-range air defense systems. This concept assumed that air defense targets: cities, military bases, industry, should each be covered with their own batteries of anti-aircraft missiles linked in common system management. The same concept of building air defense was adopted in the USSR.

The first American mass-produced medium-range air defense system MIM-3 "Nike-Ajax"

Representatives of the Air Force, on the contrary, insisted that “target air defense” in the age of atomic weapons is not reliable, and proposed an ultra-long-range air defense system capable of carrying out “territorial defense” - preventing enemy aircraft from even getting close to the defended objects. Given the significant size of the United States, this task was perceived as extremely important.

An economic assessment of the project proposed by the Air Force showed that it is more expedient and will be approximately 2.5 times cheaper with the same probability of defeat. This required fewer personnel and protected large territory. Nevertheless, Congress, wanting to get the most powerful air defense, approved both options.

The uniqueness of the Bomark air defense system was that from the very beginning it was developed as a direct element of the NORAD system. The system had neither its own radars nor control systems. Their role was to be played by the Semi-Automatic Interceptor Guidance System (SAGE)

One of the many SAGE computing centers

Initially, it was assumed that the complex should be integrated with existing early warning radars that were part of NORAD, and the SAGE (Semi Automatic Ground Environment) system - a system for semi-automatic coordination of interceptor actions by programming their autopilots via radio with computers on the ground. Which brought the interceptors to the approaching enemy bombers. The SAGE system, operating according to NORAD radar data, ensured that the interceptor was launched into the target area without the participation of a pilot. Thus, the Air Force only needed to develop a missile integrated into the existing interceptor guidance system.

The CIM-10 Bomark was designed from the very beginning as an integral element of this system. It was assumed that the rocket, immediately after launch and climb to altitude, would turn on the autopilot and go to the target area, automatically coordinating the flight using the SAGE control system. Homing only worked when approaching the target.

In fact, all that was required was to create a missile and a launcher: the most complex elements of the system, guidance and control, already existed!

Flight testing began at the end of June 1952, but due to equipment shortages, testing was delayed until September 10, 1952. The second tests took place on January 23, 1953 at the Cape Canaveral test site, and the third on June 10, 1953. In 1954, 3 launches were carried out. Upon completion of the tests, in 1958, 25 missiles were launched and the program was transferred for testing to the Santa Rosa Island test site. During tests 1952-1958. About 70 missiles were fired at the Cape Canaveral test site. By December 1, 1957, the Air Proving Ground Command and the Air Force Armament Center were merged into a single air defense test center, the Air Proving Ground Center, where the Bomark was subsequently tested. (c)

In essence, the new air defense system was an unmanned interceptor, and at the first stage of development it was intended to be reusable. The unmanned vehicle was supposed to use air-to-air missiles against the attacked aircraft, and then carry out soft landing using a parachute rescue system. However, due to the excessive complexity of this option and the delay in the development and testing process, it was abandoned.

As a result, the developers decided to build the interceptor in a disposable version, equipping it with a powerful fragmentation or nuclear warhead with a yield of about 10 kt. According to calculations, this was enough to destroy an aircraft or cruise missile if the interceptor missile missed by 1000 m. Later, to increase the probability of hitting a target, other types of nuclear warheads with a capacity of 0.1 - 0.5 Mt were used.

By design, the Bomark missile defense system was an aircraft-projectile (cruise missile) of a normal aerodynamic design, with control surfaces located in the tail section. The rotating wings have a leading edge sweep of 50 degrees. They do not rotate entirely, but have triangular ailerons at the ends - each console is about 1 m, which provide flight control in heading, pitch and roll.

The launch was carried out vertically, using a liquid launch accelerator, which accelerated the rocket to a speed of M=2. The launch accelerator for the modification “A” rocket was a liquid-propellant rocket engine running on kerosene with the addition of asymmetrical dimethylhydrazine and nitric acid. This engine, which operated for about 45 seconds, accelerated the rocket to a speed at which the ramjet engine was turned on at an altitude of about 10 km, after which two of its own Marquardt RJ43-MA-3 ramjet engines began to operate, running on gasoline with octane number 80.

After launch, the missile defense system flies vertically to cruising altitude, then turns towards the target. By this time, the tracking radar detects it and switches to auto tracking using the onboard radio transponder. The second, horizontal leg of the flight occurs at cruising altitude towards the target area. The SAGE air defense system processed locator data and transmitted it via cables (laid underground) to relay stations near which the missile was flying at that moment. Depending on the maneuvers of the target being fired, the flight path of the missile defense system in this area may change. The autopilot received data about changes in the enemy's course, and coordinated its course in accordance with this. When approaching the target, upon command from the ground, the homing head was turned on, operating in pulse mode (in the three-centimeter frequency range).

Initially, the complex received the designation XF-99, then IM-99 and only then CIM-10A. Flight tests of anti-aircraft missiles began in 1952. The complex entered service in 1957. The missiles were mass-produced by Boeing from 1957 to 1961. A total of 269 missiles of modification “A” and 301 modifications “B” were manufactured. Most deployed missiles were equipped with nuclear warheads.

The missiles were launched from block reinforced concrete shelters located on well-protected bases, each of which was equipped big amount installations. There were several types of launch hangars for the Bomark missile defense system: with a retractable roof, with sliding walls, etc.

In the first version, the block reinforced concrete shelter (length 18.3, width 12.8, height 3.9 m) for the launcher consisted of two parts: the launch compartment, in which the launcher itself is mounted, and a compartment with a number of rooms where control rooms are located devices and equipment for controlling the launch of missile defense systems.

To bring the launcher into a firing position, the roof flaps are moved apart by hydraulic drives (two panels 0.56 m thick and weighing 15 tons each). The rocket rises like an arrow from a horizontal to a vertical position. These operations, as well as switching on the on-board missile defense equipment, take up to 2 minutes.

The missile defense base consists of an assembly and repair shop, the actual launchers and a compressor station. The assembly and repair shop assembles missiles that arrive at the base disassembled in separate transport containers. In the same workshop, the necessary repairs and maintenance of missile defense systems are carried out.

The original deployment plan for the system, adopted in 1955, called for the deployment of 52 missile bases with 160 missiles each. This was supposed to completely cover US territory from any type of air attack.

By 1960, only 10 positions were deployed - 8 in the USA and 2 in Canada. The deployment of launchers in Canada is due to the desire of the American military to push the interception line as far as possible from its borders. This was especially true in connection with the use of nuclear warheads on the Bomark missile defense system. The first Bomark squadron deployed to Canada on December 31, 1963. The missiles remained in the arsenal of the Canadian Air Force, although they were considered US property and were on combat duty under the supervision of American officers.

Layout of Bomark air defense missile systems in the United States and Canada

The bases of the Bomark air defense system were deployed at the following points.
USA:
- 6th air defense missile squadron (New York) - 56 “A” missiles;
- 22nd Air Defense Missile Squadron (Virginia) - 28 “A” missiles and 28 “B” missiles;
- 26th Air Defense Missile Squadron (Massachusetts) - 28 “A” missiles and 28 “B” missiles;
- 30th Air Defense Missile Squadron (Maine) - 28 B missiles;
- 35th air defense missile squadron (New York) - 56 “B” missiles;
- 38th air defense missile squadron (Michigan) - 28 “B” missiles;
- 46th air defense missile squadron (New Jersey) - 28 “A” missiles, 56 “B” missiles;
- 74th air defense missile squadron (Minnesota) - 28 V missiles.

Canada:
- 446th Missile Squadron (Ontario) - 28 B missiles;
- 447th missile squadron (Quebec) - 28 B missiles.

In 1961, an improved version of the CIM-10B missile defense system was adopted. Unlike modification "A", the new rocket had a solid-fuel launch accelerator, improved aerodynamics and an improved homing system.

CIM-10B
The Westinghouse AN/DPN-53 homing radar, operating in continuous mode, significantly increased the missile's ability to hit low-flying targets. The radar installed on the CIM-10B missile defense system could capture a fighter-type target at a distance of 20 km. New RJ43-MA-11 engines made it possible to increase the radius to 800 km, at a speed of almost 3.2 M. All missiles of this modification were equipped only with nuclear warheads, since the American military demanded from the developers the maximum probability of hitting the target.

An aerial nuclear test explosion over a nuclear test site in the Nevada desert at an altitude of 4.6 km.

However, in the 60s in the United States, nuclear warheads were placed on everything possible. Thus, the “nuclear” recoilless recoilless missiles “Devi Crocket” with a firing range of several kilometers, the unguided air-to-air missile AIR-2 “Ginny”, the guided air-to-air missile AIM-26 Falcon and etc. Most of the MIM-14 Nike-Hercules long-range anti-aircraft missile systems deployed in the United States were also equipped with nuclear warheads.

Layout diagram of the Bomark A (a) and Bomark B (b) missile defense system: 1 - homing head; 2 - electronic equipment; 3 - combat compartment; 4 - combat compartment, electronic equipment, electric battery; 5 - Ramjet

By appearance modifications of missiles “A” and “B” differ little from each other. The radio-transparent head fairing of the missile defense body, made of fiberglass, covers the homing head. The cylindrical part of the body is mainly occupied by a steel supporting tank for liquid fuel of the ramjet engine. Their starting weight is 6860 and 7272 kg; length 14.3 and 13.7 m, respectively. They have the same body diameters - 0.89 m, wingspan - 5.54 m and stabilizers 3.2 m.

Characteristics of the CIM-10 missiles of modifications “A” and “B”

In addition to increased speed and range, CIM-10B modification missiles have become significantly safer to operate and easier to maintain. Their solid rocket boosters did not contain toxic, caustic or explosive components.

An improved version of the Bomarc missile has significantly increased the ability to intercept targets. But only 10 years passed and this air defense system was removed from service by the US Air Force. First of all, this was due to the production and deployment on combat duty in the USSR large quantity ICBMs, against which the Bomark air defense system was absolutely useless.

Plans to intercept Soviet long-range bombers with anti-aircraft missiles with nuclear warheads over Canadian territory caused numerous protests among the country's residents. Canadians did not want to admire “nuclear fireworks” over their cities for the sake of the safety of the United States. Objections from Canadian residents to Bomarcs with nuclear warheads caused the resignation of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's government in 1963.

As a result, the inability to deal with ICBMs, political complications, and the high cost of operation, combined with the inability to relocate the complexes, led to the abandonment of its further operation, although most of the existing missiles did not serve their intended service life.

SAM MIM-14 "Nike-Hercules"

For comparison, the MIM-14 Nike-Hercules long-range air defense system, which was put into service almost simultaneously with the CIM-10 Bomark air defense system, was used in the American armed forces until the mid-80s, and in the armies of the American allies until the end of the 90s. After which the MIM-104 Patriot air defense system was replaced.

The CIM-10 missiles removed from combat duty after the warheads were removed from them and the installation of a remote control system using radio commands were operated in the 4571st support squadron until 1979. They were used as targets simulating Soviet supersonic cruise missiles.

When assessing the Bomark air defense system, two diametrically opposed opinions are usually expressed, from: “wunderwaffle” to “unparalleled.” The funny thing is that both of them are fair. The flight characteristics of the Bomark remain unique to this day. The effective range of modification “A” was 320 kilometers at a speed of 2.8 M. Modification “B” could accelerate to 3.1 M and had a radius of 780 kilometers. At the same time, the combat effectiveness of this complex was largely questionable.

In the event of a real nuclear attack on the United States, the Bomark air defense system could function effectively exactly as long as it was alive global system guidance of SAGE interceptors (which in the event of the start of a full-scale nuclear war seems highly doubtful). Partial or complete loss of functionality of even one link of this system consisting of: guidance radars, computer centers, communication lines or command transmission stations - inevitably led to the impossibility of launching CIM-10 anti-aircraft missiles to the target area.

But one way or another, the creation of the CIM-10 “Bomark” air defense system was a major achievement of the American aviation and radio-electronic industry in the years “ cold war" Fortunately, this complex, which was on combat duty, was never used for its intended purpose. Now these once formidable anti-aircraft missiles carrying nuclear charges, can only be seen in museums.

The fact that aviation had become the main strike force at sea became clear by the end of the Second World War. Now the success of any naval operations began to be decided by aircraft carriers equipped with fighters and attack aircraft, which later became jet and missile-carrying aircraft. Exactly at post-war period The leadership of our country undertook unprecedented programs for the development of various weapons, including anti-aircraft missile systems. They were equipped with both ground units of air defense forces and ships of the Navy. With the advent of anti-ship missiles and modern aviation, precision bombs and unmanned aerial vehicles, the relevance of naval air defense systems has increased manifold.

The first ship-based anti-aircraft missiles

History of Russian air defense systems Navy began after the end of World War II. It was in the forties and fifties of the last century that there was a period when fundamentally the new kind weapons - guided missiles. For the first time such weapons were developed in Nazi Germany, and its armed forces first used them in combat. In addition to the “weapons of retaliation” - V-1 projectile aircraft and V-2 ballistic missiles, the Germans created anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAMs) "Wasserfall", "Reintochter", "Entsian", "Schmetterling" with a firing range from 18 to 50 km, which were used to repel attacks by Allied bomber aircraft.

After the war, the development of anti-aircraft missile systems was actively pursued in the USA and the USSR. Moreover, in the United States, this work was carried out on the widest scale, as a result of which by 1953 the army and air force of this country were armed with the Nike Ajax anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) with a firing range of 40 km. The navy did not stand aside either - the Terrier ship-based air defense system with the same range was developed and put into service for it.

The equipping of surface ships with anti-aircraft missile weapons was objectively caused by the advent of jet aircraft in the late 1940s, which, due to high speeds and high altitudes, became practically inaccessible to naval anti-aircraft artillery.

In the Soviet Union, the development of anti-aircraft missile systems was also considered a priority, and since 1952, air defense units equipped with the first domestic missile system, the S-25 Berkut (in the west, designated SA-1), were stationed around Moscow. But in general Soviet means air defense, which were based on fighter-interceptors and flak, could not stop constant violations borders with American reconnaissance aircraft. This situation continued until the end of the 1950s, when the first domestic mobile air defense system S-75 “Volkhov” (in the Western classification SA-2) was put into service, the characteristics of which ensured the ability to intercept any aircraft of that time. Later, in 1961, the low-altitude S-125 Neva complex with a range of up to 20 km was adopted by the Soviet air defense forces.
It is from these systems that the history of domestic shipborne air defense systems begins, since in our country they began to be created precisely on the basis of air defense and ground forces complexes. This decision was based on the idea of ​​unifying ammunition. At the same time, special naval air defense systems were created abroad, as a rule, for ships.

The first Soviet air defense system for surface ships was the M-2 Volkhov-M (SA-N-2) air defense system, intended for installation on cruiser-class ships and created on the basis of the S-75 anti-aircraft missile system of the air defense forces. The work on “watering up” the complex was carried out under the leadership of chief designer S.T. Zaitsev, the anti-aircraft missile was handled by chief designer P.D. Grushin from the Fakel design bureau of the Ministry of Aviation Industry. The air defense system turned out to be quite cumbersome: the radio command guidance system led to the large dimensions of the Corvette-Sevan antenna post, and the impressive size of the two-stage B-753 missile defense system with a liquid propellant jet engine(LPRE) required an appropriately sized launcher (PU) and ammunition magazine. In addition, the missiles had to be filled with fuel and oxidizer before launch, which is why the fire performance of the air defense system left much to be desired, and the ammunition was too small - only 10 missiles. All this led to the fact that the M-2 complex installed on the experimental ship “Dzerzhinsky” of Project 70E remained in a single copy, although it was officially put into service in 1962. Subsequently, this air defense system was mothballed on the cruiser and was no longer used.

SAM M-1 "Volna"

Almost in parallel with the M-2, in the Scientific Research Institute-10 of the Ministry of Shipbuilding (NPO Altair), under the leadership of the chief designer I.A. Ignatiev, since 1955, the development of the M-1 “Volna” (SA-N-1) marine complex on the basis of the land-based S-125. The rocket for it was modified by P.D. Grushin. A prototype of the air defense system was tested on the Project 56K destroyer Bravy. Fire performance (calculated) was 50 seconds. between salvos, the maximum firing range, depending on the target height, reached 12...15 km. The complex consisted of a two-beam guided stabilized pedestal-type launcher ZiF-101 with a feed and loading system, a Yatagan control system, 16 B-600 anti-aircraft guided missiles in two below-deck drums and a set of regulatory control equipment. The V-600 rocket (code GRAU 4K90) was two-stage and had a starting and sustaining powder engine (solid propellant rocket engine). The warhead (warhead) was equipped with a proximity fuse and 4,500 ready-made fragments. Guidance was carried out using the beam of the Yatagan radar station (radar), developed by NII-10. The antenna post had five antennas: two small ones for rough aiming of the missile at the target, one antenna-radio command transmitter and two large antennas for target tracking and precise guidance. The complex was single-channel, that is, before the first target was hit, processing of subsequent targets was impossible. In addition, there was a sharp decrease in guidance accuracy with increasing range to the target. But in general, the air defense system turned out to be quite good for its time, and after being put into service in 1962, it was installed on mass-produced large anti-submarine ships (BOD) of the Komsomolets of Ukraine type (projects 61, 61M, 61MP, 61ME), missile cruisers (RKR ) type "Grozny" (project 58) and "Admiral Zozulya" (project 1134), as well as modernized destroyers of projects 56K, 56A and 57A.

Subsequently, in 1965-68, the M-1 complex was modernized, receiving a new V-601 missile with an increased firing range to 22 km, and in 1976 - another one, called “Volna-P”, with an improved noise immunity. In 1980, when the problem arose of protecting ships from low-flying anti-ship missiles, the complex was modernized again, giving the name “Volna-N” (V-601M missile). An improved control system ensured the destruction of low-flying targets, as well as surface targets. Thus, the M-1 air defense system gradually turned into universal complex(UZRK). In terms of the main characteristics and combat effectiveness, the Volna complex was similar to the Tartar air defense system of the US Navy, somewhat inferior to it latest modifications within firing range.

Currently, the Volna-P complex remains on the only BOD of Project 61 “Smetlivy” of the Black Sea Fleet, which in 1987-95 was modernized according to Project 01090 with the installation of the Uran anti-ship missile system and reclassified into the TFR.

Here it is worth making a small digression and saying that initially naval air defense systems in the Soviet Navy did not have a strict classification. But by the 1960s of the last century, work on the design of a variety of air defense systems for surface ships was widely launched in the country, and in the end it was decided to classify them according to their firing range: over 90 km - they began to be called long-range complexes (DD SAM), up to 60 km - medium-range air defense systems (SD systems), from 20 to 30 km - short-range air defense systems (BD systems) and complexes with a range of up to 20 km were classified as self-defense air defense systems (SD systems).

SAM "Osa-M"

The first Soviet naval self-defense air defense system "Osa-M" (SA-N-4) began development at NII-20 in 1960. Moreover, initially it was created in two versions at once - for the army (“Wasp”) and for the Navy and was intended both to destroy air and sea targets (MC) at a range of up to 9 km. V.P. Efremov was appointed chief designer. Initially, it was planned to equip the missile defense system with a homing head, but at that time it was very difficult to implement such a method, and the missile itself was too expensive, so in the end a radio command control system was chosen. The Osa-M air defense system was completely unified in terms of the 9MZZ missile with the Osa combined arms complex, and in terms of the control system - by 70%. The single-stage rocket with a dual-mode solid propellant rocket engine was made using a canard aerodynamic configuration, and the warhead (warhead) was equipped with a radio fuse. Distinctive feature This naval air defense system was placed at a single antenna post, in addition to target tracking stations and command transmission, also its own 4P33 air target detection radar with a range of 25...50 km (depending on the height of the air center). Thus, the air defense system had the ability to independently detect targets and subsequently destroy them, which reduced reaction time. The complex included the original ZiF-122 launcher: in the non-working position, two launch guides were retracted into a special cylindrical cellar (“glass”), where the ammunition was also placed. When moving into the firing position, the launch guides rose up along with two missiles. The missiles were placed in four rotating drums, 5 in each.

Tests of the complex were carried out in 1967 on the experimental vessel OS-24 of Project 33, which was converted from the light cruiser Voroshilov of Project 26-bis, built pre-war. Then the Osa-M air defense system was tested on the lead ship of Project 1124 - MPK-147 until 1971. After numerous developments in 1973, the complex was adopted by the USSR Navy. Thanks to its high performance and ease of use, the Osa-M air defense system has become one of the most popular shipborne air defense systems. It was installed not only on large surface ships, such as aircraft-carrying cruisers of the "Kiev" type (project 1143), large anti-submarine ships of the "Nikolaev" type (project 1134B), patrol ships (SKR) of the "Bditelny" type (project 1135 and 1135M), but also on ships of small displacement, these are the already mentioned small anti-submarine ships of Project 1124, small missile ships (SMRK) of Project 1234 and an experienced hydrofoil MRK of Project 1240. In addition, the Zhdanov and artillery cruisers were equipped with the Osa-M complex "Admiral Senyavin", converted into control cruisers according to projects 68U1 and 68-U2, large landing ships (LHD) of the "Ivan Rogov" type (project 1174) and the integrated supply ship "Berezina" (project 1833).

In 1975, work began to modernize the complex to the Osa-MA level with a reduction minimum height hitting targets from 50 to 25 m. In 1979, the modernized Osa-MA air defense system was adopted by the USSR Navy and began to be installed on the majority of ships under construction: missile cruisers of the Slava type (projects 1164 and 11641), nuclear-powered missile cruisers of the "Kirov" (project 1144), border patrol ships of the "Menzhinsky" type (project 11351), SKR project 11661K, MPK project 1124M and missile ships with skegs of project 1239. And in the early 1980s, a second modernization was carried out and the complex received designation “Osa-MA-2”, became capable of hitting low-flying targets at altitudes of 5 m. In terms of its characteristics, the “Osa-M” air defense system can be compared with the French ship-based complex “Crotale Naval”, developed in 1978 and adopted a year later weapons. "Crotale Naval" has a lighter missile and is made on a single launcher along with a guidance station, but does not have its own target detection radar. At the same time, the Osa-M air defense system was significantly inferior to the American Sea Sparrow in range and fire performance and the multi-channel English Sea Wolf.

Now the Osa-MA and Osa-MA-2 air defense systems remain in service with the missile cruisers Marshal Ustinov, Varyag and Moskva (projects 1164, 11641), and the BOD Kerch and Ochakov (project 1134B ), four SKR projects 1135, 11352 and 1135M, two missile ships of the "Bora" type (project 1239), thirteen small missile ships of projects 1134, 11341 and 11347, two SKR "Gepard" (project 11661K) and twenty MPK projects 1124, 1124M and 1124MU .

SAM M-11 "Storm"

In 1961, even before the completion of testing of the Volna air defense system, at NII-10 MSP, under the leadership of chief designer G.N. Volgin, the development of the universal M-11 Storm air defense system (SA-N-3) began specifically for the Navy. As in previous cases, the chief designer of the rocket was P.D. Grushin. It is worth noting that this was preceded by work that began back in 1959, when an air defense system for a specialized air defense ship of Project 1126 was created under the designation M-11, but it was never completed. The new complex was intended to destroy high-speed air targets at all (including ultra-low) altitudes at a range of up to 30 km. At the same time, its main elements were similar to the Volna air defense system, but had increased dimensions. Firing could be carried out in a salvo of two missiles, the estimated interval between launches was 50 seconds. The two-beam stabilized launcher of the B-189 pedestal type was made with an below-deck storage and supply device for ammunition in the form of two tiers of four drums with six missiles in each. Subsequently, B-187 launchers of a similar design, but with single-tier missile storage, and B-187A with a conveyor for 40 missiles were created. The single-stage V-611 missile defense system (GRAU index 4K60) had a solid propellant rocket motor, a powerful fragmentation warhead weighing 150 kg and a proximity fuse. The “Grom” radio command fire control system included a 4P60 antenna post with two pairs of parabolic target and missile tracking antennas and a command transmission antenna. Besides, modernized system The Grom-M control system, created specifically for the BOD, also made it possible to control missiles of the Metel anti-submarine complex.

Tests of the Shtorm air defense system took place on the experimental ship OS-24, after which it entered service in 1969. Due to its powerful warhead, the M-11 complex effectively hit not only air targets with a miss of up to 40 m, but also small ships and boats in the near zone. A powerful control radar made it possible to steadily track small-sized targets at ultra-low altitudes and direct missiles at them. But for all its advantages, the Storm turned out to be the heaviest air defense system and could only be placed on ships with a displacement of more than 5,500 tons. It was equipped with the Soviet anti-submarine cruisers-helicopter carriers "Moscow" and "Leningrad" (project 1123), aircraft-carrying cruisers of the "Kyiv" type (project 1143) and large anti-submarine ships of projects 1134A and 1134B.

In 1972, the modernized Shtorm-M UZRK was put into service, which had a lower limit of the affected area of ​​less than 100 m and could fire at maneuvering CCs, including in pursuit. Later, in 1980-1986, another modernization took place to the level of “Storm-N” (V-611M missile) with the ability to fire low-flying anti-ship missiles (ASM), but before the collapse of the USSR it was installed only on some BODs of Project 1134B.

In general, the M-11 “Storm” air defense system was at the level of its foreign analogues developed in the same years - the American “Terrier” air defense system and the English “Sea Slag”, but was inferior to the complexes adopted for service in the late 1960s - early 1970 's, since they had a longer firing range, smaller weight and size characteristics and a semi-active guidance system.

To date, the Storm air defense system has been preserved on two Black Sea BODs - Kerch and Ochakov (project 1134B), which are officially still in service.

S-300F "Fort" air defense system

The first Soviet multi-channel long-range air defense system, designated S-300F “Fort” (SA-N-6), was developed at the Altair Research Institute (formerly NII-10 MSP) since 1969, according to accepted program creation of air defense systems with a firing range of up to 75 km for the air defense forces and the USSR Navy. The fact is that by the end of the 1960s, more effective models of missile weapons appeared in leading Western countries and the desire to increase the firing range of air defense systems was caused by the need to destroy aircraft carrying anti-ship missiles before they used these weapons, as well as by the desire to ensure the possibility of collective air defense of the formation ships. New anti-ship missiles became high-speed, maneuverable, had low radar signature and increased damaging effect of warheads, so existing shipborne air defense systems could no longer provide reliable protection, especially when used extensively. As a result, in addition to increasing the firing range, the task of sharply increasing the fire performance of the air defense system also came to the fore.

As has happened more than once before, the Fort ship complex was created on the basis of the S-300 air defense missile system and had a single-stage V-500R missile (index 5V55RM) that was largely unified with it. The development of both complexes was carried out almost in parallel, which predetermined their similar characteristics and purpose: the destruction of high-speed, maneuverable and small-sized targets (in particular, Tomahawk and Harpoon anti-ship missiles) in all altitude ranges from ultra-low (less than 25 m) to the practical ceiling of all types of aircraft, destruction of aircraft carrying anti-ship missiles and jammers. For the first time in the world, the air defense system implemented a vertical launch of missiles from transport and launch containers (TPK) located in vertical launch units (VLS), and a noise-proof multi-channel control system, which was supposed to simultaneously track up to 12 and fire at up to 6 air targets. In addition, the use of missiles was ensured for the effective destruction of surface targets within the radio horizon, which was achieved through a powerful warhead weighing 130 kg. A multifunctional illumination and guidance radar with a phased antenna array (PAA) was developed for the complex, which, in addition to missile guidance, also provided independent search for CC (in the 90x90 degree sector). The control system adopted a combined method of missile guidance: it was carried out according to commands, for the development of which data from the complex's radar was used, and in the final section - from the missile's semi-active onboard radio direction finder. Thanks to the use of new propellant components in the solid propellant rocket motor, it was possible to create a missile defense system with a lower launch weight than that of the Storm complex, but at the same time almost three times greater firing range. Thanks to the use of UVP, the estimated interval between missile launches was brought to 3 seconds. and reduce preparation time for shooting. TPKs with missiles were placed in below-deck drum-type launchers with eight missiles each. According to the tactical and technical specifications, to reduce the number of holes in the deck, each drum had one launch hatch. After the launch and recovery of the rocket, the drum automatically turned and brought the next rocket to the launch line. This “revolving” scheme led to the fact that the UVP turned out to be very heavy and began to occupy a large volume.

Tests of the Fort complex were carried out on the Azov BOD, which was completed according to project 1134BF in 1975. It contained six drums as part of the B-203 launcher for 48 missiles. During the tests, difficulties were revealed with developing software programs and with fine-tuning the equipment of the complex, the characteristics of which initially did not reach the specified ones, so the tests were delayed. This led to the fact that the still undeveloped Fort air defense system began to be installed on mass-produced missile cruisers of the Kirov type (project 1144) and Slava type (project 1164), and its development was carried out already during operation. At the same time, Project 1144 nuclear missile launchers received a B-203A launcher with 12 drums (96 missiles), and Project 1164 gas turbine launchers received a B-204 launcher with 8 drums (64 missiles). Officially, the Fort air defense system was put into service only in 1983.

Some unsuccessful decisions during the creation of the S-300F “Fort” complex led to the large dimensions and weight of its control system and launchers, which is why the deployment of this air defense system became possible only on ships with a standard displacement of more than 6,500 tons. In the USA, at about the same time, the multifunctional Aegis system was created with Standard 2 and then Standard 3 missiles, where, with similar characteristics, more successful solutions were used that significantly increased their prevalence, especially after their appearance in 1987 UVP Mk41 cellular type. And now the Aegis ship-based system is in service with ships in the USA, Canada, Germany, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, Taiwan, Australia and Denmark.

By the end of the 1980s, a new 48N6 missile was developed for the Fort complex, developed at the Fakel design bureau. It was unified with the S-300PM air defense system and had a firing range increased to 120 km. Kirov-class nuclear missile launchers were equipped with new missiles, starting with the third ship of the series. True, the control system they had allowed a firing range of only 93 km. Also in the 1990s, the Fort complex was offered to foreign customers in an export version under the name Reef. Now, in addition to the nuclear-powered missile cruiser "Peter the Great" pr.11422 (the fourth ship in the series), the "Fort" air defense missile system remains in service with the missile cruisers "Marshal Ustinov", "Varyag" and "Moscow" (projects 1164, 11641).

Subsequently, a modernized version of the air defense system was developed, called “Fort-M”, which had a lighter antenna post and a control system that realized the maximum firing range of the missile defense system. Its only copy, put into service in 2007, was installed on the aforementioned nuclear-powered rocket launcher "Peter the Great" (together with the "old" "Fort"). The export version of "Forta-M" under the designation "Reef-M" was delivered to China, where it entered service with the Chinese Project 051C guided missile destroyers "Luizhou".

SAM M-22 "Hurricane"

Almost simultaneously with the Fort complex, the development of the M-22 Uragan (SA-N-7) short-range naval air defense system with a firing range of up to 25 km began. Design has been carried out since 1972 at the same Altair Research Institute, but under the leadership of chief designer G.N. Volgin. Traditionally, the complex used a missile defense system, unified with the army Buk air defense system of the ground forces, created at the Novator Design Bureau (chief designer L.V. Lyulev). The Uragan air defense system was intended to destroy a wide variety of air targets, both at ultra-low and high altitudes, flying from different directions. For this purpose, the complex was created on a modular basis, which made it possible to have the required number of guidance channels on the carrier ship (up to 12) and increased combat survivability and ease of technical operation. Initially, it was assumed that the Uragan air defense system would be installed not only on new ships, but also to replace the outdated Volna complex when modernizing old ones. The fundamental difference of the new air defense system was its control system “Orekh” with semi-active guidance, which did not have its own detection means, and the primary information about the computer came from the ship’s general radar. The missiles were guided using radar searchlights to illuminate the target, the number of which determined the channel capacity of the complex. The peculiarity of this method was that the launch of the missile defense system was possible only after the target was captured by the missile's homing head. Therefore, the complex used a single-beam guided launcher MS-196, which, among other things, reduced the reloading time compared to the Volna and Shtor air defense systems; the estimated interval between launches was 12 seconds. The below-deck cellar with a storage and supply device could accommodate 24 missiles. The single-stage 9M38 missile had a dual-mode solid propellant rocket motor and a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 70 kg, which used a non-contact radio fuse for air targets and a contact fuse for surface targets.

Tests of the Uragan complex took place in 1976-82 on the Provorny BOD, which had previously been converted according to Project 61E with the installation of a new air defense system and Fregat radar. In 1983, the complex was put into service and began to be installed on the Sovremenny-class destroyers (Project 956) being built in series. But the conversion of large Project 61 anti-submarine ships was not implemented, mainly due to the high cost of modernization. By the time it was put into service, the complex received a modernized 9M38M1 missile, unified with the Buk-M1 army air defense system.

In the late 1990s, Russia entered into a contract with China to build Project 956E destroyers, which were equipped with an export version of the M-22 complex, called Shtil. From 1999 to 2005 Naval forces China was supplied with two ships of Project 956E and two more of Project 956EM, armed with the Shtil air defense system. Also, Chinese self-built destroyers Project 052B Guangzhou were equipped with this air defense system. In addition, the Shtil air defense system was supplied to India along with six frigates of Project 11356 (Talwar type) of Russian construction, as well as for arming Indian Delhi-class destroyers (Project 15) and Shivalik-class frigates (Project 17) . Currently, only 6 destroyers of projects 956 and 956A remain in the Russian Navy, which are equipped with the M-22 Uragan air defense system.

By 1990, an even more advanced missile, the 9M317, was created and tested for the naval air defense system Uragan and the army Buk-M2. It could shoot down cruise missiles more effectively and had a firing range increased to 45 km. By that time, guided beam launchers had become an anachronism, since both here and abroad had long had complexes with vertical launch of missiles. In this regard, work began on the new Uragan-Tornado air defense system with an improved 9M317M vertical launch missile, equipped with a new homing head, a new solid propellant rocket motor and a gas-dynamic system for deflecting towards the target after launch. This complex was supposed to have a 3S90 UVP of cellular type, and the tests were planned to be carried out on the Ochakov BOD of Project 1134B. However, the economic crisis in the country that erupted after the collapse of the USSR dashed these plans.

However, the Altair Research Institute still had a large technical backlog, which made it possible to continue work on a complex with a vertical launch for export under the name Shtil-1. The complex was first presented at the Euronaval 2004 maritime show. Just like the Uragan, the complex does not have its own detection station and receives target designation from the ship’s three-dimensional radar. The improved fire control system includes, in addition to target illumination stations, a new computer complex and optical-electronic sights. The 3S90 modular launcher can accommodate 12 TPKs with ready-to-launch 9M317ME missiles. Vertical launch significantly increased the fire performance of the complex - the rate of fire increased 6 times (the interval between launches was 2 seconds).

According to calculations, when replacing the Uragan complex on ships with Shtil-1, 3 launchers with a total ammunition capacity of 36 missiles will be placed in the same dimensions. Now the new Uragan-Tornado air defense system is planned to be installed on serial Russian frigates of Project 11356R.

SAM "Dagger"

By the beginning of the 80s of the last century, the navies of the United States and NATO countries were equipped with mass quantities Harpoon and Exocet anti-ship missiles began to arrive. This forced the leadership of the USSR Navy to make a decision on the speedy creation of a new generation of self-defense air defense systems. The design of such a multi-channel complex with high fire performance, called “Dagger” (SA-N-9), began in 1975 at NPO Altair under the leadership of S.A. Fadeev. The 9M330-2 anti-aircraft missile was developed at the Fakel Design Bureau under the leadership of P.D. Grushin and was unified with the Tor self-propelled air defense system of the ground forces, which was created almost simultaneously with the Kinzhal. When developing the complex, in order to obtain high performance, the fundamental circuit designs of the ship's long-range air defense system "Fort" were used: a multi-channel radar with a phased array antenna with electronic beam control, a vertical launch of missiles from a TPK, a "revolving" type launcher for 8 missiles. And to increase the autonomy of the complex, similar to the Osa-M air defense system, the control system included its own all-round radar, located at a single 3R95 antenna post. The air defense system used a radio command guidance system for missiles, which differed high accuracy. In a spatial sector of 60x60 degrees, the complex is capable of simultaneously firing 4 VTs with 8 missiles. To increase noise immunity, a television-optical tracking system was included in the antenna post. The 9M330-2 single-stage anti-aircraft missile has a dual-mode solid propellant rocket engine and is equipped with a gas-dynamic system, which, after a vertical launch, tilts the missile towards the target. The estimated interval between starts is only 3 seconds. The complex may include 3–4 9S95 drum launchers.

Tests of the Kinzhal air defense system took place since 1982 on the small anti-submarine ship MPK-104, completed according to project 1124K. The significant complexity of the complex led to the fact that its development was greatly delayed, and only by 1986 was it put into service. As a result, some of the ships of the USSR Navy, on which the Kinzhal air defense system was supposed to be installed, did not receive it. This, for example, applies to the Udaloy type BOD (project 1155) - the first ships of this project were delivered to the fleet without an air defense system, subsequent ones were equipped with only one complex, and only on the last ships were both fully equipped air defense systems installed. The aircraft-carrying cruiser Novorossiysk (project 11433) and the nuclear-powered missile cruisers Frunze and Kalinin (project 11442) did not receive the Kinzhal air defense missile system; the necessary places were only reserved for them. In addition to the above-mentioned Project 1155 BODs, the Kinzhal complex was also adopted by the Admiral Chabanenko BPC (Project 11551), the aircraft-carrying cruisers Baku (Project 11434) and Tbilisi (Project 11445), and the nuclear-powered missile cruiser Pyotr Velikiy (Project 11442), patrol ships of the Neustrashimy type (project 11540). In addition, it was planned for installation on aircraft-carrying ships of projects 11436 and 11437, which were never completed. Despite the fact that initially the terms of reference for the complex required that the weight and size characteristics of the Osa-M self-defense air defense system be met, this was not achieved. This affected the prevalence of the complex, since it could only be placed on ships with a displacement of more than 1000...1200 tons.

If we compare the Kinzhal air defense system with foreign analogues of the same time, for example, the US Navy's Sea Sparrow complexes modified for air defense or the British Navy's Sea Wolf 2, we can see that in its main characteristics it is inferior to the first, and is in line with the second on the same level.

Currently in service with the Russian Navy are the following ships carrying the Kinzhal air defense system: 8 BODs of projects 1155 and 11551, the nuclear-powered missile launcher "Peter the Great" (project 11442), the aircraft-carrying cruiser "Kuznetsov" (project 11435) and two TFRs of project 11540. Also this a complex called “Blade” was offered to foreign customers.

SAM "Poliment-Redut"

In the 1990s, to replace modifications of the S-300 air defense system in the air defense forces, work began on the new S-400 Triumph system. The lead developer was the Almaz Central Design Bureau, and the missiles were created at the Fakel design bureau. A special feature of the new air defense system was that it could use all types of anti-aircraft missiles of previous modifications of the S-300, as well as the new 9M96 and 9M96M missiles of reduced dimensions with a range of up to 50 km. The latter have a fundamentally new warhead with a controlled kill field, can use the super-maneuverability mode and are equipped with an active radar homing head at the final part of the trajectory. They are capable of destroying all existing and future aerodynamic and ballistic air targets with high efficiency. Later, on the basis of the 9M96 missiles, it was decided to create a separate air defense system, called “Vityaz”, which was facilitated by the research and development work of NPO Almaz on the design of a promising air defense system for South Korea. For the first time, the S-350 Vityaz complex was demonstrated at the Moscow air show MAKS-2013.

In parallel, based on the land-based air defense system, the development of a ship-based version began, now known as Poliment-Redut, using the same missiles. Initially, this complex was planned for installation on the new generation patrol ship Novik (project 12441), which began construction in 1997. However, the complex never reached him. According to many subjective reasons for TFR“Novik” was actually left without most of the combat systems, the development of which was not completed, for a long time stood against the wall of the plant, and in the future it was decided to complete it as a training ship.

A few years ago, the situation changed significantly and the development of a promising shipborne air defense system was in full swing. In connection with the construction of new corvettes Project 20380 and frigates Project 22350 in Russia, the Poliment-Redut complex was identified to equip them. It should include three types of missiles: 9M96D long-range, 9M96E medium-range and 9M100 short-range. The missiles in the TPK are placed in the cells of the vertical launch installation in such a way that the composition of the weapons can be combined in different proportions. One cell can accommodate 1, 4 or 8 missiles, respectively, while each airborne missile launcher can have 4, 8 or 12 such cells.
For target designation, the Poliment-Redut air defense system includes a station with four fixed phased arrays, providing all-round visibility. It was reported that the fire control system ensures simultaneous firing of 32 missiles at up to 16 air targets - 4 targets for each phased array. In addition, the ship’s own three-dimensional radar can serve as a direct means of target designation.

Vertical launch of rockets is carried out “cold” - using compressed air. When the rocket reaches a height of about 10 meters, the propulsion engine is turned on, and the gas-dynamic system turns the rocket towards the target. The 9M96D/E missile guidance system is a combined inertial one with radio correction in the middle section, and active radar in the final section of the trajectory. The 9M100 short-range missiles have an infrared homing head. Thus, the complex combines the capabilities of three air defense systems of different ranges at once, which ensures separation of the ship’s air defense using a significantly smaller number of weapons. High fire performance and guidance accuracy with a directional warhead puts the Poliment-Redut complex among the first in the world in terms of effectiveness against both aerodynamic and ballistic targets.

Currently, the Poliment-Redut air defense system is being installed on Project 20380 corvettes under construction (starting with the second ship, Soobrazitelny) and Gorshkov-class frigates, Project 22350. In the future, it will obviously be installed on promising Russian destroyers.

Combined air defense missile and artillery systems

In addition to air defense missile systems, the USSR also worked on combined missile and artillery systems. Thus, by the beginning of the 1980s, the Tula Instrument Design Bureau for the ground forces created the 2S6 Tunguska self-propelled anti-aircraft gun, armed with 30-mm machine guns and two-stage anti-aircraft missiles. It was the world's first serial anti-aircraft missile and artillery complex (ZRAK). It was on its basis that it was decided to develop a ship-based short-range anti-aircraft complex that could effectively destroy CC (including anti-ship missiles) in the dead zone of the air defense system and would replace small-caliber anti-aircraft guns. The development of the complex, designated 3M87 “Dirk” (CADS-N-1), was entrusted to the same Instrument Design Bureau, led by general designer A.G. Shipunov. The complex included a control module with a radar for detecting low-flying targets and from 1 to 6 combat modules. Each combat module was made in the form of a turret platform of circular rotation, on which were placed: two 30-mm AO-18 assault rifles with a rotating block of 6 barrels, magazines for 30-mm cartridges with linkless feed, two batch launchers with 4 missiles in containers, target tracking radar, missile guidance station, television-optical system, instrumentation. The turret compartment contained additional ammunition for 24 missiles. The 9M311 two-stage anti-aircraft missile (Western designation SA-N-11) with radio command guidance had a solid propellant rocket motor and a fragmentation rod warhead. It was completely unified with the Tunguska land complex. The complex was capable of hitting small-sized maneuvering air targets at ranges from 8 to 1.5 km and then successively finishing them with 30-mm machine guns. Testing of the Kortik air defense system took place since 1983 on a Molniya-type missile boat specially converted according to Project 12417. Tests carried out with live firing showed that within one minute the complex is capable of sequentially firing at up to 6 air targets. At the same time, for target designation, a radar of the “Positive” type or a similar radar of the “Dagger” complex was required.

In 1988, "Kortik" was officially adopted by ships of the USSR Navy. It was installed on aircraft-carrying cruisers of projects 11435, 11436, 11437 (the last two were never completed), on the last two nuclear-powered missile cruisers of project 11442, one BOD of project 11551 and two SKR of project 11540. Although it was initially planned to also replace AK-630 artillery mounts with this complex on other ships, this was not done due to the dimensions of the combat module having more than doubled.

By the time the “Kortik” complex appeared in the USSR Navy, there were no direct foreign analogues to it. In other countries, as a rule, artillery and missile systems were created separately. In terms of the missile part, the Soviet air defense system can be compared with the RAM self-defense air defense system, which was put into service in 1987 (joint development of Germany, the USA and Denmark). The Western complex has several times superiority in fire performance, and its missile defense systems are equipped with combined homing heads.

To date, "Daggers" have remained on only five ships of the Russian Navy: the aircraft-carrying cruiser Kuznetsov, the missile cruiser Pyotr Velikiy, the large anti-submarine ship Admiral Chabanenko and two patrol ships of the Neustrashimy type. In addition, in 2007, the newest corvette “Steregushchy” (project 20380) was added to the fleet, on which the “Kortik” complex was also installed, and in the modernized lightweight version “Kortik-M”. Apparently, the modernization consisted of replacing the instrumentation with a new one using a modern element base.

Since the 1990s, the Dirk ZRAK has been offered for export under the name Kashtan. It is currently delivered to China along with Project 956EM destroyers and to India with Project 11356 frigates.
By 1994, production of the Kortik ZRAK was completely discontinued. However, in the same year, the Tochmash Central Research Institute, together with the Amethyst Design Bureau, began developing a new complex, designated 3M89 “Broadsword” (CADS-N-2). When creating it, the basic circuit solutions of the Dirk were used. The fundamental difference is a new noise-resistant control system based on a small-sized digital computer and an optical-electronic guidance station “Shar” with television, thermal imaging and laser channels. Target designation can be carried out from general ship detection means. The A-289 combat module includes two improved 30-mm 6-barreled AO-18KD assault rifles, two package launchers for 4 missiles each and a guidance station. The 9M337 Sosna-R anti-aircraft missile is two-stage, with a solid propellant engine. Targeting in the initial section is carried out by a radio beam, and then by a laser beam. Field tests of the Broadsword air defense system took place in Feodosia, and in 2005 it was installed on the R-60 missile boat of the Molniya type (project 12411). Development of the complex continued intermittently until 2007, after which it was officially put into service for trial operation. True, only the artillery part of the combat module was tested, and it was supposed to be equipped with Sosna-R anti-aircraft missiles as part of the Palma export version, which was offered to foreign customers. Subsequently, work on this topic was curtailed, the combat module was removed from the boat, and the fleet’s attention was switched to the new SAM.

The new complex, called "Palitsa", is being developed by the Instrument Design Bureau on its own initiative, based on missiles and the instrumentation of the Pantsir-S1 self-propelled air defense system (put into service in 2010). Detailed information therefore, there are very few air defense systems, only it is reliably known that it will include the same 30-mm AO-18KD assault rifles, two-stage hypersonic anti-aircraft missiles 57E6 (range up to 20 km) and a radio command guidance system. The control system includes a target tracking radar with a phased antenna array and an optical-electronic station. It was reported that the complex has a very high fire performance and is capable of firing up to 10 targets per minute.

For the first time, a model of the complex under the export name “Pantsir-ME” was shown at the IMDS-2011 maritime show in St. Petersburg. The combat module was actually a modification of the Kortik air defense system, on which new elements of the fire control system and missiles from the Pantsir-S1 air defense system were installed.

Ultra-short-range air defense system

When talking about shipborne air defense systems, it is also necessary to mention man-portable anti-aircraft missile systems launched from the shoulder. The fact is that since the beginning of the 1980s, on many small-displacement warships and boats of the USSR Navy, conventional army MANPADS of the Strela-2M, Strela-3 types were used as one of the means of defense against enemy aircraft, and then - “Igla-1”, “Igla” and “Igla-S” (all developed at the Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau). This was a completely natural decision, since air defense missile weapons are not important for such ships, and the placement of full-fledged systems on them is impossible due to large dimensions, mass and cost. As a rule, on small ships, the launchers and the missiles themselves were stored in a separate room, and if necessary, the crew brought them into a combat position and occupied predetermined places on the deck from which they were supposed to fire. On submarines it also provided for the storage of MANPADS for protection against aircraft on the surface.

In addition, pedestal installations of the MTU type for 2 or 4 missiles were also developed for the fleet. They significantly increased the capabilities of MANPADS, as they made it possible to sequentially fire several missiles at an air target. The operator guided the launcher in azimuth and elevation manually. A significant part of the ships of the USSR Navy were armed with such installations - from boats to large landing ships, as well as most ships and vessels of the auxiliary fleet.

In terms of their tactical and technical characteristics, Soviet man-portable anti-aircraft missile systems, as a rule, were not inferior to Western models, and in some ways even surpassed them.

In 1999, the Altair-Ratep Design Bureau, together with other organizations, began work on the topic “Bending”. Due to the growing number of small-displacement ships, the fleet required a light anti-aircraft system using missiles from MANPADS, but with remote control and modern aiming devices, since the manual use of portable air defense systems in ship conditions is not always possible.
The first developments of a light shipborne air defense system on the subject of “Bending” were started in 1999 by specialists from the Marine Research Institute of Radio Electronics “Altair” (the parent enterprise) together with OJSC “Ratep” and other related organizations. In 2001–2002, the first sample of an ultra-short-range air defense system was created and tested, using components from finished products produced by Russian defense industry enterprises. During the tests, the issues of aiming missiles at a target in rolling conditions were resolved and the possibility of firing a salvo of two missiles at one target was realized. In 2003, the Gibka-956 turret installation was created, which was supposed to be installed for testing on one of the Project 956 destroyers, but for financial reasons this was not implemented.

After this, the main developers - MNIRE "Altair" and OJSC "Ratep" - actually began to work on the new air defense system each independently, but under the same name "Gibka". However, ultimately, the command of the Russian Navy supported the project of the Altair company, which is currently, together with Ratep, part of the Almaz-Antey air defense concern.

In 2004-2005, the 3M-47 “Gibka” complex was tested. The pedestal launcher of the air defense system was equipped with an optical-electronic target detection station MS-73, a guidance system in two planes and mounts for two (four) Strelets firing modules with two TPK missile defense systems of the Igla or Igla-S type in each. The most important thing is that to control the air defense system, you can include it in any ship’s air defense circuits equipped with air target detection radars of the “Frigate”, “Furke” or “Positive” type.

The Gibka complex provides remote guidance of missiles along the horizon from - 150° to +150°, and in elevation - from 0° to 60°. At the same time, the detection range of air targets using the complex’s own means reaches 12 km (depending on the type of target), and the affected area is up to 5600 m in range and up to 3500 m in altitude. The operator aims the launcher remotely using a television sight. The ship is protected from attacks by enemy anti-ship and anti-radar missiles, aircraft, helicopters and UAVs in conditions of natural and artificial interference.
In 2006, the Gibka air defense system was adopted by the Russian Navy and was installed on the small artillery ship Astrakhan, pr.21630 (one launcher). In addition, one Gibka launcher was installed on the bow superstructure of the Admiral Kulakov BOD (Project 1155) during its modernization.