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Procedure for joining the EU
Today the EU has 27 member states. All these states joined the EU in different time in accordance with the accession agreements. The EU is open to new states wishing to join the union and become part of it. However, such a proposal would not be correct without identifying certain criteria, the observance of which is mandatory for candidate states.
So, in order to become a candidate state for accession to the EU, a state must meet the following criteria:
- to be European, that is, to belong to European civilization, regardless of the territorial position of the state;
- respect the basic principles of the EU Treaty, namely: the principles of democracy, freedom, respect for human and civil rights and freedoms, the rule of law;
- stable functioning and development of state and public institutions;
- be democratic and provide its citizens with guarantees of democracy;
- ensure the rule of law, respect for human and civil rights, including the protection of national minorities;
- presence of a normally functioning market economy, effective management and stable financial position;
- achieving compatibility legal system with the EU legal system.
If all the specified criteria are met, and therefore after submitting an application to join the EU, the state becomes a candidate. After submitting the application, the European Commission negotiates with the candidate state on the state of affairs and compliance with the above criteria. Based on the results of the negotiations, the European Commission submits reports to the Council. If the Council unanimously approves the candidacy, the next step is for the state to undergo approval by Parliament. After the European Parliament approves the accession of a state to the EU by an absolute majority, a conference of representatives of all EU member states is convened, at which the accession agreement is signed. The Treaty is subject to ratification in all EU member states and in the candidate state itself, which, after ratification procedures, becomes an EU member state.
Currently, the EU candidate countries, that is, the states that have submitted an application, are Iceland, Macedonia, Turkey and Croatia. In addition, there are a number of EU member states that have joined the EU with exceptions (Great Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Sweden), as well as states that have not joined the EU, but use part of the EU legal system in their legal field (Norway, Iceland, Switzerland) .
Turkish question
Turkey's accession to the EU is the subject of fierce debate among the leaders of EU member states.
Historical reference.
Turkey applied to join the EU back in 1959. But in 1960 there was a coup in Turkey, and the accession process slowed down. In 1963, an Association Agreement was signed, in which the parties stipulated three stages of integration that should lead Turkey to EU membership. In 1987, Turkey submitted an official application to join the EU, but this step was also not decisive in a series of attempts to become “part of the whole.” On June 29, 2005, the European Commission published official proposal begin negotiations with Turkey on its accession to the European Union on October 3, 2005. European Commission Enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn said the decision was made after “a long and bitter debate” reflecting the reluctance of some of its members to see the country among their ranks.
Why not?
There are a sufficient number of reasons why Turkey could join the EU: it is the only secular state in the Muslim world, as well as the eastern outpost of NATO, Turkey has the most powerful army in the world and good development potential. However, Turkey is still not a member state of the EU, and there are a number of reasons for this, both inside and outside Turkey.
Turkey's internal problems include an insufficient level of economic and financial development. The Turkish economy is not as well developed as the economies of EU member states. And the inflation rate fell only by October 2004. In the context of such problems, European leaders doubt whether the EU can take on a country like Turkey, along with its citizens, and bring it to the economic level of EU member states.
About economic problems The head of the Turkish delegation at the EU accession negotiations, Egemen Bagis, spoke out, calling Turkey not a burden, but an asset, that is, an acquisition for the EU.
Foreign policy issues include Turkish-Greek disagreements over northern territory Cyprus, the unsettled Turkish-Armenian relations, primarily due to tragic events 1915-1923 (“Armenian genocide”), as well as the Kurdish problem. In addition, Europeans' fear of Islam and Islamic society can be considered an obstacle to Turkey's accession to the EU. The development of such negative attitude contributed to the events of September 11, 2001 in the United States, as well as other terrorist attacks. Turkey has a population of more than 70 million, which will allow it to receive the largest representation in the European Parliament. This factor is also not consoling for most European countries who want to preserve their foundations and not become a victim of the Turkish occupation.
The current stage of development of European-Turkish relations
In 2009, Turkish President Abdullah Gul spoke about the possibility of a “Norwegian option” for the development of Turkish-European relations. Norway, as you know, is not a member of the EU, but is part of the Schengen area, carries out reforms in accordance with EU policies and adheres to European standards and norms. According to him, the main thing for Turkey is not the fact of joining the EU, but the change in Turkish statehood in accordance with EU principles.
On September 29, 2010, the head of the Turkish delegation to the EU accession negotiations, Egemen Bagis, proposed that EU member states hold referendums on Turkey's accession to the EU. In addition, he made many loud statements regarding Turkish economic power. Bagis is confident that after the negotiations, France and Germany will change their minds regarding Turkey's accession.
Bagis, like President Gül, does not exclude the “Norwegian option” for the development of relations. In contrast, Bahadir Kaleagası, international coordinator of the Turkish Industry and Business Association, believes that the only possible development option for Turkish business is joining the EU, while the Norwegian option or any other option is not acceptable without Turkey’s full membership in the EU.
Thus, Turkey’s accession to the EU is, on the one hand, a necessity for both parties, determined by the geopolitical situation, but, on the other hand, it encounters a number of obstacles arising from historical, economic, social and political problems Turkish state. The decision that will be made by Turkey and a united Europe depends on whether Turkey can become a model of democratic transformation for the entire Muslim world, a kind of bridge between two world civilizations, the key to establishing and strengthening their peaceful coexistence and cooperation.
The conditions for accession to the EU were determined at the meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen (Denmark), held on June 21-22, 1993. Associated States of Central and of Eastern Europe who have expressed such a desire can become members of the EU. Accession will take place as soon as the associated state is able to assume the responsibilities of membership by satisfying the necessary political and economic requirements.
These requirements are called Copenhagen criteria:
Stability of institutions that are guarantors of democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect and protection of minority rights (political criterion);
A functioning market economy and the ability to cope with competitive pressures and market forces within the EU (economic criterion);
Ability to assume the responsibilities of membership while respecting the objectives of political, economic and monetary union (membership criterion)
The EU's ability to absorb new members while maintaining momentum European integration, That is important factor common interest of both the Union and the candidate states (sometimes called independent, since its goal is to strengthen European integration.
Each of these four criteria has a number of sub-criteria. The political criterion includes the following components:
Ensuring freedom of parliamentary and presidential elections and elections in local authorities authorities;
Creation and expansion of the activities of democratic institutions, non-governmental organizations, independent media;
Adoption of legislation that reliably protects the rights of minorities, creation of appropriate institutions;
Strengthening the fight against organized crime and corruption;
Resolving issues of legal support and strengthening the fight against money laundering;
Creation of reliable institutions in the field of justice and internal affairs bodies, guarantees of the independence of the judiciary, improving the functioning of the courts;
Protection of personal rights and freedoms.
The decisions of the European Council in Luxembourg, which took place on December 12-13, 1997, noted: compliance with the Copenhagen political criterion is a prerequisite for starting association negotiations.
EU membership, taking into account political standards, required the candidate country to have stable institutions that guarantee democracy, the rule of law, respect and protection of national minorities. Future candidate countries had to not only enshrine these principles in their constitutions, but also use them in Everyday life. their constitutions must guarantee democratic freedoms, including political pluralism, freedom of speech and freedom of conscience; create conditions for the normal functioning of government institutions, the holding of free and fair elections, the periodic change of the ruling parliamentary majority, as well as recognition important role opposition in political life.
In order to assess the compliance of candidate countries with the conditions of membership, a mechanism for regular monitoring by the EU of the implementation of the mentioned requirements was introduced, which relied on the European Commission. In her conclusions, she went beyond the formal description political institutions and the relationship between them and assessed that democracy has a real character. At the same time, it was checked how constitutional rights and freedoms are protected, in particular, freedom of speech in the process of activity political parties, non-governmental organizations and the media.
The two components of the economic criterion also have a number of subcriteria.
"The existence of a market economy" (this component of the economic criterion must be satisfied before negotiations begin) is assessed by analyzing the following factors:
The equilibrium between supply and demand is determined by the free play of market forces; price and trade liberalization;
Absence of significant obstacles to entering the market (creation of new enterprises) and exiting the market (bankruptcy);
Availability of a legal framework, including regulation of property rights; enforcement of laws and contracts;
Achieving macroeconomic stability, including stabilization of price levels and stability public finance and external balance;
Existence of broad consensus on the fundamentals economic policy;
Sufficient development of the financial sector to direct accumulated funds to invest in production.
"Ability to cope with competitive pressures and market forces within the European Union" (this component of the economic criterion must be satisfied in the medium term - five years) is assessed by analyzing the following factors:
The presence of a functioning market economy with a level of macroeconomic stability sufficient for subjects to make decisions in a stable and predictable climate;
A sufficient number of human and material resources, including infrastructure (energy supply, telecommunications, transport, etc.), education and research and the prospects for activity in this area;
The extent to which government policies and legislation influence competitiveness through trade policy, competition policy, government assistance, support for small and medium-sized enterprises, etc.;
The level and pace of a country's trade integration with the European Union before enlargement (both the volume and structure of trade with member countries);
A sufficient share of small firms in the economic structure (small firms usually receive great benefit from simplified access to the market, and the predominance of large firms can mean greater inertia in adapting to market conditions).
The European Council in Copenhagen concluded that candidate countries must accept the obligations of EU membership in accordance with the objectives of the EU Treaty, including political, economic and monetary union. Candidate countries were never required to accept a single currency, but were given the best possible preparation before joining to fully participate in an economic monetary union.
In this regard necessary conditions EU membership were: adaptation of part of EU law (acquis), as regards the economic and monetary union, namely, the completion of the liberalization of capital movements; prohibition of any direct financing of the public sector through the central bank or through the provision of privileged access to financial institutions for the public sector; compliance of the Charter of the central national bank of the candidate country with the Treaty establishing the EU, including the provisions on the independence of exchange control authorities and the maintenance of price stability.
Fulfillment of these requirements, as well as the stable implementation of appropriate economic policies and implementation economic reforms enable candidate countries to participate in economic and monetary union without introducing the euro.
It was assumed that, at the time of accession, the new member countries, as participants in the economic monetary union, should act in accordance with Title VII of the Treaty establishing the EU, namely: strictly adhere to the objectives of the economic monetary union; avoid high budget deficits and strictly implement the relevant provisions of the Stability and Growth Pact (adopted by the European Council in June 1997 p.); adapt the Statutes of national central banks with a view to their integration into European system central banks; improve the implementation of rapprochement (convergence) criteria.
The criteria for joining the economic monetary union were determined by the Maastricht Treaty. They provided:
Budget deficit no more than 3% of GDP;
Public debt no more than 60% of GDP;
Inflation is no more than +1.5 percentage points to the average inflation level of the three EU countries with the most stable prices;
The average long-term rate is not higher than 2.0 percentage points to the average level in the three EU member countries with maximum price stability;
Retaining fluctuations in the current exchange rate in the EU.
After achieving the Maastricht criteria for rapprochement (convergence) in relation to price stability, budget deficit, government debt, stability of the national currency and interest rates candidate countries can be considered full participants in the economic monetary union.
Third criterion - membership criterion - is, as evidenced by the negotiations of the candidate countries, the most difficult to implement. In progress
negotiations on EU membership specified 31 membership criteria. Each of them corresponds to one of 31 sections joint creativity (acquis communautaire) EU:
1. Free movement of goods.
2. Free movement of labor.
3. Freedom in providing services.
4. Free movement of capital.
5. Legislation on enterprises.
6. Competition policy.
7. Agriculture.
8. Fisheries.
9. Transport policy.
10. Tax policy.
11. Economic and monetary union.
12. Statistics.
13. Social politics and employment.
14. Energy.
15. Industrial policy.
16. Small and medium enterprises.
17. Scientific and research activities.
18. Education and training.
19. Telecommunications.
20. Policy in the field of culture and audiovisual sector.
21. Regional policy.
22. Ecology.
23. Consumer protection and health protection.
24. Justice and internal affairs.
25. Customs Union.
26. External relations.
27. Common foreign and security policy.
28. Foreign trade.
29. Budget and financial control.
30. Protection of intellectual property rights.
31. Compliance with industrial product standards.
It is worth noting that the Copenhagen criteria were a kind of response of the Communities to numerous requests at the end of 1991 - the first half of 1992 from the countries of Central and Eastern Europe to the EU, and above all the Visegrad Group, with a request to formulate a list of conditions for accession to the EU and determine the mode of negotiations on this question. By introducing accession conditions, EU countries sought, on the one hand, to prevent premature expansion of the EU, and on the other, to pursue political goals, ensure an active role of the EU in the Central and Eastern European region.
The Maastricht Treaty establishing the EU (February 1992), which was signed by 12 states (Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Greece), was important for strengthening the processes of European integration.
The Treaty of Maastricht provided for the transformation European Community to the EU and granted Eastern European countries the right to join it; turned every citizen of the participating states into a “European citizen” who could freely settle in all countries of the Union; provided every citizen (for example, a Frenchman) who lives in Belgium, Italy, Greece, the right to vote and be elected in the country of his residence in local and European authorities authorities. He created the preconditions for the introduction of a single European currency (no later than 1999).
The Maastricht Treaty can be compared in importance to the treaty establishing the EEC in 1957. It is based on three main amendments: an amended integration treaty, including a monetary union; creation of a common foreign policy and security and defense policy; cooperation of member countries in foreign policy and the fight against crime. The document noted the need to “protect the common values, fundamental interests and independence of the Union; strengthen by all possible means the security of the Union and its member countries; maintain peace and international security"(Article 1.2).
The governments of the member countries have agreed:
Begin new stage European integration, taking into account the historical significance of ending the division of the European continent and feeling the need to create the basis for building a future Europe;
Reaffirm their recognition of freedom, democracy, fundamental human rights and freedoms and the rule of law;
Deepen solidarity between their peoples with respect for their history, culture and traditions;
Promote the democratic and efficient functioning of institutions in order to improve the performance of their tasks within a single system;
Achieve the strengthening and merger of the economies of their countries, form an economic and monetary union with the subsequent introduction of a single stable currency;
Promote economic and social development their peoples in the context of creating an internal market, as well as implementing policies that would ensure their growth in all areas;
Establish common citizenship;
Pursue a common foreign and security policy with the aim of maintaining peace and stability in Europe and the world;
Reaffirm its goal regarding the free movement of people, while guaranteeing the safety and security of its own peoples;
taking into account the need for European integration to continue the process of creating a stronger union of the peoples of Europe, in which decisions will be made with maximum participation of citizens in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity.
The Treaty entered into force on November 1, 1993. It began a new stage in uniting the peoples of Europe, the purpose of which was: to promote economic and social progress through the creation of an internal market without internal borders and the establishment of an economic and monetary union with single currency; defending the interests of the Union on international arena; strengthening the protection of the rights and interests of representatives different nationalities member countries through the introduction of EU citizenship; development of close cooperation in the field of justice and domestic policy.
The EU's internal and external policies are based on three main principles:
Respect for the nationality of citizens of participating countries;
Respect for fundamental rights and freedoms, which is guaranteed by the Rome Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of November 4, 1950 and conditioned by the constitutional traditions common to the participating countries, that is general principles Community rights;
Providing the means necessary to achieve the goal.
In 1994 after successful negotiations Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the EU; in 2004 - Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Cyprus, Malta, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, and in 2007 - Bulgaria and Romania.
There are five main stages in the EU accession process:
1. Consultative stage - continues before the country submits its application for accession. Practice shows that at this stage, countries aspiring to join enter into one of three types of association agreements:
- European Agreement - in the 90s of the last century, such agreements were concluded with ten former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe: Poland (1991), Hungary (1991), Romania (1993), Bulgaria (1993), Czech Republic (1993), Slovakia (1993) ), Estonia (1995), Lithuania (1995), Latvia (1995), Slovenia (1996);
- Association Agreement - concluded with Turkey (1963), Malta (1970) and Cyprus (1972);
- Stabilization and Association Agreement, were signed with the Balkan countries.
The consultative stage ends with the submission of an application for accession to the EU by the applicant country.
2. Evaluation stage - continues between the submission of an application for accession by an applicant country and the start of accession negotiations. At this stage, countries try to achieve EU membership criteria. The state officially becomes a candidate country for joining the EU.
3. Negotiation stage - lasts from the beginning to the end of accession negotiations. The negotiation process determines the conditions under which each candidate can join the EU, and the time frame for acceptance, implementation and legal implementation acquis communautaire (joint revision by the EU). IN in some cases Transitional measures can be taken into account, but they must be clearly defined in content and duration. Each candidate country follows a separate timetable and can be admitted to the EU once it meets the accession criteria and membership obligations. Negotiations take place in the form of bilateral conferences between member countries and each of the candidate countries for each of the 31 sections acquis communautaire: competition policy, transport policy, energy, tax policy, Customs Union, Agriculture, justice and internal affairs, financial sector, regional policy, budget allocations, etc. The overall success in the negotiation process is assessed by the number of sections for which negotiations are completely completed. The results of the negotiations are attached to the draft agreement on the accession of the candidate country to the EU.
4. Ratification stage - continues between the signing of the accession agreement and its ratification. Before signing the accession agreement, it must be submitted to the EU Council for approval and to the European Parliament for consent. Once signed, the accession agreement is sent to the EU member states and candidate countries for ratification and the candidate countries make a decision regarding accession, if necessary through a referendum procedure. That is why the successful progress of negotiations is not a guarantee of a country’s accession to the EU; Norway, whose government twice (in 1972 and 1994) successfully completed negotiations and even signed an accession agreement, never became a member of the EU, since the issue of accession to the EU was not discussed twice found adequate support from the population. In 1972, 78% of the population took part in the referendum, 53.5% of whom voted against joining the EU. In 1994, opponents of EU membership won again, receiving 52.3% of the vote. Only 47.7% of those who came to the referendum were in favor of joining. Switzerland also applied to join, but the process was not completed because the Swiss opposed ratification of the European Economic Area agreement in a referendum in December 1992.
5. Implementation stage - begins after all ratification procedures have been completed and the agreement has entered into force. Only after this the country becomes a full member of the EU.
Some experts consider the participation of the applicant country in the European Conference as a previous stage of accession to the EU.
European Conference (first time held on 12 March 1998 in London) is a multilateral structure within which EU member states and candidate countries discuss pressing issues of cooperation in the fields of foreign and security policy, justice and home affairs.
However, according to other experts, the meetings of the European Conference in the EU have always been perceived as a symbolic event, in which the participation of non-EU countries has always had the character of an honorable presence. The expediency of meetings of this format has been repeatedly questioned, but the European Conference did not stop its activities precisely in order to demonstrate the unity of Europe around the EU.
Each EU institutional body has its own clearly defined powers regarding the admission of new members. From the point of view of the sequence of actions and the implementation of the powers of certain EU institutions (Council, Commission and Parliament), twelve steps can be distinguished:
1) a European state submits an application to join the Council of the EU;
2) the Council of the European Union requests the European Commission to express its position regarding the submitted application;
3) the European Commission submits its assessment to the Council of the EU;
4) The Council of the EU unanimously decides to begin accession negotiations with the candidate country;
5) the European Commission proposes, and the Council of the EU unanimously approves, the main components and principles of the EU position in negotiations with the candidate state;
6) the Council of the EU negotiates with the candidate state;
7) the draft accession agreement is agreed upon between the EU and the candidate state;
8) the draft accession agreement is submitted to the Council of the EU and the European Parliament;
9) The European Parliament approves the Accession Treaty by a majority vote;
10) The EU Council unanimously approves the Accession Treaty;
11) Member countries and candidate countries formally sign the Accession Treaty;
12) Member countries and candidate countries ratify the Accession Treaty in accordance with their own constitutional norms. The candidate country becomes a member of the EU.
After they fulfill a number of requirements according to three criteria:
- political: stability of institutions that guarantee democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights and the protection of minority rights;
- economic: current market economy;
- "Membership": the obligations arising from the fact of joining the EU, in particular the recognition of its political, economic and monetary goals.
The so-called “Copenhagen criteria” or accession criteria were confirmed in December at the Madrid meeting of the European Council, which also emphasized the importance of restructuring the administrative structures of the applicant country and creating conditions for gradual harmonious integration into the EU.
However, the EU reserves the right to determine the moment when it is ready to accept new members.
1. Criteria for membership in the European Union
During accession negotiations with candidate countries, compliance is regularly monitored Copenhagen criteria. Based on monitoring data, decisions are made on accession and upon accession of the country, and actions that must first be carried out.
Criteria for membership in the European Union(English) European Union Membership criteria ) Defined in three documents:
When adopted in 1993, there was no mechanism to ensure that existing EU member states met these criteria. However, it was decided to monitor compliance with these criteria, following the “sanctions” imposed on the Austrian government of Wolfgang Schusel (German). Wolfgang Sch?ssel) At the beginning of 2000, the governments of the other 14 member countries of the Union. These agreements came into force on February 1, 2003 as part of the Treaty of Nice.
2. Geographical criteria
Article 49 ( former article O) Treaty establishing the European Union The (TEU) or Maastricht Treaty stipulates that any European country that respects the principles of the EU can apply to join. There is no mention of the accession of non-European countries to the EU, but according to well-known precedents, the refusal of Morocco and negotiations on the close integration of Israel indicate the impossibility of the accession of non-European countries. However, there are various definitions Europeanness, and the question of a country’s membership in Europe is a “subject of political discussion” of the European Commission, and, more importantly, the Council.
There are precedents where parts of EU member states are located outside Europe, for example French Guiana is in South America and is integral part France. Greenland, which is part of the continent of North America, joined the European Economic Community in 1973 as a Danish dependency, but decided to leave the EU in 1983, 4 years after gaining the right to internal self-government.
The borders of Europe according to one point of view.
European territory of European states
Territory of European states in Asia
Territories sometimes referred to as Europe
7. Legal harmonization
The final criterion, which does not apply to Copenhagen, is the requirement that all future members harmonize their legislation with the European Acts, also known as Community Heritage or acquis communautaire. In preparation for each accession, achievements are divided into separate sections, each of which relates to a separate industry. During the fifth wave of European Union enlargement, which included Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, achievements were divided into 31 sections. For negotiations with Croatia and Turkey, it was divided into 35 sections.
Notes
www.networkeurope.org/feature/georgias-eu-accession-hopes Retrieved 03/16/2010
Today the EU is in the process of joining 14 new states. Ten of the candidate states identified in the Nice Treaty and making up the “first wave” of enlargement have already joined the Union in 2004, with another 2 or 3 joining in the “second wave” in 2007.
The procedure for the accession of new states to the EU after the Amsterdam changes is regulated founding document Union. The Maastricht Treaty on the EU of 1992 enshrines in Art. 49 basic requirements for a state that wishes to obtain EU membership, as well as the procedure for admitting new members.
Basic requirements for a candidate state:
the state must be “European,” which means that the country belongs to European civilization, regardless of geographical location;
The state must respect the principles set out in Art. 6 (1) EU Treaty: principles of freedom, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and the rule of law.
Back in June 1993, the European Union, at a meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen, specified additional conditions for the admission of new states to the organization by defining the “Copenhagen criteria”:
1) stability of state and public institutions;
2) guarantees of democracy;
3) the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the protection of national minorities;
4) the presence of a normally functioning market economy, effective management and a stable financial situation.
In December 1994, at a meeting of the European Council in Essen, based on the “Copeng-Gen criteria”, specific requirements were developed for candidate states, the fulfillment of which is necessary for accession to the EU.
A state that meets the requirements can apply to join the EU. It is being considered by the Council. To give consent to the entry of a candidate state, a unanimous decision of this institution is required. The vote on approval of the application is preceded by a period of negotiations between the candidate state and the Commission, for which the latter is authorized by the Council. The results of the negotiations, together with an analysis of the state of affairs in the candidate state (for compliance with accession requirements), are reflected in the reports of the Commission. Before a positive decision by the Council, the application must be approved by the European Parliament: it is considered approved if an absolute majority of Members of Parliament votes for it.
Next, a special conference is convened, at which an accession treaty is concluded with the candidate state, subject to ratification by all member states in accordance with their ratification procedures, as well as its ratification in the candidate state itself. With positive passage of all stages, the state becomes gender
1. a legal member of the EU.
Treaty of Accession 2003 Chronologically, the last and fifth Treaty of Accession was signed in Athens on April 16, 2003. This is the “first wave” of modern EU enlargement. Joined: Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia.
The EU today unites 25 member states. These include Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Finland, Sweden, Great Britain, Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland , Slovenia and Slovakia.
Four candidate states are planning to join the EU in the near future - Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia and Turkey. The joining of the first three of them will most likely take place in 2007.
Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein are not members of the EU, but with them the Union has the closest economic connection(economic space), implying a common legal regulation based on harmonized legal norms. A similar economic and legal connection is planned to be created in the near future and with Russian Federation based on the Common European Economic Area.
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