Cold War in East Asia and the problem of "northern territories. Ege. History. Briefly. Cold War

"Cold War" in Asia. Arena "Cold War" has become not only Europe, but also Asia.

During the war with Japan, Soviet troops occupied the territory of Manchuria and North Korea. In 1946, the control of Manchuria, the captured trophy Japanese weapons were transferred to the Chinese Communists, which significantly strengthened their position.

In China, since the late 1920s. There were two states and two governments. The National Government, headed by Chan Kaisi, in 1946 controlled 70% of the country's territory and was recognized by the majority of the countries of the world, presented in the UN Security Council. The Chinese Communists, based on the support of the USSR, in the areas of the districts of them released, created their own system of laws, introduced their own monetary units, carried out reforms leading to the approval of equational land use.

The war between the "Two China" resumed immediately after the defeat of Japan. Attempts by their reconciliation, undertaken in 1945-1947, did not lead to any results. By the end of 1949, despite the provision of support to the Chang Kayshi regime by the United States, civil war in China ended the victory of the Communists. Between the USSR and China, an agreement on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance was signed. The remnants of anti-communist forces under the command of Chan Kaisi under the cover of the US naval forces were evacuated to Taiwan Island.

The transformation of the USSR into a superpower controlling, as considered in Washington, not only Eastern Europe, but also China with its multi-year-old population, holding the USSR in 1949. Tests of the atomic bomb, which deprived the US nuclear monopoly "caused panic sentiment in Washington. In assessing the international situation, the ruling circles of the United States developed a conviction that the further expansion of the borders of the socialist camp, which controls the USSR, will lead to an irreversible change in the balance of power in its favor.

In the context of the military confrontation of the United States and the USSR in Asia, the signing of a unified peace treaty former allies with Japan was impossible. In September 1951, the US San Francisco and the United States signed a peace treaty with Japan, who did not forbid it to join the military unions and did not limit its armed forces. Simultaneously with the peace treaty, the United States signed with Japan "Association". According to this agreement, the United States received the right to preserve military bases in Japan, while guaranteeing the protection of its territory and the stability of democracy institutions. Japan refused its former overseas ownership, including the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin. However, since the USSR, in protest against the Japanese-American military union, did not sign the peace treaty, it was not included in the recognition of the specified territories part of the USSR.

Thus, the "Cold War" began did not allow to clearly fix the results of the Second World War, which in the following decades was the source of additional friction in the international arena.

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Strategy in Asia

Americans never liked Chinese nationalism. In 1911, they supported the tyrannic regime of Yuan Shiki against the more nationalist Homesindan led by Sun Yatsen. But the uncontrollable Japanese expansion shot Washington with Hommeindan, who headed in the mid-1920s, Chan Kaishes is weak and pro-Western.

China since 1931 fought with the Japanese, rushing to the continent. About three million peasant guys were mobilized to the Chinese army. They struck the modern war with difficulty and, unlike the Communist divisions of Mao Zedong, were unclearly represented the goals of the struggle. Twice a year, a hurricane ran out on the villages - the next mobilization from which it was possible to pay off. Well, what was the Chinese communism? A mixture of nationalism and peasant radicalism. By the control of the Communists by the end of the war were approximately the fifth of the Chinese population.

Regarding the links of Chinese communism with Russians, we can say that they weakened after the peak of the rivalry of Stalin with Trotsky. In the course of this struggle, Stalin advised Chinese comrades to cooperate with Hommeindan, which ultimately led to the bloody elimination of urban party organizations of Communists by Gomintanov. After 1938, the main line of the communist movement was very distinct nationalism. Russia, the Chinese Communists were not afraid - Moscow was tied to the European Theater and did not demonstrate their intentions to strengthen in China.

As for the Russian Communists, they were not afraid of a weak China, but China, which becomes a bridgehead of the Japanese adventure, Prtraponsky China - was afraid in Moscow extremely. Moscow feared that the Chinese Communist Party with pressure from the north would weaken the central government of Chan Kaisha, and thus indirectly will provide the service to the coming Japanese. Moscow suspended the help of Mao Zedun. In the past two months of 1939, the weapon coming through Rangne \u200b\u200bto the Central Chinese Government was Russian production and origin. The USSR was provided by Chan Kaisha very significant help. Moscow provided the central Chinese government of weapons on a very large amount - $ 250 million. Part of the Russian loans, perhaps went to the struggle Chan Kaishi with Mao Zedong, but Russia was interested in the deterrence of the Japanese offensive. In the summer of 1940, the Soviet ambassador to Washington said that our relationship with China is very good, very friendly.

One of the features of the strategic vision of Roosevelt was faith in the combat potential of Chankayshistsky China. The president asked Churchill, what will be the power of five hundred million Chinese, if they achieved the level of development of Japan and will have access to modern weapons? Churchill in the power of China believed much smaller. But Roosevelt wanted to turn the Chinese front - distant and hard to reach - in one of the main fronts of the war. Already in December 1941, Roosevelt promises Chan Kaisi considerable help.

At the conference "Arkady", the American president convinced Churchill to make Chan Kaisha Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in China, Thailand and Indochita, to create links between the headquarters of Chan Kaisha and the Allied Headquarters in India and the South-Western Pacific. President Roosevelt appointed American General J. Stylule the commander of the American troops in China, India and Burma, as well as the head of the headquarters at Chan Kaishi. A long-range sight is visible: relying in Asia to China, to sow the dynamism of Japan, create a counterweight of the USSR in Eurasia. In early 1942, the Chinese in Chongqing received a loan of $ 50 million. Roosevelt decided to create an air bridge leading to a practically surrounded ally.

In the fall of 1943, the Chinese Ambassador Sun in Moscow sought to receive official Soviet assurances that Russia would not switch to ideologically closer communists. In November, Sun spoke to the American ambassador Harriman, that the Russians wish to see strong China under the guidance of a liberalized Chang Kaishi regime, where the Communists will have the opportunity for legal activities. Stalin Davis, who visited at this time, noted that the Soviet leadership did not want to change the status quo in the Far East and did not encroach on the change in borders. In 1943-1945 The Soviet press has practically ignored the existence of Chinese communists. Relations between Moscow and Chunchin were very decent. Chan saw the fragility of his political system and wished to get help both from Western and the Russian side ..

Washington ultimately came to the conclusion that without the help of China will not be able to defeat the Japanese. The US manual has put all the strength to push Russia to war in the Far East. Desired came true on October 30, 1943, when Stalin, during a meeting with Korded Halle (and on his own initiative) asked President Roosevelt that Russia would enter the war with Japan after the victory over Germany. In response, Stalin "did not ask anything." Stalin repeated his promise in Tehran. The headquarters of the American Army and the Joint Committee of Headquarters, convinced that one American fleet could not free China from the Japanese, reacted.

In March 1944, Chan Kaisha confessed to Roosevelt that the only thing he was capable of trying to keep the line of defense from Japanese offensive and try to prepare China for the day - perhaps he was not so long - when allied terrestrial and sea forces would help Consolidate Antiappon Stretch on the Continent. The desire to avoid hostilities against the Japanese on the huge Chinese plains was hardly the main desire of American generals on this theater of hostilities. Because the Americans preferred to fight in the Pacific Ocean rather than on the distant Chinese front. Here, on the mainland of the Japanese could only crush the Red Army. This was the reason for the constant aspiration of Americans to draw Russia into war against Japan.

By mid-1944, the assurance was established in the United States that the coming promises the United States to complete dominance in the Pacific Pool. Even diplomats did not hide their emotions. July 21, 1944, the American Marine Infantry landed on Guam. In the desperate twenty-day battle, when Americans became the upcoming side, more than two thousand of their soldiers and 18 and a half thousand Japanese were killed. The next ocean goal was Tinian Island. For the first time, American soldiers saw the scenes of the mass suicide of the Japanese.
From a height of several tens of meters, the Japanese rushed to the sea, sitting with the caves killed each other with grenades.

Churchill in the fall of 1944 began to demand from the Soviet leadership the exact date of joining the war against Japan. But the US military - usually an extremely conservative group - began to warn against excessive pressure on the USSR. American generals most of all wanted to prevent the return of the main Japanese armies from China and Korea back to the Japanese Islands, where they would meet Americans. Already one fact of its presence of the Red Army division was held back by the Return of the Japanese to the archipelago. Even doing nothing, the Russians saved American blood.

At the same time, the Americans were afraid of Russia's emergency strengthening in China. To avoid this, they attempted to establish separate relations with Mao Zedong, with Chinese Communists, opposed to the regime of Chan Kaisha in the north of China. The political adviser to General Stylule - John Davis in June 1943 offered to send the American military mission to the communist area. Davis repeated his proposal at the beginning of 1944 - while the Communists themselves are benevolently looking for convergence with the Americans. Otherwise, they will completely go to the Russians. But Chan Kaisha categorically refused to President Roosevelt when he proposed to spread the Land Liz to the Communist North. As a result, the Americans only in the spring of 1944 began to implement the spreading plan for the American influence on the Chinese North.

The reception of the John Service represented by the State Department in Japan in late August 1944 was the most cardiac. A famous service interview with Mao Zedong took place. The leader of the Chinese Communists expressed the desire by all possible ways to avoid civil war, but only the United States can force Chan Kaisi to stop moving towards the civil war.

During a meeting in Cairo in November 1943, Chan Kaisi promised Roosevelt to support American desires regarding the Pacific Bases and offered him several databases on the continent. They discussed the fate of Korea, Indochina, Thailand; Roosevelt promised Chongqing economic assistance after the end of the war. The United States, with such a situation, after the war, turned out to be the most powerful force in the Far East; China at the same time became the main assistant and client of America.

Starting from June 1944, Secretary of State Hellas begins to insist on providing China a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.

The idea to attract Chinese communists to combat actions against the Japanese did not lose their attractiveness. In early November 1944, General Herley flew to Janan to the Chinese Communists. The result of friendly meetings was the program from five points: uniting military efforts, the coalition of political parties across the entire huge China. The governance of Americans continued only until they began to show an agreement to the leaders of the Homirdan regime. Ambassador to the USA Sung called the Program of Civil Program by the Communists in the country. Chan Kaishi and at all refused to seriously consider the Union with the Communists. Let them surrender to His mercy.

At the end of 1944, Chan Kaisha decided to get close to Stalin and requested the possibility of visiting Moscow. The Americans were immediately worried, and on December 15, the Harriman Ambassador requested Stalin about Russian goals in the Far East. Stalin has already mentioned what was discussed in Tehran: the southern part of Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands (with all this Roosevelt agreed in Tehran). Stalin would also like to rent the Sino-Eastern Railway; He would also like the Chinese recognition of Russian influence over external Mongolia and rent over
Port Artur and Far Fallen. Harriman noticed that the last Roosevelt did not give his consent. Stalin replied that the final discussion of these issues would remain. All of the above actually meant for the Americans that Stalin foresaw in the future relatively weak China means, he focused on Chan Kaishi. Washington in this regard was satisfied. Stalin never mentioned Chinese Communists. It was the fog of Harley to convince Chan Kaisha that Stalin does not consider Chinese communists in general communists.
In the image of Harley russian policy in China It looked like this:

Russia does not support the Chinese Communist Party;

Russia seeks to prevent civil war in China;

Russia wishes rapprochement with China.

It was obvious that Chan Kaisha needs the Soviet Union. At a minimum, for two reasons. In 1944 it became clear that the Americans were not going to strike a blow from the Chinese side in Japan - only the Soviet army could weaken Japanese pressure; Good relations with Moscow (Chan Kaisi believed) guaranteed its regime from the communist opposition.

Korean War

With the proclamation of the People's People's Republic of China, the Cold War came to Asia. The victory of the Communists in China strengthened anti-communists in the United States. Acheson foresaw this "attack of primitives", but could not do anything. Speaking in January 1950 in the National Press Club, Dean Asson, Introducing the US Allies in the Zone of the Pacific Ocean, did not even give Korea. The last American troops left South Korea. Tumen reported on the occurrence of PRC troops along the way to Washington. Dean School Deputy Secretary of State reminded those present in the White House that the US troops had occupied South Korea for five years and should be held a certain responsibility for it. If the Communists capture the whole country, it will be a dagger directed to Japan. On June 29, President Truman said that "We are in a state of war." The upcoming North Korean troops were, on American estimates, 90 thousand people, South Koreans - 25 thousand, Americans - 10 thousand. Nouse in the first decade of July, the American commander-in-chief of MacArthur requested 30 thousand American troops. Congress allocated $ 48.2 billion to military needs for the next fiscal year.

After the start of hostilities on the Korean Peninsula, the US President announced the spread of the "Douman doctrine" on the Pacific zone. In the official statement, the United States government reported that it was ready for the armed forces to "prevent any dissemination of communism" in Asia. " The US government announced the expansion of military assistance to his French ally, who had sought to suppress the war for the national liberation in Indochite, on providing military assistance to the Philippines's military assistance to the reactionary government, which joined the democratic movement of Hokbalahap. The 7th American fleet received an order to "prevent any attack on Taiwan" (it was essentially direct US intervention in civil war in China). As for the war in Korea, the US President announced that he "ordered the air and sea forces to carry out the cover of the troops (South) Korean government and assist them."

Two days after the order of the city of Truman on the bombing of North Korean facilities in Washington, it became clear that the "sterile" methods are absolutely ineffective. On June 30, 1950, the order was given to the American troops, located on the Japanese Islands in Korea. Preparation began to create an invasion body and in the United States. At the same time, loud statements about allied obligations, collectivism, consultations, etc. turned out to be a fiction. Washington took all major solutions without any consultation with the allies and even without their alert. Where the United States tried to hide behind the name of international organizations, their hypocrisy was exposed immediately. The American commander-in-chief General D. Makurtur was as "Commander of the United Nations Troops", but he never received any orders, except for the orders of the United Committee of the headquarters of the US headquarters, and did not know any control, in addition who came from Washington. Even formal reports in the UN, according to their own recognition of D. Makatur, were subjected to the censorship of the State Department and the US Department of Defense.

The United States put half of the armed forces who fought against the DPRK (i.e. more than their own army of the South Korean regime and the contingents of Western allies), 80% of naval, 90% of the air force. The United Nations has reached its apogee, a very unfortunate handling of the United Nations, when the military command saw the opportunity to put a serious blow to North Korean troops. Until August 17, 1950, US representatives in the UN talked only to help to the South Korean regime. On the same day, the American representative of W. Austin openly stated that the United States extends its "political planning" not only to the southern, but also on the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. From Washington, General MacArthur was ordered to move forward until, "in your opinion, the actions of the forces are currently under your command, give the opportunity to believe in the possibility of success." Given the solidarity of the USSR and the PRC with the DPRK, it can be said that it was a sanction on actions fraught with very serious consequences.

What purpose did the United States pursue in Korea? Truman declared October 4, 1952: "We fight in Korea in order for us to fight in Wichita, in Chicago, in New Orleans or in San Francisco Bay." So received the grand dissemination of the myth about the total "communist threat".

Fantasticity of American conclusions does not need comments. This was the first case when the global dissemination of political influence and the United States accompanying political obligations caused the need for large-scale military actions. The United States went to such a step, they showed the willingness to pay a high price for an unprecedented expansion of the zone of their influence. In fact, the civil war was actually a civil war for the korea uniting and the communist cover was needed by Kim Il Sayna in order to enlist the help of the USSR and the PRC.

At the end of 1950, the Chinese troops by force 260 thousand moved the Yalu River and entered North Korea. The war began to acquire world proportions. Secretary of State Acheson said that "we cannot apply the Chinese defeat in Korea. They can set more soldiers than we. " In America, they thought, and what will happen if the Russians will come to the help of Koreans and the Chinese? "Outside of everything we thought about the Soviet Union stood. "Very sobering consideration". The vanity of a big war was closer than ever.

The indigestion for Americans was apparently the middle of December 1950. General Marshal called this time the "lowest point." March 15, 1951 Americans again entered what was left of Seoul.

The US government did not assume that the support price of their South Korean satellite will be so huge. Perhaps, in Washington, in Washington, they first believed in a simple operation for Americans, which are essentially a massive bombing. For such mistakes, the United States was punished with a cruel way. Initially, inside the country did not cause mass opposition to the intervention of the American armed forces into the affairs of the state, so distant from the US banks. Imperial psychology, self-instrumental confidence in the right to establish order for their own understanding of steel to the beginning of the 50s characteristic feature of American national reality. In the century of the celebration of the ideas of national sovereignty, the United States stood on the way of the revolution, paying for it victims in Korea, and then in Vietnam.

The Korean War has become a kind of frontier in the life of the American society. At the wave of imperial ugar, considering his victory in Korea secured, the United States early in the fall of 1950 decided to strengthen its positions everywhere. On September 12, 1950 US Secretary of State D. Acheson struck the English and French ambassadors to create the West German army as part of 10 divisions. " The loud protests of the two main allies on NATO were in vain. The United States demonstratively sent four divisions to Europe, subjected to allies to massive political pressure in order to integrate their strength under the US command. In December 1950, the United Nations Commander-in-Chief of the United Nations Forces in Europe was the American General D. Eisenhuer.

However, contrary to the expectations of the ideologues and strategists of the Cold War, the conflict in Korea did not bring fast success. The Chinese side made it clear that he would not tolerate the American military presence on the Yalu River, serving the border between the PRC and the DPRK. Proposals were made on the beginning of peace negotiations. The PRC delegation arrived in New York on November 24, 1950 in order to prevent conflict to the diplomatic way. If the United States sought to compromise the problem of the problem, they should not have to miss such an opportunity. But the United States did not want to return to the "world of equal." Washington made a bid not to negotiations, but on a power decision. On the morning of November 24, General MacArthur began the general offensive against the North Korean troops.

England and France openly expressed outrage. The French government accused Washington that MacArthur "began an offensive at a specified hour to disrupt the negotiations." The English magazine "New Steatsman" indicated that MacArthur "acted against any common sense." The CNR delegation left New York.

The Chinese leadership was unequivocally delivered before the choice - Li6O to retreat before American outreason, or to assist his neighbor in trouble. The Korean People's Democratic Republic was provided to both political and military assistance, which completely changed the military situation. From the attacking force of the troops, MacArthur turned into a retreating avalanche. Since then, more than ever in Washington from the official stands, they did not speak about the release of the capitals of the Power behind the Iron Curtain. In December 1950, the limited American power was demonstrated. At a press conference on November 30, 1950, the American president called for worldwide mobilization against communism. He stated that General Macarus could be given the authority to use atomic weapons.

Maximum scared allies tried to keep the United States from a dangerous step. Ettley's English Prime Minister in December 1950 arrived in Washington, demanding from President Truman, Asson's Secretary of State and just appointed Marshall Minister of Defense Guarantees that blind rage, adventurism or the vulnerable pride of Washington will not lead to the use of the American armed forces of atomic weapons. The American side in the negotiations with the British led the reasoning, later called the "Domino theory". If the Americans leave Korea, assured President Truman, "Then the following will be indochyant, then Hong Kong, then Malaya." K. Ettley literally begged American managers to switch to a more positive policy in Asia. Nothing can be more dangerous, he said, than the alienation of Asian states from the West. For this, D. Acheson replied that "the weakening of the United States would be definitely a more dangerous phenomenon." The Cache sought to solve the question of their influence in the areas of Western European metropolis, who were exempted from the colonial yoke, even sometimes oppose them.

According to D. Acheson, the parcel of American troops in Korea "brought the recommendations of the Memorandum of the SNB-68 from the sphere of theory." This war has turned his conclusions into the figures of the military budget, which in 1953 reached $ 52.6 billion, which was significant increased compared to $ 17.7 billion. In 1950, the expansion of American military power was impressive: The army increased significantly; Created tactical nuclear weapons; four more army divisions were deployed in Europe (now there are six of them there; A new reactive bomber B-52 was created; An explosion of a nuclear device in October 1952; In 1954, a hydrogen "superbomb" was tested. The United States increased its overseas presence - they received the bases in South Arabia, Morocco and agreed on their creation in fascist Spain, began to enforce plans for re-equipment of West Germany. In 1951, USA, Australia and New Zealand formed an Azyus bloc. Secret operations of the CIA were dramatically expanded.

Paranoia of the Cold War forced the United States early in the fall of 1950. Decide to strengthen its positions everywhere. On September 12, 1950 US Secretary of State D. Acheson struck the English and French ambassadors to create the West German army as part of 10 divisions. The loud protests of the two main allies on NATO were in vain. The United States demonstratively sent four divisions to Europe, subjected to allies to massive political pressure in order to integrate their strength under the US command. In December 1950, the United Nations Commander-in-Chief of the United Nations Forces in Europe was the American General D. Eisenhuer.

"Cold War" came to the edge of a genuine conflict. According to the emergency military plan approved by the Joint Committee of Headquarters in October 1950, strategic air operations against the USSR were planned for the sixth day after the start of the war. Heavy bombers from the base in Maine will reset 20 bombs at the Moscow-Gorky area and return to England; The average bombers, based on Labrador, will strike in the area of \u200b\u200bLeningrad 12 bombs; The average bombers from the English databases fly over the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and, dropping 52 bombs to the industrial areas of the Volga region and the Donetsk Basin, will return to Libyan and Egyptian airfields; Medium bombers from the Azores will reset 15 bombs in the Caucasus area and land in Saudi Arabia. Bombers with Guam will deliver 15 bombs intended for Vladivostok and Irkutsk.

The world stood on the edge of a suicide nuclear conflict.

A feature of the Cold War deployed by President Truman War was the lack of clear attitudes on how far America will go, defending their interests. Essentially, during the offensive of General MacArthur to the north of the 38th parallels, the United States was in front of the choice, or be consistent in the implementation of their course, or retreat, fearing catastrophic consequences. After very agile fluctuations, the administration of Truman decided to reverse. The Korea of \u200b\u200bAmericans were waiting for victims of unprecedented scale, but they would be small in comparison with losses that the United States could have suffered if the proposal of General MacArthur on the transition of "to open actions" against China and Russia was adopted. As a primary task, MacArthur proclaimed the "Reunion of Korea", then the return of Chan Kaisi to the continent. Here is his opinion: "Here, in Asia, the communist conspirators decided to make a bet on a worldwide victory ... Here we are fighting military tools, while diplomats are fighting only with the help of words."

One of the first, who "came terrified" from the translation of abstract schemes into a specific plane, was a political observer W. Lippman: if the policy offered by D. Makartur will be embodied in life, "then the US government will plunge himself into a fantastically complex position, tied The question of the defeat of Red China in Korea with the question of their survival. Modes do not lead negotiations on their own survival. Such questions are solved only as a result of a total victory. " To these suggestions, General Bradley, Chairman of the Joint Committee of Headquarters, answered that the spread of the war in China would mean the maintenance of "not the war, not at that time, not in the place, against the wrong enemy." In early April 1951, President Truman rejected the proposal of MacArthur about the globalization of the conflict. MacArthur was removed from the command of American troops in Korea.

At the end of June 1951, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Yakov Malik proposed to start peace negotiations. On July 10, 1951, the United States began negotiations on the issue of truce in Korea.

Do not underestimate the values \u200b\u200bof the Korean lesson for the US Cold War. Under its impact, the general direction of American policy in the world in the coming years was determined: to promote global scales, allow conflicts in peripheral zones, but avoid direct clashes from the USSR; Surround the Soviet Union ring of its satellites, place on their territory the base and military contingents; Avoid direct negotiations with the USSR and the PRC; Ignore the opinion of the allies, strengthen the American primacy in blocks. In the early 50s, the United States began to create a huge military potential of both nuclear and conventional weapons. It was from those years that military construction began, whose rhythm does not weaken in the XXI century. The country, who never had a large army in peacetime, created a huge army and a global nuclear strategy.

The colossal tragedy of the "Cold War" approached the suicidal finale. " Two strengths opposed to each other were able to respond. The opposite American power of the pole was created by the refusal of the Soviet Union and a number of Eastern European countries to enter the American influence zone, creating the Soviet Union of its own atomic weapons, the formation of the PRC. Now the United States has met confrontation simultaneously on two fronts - Western European and Asian. With all the gradation of American resources, the retention and expansion of the influence zones simultaneously in Western Europe and China had an overlap, which required the incredible voltage of forces, a huge power concentration on two extremely remote directions from each other.

What did America become during these transformations? Editor of Memoirov J. Forrest Tol, U. Millis, as evidenced by the results of the activities of the Ternanov administration: She left after himself "the tremendous swollen Military Eastballment, incommensurable with nothing that we had in peacetime ... The Trumene administration aroused a huge and, obviously created military Industry, now entirely dependent on government contracts. The Ministry of Defense has become undoubtedly the greatest industrial corporation in the world; Huge military corporations, such as "General Motors", "DuPont", the leading aviation concerns occupied monopoly positions, which, apparently, raised new issues of the legal and constitutional device of the state. " The principles of "insulatingism" were finally buried.

"Cold War" had deep consequences for American society. American historian A. Schlesinger rightly pointed out that the President Truman "dramatically and in a dangerous extent expanded the scope of powers of future presidents in a dangerous extent to their actions during the Korean War. Diplomacy Truman - Acheson demanded from citizens readiness for victims in the name of the "higher interests of the country". But who could definitely determine these interests? If the "Cold War" was still a war, then why wasn't mobilization? If the "Cold War" was not a war, then what to justify the discharge of hatred and fear against the Soviet Union? If the atheistic Soviet Union was irreconcilable hostile to the Christian world, then why did it stumble, say, not the Vatican first?

The highest price for the hysteria of the "Cold War" was, perhaps, had to pay the American intelligentsia, for which the period of McCarthyism, which coincided with the years of the rigging up American influence, became the time of silence, years of moral and intellectual degradation.

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Presentation:

Slide1.

Southeast Asia during the Cold War.

MESTIONS S.V. Group, we, 116.

Slide 2.

Far East and Southeast Asia.

The international relations of the Epoch of the Yalta-Potsdam system represent a very complex picture of the opposition of leading subjects of world politics in an extensive geopolitical space. Southeast Asia and the Far East was an integral part of this space, where the interests of the United States of America, the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union were faced.

Slide 3.

War in Korea.

The result of the contradictions was the war on the Korean Peninsula

The parties to the conflict were:

North Korea (DPRK) with the support of the USSR (advisers, military equipment, finance) and China (personal composition at the final stage up to 600,000 thousand people).

South Korea (RK) Support USA (military equipment, finance, regular parts of the US Army, under the auspices of the UN).

1953 after the death of Stalin and the coming to power in the United States of the new administration, the parties conclude a truce and bred troops, the line of distinction is the 38th parallel. The conflict is frozen.

Slide 4.

Conference in San Francisco.

During the Korean War in San Francisco (September 1951), a peaceful conference was organized, which was supposed to consolidate the results of World War II in the Far East, the purpose of the conclusion of peace treaties. Where Japan, recognized by the side of the aggressor and lost all its conquered territories. At the same time, even before the conference, the United States weakened the position of the communist camp countries.

The delegation of the PRC and the DPRK was not invited to meet, there were 52 countries. The version of the peace treaty proposed by Moscow, did not even consider the conference, which emphasized the USSR insulation in making decisions on the fate of the Asia-Pacific region. The basis of the Anglo-American version of the agreement was adopted.

Slide 5.

Creating military units at the USA in Asia.

Zealand insisted on signing with the United States to San Francisco the so-called

Pacific Covenant, which was issued by the Military Union, called Anzyus (USA, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea.. The contract provided for advice in the event of a threat

attacks and joint military actions when attacking the territory, vessels and aircraft of one of the participants in the Pacific area.

In 1954 Creating a block of SeaTo (USA, United Kingdom, France, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Pakistan and Thailand).

Thus, the military-political confrontation was

distributed on the APR.

The Cold War acquired a global character with all its regional features.

Slide 6.

US War in Vietnam (1964-1975).

This war has become one of the most important events of the Cold War period. The course and the results of it largely predetermined the further development of events in all Southeast Asia. In total, military actions lasted over 10 years. The US Direct Military Intervention in the affairs of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam continued for more than eight years.

The armed incident in the Tonkin Gulf was the reason. On August 2, 1964, the US Navy "Maddox", patrolling the Tonkin Bay, came up to the coast of Northern Vietnam and, as stated, was attacked by the Northwenthenemian torpedo boats .. As a response, President Lindon Johnson ordered the American Air Force to strike on the military Sea objects of Northern Vietnam.

Slide 7.

US War in Vietnam

August 5, 1964 United States began against the DRV "Air War" and shelling its territory to the ships of the 7th Fleet.

On August 6-7, the US Congress adopted a joint resolution (so on. "The Tonkin Resolution"), which authorized these actions and provided President Johnson the right to use the US Armed Forces in Southeast Asia.

On February 7, 1965, American Aviation began implementing the Flaming Dart operation ("Flaming Spear") - the first among operations to destroy the military and industrial facilities of Northern Vietnam.

On March 2, 1965, the systematic bombings of Northern Vietnam began as part of the Rolling Thunder Operation ("Groma Rabat").

One of the features of the Vietnamese War, which distinguishes it from other local wars, is the widespread use of the US Army of Chemical Weapons against the units of the national liberation of the South Vietnam (NFA). Americans using chemicals, namely the defoliant "Agent Orange" destroyed the foliage in the jungle to identify partisans detachments, and Napalm is a living force of his opponent. As a result, Vietnam suffered from the use of chemical weapons more than any other country in the world.

Slide 8.

Participation in the US War and their Satellites.

In March 1965, 3,500 marines were planted in Danang, and in February 1968, the US troops in Vietnam had already numbered 543 thousand people and a large number of military equipment that were 30% of the combat composition of the US Army, 30% of Army Aviation Helicopters, about 40% Tactical aircraft, almost 13% of shock aircraft carriers and 66% of the marines. After the Conference in Honolulu in February 1966, the heads of the US Allied Countries on the SEATO block were sent to South Vietnam Troops: South Korea - 49 thousand people, Thailand - 13.5 thousand, Australia - 8 thousand, Philippines - 2 thousand and New Zealand - 350 people.

Slide 9.

Participation of the USSR and China.

The USSR and China performed on the side of Northern Vietnam, providing him with broad economic, technical and military assistance. Only from the Soviet Union by 1965, DRV received free or in the form of loans 340 million rubles. For VN, weapons, ammunition and other material means were supplied. Soviet military specialists helped military warriors to master the combat technique.

Slide 10.

Cessation of hostilities.

By the end of the 1960s. The situation for the United States in East Asia approached a fundamentally important border was obvious inability not only to win the war against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), which received great help from the USSR and the PRC, but also to preserve their presence in the south of Vietnam. At the end of 1968, the negotiations of US delegations and DRV began in Paris on the one hand, and delegations of the DRV and the People's Front of the liberation of South Vietnam on the other on the cessation of hostilities [See: A Documentary History ... 1980,143].

Taking into account the expansion of the positions of the Communists and the left forces close to them in Laos and Cambodia, which were under the influence of the DRV, as well as the weakening of the support of Washington's regional policy by its allies, this meant the failure of an American strategy in Southeast Asia with the prospect of US depositate care.

Slide 11.

US outlet from the war.

China's relations with the United States were hostile in all directions, and one of the most sharp was the confrontation in Indochite. However, the main thing was that Washington and Beijing realized the need for parallel actions to resolve the crisis of international relations in East Asia.

The situation of the crisis of international relations in East Asia led to a change in the doctrinal foundations of the entire foreign policy policy. An expression of a new assessment of the strategic situation in the world, the possibilities of the United States to maintain its influence was the so-called Nixon Doctrine, the main items of which were announced in the speech of the President on the island of GUAM on July 25, 1969. "It was already a new policy

caucasian philosophy. Not the whole world, but only the developed zones of the capitalist system were declared vital - for the sake of the prevalence in them, the United States was ready to fight. The huge mass of developing countries essentially declared only the zone of the desired American domination "[Utkin, 2003,217-218].

The change in the foreign policy doctrine of the United States immediately led to changes in international relations in East Asia, which was expressed in the transition of the War in Vietnam to a qualitatively new stage. In Washington, the principle of "Vietnamization" of war was proclaimed, which contributed to the beginning of the negotiation process between the warring parties [see: Lafeber, 1991,262].

Slide 12.

The results of the Vietnamese war.

The only way to overcome the crisis of international relations in the region was the revision of foreign policy concepts by the main subjects of international relations. It was necessary to overcome the fundamental principle of bipolarity, on which all the foreign policy steps of one or another state were based, the period of the Cold War.

According to the results of Paris agreements, Washington's strategic positions in Southeast Asia deteriorated significantly. It became clear that the direct presence of the United States in this region is no longer possible. Nevertheless, the final departure of the United States did not happen from the region. First, their positions were strong in Korea and in Taiwan, as well as in the pool of the Pacific Ocean. In addition, you should not forget that the presence of the United States in Asia spread through military blocks, even with the loss of South Vietnam, the states maintained influence in the region.

Finally, another important factor that influenced the alignment of forces in East Asia after Paris agreements is the American-Chinese rapprochement, which allowed both parties to strengthen their position in the region, plus the territorial location of China made it a key player in identifying the foreign policy of the states of this region.

With the association of Vietnam of the USSR, the same has strengthened its influence in this part of the world (ideological, military, economic)

Slide13.

Violated the principle of bipolarity, which was the basis of international relations after World War II. In East Asia, the so-called strategic triangle has developed: USA - KN R - USSR. Each of these states had a certain political, economic and military weight, which did not allow, however, to dominate by a particular state in the region.

Slide 14.

Biblioography:

1. History of foreign policy of the USSR, 1986; Kadimov, 1965.

2. http://vietnamnews.ru/Chemical

3. http://www.easttime.ru/nalytics/dalnii-vostok/aziatskoe-nato.

If we consider the chronological stages of the Cold War, then there is a traditional and most common division:

the initial phase of confrontation (1946-1953). At this stage, the confrontation is made practically officially (from the Fultonic speech Churchill in 1946), the active struggle for the spheres of influence first in Europe (Central, Eastern and South), and then in other regions of the world, from Iran Korea. It becomes obvious military parity of the forces taking into account the presence of both the USA and the USSR of atomic weapons, and military-political blocks (NATO and the ATS) appear, supporting each superpower. The first clash of opposing camps at the "Polygon" of third countries - the Korean War;

the acute stage of confrontation (1953-1962). This stage began with a temporary weakening of the confrontation - after the death of Stalin and the critics of the cult of his personality from the side of the Khrushchev who came to power in the USSR there were opportunities for a constructive dialogue. However, at the same time, the parties increased their geopolitical activity, which is especially obvious to the USSR, who stopped any attempts of the Allied countries to exit the socialist camp. In combination with the ongoing racing of weapons, this led the world on the edge of an open war between nuclear powers - the Caribbean crisis of 1962, when, due to the placement of Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba between the USSR and the United States, a war of atomic weapons did not begin;

the so-called "discharge" (1962-1979), the period of the Cold War, when a number of objective factors showed the risk of increasing tension to both parties. First, after 1962 it became obvious that the atomic war in which, most likely, there would be no winners, more than real. Secondly, the psychological fatigue of the participants of the Cold War and the rest of the world from constant voltage gave themselves to know and demanded a breather. Thirdly, the arms race also began to affect the USSR experienced more and more obvious systemic economic problems, trying to build military potential to keep up with the opponent. The United States in this regard was difficulties as with the main allies, which were more and more striving for peaceful development, besides, raped the oil crisis, in which the normalization of relations with the USSR, one of the leading oil suppliers, was very by the way. But "discharge" was short: both parties considered it as a respite and already in the mid-1970s, the confrontation began to increase: the United States began to develop the scenarios of the Nuclear War from the USSR, Moscow in response began to modernize their missile troops and missile defense; War in Vietnam.

stage "Evil Empires" (1979-1985), on which the reality of the armed conflict between the superpowers began to increase again. The intensity catalyst was the input of Soviet troops to Afghanistan in 1979, which did not fail to use the United States, providing all sorts of support to Afghans. The information war has become very acute, starting with the exchange of ignoring the Olympic Games first in Moscow (1980), then in Los Angeles (1984), and ending with the use of Epper Epper's epithets (with a light hand of President Reagan). Military departments of both superpowers began to more detailed elaboration of the scenarios of the nuclear war and the improvement of both ballistic offensive types of weapons and missile defense systems;

the end of the Cold War, changing the bipolar system of the world device by a unipolar system (1985-1991). The actual victory of the United States and their allies in the Cold War, associated with political and economic transformations in the Soviet Union, known as restructuring and related to the activities of Gorbachev. Experts continue to argue as far as the collapse of the USSR, and the disappearance of the socialist camp, is due to objective reasons, first of all, the economic inefficiency of the socialist model, and how much is associated with the incorrect geopolitical strategic and tactical decisions of the Soviet leadership. However, the fact remains a fact: after 1991, there is only one superpower in the world, in which even there is an unofficial award "For the victory in the Cold War" - the United States.

Not a single income of someone else's land want. But also their land, not a single top of his land will give anyone.
Joseph Stalin

Cold War is a state of contradiction between the two dominant world systems: capitalism and socialism. Socialism represented the USSR, and capitalism, hawn, the United States and the United Kingdom. Today it is popular to say that the Cold War is the confrontation between the USSR-USA, but at the same time they forget to say that the Speech of the British Prime Minister of Churchillus led to the formal proclamation of the war.

Causes of war

In 1945, contradictions between the USSR and other participants of the anti-Hitler coalition began to appear. It was clear that Germany wage lost, and now the main question is the post-war device of the world. Here everyone tried to pull the blanket in his direction, to take a leading position relative to other countries. The main contradictions were in European countries: Stalin wanted to subjugate them to the Soviet system, and the capitalists sought not to let the Soviet state in Europe.

The reasons for the Cold War are the following:

Social. Cohesion of the country in the face of the new enemy.
Economic. Fighting sales markets and for resources. The desire to loosen the economic power of the enemy.
Military. Armament racing in case of the beginning of a new open war.
Ideological. The opponent's society is presented solely in a negative subtext. Fighting two ideologies.

The active stage of the opposition of two systems begins with the US atomic bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. If we consider this bombardment apart, then it is illogical - the war is won, Japan is not a competitor. Why bomb cities, and even such a weapon? But if we consider the end of the Second World War and the beginning of the Cold War, then in the bombing anim is to show its power to the potential enemy, and to show who should be the main thing in the world. And the factor of nuclear weapons was later very important. After all, the atomic bomb from the USSR appeared only in 1949 ...

Start of war

If you briefly consider the Cold War, then its beginning today is associated exclusively with the speech of Churchill. Therefore, they say that the beginning of the Cold War is March 5, 1946.

Speech Churchill March 5, 1946

In fact, Truman (US President) said a more specific speech, from which everyone became clear that the Cold War began. And the speech of Churchill (it is not difficult today to find on the Internet and read) was superficial. It said a lot about the iron curtain, but not a word about the Cold War.

Interview Stalin dated February 10, 1946

On February 10, 1946, the Pravda newspaper published an interview with Stalin. Today, this newspaper is very difficult to find, but this interview was very interesting. In it, Stalin said the following: "Capitalism always generates crises and conflicts. It always creates a threat of war, which is a threat to the USSR. Therefore, we must accelerate the pace to restore the Soviet economy. We must give the priority of the heavy industry, and not the consumer goods. "

This speech Stalin turned over and precisely on it all Western leaders who spoke about the desire of the USSR to start the war. But, as you can see, in this speech, Stalin did not even have a hint of the Military expansion of the Soviet state.

Real start of war

To say that the beginning of the Cold War is associated with the speech of Churchill - a little illogical. The fact is that at the time of 1946 it was just the former Prime Minister of Great Britain. There is a certain absurd theater - the war between the USSR and the USA officially begins for the former Prime Minister of England. In fact, everything was different, and Churchill's performance is just a convenient pretext, which was later beneficial to write off.

The real start of the Cold War should be attributed to the minimum by 1944, when it was already clear that Germany was doomed to defeat, and all the allies pulled the blanket for themselves, realizing that it was very important to get domination over the post-war world. If to torture is to hold a more accurate line of the beginning of the war, then first serious disagreements on the topic "How to live on" between the Allies happened at the Tehran conference.

Specificity of war

To properly understand the processes held during the Cold War, it is necessary to understand what this war was in history. Today, increasingly talking about the fact that it was actually the third world. And this is a huge mistake. The fact is that all wives of mankind that were before that, including those of Napoleonic wars and 2 world wars, these were warriors of the capitalist world for rights dominated in a certain in the region. The Cold War was the first global war where two systems were confrontation: capitalist and socialist. Here I may argue that there were war in the history of mankind, where the corner was not capital, but religion: Christianity against Islam and Islam against Christianity. In part, this objection is true, but only from happiness. The fact is that any religious conflicts cover only a part of the population and part of the world, while the global cold war covered the whole world. All countries of the world could be clearly divided into 2 main groups:

Socialist. Recognized the dominance of the USSR and received funding from Moscow.
Capitalist. The United States dominated and received funding from Washington.

There were also "indefinite." There were few such countries, but they were. Their main specificity consisted in the fact that they could not decide what camp to join, so they received funding from two sources: from Moscow and from Washington.

Who started war

One of the problems of the Cold War is a question - who began it. Indeed, there is no army, which crosses the border of another state, and thus declares war. Today you can write off everything in the USSR and say that this Stalin began the war. But with the evidence base of this hypothesis of trouble. I will not help our "partners" and to look for what the USSR could have been motives for the war, but I will give the facts why Stalin the aggravation of relationships were not needed (at least not right in 1946):

Nuclear weapon. In the USA it appeared in 1945, and the USSR has in 1949. You can imagine that over the calculating Stalin wanted to exacerbate relations with the United States when the opponent's trump card has a nuclear weapon. At the same time, I remind, there was also a plan for the atomic bombing of the largest cities of the USSR.
Economy. The United States and the United Kingdom, by and large, in the Second World War earned, therefore they have no economic problems. The USSR is another matter. The country had to restore the economy. By the way, the United States had 50% in the global GNP for 1945.

The facts suggest that in 1944-1946 the USSR was not ready to start the war. Yes, and the speech of Churchill, which formally and began a cold war, was not uttered in Moscow, and not with her filing. But on the other hand, both opposing camps in such a war were extremely interested.

On September 4, 1945, a Memorandum 329 was adopted in the United States, which developed the plan for atomic bombings of Moscow and Leningrad. In my opinion, this is the best proof who wanted war and aggravate relations.

Goal

Any war has a goal and surprisingly that our historians are not even trying to identify the goals of the Cold War. On the one hand, it is justified by the fact that the USSR had only 1 goal - the expansion and strengthening of socialism by any paths. But Western countries were more ingenious. They sought not only to distribute their global influence, but also to apply spiritual strikes on the USSR. And it continues to this day. The following US goals can be distinguished in the War of Historical and Mental Impact:

Make the substitution of concepts at the historical level. Note that under the influence of these ideas today, all the historical personalities of Russia, which bowed to Western countries, are presented with ideal rulers. At the same time, everyone who performed for the rise of Russia is presented by tyrants, despoty and frills.
Development of the Soviet people complex of inferiority. We have tried to prove all the time that we are not such that we are guilty of all the problems of mankind and so on. In many ways, because of this, people were so easily perceived the collapse of the USSR and the problems of the 90s - it was "payback" for our inferiority, and on the self-aim was just reached the target in the opponent's war.
Discharge history. This stage continues to this day. If you learn Western materials, then there our whole story (literally everyone) is presented as one solid violence.

There are, of course, the pages of the story that our country can be punched, but most of the stories are sudden from the finger. Moreover, the liberals and Western historians for some reason forget that this is not Russia colonized the whole world, not Russia destroyed the indigenous population of America, not Russia shot the Hindus from guns, tieting 20 people in a row to save the nuclei, not Russia exploited Africa. Such examples can be remembered, because each country has uniceceptible stories in history. Therefore, if you want to pick up in bad events of our story - be kindly not forget that Western countries have such stories no less.

Stages of war

The stages of the Cold War are one of the most controversial issues, because it is very difficult to gradually. Nevertheless, I can offer the division of this war for 8 key stages:

Preparatory (193-1945). Another world war was and formally "allies" performed a single front, but the disagreements were already and everyone began to fight for post-war world domination.
Beginning (1945-1949). The usual hegemony of the United States, when the Americans manage to make a dollar with a single world currency and strengthen the position of the country in almost all regions other than those in which the USSR army was located.
Height (1949-1953). Key factors of 1949, which allow you to allocate this year as a key: 1 - the creation of atomic weapons in the USSR, 2 - the USSR economy comes out in 1940. After that, an active confrontation began when the United States could no longer speak from the USSR from the position of force.
First discharge (1953-1956). The key event is the death of Stalin, after which it was announced the beginning of the new course - the policy of peaceful coexistence.
New round of crisis (1956-1970). Events in Hungary led to a new twist of tension, which lasted almost 15 years, for which the Caribbean crisis came.
Second discharge (1971-1976). This stage of the Cold War, if briefly, is associated with the beginning of the work Commission for the withdrawal of tension in Europe, and with the signing of the final act in Helsinki.
Third crisis (1977-1985). A new round when the Cold War between the USSR and the United States reached apogee. The main point of confrontation is Afghanistan. In terms of military development, the country staged a 2Dikaya "surgery.
The end of the war (1985-1988). The end of the Cold War falls for 1988, when it became clear that the "new political thinking" in the USSR ends the war and so far only de facto recognizes the American victory.

These are the main stages of the Cold War. As a result, socialism and communism lost to capitalism, since the moral and mental impact of the United States, which was openly directed to the management of the CPSU, has reached its goal: the party leadership began to put their personal interests and the benefit above the socialist basics.

Forms

The confrontation of two ideologies began in 1945. Gradually, this confrontation covered all spheres of public life.

Military confrontation

The main military confrontation of the era of the Cold War is the struggle of two blocks. On April 4, 1949, NATO was created (the organization of the North Atlantic Treaty). NATO includes USA, Canada, England, France, Italy and a number of small countries. In response, on May 14, 1955, the ATS (organization of the Warsaw Treaty) is created. Thus, there was a clear confusion of two systems. But again it should be noted that the first step was made by Western countries that organized NATO 6 years earlier than the Warsaw Agreement appeared.

The main confrontation, which we have already said partially, is atomic weapons. In 1945, this weapon appeared in the United States. Moreover, in America developed a plan for strikes with nuclear weapons on the 20 largest cities of the USSR, using 192 bombs. This forced the USSR to do even impossible to create its own atomic bomb, the first successful tests of which were held in August 1949. In the future, all this resulted in the arms race of a huge scale.

Economic confrontation

In 1947, the United States developed the Marshall Plan. According to this plan, the United States provided financial assistance to all countries affected during the war. But in this regard, there was one limit - only those countries that share the political interests and goals of the United States were assisted. In response to this, the USSR begins to assist in restoring countries after the war, which chose the path of socialism. On the basis of these approaches, 2 Economic Blocks were created:

Western European Union (ZEV) in 1948.
Council of Economic Mutual Assistance (CEV) in January 1949. The organization, except the USSR, includes: Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria.

Despite the formation of unions, the essence did not change: Zev helped the US money, and CEV helped the USSR money. The rest of the countries consumed only.

In the economic confrontation with the United States, Stalin took two steps, which were extremely negatively affected by the American economy: March 1, 1950 in the USSR left from the calculation of the ruble calculus in dollars (as it was all over the world) to the Gold Security, and April 1952 of the USSR, China and Eastern European countries create trade zone, alternative dollar. This trade zone did not use the dollar at all, which means the capitalist world, which before that owned the 100% world market, lost the minimum of 1/3 of this market. All this happened against the background of the "Economic Miracle of the USSR". Western experts said that the USSR would be able to go after the war in the level of 1940 only by 1971, but it really happened in 1949.

Crisis

Cold War Crises

Event	date
	1948
War in Vietnam	1946-1954
	1950-1953
	1946-1949
	1948-1949
	1956
	Mid 50s - mid 60s
	Mid 60s
War in Afghanistan

These are the main crises of the Cold War, but also were other, less significant. Next, we briefly consider what the essence of these crises was, and what consequences they led the world.

Military conflicts

In our country, a cold war, many seriously perceive. In our consciousness sits the understanding that war is "checkers naked", weapons in hand and in the trenches. But the cold war was different, although even it did not cost without regional conflicts, some of which were extremely heavy. Main conflicts of those times:

Split Germany. FRG and GDR education.
War in Vietnam (1946-1954). Led to the country section.
War in Korea (1950-1953). Led to the country section.

Berlin crisis of 1948

For the correct understanding of the essence of the Berlin crisis of 1948, you should examine the map.

Germany was divided into 2 parts: Western and Eastern. Berlin was also on the zone of influence, but the city himself was deep in Eastern lands, that is, on the territory of the territory controlled by the USSR. In an effort to put pressure on Western Berlin, the Soviet leadership organized its blockade. It was the answer to the recognition of Taiwan and adopt it in the UN.

England and France organized a air corridor, providing residents of Western Berlin with all necessary. Therefore, the blockade failed and the crisis itself began to slow down turnover. Understanding that the blockade does not lead to anything, the Soviet leadership removes it, normalizing the life of Berlin.

A continuation of the crisis was the creation of two states in Germany. In 1949, Western lands were transformed into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). In response, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) was created in Eastern lands. It is these events that should be considered a final split from Europe on 2 opposing camps - West and East.

Revolution in China

In 1946, civil war began in China. The Communist Block arranged an armed coup, seeking to overthrow the government of Chan Kaishi from the Gomindan party. Civil war and revolution became possible due to the events of 1945. After the victory over Japan, a base for lifting communism was created here. Since 1946, the USSR has been delivered by the supply of weapons, food and all necessary, to support Chinese communists who have been struggled for the country.

The revolution ended in 1949 by the formation of the People's Republic of China (PRC), where the whole full of power was in the hands of the Communist Party. As for Chankayshistov, they fled to Taiwan and formed their state, which was very quickly recognized in the West, and even accepted it in the UN. In response to this, the USSR leaves the UN. This is an important point, since he had a great influence on another Asian conflict - the Korean War.

Education of the state of Israel

From the first UN meetings, one of the main issues was the fate of Palestine State. At that time, Palestine was actually a colony of Great Britain. The separation of Palestine to the Jewish and Arab state was an attempt by the United States and the USSR to hit the United Kingdom and its positions in Asia. Stalin approved the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating the state of Israel, because he believed by the "left" Jews, and expected to gain control over this country, strengthened in the Middle East.

The Palestinian problem was solved in November 1947 at the UN Assembly, where the position of the USSR was played a key role. The poet can be said that Stalin played a key role in the establishment of the state of Israel.

The UN Assembly decided to create 2 states: Jewish (Israel »Arabic (Palestine). In May 1948, the independence of Israel was announced and the Arab countries declared this state a war. The Middle Eastern crisis began. The United Kingdom supported Palestine, USSR and the USA - Israel. In In 1949, Israel won the war and immediately between the Jewish state and the USSR arose conflict, as a result of which Stalin ruined diplomatic relations with Israel. The battle in the Middle East won the United States.

Korean War

The Korean War is an undeservedly forgotten event, which today is little studied, which is a mistake. After all, the Korean War is the third in the history of human victims. During the war years, 14 million people died! More victims only in the two world wars. A large number of victims is due to the fact that it was the first major armed conflict within the Cold War.

After the victory over Japan in 1945, the USSR and the United States divided Korea (formerly colony of Japan) to the zones of influence: Rolling Korea - under the influence of the USSR, South Korea - under the influence of the USA. In 1948, 2 states were officially formed:

Korean People's Democratic Republic (DPRK). Zone of the influence of the USSR. Head - Kim Il Saint.
The Republic of Korea. US influence area. The head is the son of Mann.

Having enlisted with the support of the USSR and China, on June 25, 1950, Kim Il Saint begins the war. In fact, it was a war for the korea uniting, which in the DPRK planned to finish quickly. The quick victory factor was important because only this could not give the US time to intervene in the conflict. The beginning was promising, UN troops came to the rescue of the Republic of Korea republic, which were 90% of Americans. After that, the Army of the DPRK retreats and was close to collapse. The situation was saved by Chinese volunteers who intervened in the war and restored the balance of power. After that, local battles began and the border between North and South Korea was established on the 38th parallels.

The first discharge of war

The first discharge in the Cold War happened in 1953 after the death of Stalin. An active dialogue between opposing countries has begun. On July 15, 1953, the New Government of the USSR, headed by Khrushchev, announced the desire to build new relations with Western countries, based on peaceful coexistence policies. Similar statements were made from the opposite side.

A large factor in stabilizing the situation was the end of the Korean War and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Israel. Wanting to demonstrate to bented countries, the desire for the peaceful coexistence of Khrushchev brought the Soviet troops from Austria, having achieved a promise from the Austrian side to maintain neutrality. Naturally, no neutrality was, as there were no concessions and gestures from the United States.

The discharge lasted from 1953 to 1956. Ha This time of the USSR has established relations with Yugoslavia, India, began to develop relations with African and Asian countries, which only recently freed from colonial dependence.

New turn of tension

Hungary

At the end of 1956, an uprising began in Hungary. Locals, realizing that the positions of the USSR after the death of Stalin, became noticeably worse, raised uprising against the current regime in the country. As a result, the Cold War approached its important point. For the USSR, there were 2 ways:

Recognize the right of revolution on self-determination. This step would give all the rest of the countries dependent on the USSR, an understanding that at any moment they can escape from socialism.
Suppress the rebellion. This approach contradicted the principles of socialism, but only this could be kept the leading position in the world.

The 2nd option was selected. The army suppressed the rebellion. To suppress in places it was necessary to apply weapons. As a result, the revolution was able to win, it became clear that the "discharge" was over.

Caribbean crisis

Cuba is a small state near the United States, but it barely led the world to a nuclear war. In the late 50s, the revolution and the authorities took place on Cuba and the power seized Fidel Castro, who declared the desire to build socialism on the island. For America, it was a challenge - a state appeared near their border, which acts as a geopolitical opponent. As a result, the US planned to solve the situation by military path, but defeated.

The crisis began in 1961, after the USSR secretly delivered rocket to Cuba. This soon became known, and the President of the United States demanded to bring the rocket. The parties aggravated the conflict, until it became clear that the world was on the threshold of the nuclear war. As a result, the USSR agreed to bring the rocket from Cuba, and the United States agreed to bring their missiles from Turkey.

"Prague Vienna"

In the mid-1960s, a new tension arose - this time in Czechoslovakia. The situation here very much resembled the one that was previously in Hungary: democratic trends began in the country. Mostly, the youth opposed the current government, and the movement was headed by A. Dubchek.

There was a situation, as in Hungary, "will allow to hold a democratic revolution, meant to give an example to other countries that the socialist system can be overthrown at any time. Therefore, in Czechoslovakia, the countries of the Warsaw Treaty were sent. The rebellion was depressed, but the suppression caused indignation throughout the world. But it was the Cold War, and, of course, any active actions of one side were actively criticized by the other party.

Discharge in war

The peak of the Cold War fell on the 50s and 60s, when the aggravation of the relationship between the SSR and the United States was so big that the war could start at any time. Starting from the 70s, the discharge of war and the subsequent defeat of the USSR. But in this case I want to stop short to the United States. What happened in this country to "discharge"? In fact, the country has ceased to be people and moved under the management of capitalists, under which it is also under today. You can even say more - the USSR won a cold war in the United States in the late 60s, and the United States as the state of the American people ceased to exist. Power captured capitalists. Appoge of these events - the murder of President Kennedy. But after the United States of the country of the country representing the capitalists and oligarchs - they already won the Cold War of the USSR.

But back to the Cold War and discharge in it. These signs were marked in 1971 when the USSR, USA, England and France signed agreements on the beginning of the work of the Commission on the decision of the Berlin problem, as the constant tension points in Europe.

Final Akt.

In 1975, the most significant event of the "discharge" of the Cold War occurred. During this years, a pan-European security meeting was held, in which all European countries took part (of course, including the USSR, as well as the United States and Canada). The meeting was held in Helsinki (Finland), so the story included as a Helsinki final act.

At the end of the congress, an act was signed, but before that there were difficult negotiations, first of all, 2 points:

Freedom of the media in the USSR.
Freedom of the departure "From" and "B" of the USSR.

The Commission from the USSR agreed to both paragraphs, but in a special wording that had little to what had obliged the country itself. The final signing of the Act has become the first symbol that the West and East can agree among themselves.

New aggravation of relationships

In the late 70s and in the early 80s, a new round of the Cold War began when the relationship between the USSR and the United States was glowed. There were 2 reasons for this:

The United States in Western European countries have placed medium-range missiles that have been able to achieve the territory of the USSR.

The beginning of the war in Afghanistan.

As a result, the Cold War came to a new level and the enemy took up the usual business - race of weapons. She very painfully beat on budgets of both countries and ultimately led the United States to the terrible economic crisis of 1987, and the USSR to defeat the war and the subsequent collapse.

Historical meaning

Surprisingly, in our country a cold war is perceived non-serious. The best fact demonstrating the attitude towards this historical event and in the West is the writing of the name. We have a "cold war" written in all textbooks in quotes and from the capital letter, in the West - without quotes and with a small one. This is the difference in relation to.

It really was war. Just in understanding people who have just won Germany, war is weapon, shots, attack, defense, and so on. But the world has changed in the cold war against the forefront, contradictions and ways of their decision came out. Of course, it was poured into real armed clashes.

In any case, the result of the Cold War is important, because by its results of the USSR ceased existence. On this, the war itself ended, and Gorbachev received a medal "For the victory in the Cold War" in the US.

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