The cicada family is characterized by the following characteristics. The head is short, the eyes are very prominent; on the crown there are 3 simple ocelli, forming a triangle; short bristle-like antennae consist of 7 segments; The oral parts consist of a 3-segmented proboscis. The fore wings are longer than the hind wings, the wings for the most part transparent, sometimes brightly colored or black; the thighs of the middle pair of legs are short and wide; fore femora thickened, with spines below; tibia cylindrical. The abdomen is usually quite thick and ends in an ovipositor in females and a copulation apparatus in males. Extremely characteristic of C. is the presence in males of a special vocal apparatus, arranged as follows. The apparatus is placed on the underside of the metathorax, behind the hind legs, under 2 large semicircular scales; it consists of a middle and 2 lateral cavities. At the bottom of the middle cavity there are 2 pairs of membranes, of which the 2 front membranes are called folded (due to folds), and the 2 rear ones are called speculum, since they are shiny and smooth. The lateral cavities have a hole on the side that leads to the surface of the body. In the inner wall of these cavities is inserted the eardrum, to which a muscle is attached that causes the membrane to vibrate. The middle cavities serve as resonators. Females have a rudimentary vocal apparatus, so they cannot sing. C. - mostly large insects, found in all parts of the world, mainly in hot countries.
Up to 1,500 species of cicadas are known. They live on trees and bushes and fly quite well. Males chirp or sing mainly during the hottest part of the day; Apparently, their singing serves to attract females. The ancient Greeks greatly appreciated their singing and, as you know, Anacreon wrote an ode in honor of C. With the help of the proboscis (and the female also with the ovipositor), C. makes injections in various trees and suck out their juices. Often tree sap continues to flow even after injections of C. and, hardening in the air, forms the so-called. manna, representing the nutrient. Cicadas lay eggs under the bark or skin of plants. The larvae are distinguished by a thick, clumsy body, smooth and hard skin, and thick legs with single-jointed paws; forelegs with wide hips and shins covered with spines (a type of burrowing limbs). Young larvae first suck plant branches and then live in the ground, where they suck plant roots. The larvae live for several years, although the duration of larval life is unknown for most species. After numerous molts, the larvae receive the rudiments of wings and pass into the stage of pameras or pupae, which are found on trees.
The central genus of the family - Cicada - is different big eyes and a wide head; the pronotum is usually narrower than the head; the fore wings are partly leathery and transparent, partly parchment-like at the root; tarsi mostly 3-segmented, less often 2-segmented; this genus includes numerous and large species living mainly in the tropics. There are 18 species found in Europe. Most famous the following types: C. orni, attributed in the latest taxonomy to the genus Tettigia, yellowish in color with black above; fore wings with black spots and yellow outer edge; abdomen with reddish edges; length 28 mm. Found in middle and southern Europe and is found mainly on ash trees, where it causes the formation of manna. The largest of European species S. plebeja s. fraxini lives in southern Europe. S. montana reaches the latitude of St. Petersburg in Europe and was found in its vicinity on spruce. C. mannifera, found in Brazil, supplies Brazilian manna. S. septemdecim, living in North America, is remarkable in that the development period lasts approximately 17 years, as a result of which the insect appears in large quantities every 17 years; Compared to most insects, this period of development seems extremely long. According to Rayleigh's observations, this cicada molts more than once a year, so that it has from 25 to 30 larval stages. The Indians fry and eat this cicada. beautiful chinese poetry
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Diemeniana frenchi, Australian species |
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See what “Cicadas (insects)” are in other dictionaries:
Large insects. from neg. Hemiptera, found mainly in hot weather. countries, they are distinguished by bright, shiny colors and make loud sounds. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. CICADAS insects... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Ladybug Coccinella ... Wikipedia
Cicadas- Cicadas: 1 common cicada; 2 red-spotted leafhoppers; 3 green leafhopper. CICADAS, jumping insects (order Homoptera). Length 3 65 mm. About 17 thousand species, widely distributed. Large cicadas are more often found on trees and shrubs... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Cicadidae s. Stridulantia) A family of insects from the orders of proboscis (Rhynchota), belonging to the suborder Homoptera. The C. family is characterized by the following characteristics. the head is short, the eyes are very prominent; on the crown there are 3 simple ocelli, forming... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Different types of N. are correlated in myths with in different parts outer space, with its zones (kingdoms) or their images. The ladybug and the bee (“lady bee”) can certainly relate to the upper zone, to the sky (hence the epithet “god’s”); They… … Encyclopedia of Mythology
CICADAS- (Cicadinea) Cicadas (Cicadinea) Song cicadas large insects from the family Cicadinea of the order Homoptera, often found in tropical areas. Adult cicadas feed on the sap of trees and shrubs, and the larvae are located ... Insect life - (Cicadidae s. Stridulantia) a family of insects from the order Rhynchota, belonging to the suborder Homoptera. 1. Ash cicada (Cicada orni). 2. Common cicada (Cicada plebeja) with larva. The C. family is characterized by the following... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
- hemipteran insects capable of making amazing chirping sounds.
These large individuals with long transparent wings cannot but remain noticed by humans, especially on the days of their mass departure - and therefore everyone who has met cicadas wonders whether these creatures are dangerous for humans. About harmfulness and potential danger These insects will be discussed in this article.
General information and characteristics
Cicadas are quite large individuals: the most impressive varieties reach a wingspan of 18 cm. Their interesting feature is the presence of three ocelli in the form of a triangle on the head, which are located between two complex compound eyes.
The wings of insects are transparent, have noticeable strength and are penetrated by many veins. The shade of the wing may vary depending on the variety and habitat.
IN middle lane, where cicadas live in Russia, individuals are represented by the mountain variety. However, almost all song species are similar to each other and have practically no significant differences, with the exception of body length and color.
Sharply different species are quite rare: for example, the Brazilian variety differs from the rest in that on its front wing there is a thick vein that separates the dense, leathery part from the membranous and transparent part.
Yours beautiful name Song cicadas have earned the ability to fill the air with powerful melodic chirping sounds, and only males are endowed with this ability - thanks to a special apparatus located on the abdomen.
This ability was not given to them by chance: with its help they call on females. Adult winged males do not live very long, which cannot be said about the larval stage of the insect - in the nymphal phase they, depending on the species, can exist for several years.
Insects eat exclusively plant juices - they extract them using a special proboscis, which is equipped with their mouthparts. Thanks to it, pests absorb sap even from the deep layers of plants without much difficulty.
After mating, adult females begin to lay eggs using a special serrated ovipositor, which is used to incise and pierce plant surfaces. In the resulting voids they lay a clutch of several hundred eggs.
Subsequently, the hatched larvae, which still have little resemblance to the imago, go into the soil, into deep layers - sometimes the nymphs burrow to a depth of 1 meter. There they feed on the roots and underground part of plant trunks. Before turning into adults, individuals come to the surface and set up burrows for themselves, in which they patiently wait in the wings.
Damage caused and features
Do cicadas bite? These creatures don't eat human blood, therefore, the question of whether this individual bites or not can be answered unequivocally - no. In addition, it does not cause any harm to humans at all, except, perhaps, for potential damage to agriculture: during the period of mass emergence of pests, severe damage to the foliage and stems of agricultural crops is possible.
In addition, cicadas also damage plantings in the nymph phase, when, being deep underground, they eat the root system of plants and the root parts of trunks: the damaged vegetation stops growing, often suffers from various fungal and viral infections, and sometimes dies completely. Due to massive outbreaks, gardeners are forced to fight insects to protect their crops.
It is curious that cicadas, due to their high protein content, have been used as food by some peoples since time immemorial. This practice is still known and is especially common in poor regions of Africa, as well as in Asian countries.
These insects have a beautiful name, their chirping is really very melodic. That, perhaps, is all their “service to humanity.” Along with the harm caused by other types of insects, the “activity” of cicadas is an eternal disaster for Agriculture.
Every year the industry lacks tons of grain, root crops, melons, and berries. Controlling these pests is very difficult. But information about the features of their life cycle and biological properties makes it possible to use effective means counteraction.
Description of the insect
Appearance of the larva
Cicada larvae, or nymphs, bear little resemblance to adults in appearance: their body is 3–5 millimeters long and their legs with single-jointed legs are very thick and covered with a hard, smooth cuticle.
The wide thighs and shins of the forelimbs are equipped with powerful spines and are adapted for digging movements. This structure of the larvae is associated with the characteristics of their habitat, remote from the soil surface: usually this is the root part of the stems and root system plants.
The color of the nymph depends on the species and age. Most of them are whitish in color. The teardrop-shaped larva of the striped leafhopper is brown in color. On the wider front part of their body there are dark and light stripes located longitudinally.
Dark leafhopper nymphs 1st and 2nd instars have a yellowish tint. Three stripes are clearly visible on their abdomen gray. The third instar larvae acquire a brownish-gray tint.
In the six-spotted cicada, young nymphs are brown, while older ones are greenish-yellow, similar to the color of the adult cicada.
Appearance of an adult cicada
On the short head of adult individuals (imagos) there are large convex compound eyes, and between them there are three simple ocelli, which are located in the shape of a triangle.
The head of the imago is equipped with short segmented antennae and also segmented oral apparatus in the form of a proboscis. With its help, cicadas suck plant sap. Therefore, along with other types of insects, they are classified as proboscis superorder.
Their wings are of unequal length: the hind wings are shorter than the front ones. The partial bright coloring of the generally transparent wings also depends on the species of the cicada.
Of the six pairs of strong legs, the front one is distinguished by wide hips equipped with spines; the middle pair has short and also wide thighs. The hindquarters of most species are elongated and jumping. The tibiae of all pairs of legs are cylindrical in shape.
At the end of the thick abdomen, males have a copulatory apparatus, and females have an ovipositor, with which they make punctures on the skin various parts plants and lay eggs.
A special feature of cicadas is the unusual, complex structure of the male vocal apparatus. This allows them to make characteristic sounds that attract females who do not have the ability to chirp.How do these pests reproduce?
Females lay eggs in the fall in the soft tissue of leaves, stems, in the basal part of winter cereals and carrion.
Depending on the species, larvae emerge from the eggs after 30–40 days. They go through several stages of molting and, accordingly, come in four to five instars. Overwintering stage different types cicadas are eggs or larvae.
In the spring, overwintered nymphs begin to fledge and enter the adult stage.
Eggs are laid by females of different generations, and as a result, cicadas develop in two or three generations over the summer. From the beginning of summer to the end of autumn, larvae are also found in the fields different ages, and adults.
Varieties
The most famous of the two and a half thousand species of these pests belong to the family of leafhoppers.
Cicadas such as 
- six-point,
- dark,
- striped,
- grape,
- club-shaped,
- roseanna,
- potato
Their structure, reproductive characteristics, character and food items are generally very similar and differ only in details.
Thus, the six-spotted leafhopper is yellow-green in color with six dark spots on its head. The overwintering phase consists of eggs; larvae appear from late April to early May. The development of this type of insect occurs in two or three generations.
The dark leafhopper has the highest level of danger as a causative agent of viral infection of cereals.Males are brownish-black, females are yellowish. The transparent wings of females are marked with a brown spot.
Older larvae overwinter in cereal crops. The fledging and emergence of adult cicadas occurs much earlier than other species. Dark leafhoppers develop in two generations.
Harm of cicadas
The damage to agriculture from these insects is very great, given that both larvae (nymphs) and adults (imago) damage plants.
The range of their nutrition is quite wide:
- almost all grain crops;
- most vegetables;
- grains and fodder legumes;
- oilseeds, starch and sugar crops;
- grape;
- watermelons;
- garden berries;
- roses.
The feeding mechanism of cicadas is quite simple. Adults and nymphs emerging from the egg pierce the skin of the plant with a segmented proboscis. They inject a special toxin into it, attach themselves and suck out the juice from deep tissues. Therefore they are classified as sucking pests(as, for example, and).
The objects of attack of young larvae are plant stems and lower leaves of cereal crops. 
Older nymphs, like adult cicadas, use their upper parts, leaves, root parts of winter crops, plant roots and even tree bark. With age, the larvae's appetite increases. Several generations develop over the summer.
At the injection site, whitish spots appear, which merge, occupying everything large area. Plants weaken, prematurely losing discolored and deformed leaves. Even for this reason alone, more than 25% of the harvest may be missed.
The most noticeable thing is the loss of berries - they approach almost one hundred percent: pathogens of various types freely penetrate into the puncture sites. infectious diseases. It is not possible to cure plants from them. Outwardly, this becomes very noticeable due to the dark sticky coating, which, covering the berries, significantly impairs their taste.
How to fight a cicada
To preserve the harvest and avoid losses associated with the harmful effects of cicadas on garden and field crops, several control methods can be used. They are universal, since different families of these insects have similar biological properties.
Safe ways to fight 
- Timely removal of cereal carrion is one of the most effective preventive measures, since the development of these insects occurs precisely in this environment.
To do this, it is necessary to peel the soil in more early dates. Then, after 15–20 days, the first shoots of carrion will sprout. After plowing, the eggs and larvae of cicadas completely die. - The same is done with any plant residues as a source of food for pests. It is necessary to dispose of them in a timely manner - collect, transport, burn. Moreover, if leaves and other types of vegetation have already been affected.
- The period of development of larvae and young individuals coincides with the sowing time of winter crops. Therefore, it is better to push back the timing of their sowing as much as possible. The same applies to late spring types of cereal crops. As a result, the biological development cycle of insects will be interrupted.
- To protect garden crops, it is necessary in the fall, after harvesting, to dig up the soil around fruit trees: The eggs and larvae of many cicada species overwinter in the soil. Pests raised to the surface will be destroyed either by the first frost or by birds feeding on them.
- Helping natural enemies pests in our gardens - birds - it is quite natural to organize feeding for them by arranging feeders.
Chemical control methods
Preventive measures alone are usually not enough to completely control the reproduction of cicadas over the entire area of large fields and vegetable gardens. It is necessary to use pesticides that destroy a fairly wide range of pest species.
It is important not to forget about safety precautions when using these chemicals that can harm human health.The use of insecticides such as “Fastak” and “Karate 050 EC” of contact-intestinal action is effective against cicadas.
After two spraying cycles, carried out with a break of 10 days, the pest was completely 
disappears. Harvest can be harvested 20 days after the last treatment insecticide "Karate 050 EC". The first of the drugs is not accompanied by such restrictions: with correct use it does not provide the indicated doses harmful effects on plants.
The marginal strips of seedlings of winter cereal crops infected with cicadas are usually treated when their concentration is from 55 to 145 individuals per square meter area. It is not difficult to detect adult insects.
The principles of pollination in vegetable gardens are the same.
This work is carried out in a windless evening. A sprayer is used for treatment; a broom cannot be used.
- You only need to cook required amount working solution, since it is prohibited to store it.
- Depending on the area to be pollinated, you need to dissolve the amount of insecticide indicated on the package in 1 liter of water and filter the resulting solution.
- Place half of the entire specified volume of water in a large container. Then pour the prepared solution into it and mix well.
- Finally, add the remaining half of the water to the desired volume, continuing to mix the contents.
- Rinse the empty container, freed from the drug solution, with water 2 times and add to the total mass. Filter it again and pour it into the spray tank.
- Upon completion of work, wash it with a solution of soda ash.
Before and after performing work, you must thoroughly wash your hands and change clothes. During manipulations, do not touch your face with your hands, especially not eat or drink.
The effectiveness of this method is undoubtedly very high.
By promptly applying agrotechnical, sanitary and chemical treatments to larvae and adult cicadas, one can successfully combat this common pest of field and garden crops. Preserving a rich harvest is quite achievable!
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