Landfills for industrial and household waste. Recycling and removal of solid household waste. Ministry of Education and Science

What is solid waste? Their classification

Municipal solid waste- items or goods that have lost their consumer properties, most most of consumer waste. Solid waste is also divided into garbage(biological maintenance) and actually household waste (non-biological maintenance of artificial or natural origin). Classification of solid waste. By quality composition : paper (cardboard); food waste; tree; black metal; non-ferrous metal; textile; bones; glass; leather and rubber; stones; polymer materials; other components; screening (small fragments passing through a 1.5-centimeter mesh); TO hazardous solid waste relate: waste batteries and accumulators, electrical appliances, varnishes, paints and cosmetics, fertilizers and pesticides, household chemicals, medical waste, mercury-containing thermometers, barometers, blood pressure monitors, lamps.
Household waste are characterized multicomponent, heterogeneous composition, low density and instability (ability to rot). According to the nature and degree of impact on natural environment they are divided into: industrial waste, consisting of inert materials, the disposal of which is currently economically unjustified;
recyclable materials ( secondary raw materials); waste 4th class of danger; waste 3 hazard classes; waste 2 hazard classes; waste Hazard class 1. P about x-ru occurrence: industrial; household

2. Main causes of waste
*irrational economic activities of many enterprises using old technologies that have become the norm;
*outdated normative base. About 30 normative acts of the ministry are significantly outdated, since they were adopted back in 1992. and in 1997;
*ineffective (ineffective) control of central and local environmental and health authorities and other industry bodies government controlled;
*lack of economic incentives for the development of “historical” and newly generated waste.
*lack of a special law regulating relations in the field of waste management. The ministry’s attempt to solve waste management problems by introducing amendments and additions to the law “On Environmental Protection” is unrealistic. It is impossible to solve such a huge problem by amending several articles of the law.

3. Formulate the concept of integrated waste management.
The basic concept of integrated waste management stipulates that household waste consists of various components, which ideally should not be mixed between
themselves, but must be disposed of separately from each other using the most beneficial environmental and economic methods. The concept of integrated waste management provides that in addition to traditional methods of solid waste disposal household waste(waste incineration and disposal) should become an integral part of waste reduction activities and waste recycling. A combination of several methods can help effective solution problems of solid household waste.

4. What is the CLC hierarchy?
This hierarchy implies that, first of all, measures for the primary reduction of waste should be considered, then for secondary reduction: reuse and recycling of the remaining part of the waste, and, last of all, measures for the disposal or disposal of those wastes, the occurrence of which could not be avoided and which cannot be avoided. can be recycled into recyclable materials. By abbreviation we mean reducing their toxicity and other harmful properties. Waste reduction is achieved by reorienting producers and consumers towards products and packaging that generate less waste. Recycling(including composting) is the second level of the hierarchy. Recycling not only saves space in landfills, but also improves incineration efficiency by removing non-combustible materials from the waste stream. Lower in the hierarchy are waste incineration and landfill disposal. Incineration reduces the amount of waste ending up in landfills and can be used to generate electricity. Landfill disposal continues to be necessary for waste that is not recyclable, non-combustible, or that burns with the release of toxic substances.

List the main problems of solid waste disposal at landfills.

The landfill is a specially designed structure. For their construction, land that is not suitable for economic needs with a slight natural slope is specially selected. If there is no slope, then it is created artificially. Following this, a special base of the landfill is arranged, most often reinforced concrete, to prevent the ingress and mixing of landfill and groundwater. According to international standards, a landfill prepared for operation should contain only one type of solid waste. This circumstance makes it possible for more successful recycling or further disposal of household waste, depending on its type. When storing such waste, if possible, they are further modified by crushing and compacting, which increases the service life of the landfill. When laying a layer of household waste, an additional layer of base is laid on it, on which household waste is subsequently placed. When the resources of the landfill are exhausted, it is backfilled with a layer of sand, clay and earth, and plants are also sown, which helps restore the soil layer. Unfortunately, today in Russia very often household waste is disposed of at landfills without prior preparation of the area. The household waste itself is practically not sorted, and the choice of location for future landfills is often done almost spontaneously. Moreover, one more negative factor is an increase in the number of spontaneous landfills, as well as unauthorized burials of hazardous solid waste. It is important that all these problems are resolved at the state level.

6) Name the existing waste collection systems. Currently, two main waste collection and removal systems are used: tank and container. Tank system represents the removal of waste by body garbage trucks. Such a system has major disadvantages, as it requires significant expenditures of metal, heavy physical labor and is difficult to operate and maintain sanitary waste bins. Tanks are used with a capacity of 100 liters, and a garbage truck is equipped with a compacting device. Container system consists of removing waste by container or body garbage trucks. This system is preferable to a tank system and has become widespread in Russian cities. However, it also has a significant drawback: the low density of waste in containers leads to a decrease in productivity and an increase in the cost of removal.

7) Tell us about recycling waste paper. Recycling waste paper is very clear example environmental protection at the same time as saving valuable natural raw materials. Careful collection of waste paper and its wise use not only prevent littering of our living environment with paper residues, but also saves valuable wood . From an economic point of view, it is advisable to use waste paper for production packaging materials, corrugated and plain cardboard, etc. The production of paper and cardboard from waste paper requires 60% less energy, since the production of wood pulp and cellulose is eliminated. At the same time, air pollution is reduced by 15%, and water pollution by 60%. We must not forget that people are learning to obtain more and more new and valuable products from cellulose and that, as a raw material, in many respects it is not only not inferior to synthetic polymers, but often and surpasses them. The same can be said about cellulose fibers, comparing them with synthetic ones.

8. Talk about recycling wood waste. Using only sawmill and wood processing waste would significantly improve the country's supply situation forest materials, and most importantly, it would make it possible to reduce the annually increasing volumes of forest cuttings. The problem is more rational use of all harvested wood, reducing the amount of waste during processing and maximizing the use of waste obtained from sawmilling and wood processing is one of the main problems of the current seven years. When calculating savings from the use of wood waste in construction, it should be taken into account that part of it is used to manufacture materials and products that directly replace lumber, and part is used to replace such structural elements and building products as plaster, ceramic facing tiles, thermal insulation, etc. .Existing technological methods for processing wood waste include the use of sawdust for the production of wall and thermal insulation building materials on cement, lime, gypsum and other binders: sawdust concrete, thermolite, etc. Sawdust can be used in significant quantities in the manufacture of partition and finishing gypsum boards, as well as as a filler that promotes better firing in the brick industry. Chips produced by woodworking machines are good raw materials for the production of particle boards.

9) Tell us about the recycling of textile waste.Textile waste includes production waste: as fibers, yarns, threads, scraps and scraps of textile materials and consumer waste in the form of worn-out household textiles. Consumer waste also includes industrial waste. technical purpose in the form of worn-out workwear, tablecloths, bedspreads, bed linen, curtains, curtains, etc., generated in industrial enterprises, transport, in the areas of public catering and healthcare, in medical institutions, consumer service enterprises, etc. Textile production waste according to the type of raw material is usually divided into three main groups: first- textile waste from natural raw materials (cotton fiber, linen fiber, wool, natural silk); second- textile waste from chemical raw materials (chemical threads and artificial and synthetic fibers); third- textile waste from mixed raw materials (mixtures based on natural and chemical fibers). In the knitting industry, waste is generated during the processing of yarn, the manufacture of knitted fabric and products made from it, the production of socks and gloves, most of which is used as secondary raw materials. The amount of textile consumer waste in MSW exceeds textile production waste. They can be considered one of the main sources of secondary raw materials for the production of secondary textile materials.

10. Tell us about the recycling of polymer waste.Polymer processing- quite a complex process. Granular raw materials, or secondary polymers, are obtained by processing polymer waste, which significantly reduces the cost of producing polymer products. Products can be made either entirely from recycled materials or from primary raw materials with the addition of recycled polymers. The first stage of polymer recycling is the sorting and purification of waste from foreign impurities. Then they are crushed and processed in accordance with the selected technology. Recycled polymers obtained as a result of processing are raw materials for the industrial production of a wide variety of products - spare parts for cars, containers for industrial and household use, dishes, furniture filler, medical equipment and much more. .Today, polymer recycling is considered one of the highest priorities both from the point of view of economic feasibility and from the point of view of environmental protection.

11. Tell us about recycling of cullet. Quite a few components of solid waste can be recycled into healthy foods. The type of waste is cullet. Used in the production of glass containers: 1) glass-ceramsite, 2) glass tiles, 3) glass-ceramic tiles, 4) polystyrene foam.

12. Tell us about the recycling of mercury-containing waste. Mercury-containing waste (mainly waste mercury-containing lamps). It is used to produce 1) mercury concentrate (mortar), 2) production of non-toxic mercury compounds (mercury sulfide) for subsequent disposal, 3) sending spent sorbent to extract mercury.

13. Tell us about the recycling of rubber waste. Rubber-containing waste (worn rubber). Used: 1)production of commodity crumb rubber and reclaimed material (for partial replacement of primary raw materials), 2) production from crumb rubber: roofing materials (slate, tiles, rubber roofing felt), mastics for waterproofing, technical products (tiles for floors, wheels for carts, fields for farms, gaskets ),3) the use of crumb rubber in asphalt concrete mixtures when laying roads (linings under rails, slabs for railway crossings, slabs for speed bumps, gaskets)

14. What is composting? Advantages and disadvantages. Composting is a waste recycling technology based on their natural biodegradation. The most widespread composting is used to process organic waste, primarily of plant origin, such as leaves, branches and grass clippings. There is composting technology food waste, as well as unseparated solid waste flow. In contrast to the decay process, which occurs anaerobically with the formation of biogas, oxygen is required for effective composting. The result is compost or humus, which has a structure and odor similar to soil, which can be sold for use as fertilizer or mulch. Properly organized field composting protects the soil, atmosphere, groundwater and surface waters from solid waste pollution. Two basic schemes for field composting are used: with preliminary crushing of solid waste and without preliminary crushing. Composting is a fairly rational method of waste disposal, with almost no impact. negative influence for the environment.

15. Waste incineration as a technology for processing solid waste. Advantages and disadvantages. Waste incineration – This is the most complex and high-tech waste management option. Incineration requires pre-treatment of solid waste (to produce fuel extracted from waste). Incineration can only be one component of a comprehensive waste management program. Environmental impact waste incineration plants mainly associated with air pollution, primarily fine dust, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, furans and dioxins. Serious problems also arise with the burial of ash from waste incineration, which by weight makes up to 30 percent of the original weight of the waste and which, due to its physical and chemical properties, cannot be buried in conventional landfills. Currently, there are 7 waste incineration plants operating in Russia. Along with gas emissions, secondary solid waste remains (25-30 percent of the volume), contaminated with toxic substances. Most of this waste is disposed of in landfills. Speaking about social and economic. aspects of waste incineration, it should be noted that usually the construction and operation of incinerators is beyond the budget of the city budget and must be carried out on credit or by private companies.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

DONETSK PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC

DONBASS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECTURE

Institute of Urban Economy and Environmental Protection

Department of Applied Ecology and Chemistry

Test

in the discipline: “Technoecology »

Student Nizhinskaya Anastasia Yurievna

Profile: “Engineering environmental protection”

Course – 4 Semester – 8

Head: Ph.D., Doroshenko T.F.

Number of points ____ScoreECTS____

Plan

1. Disposal of solid waste.

2. Basic methods of disposal of medical waste.

Disposal of solid household waste.

The cheapest way to get rid of waste is to bury it. This method goes back to the simplest way - throwing something out of the house into a landfill. History has shown that simply throwing out unusable items from the house cannot solve the problem. In the 20th century, we had to move from the spontaneous creation of landfills to the design and implementation of special engineering facilities and landfills for disposal of household waste. The project provides for minimizing damage to the environment and strict compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements.

Construction of a landfill and disposal of solid waste

Solid waste storage sites contain waste from residential buildings, public buildings and institutions, trade enterprises, public catering, street, gardening estimates, construction garbage and some types of solids industrial waste III - IV hazard class.

Typically, a landfill is constructed where the base can be clay and heavy loam. If this is not possible, a waterproof base is installed, which leads to significant additional costs. Square land plot is selected with the condition of its service life (15-20 years) and, depending on the volume of buried waste, can reach 40-200 hectares. The height of waste storage is 12-60 m.

Landfills can be low-load (2-6 t/m²) and high-load (10-20 t/m²). The annual volume of waste received can range from 10 thousand to 3 million m³. Technological process Waste disposal is carried out, as a rule, using the card method, which makes it possible to gradually introduce environmental protection measures without waiting for the completion of the operation of the landfill as a whole. The technology for storing solid waste at landfills involves the installation of waterproof screens to protect groundwater and daily external insulation to protect the atmosphere, soil, and adjacent areas. All work on storing, compacting and isolating solid waste at landfills is carried out mechanized.

The organization and construction of the landfill is carried out in accordance with the legislation in the field of environmental protection and waste management, sanitary-epidemiological and urban planning legislation, as well as in the presence of a positive conclusion of the state urban planning examination for the construction project.

A modern solid waste landfill is a complex of environmental structures designed for the centralized collection, neutralization and disposal of solid waste, preventing the entry harmful substances into the environment, pollution of the atmosphere, soil, surface and ground water, the spread of rodents, insects and pathogens.

The landfill should include:

· waste disposal site;

· site for the location of a workshop for sorting and processing waste;

· composting site;

· administrative and economic zone;

· engineering structures and communications for the life support of the landfill and environmental safety;

· express laboratory;

· radiation control area for waste.

A landfill for waste disposal along its perimeter must have a fence with a height of at least 180 cm. At the landfill along its perimeter, starting from the fence, the following must be placed sequentially:

· ring channel;

· ring road with high-quality hard surface;

· storm drainage trays along the road or ditches.

The building density of the administrative and economic zone of the landfill must be at least 30%. The administrative and economic zone houses:

· administrative premises, laboratory;

· warm parking for special vehicles and mechanisms (shed);

· workshop for routine repair of special vehicles and mechanisms;

· fuel materials warehouse;

· truck scales (at landfills over 100 thousand tons/year);

· checkpoint;

· boiler room (if necessary);

· control and disinfection bath;

The main structure of the landfill is the solid waste storage area. It occupies the main area of ​​the landfill, depending on the volume of solid waste received. The storage area is divided into operational stages, taking into account the provision of waste reception for 3 - 5 years; launch complex for the first 1 - 2 years. Operation of the next stage consists of increasing the solid waste embankment to the designed level. The breakdown of the storage area into queues is carried out taking into account the terrain.

Storage areas must be protected from surface water runoff from upstream land masses.

To intercept rain and flood waters, a drainage ditch is designed along the border of the site. Along the perimeter of the landfill, on a strip 5-8 m wide, it is planned to plant trees, lay utilities (water supply, sewerage), and install electric lighting masts; Without engineering structures On this strip, cavaliers (warehouses) of soil are poured to be used for solid waste isolation, in any case, no more than 5% of the total area of ​​the landfill.

Legend: A - groundwater, B - dense clay layer, C - plastic layer, D - drainage pipe system, E - geotextile layer, F - gravel, G - drainage layer, H - soil layer, I, J - soil layers, where the garbage is stored K - drainage ditch (pond).

Processes occurring with solid waste at landfills

During the operation of a solid waste landfill, as well as for a long time after its reclamation, landfill gases are released into atmospheric air, filtration water (filtrate) is formed, and the geo-indicators of the soil under the body of the landfill change, which leads to an increase in the filtration capacity of the soil and, as a consequence, to groundwater pollution.

The reactions occurring in the solid waste disposal body under aerobic conditions can be schematically represented as follows:

With further oxidation, the transformation of cellular substance begins:

In a typical landfill, the process of aerobic oxidation most often ends with the formation and accumulation of high concentrations of fatty acids, which limits the process of aerobic decomposition.

Anaerobic biodegradation requires the presence of microorganisms different types members of a mixed population. A group of hydrolytic or acidogenic bacteria provides the initial hydrolysis of the substrate to low molecular weight organic acids and other compounds, including methane.

The first step in the development of environmental protection measures at solid waste landfills should be the assessment of data on the following characteristics:

· location of the solid waste landfill or landfill;

· type of landfill (landfill);

· period of operation;

· types, characteristics and quantities of disposed waste;

· storage method;

· thickness of storage layers;

· presence of screens, drainage and gas collection systems;

· chemical and biological characteristics of the landfill mass;

· hydrogeological conditions of adjacent territories.

In real conditions, obtaining most of the above data is difficult due to a complete or partial lack of information. Information on unauthorized dumps today can only include data on their size and location.

Currently, in world practice, the most advanced method of storing solid waste, allowing to reduce Negative influence on the environment is the arrangement of “managed” landfills. When choosing a site for waste storage, the characteristics of the area where the solid waste landfill is located are taken into account: climate, topography, geology, hydrological processes, water balance etc. Preparation of the landfill includes compaction and waterproofing of the bed, installation of a drainage system to remove filtration water, and laying pipes for collecting biogas. To manage such a landfill, a number of technological measures are recommended.

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There is no way to get rid of them, so they should be equipped taking into account safety precautions and the impact on the environment. Unfortunately, in our country it has happened that landfills were simply placed in large ravines, and later they were “mothballed” without complying with environmental requirements. Such objects still cause damage to the environment. Let's try to figure out how waste disposal should ideally take place.

So that garbage is stored on them - this is understandable. But at the same time, all solid household waste that gets there should not affect atmospheric air, soil, water. Landfills are required to prevent the excessive spread of insects and rodents. They are placed away from residential and recreational areas and reservoirs. Wetlands and flooded areas are not suitable for landfills.

The entire territory of the landfill can be considered as a collection of separate zones: roads along which garbage trucks move; economic zone; direct storage areas for solid waste; Let's not forget about power lines.

There is a training ground, what's next?

They develop a schedule for using the landfill, and during work they keep daily records of the amount of waste. There must be strict controls on the waste that is delivered to a regular landfill. Should not end up in landfills (they must be recycled), radioactive and toxic substances(if the landfill is not intended for this).

After the garbage trucks are unloaded, all the work falls on bulldozers and compactors (in large landfills all these processes occur simultaneously). Storing waste different ways: either by layering, when a layer of compacted debris alternates with a layer of soil, or from top to bottom - by the “pushing” method.

Once landfills reach a certain level, they are closed. But even here everything is not simple, you need to carry out a series complex work, including reclamation, when everything is covered with layers of sand, soil, and vegetation is planted.

What disrupts the burial process?

The problem is that, as noted earlier, sorted waste should end up in landfills, but in practice waste also ends up in landfills chemical industry, and valuable recyclables. Incoming waste control is purely nominal; in order to reduce volumes, part of the waste is burned, which releases harmful substances into the atmosphere.

It turns out that there are established standards, there are also developed storage and isolation of waste, but there is no effective mechanism for monitoring the implementation of all this - this is the essence of the problem disposal of solid waste in our country.

Every year in Moscow, according to various estimates, from 2.5 to 3.5 million tons of solid waste and approximately 6.1 million tons of industrial waste are generated. About 10% of garbage and approximately 59% of industrial waste are recycled.

Most waste is sent to landfills. The area of ​​each is from 50 to 60 hectares. The resource is depleted in 3-4 years.

210 landfills and landfills were registered in the Moscow Region, some of which are not in operation. 43 of them had official status, many were semi-official, but only two training grounds were built according to specially developed projects. In almost all cases, landfills arose spontaneously, without taking into account environmental requirements, in exhausted quarries.

In 2006 and 2007. Military training grounds: “Salaryevo” (Leninsky district); “Zhiroshkino” (Domodedovo district), “Pavlovskoye” (Istra district), “Kargashino” (Mytishchi district), “Sliznevo” (Naro-Fominsk district); "Shemyakino" (Khimki district) and the "Stanovoe" quarries (Ramensky district); "Annino" (Ruzsky district); “Toropovo” (Ramensky district) and “Lytkino” (Solnechnogorsk district), have exhausted their resource.

Garbage acceptance limits have also been limited at the largest landfills in the Moscow region, “Timokhovo” (Noginsky district), “Khmetyevo” (Solnechnogorsk district) and “Dmitrovsky” (Dmitrovsky district).

Currently, there are 37 solid waste disposal sites in the Moscow region, where about 7 million tons of waste are disposed of annually.

In addition, there are more than 1.5 thousand unauthorized landfills that are subject to liquidation. The largest ones, in most areas, are formed, as a rule, in exhausted quarries and ravines. They have a detrimental effect on the ecology of the Moscow Region.

It is prohibited to place landfills on the territory of MoscowMSW. Household waste and construction waste from Moscow to disposal facilities located in the Moscow region.

Of the landfills receiving Moscow solid waste, only two are currently operating: “Khmetyevo” (Solnechnogorsk district) and “Dmitrovsky” (Dmitrovsky district).

Test site Khmetyevo

Solid waste landfill "Khmetyevo" is located in the Solnechnogorsk district of the Moscow region, 65 km from Moscow and occupies part of the developed Mansurovsky gravel and pebble quarry. Designed for disposal of household waste in Moscow, Solnechnogorsk and Solnechnogorsk region.

The total area of ​​the landfill is 79.4 hectares, including: 53.23 hectares from the lands of the Solnechnogorsk experimental forestry enterprise, 20.4 hectares from reserve lands, 5.76 hectares from settlement lands). Currently, the western part - 26.17 hectares - is a closed part of the landfill where solid waste was buried in the period from 1980 to 1990. Old burial sites are covered with soil 1 m thick. The established limit for waste disposal is 1.1 million tons per year and contaminated soils 295 thousand tons per year.

Dmitrovsky training ground

Solid waste disposal site "Dmitrovsky" located in the Dmitrovsky district of the Moscow region, 8 km from the village of Iksha and 0.8 km from the village of Dyakovo, in the exhausted Marfino-Dyakovsky quarry. The landfill is intended for the reception and disposal of solid waste according to a high-altitude scheme to create an orderly landscape. It occupies an area of ​​63.5 hectares. The established limit for disposal is 1.1 million tons per year and 173 thousand tons per year for contaminated soils.

Timokhovo and Pavlovsky

Solid waste landfill "Timokhovo" located in the Noginsky district, 1 km south of the village of Timokhovo. It arose on the site of a clay quarry, served 22 (out of 32) districts of Moscow and for the period from 1977 to 1989. reached an area of ​​108.56 hectares.

Solid waste landfill "Pavlovsky» is located in the Istra district, a 40-minute drive from Moscow. It is located between the villages of Pavlovskoye, Sannikovo, Manikino and Ivanovskoye, just 500 m from the Istra River (in its sanitary protection zone). Area 14.65 hectares.

Dolgoprudny and Salaryevo

Solid waste landfill "Dolgoprudny" located in the industrial and communal zone of Dolgoprudny. From the north and west it borders on the territory of the cemetery, from the south there are city wastewater treatment plants and the river. Businka, from the west at a distance of 1 km - the canal named after. Moscow, from the east - the lands of the Khlebnikovsky forestry enterprise. The residential building closest to the site is the village. Likhachevo, located 900 m to the southwest. Area 13.89 hectares.

Landfill for solid household and industrial waste "Salaryevo" located in the Leninsky district of the Moscow region near the village of Salaryevo, 3 km southwest of Moscow. In operation since 1993. Closed for garbage collection in April 2007. The area within the boundaries of the land allocation is 59 hectares. The territory where waste was directly received and stored occupies 57 hectares. Recultivated.

Shcherbinka, Sosenki and Levoberezhny

Solid waste landfill "Shcherbinka" located in the Domodedovo district of the Moscow region, 3 km east of the city of Podolsk. Area – 123.45 hectares. It arose spontaneously in the 1950s on the site of exhausted sand quarries located 400-600 m from the right bank of the Pakhra River. Screening of the base was not carried out before the start of operation. Along with municipal solid waste, radioactive waste (spent loparite concentrate) from the Podolsk Chemical and Metallurgical Plant was stored at the facility. It was closed in 1988.

Solid waste landfill "Pines" located in the Leninsky district of the Moscow region, 7 km from Moscow along the Kaluga highway. The nearest settlement is the village of Makarovo. The Sosenka River flows in close proximity (50 m) to the northwestern border. The river valley rings “Sosenki” with solid waste from the north, west and south. Closed for use since 1978, its surface is partially isolated by soil. Total area – 40 hectares.

Polygon "Levoberezhny", is located 750 m northeast of the residential microdistrict “Levoberezhny” (Khimki). It is located on the site of a former clay quarry and is intended for the disposal of household and industrial waste of hazard class IV in the city of Khimki, Khimki and Krasnogorsk districts. Area 26.5 hectares. The established limit for waste disposal is 100 thousand tons per year and contaminated soil 50 thousand tons per year.

Aleksinsky, Kuchino, Torbeevo and Kargashino

Solid waste landfill "Aleksinsky quarry", located 2.5 km from the outskirts of the city of Klin, located on the territory of a mined-out part of a sand quarry. Designed for the disposal of household and industrial waste of IV hazard class in the city of Klin and the Klin region. Area 20.0 hectares. The established limit for landfills is 152 thousand tons per year and contaminated soil is 37 thousand tons per year.

Solid waste landfill "Kuchino" is located in the Balashikha district near the village of Saltykovka, not far from the city of Zheleznodorozhny. Located in worked out clay quarries. Founded in 1971. Area 59 hectares. The established limit is 100 thousand tons per year and contaminated soils 90 thousand tons per year.

Solid waste landfill "Torbeevo" is located in the Lyubertsy district, 1 km from the village of Torbeevo, approximately 25 km from the Moscow Ring Road along the Novoryazanskoe highway. Area 12.8 hectares. The established limit for waste disposal is 248 thousand tons per year and contaminated soil 162 thousand tons per year.

Solid waste landfill "Kargashino" located in Mytishchi district. Area 11.14 hectares.

The material was prepared based on information eco.ria.ru

Term « Recycling» involves recycling waste in order to obtain secondary raw materials for subsequent use as a starting material for the production of new types of products or energy. In accordance with the Law “On Waste”, recycling is defined as: “the use of waste as secondary material or energy resources.”

Term « household municipal waste » implies waste generated in the process of human life and non-production institutions such as catering, public use and others.

Term « MSW (municipal solid waste)» different from the term « MSW (liquid household waste) "If only because it implies municipal wastewater, which has nothing to do with the concept of solid. Separately, it should be noted that in most cases, the removal of waste is much more complicated than industrial waste, the reason for which is the lack of need for the separation process or, more simply, the separation of waste into fractions in most industries. As well as a high level of concentration or density of industrial waste.

With municipal solid waste, everything is much more complicated, since, despite less modest volumes than industrial waste, diverse composition Solid waste excludes direct disposal without prior separation. Currently, there are 4 main methods of solid waste disposal:

1. Disposal of waste at special solid waste landfills;
2. Separation providing separate collection or separation of waste into fractions directly at recycling facilities;
3. Incineration, which seems to be the most ineffective method;
4. Pyrolysis, which involves high-temperature decomposition of waste.

Let's consider these methods of solid waste disposal, their pros and cons.

1. Disposal at solid waste landfills

The removal and disposal of solid waste at special disposal sites requires the presence of a specially equipped landfill, where each layer of waste is covered with soil according to the principle of a layer cake. This method waste recycling, which in essence is not such, has positive aspects, and in particular the relatively low level of energy intensity of the process, as well as minimum costs labor and Money for equipment of the disposal site.

Despite this, this method recycling is characterized by many environmental and economic disadvantages, and in particular by the fact that solid waste landfills occupy large areas, making them unsuitable for more rational use over a long period of time or, more simply, making the soil infertile for a period of at least 50 years. In addition, dust and garbage from the landfill are carried by wind for many kilometers around, thereby polluting the environment and harming human health and, to a greater extent, the aesthetic appearance of the city. Also, the spontaneous combustion that often occurs at solid waste disposal sites, resulting from violations of the landfill operating technology, does not contribute to improving the level of ecology and, moreover, is difficult to extinguish.

This is explained by the fact that the result of violation of operating rules is an increase in temperature and, as a consequence, the release of methane in the process of microbiological and chemical reactions occurring in the garbage, followed by a fire that is almost impossible to extinguish. As a result of prolonged burning of garbage at a landfill, the atmosphere receives bonus emissions of such harmful substances as:

• Sulfur;
• Amorphous carbon;
• Nitrogen oxides;
• Benzpyrene;
• And other “fresheners”, the most active of which are dibenzofurans and polychlorinated dioxins.

In addition, the liquid filtrate contained in the soil of the landfill is replete with huge amounts of soluble organic matter and heavy metals, in particular mercury, which in the event of destruction of the protective rampart or prolonged heavy rains can enter the groundwater and, accordingly, poison everything they could get to. The main disadvantage of recycling solid waste at special disposal sites is that even after disposal it continues to poison everything around for many decades, thereby representing real threat for the environment and human health, which is more than important for the younger generation. Few people consider the removal and disposal of solid waste in this regard.

2. Separation

Separation involves the subsequent secondary use of valuable waste fractions as a source material for the processing process in order to obtain secondary material for the production of new types of products or as fuel for the production of various types energy.

3. Burning

Removal and disposal of solid waste by combustion, which takes place at specialized waste incineration plants at a temperature of no more than +800 0 C, is also not only irrational from an economic point of view, but also environmentally dangerous method recycling. This is explained by the fact that, despite the use of innovative technologies, in the process of burning waste, waste is released into the atmosphere. great amount harmful substances formed during the co-combustion of various fractions of waste, in particular paper, metals, plastic, food waste and others.

As a result, soot, which contains almost all the elements of the periodic table, is transported over vast distances by wind and, accordingly, pollutes the environment. It is practically impossible to purify it subsequently, since, for example, the half-life of substances such as benzopyrene, dioxins and similar substances formed during combustion at low temperatures is at least 30 years. In addition, slag, obtained as a result of burning garbage, is a substance that contains in concentrated form most minerals, heavy metals, volatile dioxins and other “aromatic” additives that make it hazardous to the environment and, ultimately, human health. This slag is unsuitable for further use, and moreover requires special testing grounds for slag disposal.

4. Pyrolysis - high temperature decomposition

This recycling method is suitable for processing almost all types of solid household waste, as it provides for their thermal decomposition without access to oxygen at temperatures from +1200 0 C to +1600 0 C. Thus, all components of the waste are transformed into simplest chemical compounds in the form of hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, methane, sulfur dioxide and oxygen, as well as in the form of liquid compounds in the form of sulfuric acid, chlorine and some lower carbons.

As a result, we can conclude that the pyrolysis method is the most effective and efficient among all existing ones. However, this method also has its drawbacks and, in particular, is characterized by a large amount of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, a high level of energy intensity and requires special landfills for the disposal of slag that is unsuitable for subsequent processing and use.