River Northern Dvina — most important river northern strip European Russia and the White Sea basin; It is formed at Shaburinsky Island from the junction of the Sukhona and Yuga rivers near the city of Veliky Ustyug, which is why it received the name Dvina, that is, a double river. The Northern Dvina irrigates parts of the Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions and, after traveling approximately 673 kilometers, flows from the southeast into the Dvina Bay White Sea, 40 kilometers below the city of Arkhangelsk. First, the Northern Dvina flows north with a slight deviation to the east along the Ustyug Gorge for 63 kilometers, to the confluence with the Vychegda, which is considered a tributary of the Northern Dvina, although it is far superior to the upper Northern Dvina in terms of water mass, channel width, and other things. From the mouth of the Vychegda, the Northern Dvina takes a direction to the northwest, which it maintains throughout the rest of its course. The Northern Dvina river area extends from 320,000 to 340,000 square kilometers. The Northern Dvina has a very calm current, which gains significant speed only when overflowing. The river flows through a wide valley, fenced on both sides by high banks, partly made of limestone and partly of sandy layers. First one and then the other of the banks, alternating with each other, approach the river bed with a significant steepness. Until the mouth of the Vychegda, the Northern Dvina changes little to its original channel, to which it returns almost without any change every spring when the high water goes away.

Geography Length - 744 km, length with Sukhona - 1300 km, length with Vychegda - 1803 km. According to the state water register, the length of the river's waterway. Kubena - lake Kubenskoye - r. Sukhona - r. The Northern Dvina is 1,683 km long. The basin area is 357 thousand km 2. The Malaya Northern Dvina is formed by the confluence of the Sukhona and Yug rivers (near the city of Veliky Ustyug in Vologda region). It then flows north to Arkhangelsk region. Near the city of Kotlas, the Malaya Northern Dvina merges with the Vychegda (it should be noted that the Vychegda carries more water, than the Malaya Northern Dvina), after which it turns to the northwest, and then gradually to the north. Almost in the very north it merges with Pinega. The Northern Dvina delta (delta area is about 900 km 2) starts from Novodvinsk. Near Arkhangelsk and Severodvinsk it flows into the Dvina Bay of the White Sea. Below the confluence of the Pinega, the Northern Dvina splits into channels with numerous islands, the width of the valley increases to 18 km. Near Arkhangelsk, the river once again gathers into one channel, and below the city it forms a delta. 900 km 2, consisting of several branches.

River hydrology The diet is mixed, with a predominance of snow. The average water flow at the confluence of the Sukhona and the South is 770 m 3 /s, at the mouth 3490 m 3 /s. The greatest range of level fluctuations between the mouths of the Vaga and Pinega rivers is up to 14 m. It freezes in late October - early November, opens from early April to early May. Ice drift is rough with frequent jams. Economic use Navigation on the Northern Dvina begins immediately after its opening; a few days later barges “from above” arrive in Arkhangelsk and soon commercial and fishing vessels arrive from the sea. Navigation continues until mid-October; due to shallow waters, steamships sometimes begin sailing along the river no earlier than July or even August. In September the water rises. The length of the rivers of the S. Dvina basin is 7693 km, of which 658 km are floatable routes exclusively for timber in rafts, 1223 km for loaded ships and 4294 km are navigable in both directions.

Geographical encyclopedia

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City (since 1937) in Russian Federation, Tver region, on the river. Zap. Dvina Railroad station. 11.4 thousand inhabitants (1992). Wood processing plant, flax plant...

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- (in Latvia Daugava Daugava), a river in the East. Europe. It flows through the territory of the Russian Federation, Belarus, and Latvia. 1020 km, basin area 87.9 thousand km². It starts at Valdai Vozd, flows into the Riga Hall. Baltic Sea, forming a delta... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

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Western Dvina- WESTERN DVINA, a river, originates in the lake. Dvintse, Ostashkov. uez., Tver. lips., on the slopes of Central Russia. elevation, not far from the sources of the Volga and Dnieper and flows into Riga. Bay near the village of Ust-Dvinsk. Length 938 ver. Z. D. enters Berezin. water... Military encyclopedia

Western Dvina- 1) city, district center, Tver region. Originated as a village. at Art. Western Dvina (opened in 1901); name by location on the river Western Dvina. Since 1937 the city. Probably, regardless of the considered name Dun, Dina in the middle and upper reaches of the river... ... Toponymic dictionary

1. WESTERN DVINA (in Latvia Daugava, Daugava), a river in Eastern Europe, flows through Russia, Belarus, and Latvia. 1020 km, pl. basin 87.9 thousand km2. It begins on the Valdai Hills, flows into the Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea, ... ... Russian history

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• Toropets and its surroundings, A. Galashevich. 1972 edition. The condition is satisfactory. This book includes the best monuments of a small area of ​​the region - the Toropetsky and Andreapolsky districts. After reading the book, you will certainly...

In the north of Eastern Europe, in Tverskaya and Smolensk regions Russia, as well as in Belarus and Latvia.

The name comes from ancient Balt. “daug” – “many”, “abundantly” and “ava” – “water”.

The first mention of the Western Dvina is found in the chronicle of a monk. In ancient times, the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” passed along this river.

The Western Dvina originates on the Valdai Hills and flows into the Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea called Daugava. The length of the river is 1020 km (of which 325 km, or 31.8%, is in Russia), the basin area is 84.4 thousand km 2 (42.2%). In terms of basin area, the Western Dvina ranks 2nd among the rivers of the Smolensk (after the Dnieper) and Tver (after the Volga) regions and 24th in Russia.

The relief of the Western Dvina basin is characterized by an alternation of relatively large hills and lowlands. The river basin is located in an area of ​​excess moisture. The annual precipitation is 550−750 mm. On the western slopes of ridges and hills, the amount of precipitation increases to 800−900 mm. Pine and spruce-broad-leaved forests, young birch and aspen forests are common. main feature landscapes of the catchment area - a dense river network (up to 0.45 km/km 2), an abundance of lakes and swamps. The main tributaries: Usvyacha, Toropa, Obol, Drissa, Dubna, Aiviekste, Perse, Ogre (right), Veles, Mezha, Kasplya, Luchesa, Ulla, Disna (left). The lakes are mostly small and of glacial origin.

In its upper reaches, the Western Dvina is a small watercourse with a general direction to the south and then to the north. This is a lacustrine river crossing flowing lakes. Dvinets and Okhvat-Zhadanie. Below the lakes, the river bed widens to 15 m, flows in a relatively deep valley with steep banks on a section of the river 150 km long from the source. In areas where flowing lakes are located. Luka and Kalakutskoye, the Western Dvina valley expands to 3–4 km, in some places up to 10–15 km. Below the lakes, the valley and river bed widen. The height of the floodplain terrace is 7–8 m above the low water level. There is no floodplain. In the moderately meandering, weakly branched river bed there are many rifts formed by accumulations of boulder material, and thresholds in the zones of exposure of bedrock (dolomite) outcrops by the flow.

The average long-term water flow near Vitebsk (Belarus) is 221 m 3 /s (about 6.97 km 3 /year), at the mouth - 678 m 3 /s (about 21.398 km 3 /year). The Western Dvina has a mixed supply: the share of snow supply is 46% of the annual water flow, underground - 36%, rainfall - 18%. According to its water regime, the river belongs to the Eastern European type, which is characterized by high spring floods, low summer low water with frequent rain floods and stable winter low water. The spring flood period accounts for 56% of the annual runoff, and the summer-spring and winter low water periods account for 33 and 11%, respectively. In some years, there are floods caused by thaws. The Western Dvina freezes in the first ten days of December. Freeze-up lasts from December to March. Maximum thickness ice (50–80 cm) is formed in February–March. The river opens up in the first ten days of April. Spring ice drift lasts for several days. average temperature water in June–August is 18.7–19.2°C.

The waters of the Western Dvina are used for water supply and wastewater disposal. Below Velizh the river is navigable in some sections. Upstream the river bed is used for rafting. The river is inhabited by pike perch, perch, roach, bream, golden carp, bleak, silver bream, and pike.

On the banks of the Western Dvina there are the Russian cities of Andreapol, Western Dvina, Velizh.

N.I. Alekseevsky

Western Dvina - classical lowland river with all its islands, bends, low banks and villages that avoid the floodplain, which is flooded by rising waters in the spring.

River of three countries

The Western Dvina River flows through the territory of three countries, in Russia it is called the Western Dvina, in Belarus - Zahodnyaya Dzvina, in Latvia - Daugava. The first mention of the river is contained in the chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years” for the 11th century: “The Dnieper flowed from the Okovsky forest and flowed at midday; and the Dvina will flow from the same forest, and go at midnight and enter the Varangian Sea...” “Varyazhskoe” is the Baltic Sea, into which the Western Dvina flows. The river is the largest of those flowing into.

The basin of the Western Dvina River occupies large hills - Vitebsk, Gorodok, Latgale and Vidzeme, which alternate with wide lowlands: Polotsk, East Latvian and Central Latvian.

The Western Dvina begins in the swamps of the Valdai Upland, approximately 40 km south of the source of the Volga. According to ancient Baltic mythology, the river appeared when the thunder god Perkunas ordered birds and animals to dig it.

The river flows from the western bay of Lake Okhvat, in the Tver region, in a picturesque area where coniferous forests. In ancient times, part of the route from the Varangians to the Greeks passed through Lake Okhvat. This is evidenced by many names in the area: for example, the villages of Volok and the Volkota River. The ancient Slavs used drag to drag boats between bodies of water. Many people died in this dangerous occupation, and many forgotten wars resemble burial mounds scattered throughout the area.

In its upper reaches, the river has a southwestern direction, its bed passes through a deep valley that was formed relatively recently - about 12-13 thousand years ago.

The settlement of the upper reaches of the Western Dvina began in the Mesolithic - 8-6 thousand BC. e. Especially many settlements were found here from the Neolithic era - the end of the Stone Age: 5th - early. 2nd millennium BC e. A very early (second half of the 1st millennium AD) penetration of the Slavs onto the banks of the Western Dvina, its tributaries and lake shores was noted. Numerous Slavic settlements and burial mounds have been found.

In the valley the river flows between rather steep banks overgrown with forest. Mainly mixed forests: spruce predominates in the upper reaches; birch, alder and aspen are more common in the middle reaches. Beautiful pine forests have been preserved in the Polotsk lowland.

Timber rafting in these places has been carried out since the times of the ancient Slavs, but they began to take care of the cleanliness of the river relatively recently. Below the place where the Tver River Mezha flows into the Western Dvina, a large fence (barrier device) was built to collect timber rafted down the Mezha.

The tributaries of the Western Dvina are numerous, but not great, of which the most longer length only the same Mezha reaches (259 km).

Along the entire length of the river, its bed is winding. In the middle reaches there are numerous rapids, which are formed by the accumulation of boulders brought by the glacier and, in places, outcrops of hard rock. On the approach to the Belarusian city, they form rapids that stretch for 12 km.

The Western Dvina enters the city in the northwest, flows through it, forming a “horseshoe,” and exits in the southwest. In the city, the river is navigable for some types of ships, and the Vitebsk river port is located on it.

Having passed Vitebsk, the river rushes to the northwest.

Having built hydroelectric power stations and reservoirs, man, however, did not greatly change the regime of this lowland river.

Downstream, through the Ulla tributary, a chain of lakes and the Berezina River, the Western Dvina is connected to the Dnieper by the Berezina water system, which is now inactive. It was built at the end of the 18th - early XIX in., in during the XIX V. has been reconstructed several times. Its length is more than 160 km; one and a half dozen locks were built. It was intended for the export of products Agriculture and forests from Mogilev and Minsk provinces to the port of Riga. The system lost its significance after installation railways. During the Great Patriotic War the locks were blown up and the canals fell into disrepair. Today it is the main historical attraction of the Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve.

The farther from the source, the less pronounced the valley. In several places the river passes through lakes, for example Luka and Kalakutskoye. Near the city of Velizh, located on the river, the Western Dvina becomes navigable, and the forest ends.

Having passed the Latgale and Augszeme uplands, the Western Dvina (Daugava) flows through an ancient valley. Beyond Daugavpils the river reaches the East Latvian Lowland. During spring floods, ice jams often form here, and river waters, without meeting any obstacles, they flood everything around.

Outside the town of Plavinas, after the construction of the Plavinas hydroelectric power station, the river valley was flooded with the waters of the Plavinas reservoir, and the water level increased by 40 m. Judging by the memories of old-timers, the river valley from Plavinas to Ķegums was very beautiful. There were many rapids and shallows in the riverbed. In the 1950-1960s. the construction of a hydroelectric power station caused protests among the Latvian population: the historical Staburags cliff, the Olinkalns and Avotinu-Kalns rocks were supposed to go under water.

Below there are two more hydroelectric power stations - Kegums and Riga. The latter occupies the most important place for the capital of Latvia: it is a source of electricity, and the Riga reservoir is a source tap water for most city residents. In general, the Western Dvina (Daugava) is the only large own source electricity in Latvia.

Below Dole Island, the Western Dvina (Daugava) flows through the Primorskaya Lowland. Here the flow of the river slows down, the banks become very low, the Dvina in many places separates branches that go around the islands formed by sand deposits from Dvinsk to Riga, forming a delta. In the city, the width of the river reaches 700 m, and downstream it reaches one and a half kilometers.

Historian Nikolai Karamzin compared the Western Dvina with the Eridanus River from ancient greek mythology. Myths say that the river was rich in amber, and ancient Greek authors mention this in their works. And even in ancient times, it was the Western Dvina that was the source of most of the large river pearls used for embroidering royal and boyar clothes. The prey was of a predatory nature, and as a result, the pearl shells were exterminated.

At the mouth of the Western Dvina (Daugava) amber is still mined, and its extraction is carried out in no less barbaric ways.

The river flows fast, the water is clean, but there are few fish in it, which is explained by the shallow water. In the Western Dvina, in the reservoirs of its basin and at the mouth, pike, chub, ide, tench, bream, crucian carp, burbot, and pike perch are found. Previously, the Dvina was rich in one and a half meter eels that came through the Baltic from the Atlantic Ocean, but after the construction of the Plavinskaya hydroelectric station, the eels in the upper reaches of the Dvina disappeared. Today, industrial fishing is either prohibited or limited. Recreational fishing is also limited.

general information

Location: western Eastern Europe.
Administrative affiliation : Russia, Belarus, Latvia.
Water system: Baltic Sea.
Nutrition: mixed, predominantly snow and dirt.
Islands: Dole, Zakusala, Lucavsala, Kundzinsala, Kipsala (Latvia).
Source: Lake Okhvat, Valdai Upland (Andreapolsky district, Tver region, Russian Federation).
Estuary: Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea (Riga, Latvia).
Tributaries: left - Belesa, Goryanka, Medveditsa, Mezha, Netsema, Fedyaevka, Fominka, Usoditsa; right - Volkota, Gorodnya, Grustenka, Zhaberka, Krivitsa, Lososna, Okcha, Svetly, Toropa.
Freeze-up: December-March.
Cities (downstream) : Vitebsk - 377,595 people, Polotsk - 85,078 people, Novopolotsk - 102,394 people, (Belarus),
Daugavpils - 85,858 people, Jekabpils - 23,019 people, Ogre - 24,322 people, Salaspils - 16,734 people, Riga - 639,630 people. (Latvia) (2016).
Languages: Russian, Belarusian, Latvian.
Ethnic composition : Russians, Belarusians, Latvians.
Religions: Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Catholicism.
Currency : Russian ruble, Belarusian ruble, euro.

Numbers

Length: 1020 km (325 km in Russia, 328 km in Belarus, 367 km in Latvia).
Channel width: upper reaches (Lake Coverage) - 15-20 m, mouth (Latvia) - 1.5 km.
Valley width: upper reaches - up to 0.9 km, middle reaches - up to 1-1.5 km, lower reaches - 5-6 km.
Delta: length - 35 km.
Pool area : 87,900 km 2 .
Source height: 215 m.
Mouth height: 0 m.
Average water flow (mouth) : 678 m 3 /s.
Average slope: 0.2 m/km.

Climate and weather

The upper reaches are moderate continental; the middle current is moderate, transitional to marine, the lower current is moderate marine.
Average January temperature : upstream-8°С, middle current -7.5°С, lower current -3°С.
Average temperature in July : upper current +18°C, middle current +17.5°C, lower current +17°C.
Average annual precipitation : upper current 650 mm, middle current 550-600 mm, lower current 670 mm.
Average annual relative humidity : upper flow 70-75%, middle flow 70%, lower flow 75-80%.

Economy

Hydroelectric power, river navigation, timber rafting, fishing, amber mining.

Attractions

Natural

• (1925)
• (1930)
• Natural Park Daugava Bends (1990)
• Smolensk Poozerie (1992)
• Birzhai Regional Park (1992), Braslav Lakes (1995) and Sebezhsky (1996)
• Razna National Park (2007)
• Verver cliff

Historical

• Vecrachin settlement (X-XIII centuries)
• Settlement Buets (village Zhukovo, before 1130)
• Berezinskaya water system (1797-1805)

City of Vitebsk (Belarus)

• Governor's Palace (1772)
• Salt warehouses (1774)
• Town Hall (1775)
• Former District Court (Art Museum, 1883)
• The building of the first power station (Literary Museum, 1897)
• The building of the former women's diocesan school (1902)
• Monument to the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 (1912)
• The building of the former land and peasant bank (1917)
• Memorial complex in honor of the soldiers-liberators (Victory Square, 1974)
• House-Museum of Marc Chagall
• Marc Chagall Art Center (1992)

City of Polotsk (Belarus)

• St. Sophia Cathedral (XI century)
• Spaso-Evphrosyne Monastery (circa 1128)
• Church of the Transfiguration (1128-1156)
• House of Peter I (1692)
• House of Simeon of Polotsk (XVII-XVIII centuries)
• Bernardine Monastery (1758)
• Jesuit College (XVIII century)
• Holy Cross Cathedral (1893-1897)
• Red Bridge (XIX century)
• National Polotsk Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve

City of Daugavpils (Latvia)

• Castles of Dinaburg (1275) and Murmuizhsky (until 1601)
• Mikhailovsky Gate (1856-1864)
• Nikolo-Pokrovsky Staroforshtadsky Old Believer temple (1889)
• Daugavpils Fortress ( late XIX- beginning of the 20th century)
• Church Immaculate Conception Holy Virgin Maria Daugavpilssky (1902-1905)
• Borisoglebsky Cathedral (1904-1905)
• Unity Bridge (1935)

Riga city (Latvia)

• Dome Cathedral (1211-1270)
• Cathedral of St. James (1225)
• Riga Castle (1330)
• Powder Tower (before 1330)
• House of the Blackheads (XIV century)
• Swedish Gate (1698)
• Nativity of Christ Cathedral (1877-1884)
• House of Cats (1909)
• Byte Bridge (1981)

Curious facts

The river called Western Dvina, as can be seen on the map, flows from Lake Okhvat in the Andreapolsky district of the Tver region. However, Tver local historians suggest that its source be considered a swamp, from which a stream flows into a small lake Koryakino, Penovsky district of the same region, connected to Okhvat by the Dvinets River. As proof, they cite the Atlas of 1792 (the full title is “Russian Atlas, consisting of forty-four maps and dividing the empire into forty governorships”). The Atlas contains a map of the Tver governorship with an image of Lake Dvinets (as Lake Koryakino was formerly called), in which a river will flow in, starting in the swamps and marked on the map as the “Dvina River”. However, this is not proof that this is the source of the Western Dvina, since other rivers also flow into Lake Okhvat. Moreover, there is no evidence why this particular river deserved to be named “r. Dvina" and how it differs from others flowing into the coverage of the Nikitikha and Volkota rivers is not given.

When it flows into the Gulf of Riga, the Western Dvina (Daugava) River forms an erosive delta near the former island of Mangalsala. As the name suggests, initially it was indeed an island (sala - island), but later a narrow isthmus of alluvial sand was formed, and Mangalsala became a peninsula. It is washed on three sides by the Gulf of Riga, the Daugava and the branch of the Daugava - Vezzaugava.

The name of the city comes from its location on the Torope River. It also comes from the Russian word “torop”, which means haste. This is associated with the high speed of the river flow at the threshold before flowing into the Western Dvina.

Throughout history, the Western Dvina River had about two dozen names: Dina, Vina, Tanair, Turun, Rodan, Rubon, Rudon, Dune, Eridanus, Western Dvina, etc. In the 15th century. the Flemish traveler and knight Gilbert de Lannoy (1386-1462) noted that the Semigallian tribes called the Western Dvina Samegalzara: from Semigals-Ara, or Semigallian water. Zemgale is one of the five historical regions of Latvia.

Considering the presence of two identical names (Western Dvina and Northern Dvina), as well as the commonality of the names Vajna (Estonian name for the Western Dvina) and Viena (Karelian name for the Northern Dvina), the name of the river most likely has a Finnish-language origin with semantic meaning"quiet, calm." And the name Daugava was apparently formed from two ancient Baltic words: daug - “many, abundantly” and ava - “water”.

The 20-meter high Staburags, a limestone cliff on the left bank of the Daugava, was flooded when the Plavinas reservoir was filled. Staburags is also called special kind limestone, very porous, through which moisture constantly oozes if it is located near an underground source. "Crying" cliff Staburags - national symbol, often found in Latvian poetry and legends. This place was considered sacred, endowed with powers that had a beneficial effect on people. Warriors ancient tribe villages were committed here magical rituals before military campaigns. Today there is 21 m of water above the top of the cliff.

The Northern Dvina is a navigable river. Located in the north of Russia, in its European part. At first glance, this river is unremarkable, but if you look deeper into its history and geography, you can find some interesting facts.

At one time (approximately mid-16th century By beginning of XVII century) this river was the only route that connected the Russian Empire with those countries that at that time were located in the Northern and Western Europe. This route was actively used by merchants and diplomats. TO mid-19th century centuries its significance for foreign trade Russian Empire decreased significantly. However, in order to defend some cities in a possible war (for example, Arkhangelsk), the mouth of this river was very suitable.

Length of the Northern Dvina River

This river is not very large - its length is only 744 km. If we compare it with the Volga, the largest and longest Russian river, then the Northern Dvina is five times inferior to it - the length of the Volga is 3530 km.

Two rivers - Sukhona and Yug - merge into one, called the Malaya Northern Dvina. All this happens near the city of Veliky Ustyug, located in the Vologda region. And this city is interesting because the Russian residence of Father Frost is located there.

After this, it turns north and flows through Arkhangelsk and its environs. The high-water Vychegda River brings its waters into the Northern Dvina watercourse immediately after Arangelsk, after which the river continues its movement strictly north. Just before it flows into the Dvina Bay, the White Sea, it merges with another river called Pinega.

The source of the Northern Dvina is located at the confluence of two rivers: the Sukhona and the Yuga. The Northern Dvina flows into the White Sea. There are many in the river rare species fish: bream, burbot, roach, pike. Migratory fish are of industrial importance: lamprey and salmon, and in the delta you can find smelt and river flounder.

Tributaries of the Northern Dvina River

The Northern Dvina is fed mainly by snow, which melts into its waters in the spring. It freezes at the end of October - somewhat earlier than other Russian rivers, which is explained by its more northern position. When the river opens up (and this usually happens in mid-April or even early May, if the spring is late and cold), the ice flow is quite stormy and active, and jams often form. During this period, it is not navigable - it can even be dangerous.

This river has two main tributaries - the Sukhona and Yug rivers. However, if we counted all the rivers that flow into it, then it would be

Cities of Russia on the Northern Dvina River

There are many cities - large and small - located on the Northern Dvina River. First of all, this is the above-mentioned Veliky Ustyug, famous for that that you can meet the real Santa Claus there. In addition, the cities of Novodvinsk, Severodvinsk and the legendary city of Arkhangelsk are located near the mouth of the river.

Ships sail along the river. To this day, the paddle steamer “N.V. Gogol” operates on the Northern Dvina - it was launched back in 1911 and still operates as a full-fledged cruise ship, enjoying the attention of tourists.