Any toxic substances, be they chemical or plant, pose a serious danger to the body. Science knows dozens and hundreds of the strongest poisons, many of which are used by man himself, and not for good deeds - this includes terrorism, genocide, and much more. But there were also times when poisons were considered medicines. One way or another, toxic substances are still undergoing active research in laboratories. What is the most powerful poison in the world?

Cyanide

Cyanides are a class of harmful, potent substances that are dangerous to humans. Their toxicity is explained by their immediate effect on the respiratory functions of cells, which, in turn, stops the work of the entire body. Cells stop functioning, organs fail. All this leads to a very serious condition, fraught with death. Cyanide itself is a derivative of hydrocyanic acid.

Externally, cyanide is a white powder with a crystalline structure. It is quite unstable and dissolves well in water. It's about about the most known form– potassium cyanide, and there is also sodium cyanide, which is also quite toxic. The poison is obtained not only in the laboratory, but also extracted from plants. It is important to know that some foods may contain this substance in small quantities. Almonds and fruit seeds are dangerous. But the poisoning is cumulative.

Cyanide is often used in industrial production - in particular, the production of paper, some fabrics, plastics, as well as in reagents for photo development. In metallurgy, cyanide is used to purify metals from impurities; and in grain storage facilities rodents are destroyed using means based on this poison. The lethal dose of the most dangerous poison in the world is 0.1 mg/l, and death occurs within an hour. If the quantity is greater, then in ten minutes. First, the person loses consciousness, then stops breathing, and then the heart stops.

This substance was first isolated by the German chemist Bunsen, and in 1845 production methods were developed in industrial scale

Anthrax spores

These substances are the causative agents of an extremely dangerous infectious disease, most often ending in death. People who come into contact with livestock are at risk of contracting Bacillus Anthracis. Disputes can be very for a long time stored in the ground of a cattle burial ground.

The disease has been killing people for centuries, especially during the Middle Ages. And only in the 19th century Louis Pasteur managed to create a vaccine against it. He studied the resistance of animals to poisons by injecting them with a weakened strain of ulcer, which resulted in the development of immunity. In 2010, US scientists created an even more effective vaccine against the disease.

Anthrax spores are found in all secretions of a sick animal, ending up with them in water and soil. Thus, they can spread hundreds of kilometers from the source of infection. In African countries, insects can also become infected with poison, blood drinkers. Incubation ranges from several hours to seven days. The poison causes irreparable damage to blood vessels, causing swelling, loss of sensitivity, and inflammation. Carbuncles begin to appear on the skin; It is especially dangerous if they occur on the face. Subsequently, a host of other unpleasant symptoms may occur, from diarrhea to bloody vomiting. Often the patient will die at the end.


The disease caused by anthrax spores develops extremely quickly and causes terrible external and internal damage.

Many residents of Russia remember this name from school life lessons. One of the most toxic substances on Earth has been a weapon since 1991. mass destruction. And it was discovered in 1938 by a chemical company in Germany and from the very beginning was intended for military purposes.

IN normal conditions Sarin is an odorless liquid that evaporates quickly. Since it cannot be smelled, poisoning can only be known when symptoms appear.

Moreover, poisoning occurs through inhalation of steam, and through contact with skin or entry into the oral cavity.

Sarin binds certain enzymes, in particular protein, as a result of which it can no longer support nerve fibers.

Mild poisoning results in shortness of breath and weakness. With medium – constriction of the pupils, lacrimation, severe headache, nausea, trembling limbs. If timely assistance is not provided, death occurs in 100% of cases, but even if assistance is provided, every second poisoned person dies. Severe degree is characterized by the same symptoms as moderate, but they are more pronounced and progress faster. Vomiting occurs, spontaneous excretion of feces and urine occurs, and an incredible headache appears. A minute later the person faints, and five minutes later he dies from damage to the respiratory center.


Sarin was not used in World War II due to Hitler's prejudice against poisonous gases.

Amatoxin

This is the most powerful venom that is independently produced in nature, it is more powerful than the venom of any snake. It is mainly found in white toadstools and when ingested, it affects the kidneys and liver, and then gradually kills all cells over the course of several days.

The poison is very insidious: the first symptoms appear only after 12 hours, and sometimes up to a day. Of course, it’s already too late to do gastric lavage; you need to call an ambulance. Within two days, traces of amatoxin can be detected in a urine test. Activated charcoal and the drug cephalosporin can also help the patient, and in particularly difficult cases it is necessary to resort to a liver transplant. But even after recovery, the patient may suffer from heart, kidney and liver failure for a long time.


A large dose of penicillin is used as an antidote; if it is not introduced, then a person dies on average within a week

This is a poison of plant origin, most often used in baiting small rodents. It has been produced in the laboratory since 1818, extracting it from the seeds of the African chilibuha plant. Strychnine is mentioned in many detective novels, where characters die from exposure to this substance. One of the properties of strychnine is also played out: at the very beginning, it causes a sharp and powerful surge of strength by blocking some neurotransmitters.

The substance is used in the production of medicines, but drugs containing strychnine nitrate are prescribed only in the most extreme cases. Indirect indications for use may be neurological diseases in which nerve impulses are inhibited; poor appetite; impotence; severe forms of alcoholism that cannot be cured by other methods.

Symptoms of poisoning with this poison are similar to the primary symptoms of tetanus. These include difficulty breathing, chewing and swallowing, fear of light and convulsions.


A dose of 1 milligram per 1 kilogram of body weight is fatal.

The first information about mercury has reached us from the depths of time; it is mentioned in documents dating back to 350 BC, and archaeological excavations have also found more ancient traces. The metal was widely used and continues to be used in medicine, art, and industry. Its vapors are extremely toxic, and poisoning can be either immediate or cumulative. First of all, harm is done to the nervous system, and then to other systems of the body.

The initial symptoms of mercury poisoning are trembling of the fingers and eyelids, and later - of all parts of the body. Then there are problems with the gastrointestinal tract, insomnia, headache, vomiting, and memory impairment. In case of poisoning by vapors, rather than mercury compounds, damage to the respiratory tract is initially noticed. If exposure to the substance is not stopped promptly, it can be fatal.


The effects of mercury poisoning can be inherited

Most often, a person encounters mercury from a thermometer, especially if it breaks. But not everyone knows exactly how to act in this situation. First you need to quickly collect all the parts of the thermometer and the mercury balls. This must be done as carefully as possible, because the remaining particles can cause irreparable harm to residents, especially children and animals. This is done with rubber gloves. In hard-to-reach places, you can collect mercury using a syringe or patch. Place everything collected in a tightly closed container.

The next step is a thorough cleaning of the room, also done with gloves (already new) and a medical mask. A highly concentrated solution of potassium permanganate is suitable for processing. Wipe absolutely all surfaces in the house with this solution using a rag. Fill any gaps, cracks and other depressions with mortar. It is advisable to leave everything in this form for at least a day. For the next few days, ventilate the room daily.


You can call specialists who will make sure that there is no mercury or its vapor in the house if the thermometer breaks

Tetrodotoxin

The most effective defense mechanisms that nature has endowed living beings with are neurotoxins. These are substances that specifically damage the nervous system. Tetrodotoxin is perhaps the most dangerous and unusual of them. It is found in a variety of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. The substance tightly blocks the channels nerve cells, which causes muscle paralysis.

The most common source of poisoning in Japan was eating fugu fish. It is surprising that today this fish is still used in cooking and is considered a delicacy - however, you need to know which parts to eat and in what season to catch the fish. Poisoning occurs extremely quickly, in some cases within six hours. It begins with a slight tingling of the lips and tongue, followed by vomiting and weakness, after which the patient falls into a coma. Effective emergency measures help has not yet been developed. Only artificial respiration can prolong life, because before death, breathing first stops, and only after a while does the heart stop beating.


Tetrodotoxin has been studied for many years, but not all details about it have yet been discovered.

The poisons described above have an extremely harmful effect on animal organisms, so extreme care must be taken when handling them. It is better if professionals do this.

Omega is a highly toxic substance that is part of hemlock. Just 100 milligrams of it (8 leaves) will be enough to kill a person. How it works: all body systems gradually fail, except the brain. As a result, you, being in your right mind, begin to die slowly and painfully until you suffocate.

The most popular hemlock was among the Greeks. Interesting fact: This plant caused the death of Socrates in 399 BC. The Greeks executed him in this way for disrespect for the gods.

Source: wikipedia.org

No. 9 - Aconite

This poison is obtained from the fighter plant. It causes arrhythmia, which ends in suffocation. They say that even touching this plant without gloves can result in death. It is almost impossible to detect traces of poison in the body. Most famous case Applications - Emperor Claudius poisoned his wife Agrippina by adding aconite to her mushroom dish.


Source: wikipedia.org

#8 - Belladonna

In the Middle Ages, belladonna was used as a women's cosmetic (rouge for cheeks). Special drops were even obtained from the plant to dilate the pupils (at that time this was considered fashionable). You could also swallow belladonna leaves - one is just enough for a person to die. Berries are also not a miss: you only need to eat 10 of them to die. In those days, a special poisonous solution was made from the latter, which was used to lubricate arrowheads.


Source: wikipedia.org

#7 - Dimethylmercury

This is the slowest and most insidious killer. This is because even 0.1 milliliter that accidentally gets on your skin will be enough for fatal outcome. The most notorious case: in 1996, a chemistry teacher at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire dropped a drop of poison onto her hand. Dimethylmercury burned through a latex glove; symptoms of poisoning appeared after 4 months. And 10 months later the scientist died.


Source: wikipedia.org

#6 - Tetrodotoxin

This poison is found in blue-ringed octopuses and pufferfish. With the former, things are very bad: octopuses deliberately attack their prey with tetrodotoxin, imperceptibly pricking it with special needles. Death occurs within a few minutes, but symptoms do not appear immediately - after paralysis sets in. One poison blue-ringed octopus enough to kill 26 healthy men.

It’s easier with fugu: their poison is only dangerous when you’re about to eat the fish. It all depends on the correct preparation: if the cook is not mistaken, the tetrodoxin will all evaporate. And you will eat the dish without any consequences, except for incredible adrenaline rushes...

Source: wikipedia.org

#5 - Polonium

Polonium is a radioactive poison for which there is no antidote. The substance is so dangerous that just 1 gram of it can kill 1.5 million people in a few months. The most sensational case of the use of polonium was the death of Alexander Litvinenko, an employee of the KGB-FSB. He died in 3 weeks, the reason was that 200 grams of poison were found in his body.


Source: wikipedia.org

#4 - Mercury

  1. elemental mercury - found in thermometers. Instant death occurs if it is inhaled;
  2. inorganic mercury - used in the manufacture of batteries. Lethal if swallowed;
  3. organic mercury. Sources are tuna and swordfish. It is recommended to eat no more than 170 grams per month. Otherwise, organic mercury will begin to accumulate in the body.

The most famous case of use is the poisoning of Amadeus Mozart. He was given mercury tablets to treat syphilis.

Household poisons, as the name suggests, can often be found in everyday life even where in theory they cannot exist. But forewarned is forearmed, so let’s slowly study the material on household poisons.

ADRENALIN

Adrenaline (epinephrine, suprarenin). Neurotropic and psychotropic effects. Lethal dose 10 mg. Quickly inactivated in gastrointestinal tract. When administered parenterally, it is detoxified in the liver and excreted in the form of metabolites in the urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Symptoms of intoxication appear within the first 10 minutes after administration of the drug. Nausea, vomiting, pallor skin cyanosis, chills, dilated pupils, blurred vision, tremors, convulsions, difficulty breathing, coma. Tachycardia and initially a significant increase in blood pressure. Then a sharp decrease in it and ventricular fibrillation are possible. Sometimes psychosis develops with hallucinations and a feeling of fear.

C. Emergency care:

2. Antidote treatment.

3. Symptomatic therapy.

1. When taken orally, gastric lavage. Forced diuresis.

2. Phentolamine 5-10 mg intravenously (1-2 ml 0.5%

solution), aminazine 50-100 mg intramuscularly or intravenously.

3. for tachycadria, obzidan, inderal 1-2 ml of 0.1% solution intravenously repeatedly until a clinical effect is obtained.

ACACIA WHITE.

Yalovite roots and bark containing toxalbumin. Gastroenterotoxic effect. .

B. Symptoms of poisoning

Nausea, vomiting, tenesmus, abdominal pain, diarrhea. In severe cases, bloody stools, hematuria, acute cardiovascular failure.

C. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

D. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage, activated carbon orally

2. Intravenous administration of 5-10% glucose solution, 0.9% sodium chloride solution, electrolyte solution used for forced diuresis. Cardiovascular drugs, calcium chloride, vikasol.

ACONITE.

Aconite (borech, blue buttercup, Issykul root). The active principle is the alkaloid aconitine. Neurotoxic (curare-like, ganglion-blocking), cardiotactic effect. Lethal dose - about 1 g of plant, 5 ml of tincture, 2 mg of aconite alkaloid.

B. Symptoms of poisoning

Nausea, vomiting, numbness of the tongue, lips, cheeks, tips of the fingers and toes, a feeling of crawling, sensations of heat and cold in the extremities, transient visual disturbances (seeing objects in green light), dry mouth, thirst, headache, anxiety, convulsive twitching of the muscles of the face, limbs, loss of consciousness. Breathing is rapid, shallow, difficulty inhaling and exhaling, there may be a sudden stop in breathing. Decrease in blood pressure (especially diastolic). In the initial stage, bradyarrhythmia, extrasystole, then paroxysmal tachycardia, turning into ventricular fibrillation

C. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods 2. Antidote treatment

D. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative, activated carbon orally, forced diuresis, detoxification hemosorbium

2. Intravenous 20-50 ml of 1% novocaine solution, 500 ml of 5% glucose. Intramuscularly 10 ml of 25% magnesium sulfate solution. For convulsions, diazepam (Seduxen) 5-10 mg internally. For heart rhythm disorders - intravenously 10 mg of 10% solution of novocainamide (with normal blood pressure!) or 1-2 ml of 0.1% solution of obsidan, 20 ml of 40% glucose solution with 1 ml of 0.06% solution of corglycone. For bradycardia -0.1% atropine solution subcutaneously. Intramuscular cocarboxylase - 100 mg, 1% ATP solution - 2 ml, 5% ascorbic acid solution - 5 ml, 5% solutions of vitamins B1 - 4 ml, B6 - 4 ml.

ALCOHOL

A. Title chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

Alcohol

B. Symptoms of poisoning - see Ethyl alcohol. Alcohol substitutes

ALDEHYDES

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, paraldehyde, metaldehyde. Psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic (convulsive), locally irritating, hepatoxic effect. Absorbed through the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. excreted in the lungs and in the urine in the form of non-toxic metabolites.

B. Symptoms of poisoning

See Formalin. When taken orally - salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, chills, drowsiness, tremor, tonic convulsions, coma, respiratory depression. Jaundice, enlargement and tenderness of the liver on palpation. When inhaling vapors - severe irritation mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract, sharp cough, suffocation, impaired consciousness, and in severe cases, coma.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage with the addition of sodium bicarbonate

2. Forced diuresis

3. See Formalin. For seizures - diazepam 10 mg intravenously

Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

AMIDOPYRINE

Amidopyrine (pyramidon). Neurotoxic (convulsive), psychotropic effect. Lethal dose 10-15 g. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, 15% is bound to plasma proteins. Metabolism in the liver, excretion mainly in the urine.

Symptoms of poisoning.

In case of mild poisoning, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, general weakness, decreased temperature, shortness of breath, palpitations. In case of severe poisoning - convulsions, drowsiness, delirium, loss of consciousness and coma with dilated pupils, cyanosis, hypothermia, decreased blood pressure. The development of peripheral edema, acute agranulocytosis, gastric bleeding, and hemorrhagic rash is possible.

Urgent Care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Flushing the ventricle through a probe. Saline laxative orally. Forced diuresis, alkalization of the blood (sodium bicarbonate 10 -15 g orally). Detoxification hemosrbia.

2. Vitamin B1 solution 6% - 2 ml intramuscularly. Cardiovascular drugs. For seizures, diazepam 10 mg intravenously.

AMINAZINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Aminazine (plegomazine, largactil, chlorpromazine). Psychotropic, neurotoxic effects (gangliolytic, adrenolytic). Toxic dose is more than 500 ml. Lethal dose 5-10g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 1-2 mg/l, lethal 3-12 mg/l. Detoxification in the liver, excretion through the intestines and urine - no more than 8% of the dose taken for 3 days.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Severe weakness, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea. Convulsions and loss of consciousness may occur. The comatose state is shallow, tendon reflexes are increased, the pupils are constricted. Increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure without cyanosis. Skin allergic reactions. Upon recovery from a coma, symptoms of parkinsonism are possible. When chewing chlorpromazine tablets, hyperemia and swelling of the oral mucosa occurs; in children, this has an expressive effect on the mucous membrane of the digestive tract.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative. Forced diuresis of plasma alkalization bases.

3. For hypotania: 10% caffeine solution - 1-3 ml or 5% ephedrine solution - 2 ml subcutaneously, 6% vitamin B1 solution - 4 ml intramuscularly. For parkinsonism syndrome: cyclodol 10-20 mg/day orally. Treatment of acute cardiovascular failure.

AMITRYPTYLINE.

Amitriptyline (tryptisol), imizin (melipramine, imipramine, tofranil) and other tricyclic natidepressants. Psychotropic, neurotoxic (anticholinergic, antihistamine), cardiotoxic effects. Toxic dose 500 mg, lethal 1200 mg. Rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract Binds to plasma proteins, partial metabolism in the liver, excretion in urine within 24 hours - 4 days

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

In mild cases, dry mouth, blurred vision, psychomotor agitation, weakened intestinal motility, urinary retention. Muscle twitching and hyperkinesis. In severe poisoning - confusion up to deep coma, attacks of colonic-tonic convulsions of the epileptiform type. Cardiac disorders: brady and tachyarrhythmias, intracardiac blockade, ventricular fibrillation. Acute cardiovascular failure (collapse). The development of toxic hepatopathy, hyperglycemia, and intestinal paresis is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Repeated gastric lavage, forced diuresis.

2. 3. For tachyarrhythmia - 0.05% proserin - 1 ml intramuscularly or 0.1% solution of physiostigmine - 1 ml subcutaneously again an hour later until the pulse rate is 60 - 70 per minute, lidocaine - 100 mg, 0.1% solution inderal 1-5 ml intravenously. For bradyathermia - 0.1% atropine solution subcutaneously or intravenously again after an hour. For convulsions and agitation - 5 - 10 mg of diazepam intravenously or intramuscularly. Sodium bicarbonate solution 4% - 400 ml intravenously.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

AMMONIA.

B. Symptoms of poisoning: see. Alkalis are caustic.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

ANALGIN.

B. Symptoms of poisoning: see Amidopyrine

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

ANESTHESIN.

Anestezin (benzocaine, ethylaminobenzoate). Hemotoxic (methemoglobin-forming) effect. Lethal dose 10-15 g.

Rapidly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver, and excreted by the kidneys.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When a toxic dose is ingested, there is severe cyanosis of the lips, ears, face, and limbs due to acute methemoglobinemia. Psychomotor agitation. When methglobinemia exceeds 50% of the total hemoglobin content, the development of a coma, hemolysis, and exotoxic shock is possible. High risk of anaphylactic reactions, especially in children

B. Emergency care:

2. Antidote treatment.

3. Symptomatic therapy.

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, forced diuresis with blood alkalization (sodium bicarbonate 10-15 g orally)

2. Methylene blue 1% solution, 1-2 ml per 1 kg of body weight with 250-300 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously, 5% ascorbic acid solution - 10 ml intravenously.

3. Oxygen therapy, hyperbaric oxygenation.

ANDAXIN.

A. Names of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Andaxin (meprotan, meprobamate). Psychotropic neurotoxic (central muscle relaxation), antipyretic effect. The lethal dose is about 15 g. The toxic concentration in the blood is 100 mg/l, lethal 200 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and excreted in the urine within 2-3 days

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Drowsiness, muscle weakness, decreased body temperature. In severe cases - coma, dilated pupils, decreased blood pressure, respiratory failure. See also barbiturates.

B. Emergency care:

1. Methods of active detoxification.

2. Antidote treatment.

3. Symptomatic therapy.

1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative. Forced diuresis without plasma alkalization. With the development of a coma - peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, detoxification hemosorption. In case of severe breathing disorders - artificial ventilation.

ANILINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics

Aniline (amidobenzene, phenylamine). Psychotropic, neurotoxic, hemotoxic (methemoglobin-forming, secondary hemolysis), hepatotoxic effect. The lethal dose when taken orally is 1 g. When the methemoglobin content of total hemoglobin is 20-30%, symptoms of intoxication appear, 60-80% is a lethal concentration. Receipt via Airways digestive tract, skin. Most of metabolized to form intermediate products that cause methemoglobin formation. Deposited in adipose tissue, relapses of intoxication are possible. Excreted through the lungs and kidneys (para-aminophenol).

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Bluish discoloration of the mucous membranes of the lips, ears, and nails due to acute methemoglobinemia. Severe weakness, dizziness, headache, euphoria with motor excitement, vomiting, shortness of breath. The pulse is frequent, the liver is enlarged and painful. In severe poisoning, impaired consciousness and coma quickly occur, the pupils are constricted, without reaction to light, salivation and bronchorrhea, hemic hypoxia. Danger of developing paralysis of the respiratory center and exotoxic shock. On the 2-3rd day of the disease, relapses of methemoglobinemia, clonic-tonic convulsions, toxic anemia, parenchymal jaundice, and acute hepatic-renal failure are possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. In case of contact with skin, wash with a solution of 1:1000 potassium permanganate. When taken orally - abundant gastric lavage, administration of 150 ml of petroleum jelly through a tube. Forced diuresis, hemosorption, hemodialysis.

2. Treatment of methemoglobinemia: 1% solution of methylene blue, 1-2 ml per 1 kg of body weight with 5% glucose solution 200-300 ml intravenously. Ascorbic acid solution 5% to 60 ml per day intravenously. Vitamin B12 600 mcg intramuscularly. Sodium thiosulfate 30% solution - 100 ml intravenously.

3. Treatment of exotoxic shock, acute hepatic-renal failure. Oxygen therapy, hyperbaric oxygenation.

ANTABUS.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Antabuse (teturam, disulfiram). Psychotropic, hepatotoxic effect. Lethal dose: without alcohol in the blood about 30g with a blood alcohol concentration of more than 1% - 1g. Slowly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, excreted slowly in the urine (in unchanged form). Leads to the accumulation of acetaldehyde in the body, the main metabolite of ethyl alcohol.

B. Symptoms of poisoning

After a course of treatment with Antabuse, drinking alcohol causes a sharp vegetative-vascular reaction - hyperemia of the skin, a feeling of heat in the face, difficulty breathing, palpitations, a feeling of fear of death, chills. Gradually the reaction ends and after 1-2 hours sleep sets in. After taking large doses of alcohol, a severe reaction may develop - severe pallor of the skin, cyanosis, repeated vomiting, increased heart rate, drop in blood pressure, signs of myocardial ischemia.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. When taking a toxic dose - gastric lavage, forced diuresis.

3. Place the patient in a horizontal position. Intravenous influence of a 40% glucose solution - 40 ml with a 5% ascorbic acid solution - 10 ml. Sodium bicarbonate 4% solution 200 ml - intravenous drip. Vitamin B1 5% solution - 2 ml intramuscularly. Lasix - 40 mg intravenously. Cardiovascular drugs

ANTIBIOTICS.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Antibiotics (streptomycin, monomycin, kanamycin). Neurotoxic otoxic effect

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

At the same time, ingestion of an excessively high dose of antibiotics (over 10 g) can cause deafness due to damage to the auditory nerve (streptomycin) or oliguria due to renal failure (kanamycin, monomycin). These complications develop 6 as a rule, with a noticeable decrease in diuresis against the background of various infections with a lower daily dose of the drug, but longer use. At hypersensitivity To antibiotics, when using normal therapeutic doses, anaphylactic shock may develop.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. For hearing loss: 1-3 days after poisoning, hemodialysis or forced diuresis is indicated.

3. For oliguria: forced diuresis for the first day. Treatment of acute renal failure.

ANTICOAGULANTS.

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Direct anticoagulants - heparin.

B. Symptoms of poisoning

When administered into a vein, the effect is immediate, into a muscle or under the skin - after 45-60 minutes.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. In severe cases - blood replacement surgery, forced diuresis

2. Vikasol - 5 ml of 1% solution intravenously under the control of prothrombin content. Calcium chloride - 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously. In case of heparin overdose - 5 ml of 1% protamine sulfate solution intravenously, repeated if necessary (1 ml for every 100 units of heparin administered)

3. Aminocaproic acid 5% solution - 250 ml intravenously. Antihemophilic plasma - 500 ml intravenously. Repeated blood transfusion of 250 ml. Cardiovascular drugs as indicated.

Indirect anticoagulants - dicoumarin (dicoumarol), neodicoumarin (pelentan), syncumar, phenylin, etc. Hemotoxic effect (blood hypocoagulation).

B. Symptoms of poisoning

It is quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, the effect appears after 12-72 hours. It is excreted in the urine. Bleedings from the nose, uterus, stomach, intestines. Hematuria. Hemorrhage into the skin, muscles, sclera, hemorrhagic anemia. A sharp increase in blood clotting time (heparin) or a decrease in the prothombin index (other drugs)

A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.

Antifreeze

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

See ethylene glycol.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

See ethylene glycol.

ARSENITES.

Arsenites: sodium arsenite, calcium arsenite, double salt of acetic and metaarsenic copper (Schweinfurt or Paris green). See Arsenic.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

See Arsenic.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

See Arsenic.

ASPIRIN.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Aspirin (acetylsolicylic acid). Also included in the preparations: askofen, asphen, citramon, sodium salicylate. Psychotropic, hemotoxic (anticoagulant) effect. The lethal dose is about 30 - 40g, for children 10g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 150 - 300 mg/l, lethal 500 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed in the stomach and small intestine. Deacetylated in blood plasma, 80% is excreted in urine within 24 - 28 hours. B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Excitement, euphoria. Dizziness, tinnitus, hearing loss, visual impairment. Breathing is noisy and rapid. Delirium, suparosis, coma. Sometimes subcutaneous hemorrhages, nasal, nasal, gastrointestinal, uterine bleeding. The development of methemoglobinemia and toxic nephropathy is possible. Metabolic acidosis, peripheral edema

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage, Vaseline oil 50 ml orally. Forced diuresis, alkalization of the blood. Early hemodialysis, hemosorption.

3. For bleeding - 1 ml of 1% solution of Vikasol, 10 ml of 10% solution of calcium chloride intravenously. When excited - 2 ml of a 2.5% solution of aminazine subcutaneously or intramuscularly. For methemoglobinemia - see Aniline.

ATROPINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Atropine (also found in bellaldonna, henbane, datura). Psychotropic, neurotoxic (anticholinergic) effect. The lethal dose for adults is 100 mg, for children (under 10 years old) - about 10 ml. Rapidly absorbed through mucous membranes and skin, hydrolyzed in the liver. About 13% is excreted unchanged in urine within 14 hours.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Dry mouth and throat, speech and swallowing disorders, impaired near vision, diplopia, photophobia, palpitations, shortness of breath, headache. The skin is red, dry, the pulse is rapid, the pupils are dilated and do not respond to light. Mental and motor agitation, visual hallucinations, delirium, epileptiform convulsions followed by loss of consciousness, development of a coma, especially in children.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. When taken orally - gastric lavage through a tube generously lubricated with petroleum jelly, forced diuresis.

2. In a comatose state in the absence of sudden excitement - 1 ml of a 1% solution of pilocarpine again, 1 ml of a 0.05% solution of proserine or 1 ml of a 0.1% solution of eserine subcutaneously again.

3. When excited, 2.5% solution of aminazine - 2 ml intramuscularly, 1% solution of diphenhydramine - 2 ml intramuscularly, 1% solution of promedol 2 ml subcutaneously, 5 - 10 mg diazepam intravenously. For severe hyperthermia - 4% amidopyrine solution - 10 - 20 ml intramuscularly, ice packs on the head and groin areas, wrapping in a damp sheet and blowing with a fan.

ACETONE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Acetone (dimethylketone, propanol). Psychotropic (narcotic) nephrotoxic, local irritant effect. Lethal dose is more than 100 ml. Toxic concentration in the blood is 200 - 300 mg/l, lethal - 550 mg/l. It is quickly adsorbed by mucous membranes and excreted through the lungs in the urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

If ingested and inhaled, intoxication, dizziness, weakness, unsteady gait, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, collapse, coma. There may be a decrease in diuresis, the appearance of protein and red blood cells in the urine. When recovering from a comatose state, pneumonia often develops.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. For oral administration, gastric lavage; for inhalation poisoning, rinse eyes with water and inhale oxygen. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization (sodium bicarbonate 10-15 g orally).

3. Treatment of acute cardiovascular failure (toxic shock), pneumonia. For abdominal pain, subcutaneously 2% solution of papaverine - 2 ml, 0.2% solution of platiflline - 1 ml, 0.1 solution of atropine -1 ml.

BABITURATES.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Long-acting barbiturates (8 - 12 hours) - phenobarbital (luminal), medium-acting (6 - 8 hours) - barbital (veronal), sodium barbital (medinal), sodium amytal (barbamyl), short-acting (4 - 6 hours) - sodium etaminal ( Nembutal).

Preparations containing barbiturates: tardil, bellaspon, Sereysky powders, verodone, bromital, andipal, dipasalin, camphotal, tepafilin, etc. Psychotropic (narcotic, hypnotic) effect. The lethal dose is about 10 therapeutic doses with large individual differences. Absorption in the stomach and small intestine; sometimes in unconscious patients, drugs are found unchanged in the stomach 2-3 days after administration. Short-acting barbiturates are almost completely (90%) metabolized in the liver, 50-60% are protein bound. Long-acting barbiturates are protein bound (8-10%), 90-95% are not metabolized and are excreted in the urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

There are 4 clinical stages of intoxication. Stage 1 - falling asleep: drowsiness, apathy, contact with the patient is possible, moderate miosis with a lively reaction to light, bradycardia during shallow sleep, hypersalivation. Stage 2 - superficial coma (a - uncomplicated, b - complicated): total loss consciousness, preserved reaction to painful stimulation, weakening of pupillary and corneal reflexes. Variable neurological symptoms: decreased or increased reflexes, muscle hypotonia or hypertension, pathological reflexes of Babinsky, Rossolimo, which are transient in nature. Breathing disorders due to hypersalivation, bronchorrhea, tongue retraction, aspiration of vomit. There are no significant hemodynamic disturbances. Stage 3 - deep coma (a - uncomplicated, b - complicated): a sharp absence or decrease in eye and tendon reflexes, lack of response to painful stimulation. The pupils are narrow. Breathing is rare, superficial, pulse is weak, cyanosis. Diuresis is reduced. In the case of a prolonged coma (12 hours), the development of bronchopneumonia, collapse, deep bedsores and septic complications is possible. Impaired liver and kidney function. Stage 4 - postcomatose period: unstable neurological symptoms (prose, unsteady gait, etc.), emotional lability, depression, thromboembolic complications.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage (in comatose patients - after preliminary intubation) again after 3 - 4 days until consciousness is restored, water-alkaline load, forced diuresis in combination with blood alkalization. In stages IIb, III - early use of hemodialysis in case of poisoning with long-acting barbiturates, detoxification hemosorption, in case of poisoning with short-acting barbiturates or mixed poisoning. In stage IV - water-electrolyte load, diuretics

2. In the stage of complicated coma, the use of bemegride is contraindicated. A 20% solution of camphor, a 10% solution of caffeine, a 5% solution of ephedrine, and 2-3 ml of cardamine are administered subcutaneously after 3-4 hours.

3. Intensive infusion therapy. Plasma substitutes (polyglucin, hemodez). Antibiotics. Intramuscularly: vitamins B1 and B6 5% solutions - 6-8 ml, B12 - 500 mcg (B vitamins should not be administered at the same time), ascorbic acid 5% solution - 5-10 ml, ATP 1% solution - 6 ml per day. For low blood pressure - 0.2% norepinephrine in combination with a 0.5% dopamine solution, 1 ml intravenously in 400 ml of polyglucin. Cardiac glycosites.

BARIUM.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Barium. Neurotoxic (paraletic), cardiotoxic effect. All soluble barium salts are toxic; insoluble barium sulfate, used in radiology, is practically nontoxic. Lethal dose is about 1g. Soluble barium salts are quickly absorbed in the small intestine and excreted primarily through the kidneys.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Burning in the mouth and esophagus, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, profuse diarrhea, dizziness, profuse sweating. The skin is pale. The pulse is slow and weak. Extrasystole, bigheminia, atrial fibrillation, arterial hypertension with a subsequent drop in blood pressure. Shortness of breath, cyanosis. 2-3 hours after poisoning - increasing muscle weakness, especially the muscles of the upper limbs and neck. Hemolysis, weakened vision and hearing, and clonic-tonic convulsions are possible with preserved consciousness.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1, 2. Gastric lavage through a tube with a 1% solution of sodium or magnesium sulfate to form insoluble barium sulfate, magnesium or barium sulfate 30 g orally (100 ml of a 30% solution). Forced diuresis, hemodialysis. Intravenous 10-20 ml of 10% solution of sodium or magnesium sulfate. Tetacin - calcium - 20 ml of 10% solution with 500 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously.

3. Promedol - 1 ml of 2% solution. Atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution intravenously with 300 ml of 5% glucose solution. For rhythm disturbances - potassium chloride 2.5 g in 500 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously, repeated if necessary. Cardiovascular drugs. Vitamins B1 and B6 intramuscularly (not simultaneously). Oxygen therapy. Treatment of toxic shock. Cardiac glycosides are contraindicated.

HENBANE.

See Atropine.

BELLADONNA.

See Atropine.

BELLOOID, BELLASPON.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Psychotropic (narcotic) and neurotoxic (cholinergic) effects. The drugs contain barbiturates, ergotamine, atropine. Lethal dose - more than 50 tablets.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

The earliest symptoms of atropine poisoning (see Atropine) appear, followed by the development of a severe coma, similar to a barbiturate coma (see barbiturates), with severe dryness of the skin and mucous membranes, dilated pupils, and skin hyperemia, hyperthermia. Poisoning is especially dangerous in children.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage. Forced diuresis, in case of severe poisoning - detoxification hemosorption.

3. When excited - see Atropine. If coma develops, see Barbiturates.

PETROL.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Petrol. Psychotropic (narcotic), hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, pneumotoxic effects. Leaded gasoline containing tetraethyl lead is especially dangerous. Rapidly absorbed in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. It is excreted primarily through the lungs.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When inhaling vapors - dizziness, headache, feeling of intoxication, agitation, nausea, vomiting. In severe cases - breathing problems, loss of consciousness, convulsions, smell of gasoline from the mouth. If swallowed - abdominal pain, vomiting, enlarged and painful liver, jaundice, toxic hepatopathy, nephropathy. With aspiration - chest pain, bloody sputum, cyanosis, shortness of breath, fever, severe weakness (gasoline toxic pneumonia). Poisoning is especially severe in children. Chronic inhalation intoxication is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Removing the victim from a room saturated with gasoline vapors. If gasoline gets inside, lavage the stomach through a 200 ml tube. Vaseline oil or activated carbon.

3. In case of inhalation of vapors or aspiration - oxygen inhalation, antibiotics (10,000,000 units of penicillin and 1 g of streptomycin intramuscularly), cups, mustard plasters. Subcutaneously camphor - 2 ml of a 20 (percent) solution, cordiamine - 2 ml, caffeine - 2 ml of a 10 (percent) solution. Intravenous 30-50 ml of 40 (percent) glucose solution with corglycon (0.06 (percent) solution - 1 ml) or strophanthin (0.05 (percent) solution - 0.5 ml). For pain - 1 ml of 1 (percent) solution of promedol, 1 ml of 1 (percent) solution of atropine subcutaneously. In a comatose state with respiratory failure - intubation and artificial respiration, oxygen.

BENZODIAZEPINES.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Benzodiazepines - elenium (chlordiazepoxide, Napotom, Librium), diazepam (Seduxen, Valium), oxazepam (Tazepam), nitrazepam (Eunoctin, Radedorm). Psychotropic, neurotoxic effect. Lethal dose - 1-2g (large individual differences. Absorbed in the stomach and small intestine, binds to plasma proteins, detoxification in the liver, excretion in urine and feces.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

See Barbiturates.

BENZENE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Bezol. Psychotropic (narcotic), hemotoxic, hepatotoxic effects. Lethal dose 10-20 ml. The lethal concentration in the blood is 0.9 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed from the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. 15-30% is oxidized and excreted by the kidneys in the form of metabolites, the remaining portion is excreted unchanged through the lungs and in the urine. Depanation is possible in red blood cells, glandular organs, muscles, and fatty tissue.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When inhaling benzene vapors - excitement similar to alcohol, clinical-tonic convulsions, pallor of the face, red mucous membranes, dilated pupils. Shortness of breath with irregular breathing rhythm. Increased pulse rate, often arrhythmic, decreased blood pressure. Bleeding from the nose and gums, hemorrhage into the skin, and uterine bleeding are possible. When taking benzene orally - burning in the mouth, behind the sternum, in the epigastric region, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, agitation followed by depression, coma, enlarged liver, jaundice (toxic hepatopathy). Chronic inhalation intoxication is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Removing the victim from the danger zone. If poison is ingested, gastric lavage through a tube, Vezelin oil orally - 200 ml. Forced diuresis, blood replacement surgery.

2. 30% sodium thiosulfate solution - 200 ml intravenously.

3. Intramuscular vitamins B1 and B6 - up to 1000 mcg/day (B vitamins should not be administered at the same time). Cardiovascular drugs. Ascorbic acid - 10-20 ml of 5% solution with 5% glucose solution intravenously. Oxygen inhalation. For bleeding - 1% solution of Vikasol intramuscularly up to 5 ml.

BORIC ACID.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Boric acid (borax), borax, sodium borate. Local irritant, weak cytotoxic, convulsive effect. The lethal dose for adults is 10-20g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 40 mg/l, lethal 50 mg/l. Absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and damaged skin. They are excreted unchanged by the kidneys and through the intestines within a week. Deposited in bone tissue, liver.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Symptoms of intoxication develop 1 to 48 hours after ingestion. Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, general weakness, headache. Dehydration of the body, loss of consciousness, generalized twitching of the muscles of the face, limbs, convulsions. Cardiovascular failure. Possible damage to the liver and kidneys. Poisoning is especially severe in children.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diurcz. Hemodialysis for severe poisoning.

3. Riboflavin mononucleotide 10 g per day into the muscle. Correction of wine-electrolyte balance and acidosis: infusion of sodium bicarbonate solution, plasma-substituting solutions, glucose, sodium chloride. For abdominal pain - 0.1% atropine solution - 1 ml, 0.2% platifilin solution - 1 ml, 1% promedol solution - 1 ml subcutaneously. Novocaine 2% solution - 50 ml with glucose - 5% solution - 500 ml intravenously. Cardiovascular drugs.

VEGH IS POISONOUS.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Veh poisonous (hemlock, water hemlock, water omega). The most poisonous rhizome of the plant, especially late autumn and early spring. Contains cycototoxin. Neurotoxic (cholinergic, convulsive) effect. The lethal dose is about 50 mg of plant per 1 kg of body weight.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Initial symptoms of poisoning appear after 1.5 - 2 hours, sometimes after 20 - 30 minutes. Salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dilated pupils, tachycardia, clonic-tonic convulsions, respiratory depression. Loss of consciousness, collapse. Most often, poisoning develops in children, who usually eat rhizomes, mistaking them for carrots.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative, activated carbon orally, hemosorption.

3. Intramuscular injection of 25% magnesium sulfate solution - 10 ml. For seizures - diazepam 5 - 10 mg intravenously. Artificial respiration. For cardiac arrhythmias - 10 ml of 10% solution of novocainamide intravenously.

HYDROGEN IS ARSENIC.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Arsenic hydrogen (arsine) is a colorless gas with a garlic odor. Neurotoxic, hemotoxic (hemolytic), hepatotoxic effects. The lethal concentration in the air is 0.05 mg/l with an exposure of 1 hour; at a concentration of 5 mg/l, several breaths lead to death.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

In case of poisoning with low doses, the development of poisoning is preceded by a latent period of about 6 hours; in case of severe intoxication, the latent period is less than 3 hours. General weakness, nausea, vomiting, chills, anxiety, headache, parasthesia in the limbs, suffocation. After 8 - 12 hours - hemoglobinuria (red or brown urine), cyanosis, possible convulsions, impaired consciousness. On the 2-3rd day - toxic hepatotopathy, nephropathy, hemolytic anemia.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Early hemodialysis. Blood replacement surgery.

2. Mecaptide 40% solution - 1-2 ml every 4 hours with 0.25% navocaine solution intramuscularly for the first 2 days, then 2 times a day until 5 - 6 days, after which - unithiol 5% solution 5 ml 3 - 4 times per day.

For hemoglobinuria - intravenous glucozone-novocaine mixture (glucose 5% solution - 500 ml, novocaine 2% solution - 50 ml), hypertonic 20-30% glucose solutions - 200 - 300 ml, aminophylline 2, 4% solution - 10 ml, sodium bicarbonate 4 % solution - 100 ml intravenously. Forced diuresis. Cardiovascular drugs.

VITAMIN D2.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol, calciferol). Disturbance of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body, cytotoxic (membrane), nephrotoxic effect. Toxic dose for a single dose of 1,000,000 IU - 25 mg (20 ml of oil solution, 5 ml alcohol solution). Vitamin D is metabolized in the liver and kidneys to form active metabolites that cause the toxicity of the drug. Cumulates in the body.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Intoxication can develop as a result of a single dose of a large dose of the drug or repeated consumption of food (sometimes instead of sunflower oil). In children - as a result of exceeding the course of preventive and therapeutic doses. Nausea, repeated vomiting, dehydration, malnutrition, lethargy, increased body temperature, general adynamia, muscle hypotension, drowsiness, followed by severe anxiety, clonicotonic convulsions. Increased blood pressure, muffled heart sounds, sometimes rhythm and conduction disturbances. Hematuria, leukocyturia, proteinuria, azotemia, acute heart failure. Hypercalcemia (calcium content in blood serum up to 20 mg% or more), hypercholesterolemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperproteinemia. Fluoroscopy of cadaveric bones reveals osteoporosis of the diaphyseal part. Metastatic calcification of the kidneys, myocardium, heart valves, and vascular wall is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. At a high dose - hemodialysis, detoxification hemosorption.

3. Hydrocotisone - 250 mg/day or prednisolone - 60 mg/day intramuscularly. Thyrocalcitonia - 5D 2-3 times a day, vitamins A (oil solution) 3000-50000 IU 2 times a day intramuscularly. Tocopherol (vitamin E) 30% solution - 2 ml intramuscularly 2 times a day. Cardiovascular drugs. For increased blood pressure - 1% dibazole solution, 2-4 ml intramuscularly. Calcium-disodium salt ELTA 2-4 g per 500 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously. Glucose with insulin - 8D, isotonic sodium chloride solution 40% - 20 ml, plasma and plasma-substituting solutions.

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Cardiac glycosides: preparations different types foxglove (active principle - glycosides ditoxin, digoxin), adonis, lily of the valley, jaundice, strophanthus, hellebore, sea onion, etc. Cardiotoxic effect. It is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract; when administered intravenously, it is excreted slowly in the urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Dyspeptic disorders (nausea, vomiting). Bradycardia, ventricular and atrial extrasystoles, conduction disturbances, various types of tachycardia, fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation. Fall in blood pressure, cyanosis, convulsions, blurred vision, mental disorders, loss of consciousness.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative, activated carbon orally. Detoxification hemosorption.

2. Atropine 0.1% solution - 1 ml subcutaneously for bradycardia. Intravenous drip administration of potassium chloride (only for hypokalemia!) - 0.5% solution 500 ml. Unithiol 5% solution, 5 ml intramuscularly 4 times a day.

For arrhythmias: 0.1% atropine solution - 1-2 ml intravenously, lidocaine - 100 ml every 3 - 5 minutes intravenously (until the arrhythmia is eliminated), diphenin - 10 - 12 mg/kg for 12-24 hours intravenously .

GRANOSAN.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Granosan (2% ethyl mercuric chloride). Enterotoxic, hepatotoxic effects.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Poisoning develops when consuming granosan-treated sunflower seeds, peas, flour from treated seeds, and fruits from untimely treated trees. Symptoms of poisoning develop gradually - 1-3 weeks after eating contaminated foods. Loss of appetite, unpleasant taste and dry mouth, thirst, lethargy, insomnia, headache. Then nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, lethargy, adynamia, hallucinations, and sometimes paresis of the limbs appear. Possible visual impairment, anisocaria, strabismus, ptosis (damage to the cranial nerves), tremor, epileptic syndrome, vomiting, diarrhea with blood. Symptoms of toxic nephropathy and toxic hepatopathy appear (enlarged and painful liver, jaundice).

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1, 2. See Sulema.

H. Vitamins B1 and B12. Prozerin - 0.05% solution, 1 ml subcutaneously.

MUSHROOMS ARE POISONOUS.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Mushrooms are poisonous. 1. Toadstool - contains toxic alkaloids phalloin, phalloidin, amanitin. Hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, enterotoxic effects. 100 g of fresh mushrooms (5 g of dry) contains 10 mg of phalloidin, 13.5 mg of amanitin. The lethal dose of amanitin is 0.1 mg/kg. Toxins are not destroyed by heat treatment or drying; they are quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and deposited in the liver.

2. Fly agaric - active ingredient - muscarine, muscaridine. Neurotoxic (cholinergic effect). Toxins are partially destroyed during heat treatment.

3. Strings, morels - contain gelvelic acid. Hemotoxic (hemolytic) effect. The toxin is destroyed by heat treatment.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

The latent period before the development of pronounced symptoms of intoxication is 6 - 24 hours. Uncontrollable vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria (red urine). Damage to the liver, kidneys. Hemolytic jaundice.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Sodium bicarbonate - 1000 ml of 4% solution into a vein. Forced diuresis.

DIKUMARIN.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Dicumarin.

B. Symptoms of poisoning. See Anticoagulants

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

See Anticoagulants.

DIMEDROL.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Diphenhydramine (diphenhydramine) and other antihistamines.

Neurotoxic (parasympatholytic, central anticholinergic), psychotropic (narcotic) effect. The lethal dose is 40 mg/kg. Toxic concentration in the blood is 10 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed, reaches maximum concentration in tissues within the first 6 hours, detoxification in the liver, excreted in the urine mainly in the form of metabolites within 24 hours.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Dry mouth and throat, drowsiness and dizziness, nausea, nausea, muscle twitching, tachycardia, blurred vision. The pupils are dilated, there may be horizontal nystagmus, the skin is dry and pale. Motor and psychological agitation, convulsions followed by loss of consciousness. Comatose state, drop in blood pressure, respiratory depression. Oral numbness may occur when taking premedimedrol by mouth.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. When taken orally, lavage the stomach through a tube lubricated with petroleum jelly. Forced diuresis.

2. Physostigmine - 0.1% solution, 1 ml subcutaneously, again, in the absence of sudden excitement - pilocarpine - 1 ml of 1% solution subcutaneously.

3. For agitation - aminazine or tizercin - 2.5% solutions, 2 ml intramuscularly, for convulsions - diazepam - 5 - 10 mg intravenously.

DIMETHYL PHTHALATE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Dimethyl phthalate. Local irritant, psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic, nephrotoxic effect. Absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract. In the body it is quickly metabolized to form methyl alcohol.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

See Methyl alcohol.

Inhalation of vapors causes irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

See Methyl alcohol.

DICHLOROETHANE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) exists in the form of 2 isomers: 1 - 1-dichloroethane and the most toxic 1 - 2-dichloroethane. Psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, local irritant effect. The lethal dose when taken orally is 15 - 20 ml. Toxic concentration in the blood - traces of dichloroethane, lethal 5 mg/l. Quickly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and skin. After oral administration, the maximum concentration in the blood is reached in the first 6 hours; the rate of absorption increases when taken together with alcohol and fats. It is metabolized in the liver with the formation of toxic metabolites chloroethylene and monochloroacetic acid. Deposited in adipose tissue. Excreted in exhaled air, urine, and feces.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Symptoms of intoxication appear in the first 1 - 3 hours. Upon admission - nausea, vomiting (persistent) with an admixture of bile, blood, pain in the epigastric region, salivation, loose, flaky stool with the smell of dichloroethane, scleral hyperemia, severe weakness, headache, psychomotor agitation, coma, exotoxic shock (1 - 2 days), on days 2 - 3 - toxic hepatopathy (pain in the right hypochondrium, liver enlargement, jaundice, nephropathy, hepatic-renal failure, hemorrhagic diathesis (stomach, nosebleeds) With inhalation poisoning - headache, dizziness, drowsiness, dyspeptic disorders, increased salivation, hepatopathy, nephropathy. In severe cases - coma, exotoxic shock. In case of contact with the skin - dermatitis, bullous rashes.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Abundant repeated gastric lavage through a tube, followed by the introduction of vaseline oil (150 - 200 ml) into the stomach. Detoxification hemosorbium, forced diuresis with blood alkalization. Vitamin E 1 - 2 ml 30% intramuscularly 4 times in the first 3 days.

3. In the presence of deep coma - intubation, artificial respiration. Cardiovascular drugs. Treatment of toxic shock. On the first day - hormone therapy (prednisolone up to 120 mg intravenously repeatedly. Vitamin therapy: B12 - up to 1500 mcg; B1 - 4 ml of a 5% solution intramuscularly; B15 up to - 5 g orally. Ascorbic acid - 5-10 ml of a 5% solution intravenously. Tetacin calcium - 40 ml of 10% solution with 300 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously. Unithiol 5% solution, 5 ml intramuscularly again. Lipoic acid - 20 - 30 mg/kg intravenously per day. Antibiotics (levomycytin, penicillin).

In case of sudden excitement, 2 ml of 2.5% solution of pipolfen intravenously. Treatment of toxic nephropathy and hepatopathy is carried out in a hospital.

Datura.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Datura. See atropine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning. See Atropine.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

See Atropine

LUCK.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Zamanikha (araliaceae seeds). Rhizomes and roots contain saponins, traces of alkaloids and glycosides, and essential oil. Available as a 5% alcohol tincture. Cardiotoxic local irritant, psychotropic (stimulating) effect.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

If you take a toxic dose, you may experience nausea, repeated vomiting, loose stools, bradycardia, dizziness, anxiety, and a possible decrease in blood pressure. Bradyarrhythmia, ventricular extrasystole.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

3. Atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously or intravenously again until bradycardia is relieved.

ISOMIAZIDE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Isoniazid (GINK, isonicotinic acid hydrazide); derivatives: tubazide, ftivazide, saluzide, larusan, etc. Neurotoxic (convulsive) effect. Lethal dose - 10 g. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, maximum concentration in the blood 1-3 hours after administration. 50 - 75% of the drug in acetylated form is excreted in the urine within 24 hours, 5 - 10% through the intestines.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, headache, paresthesia, dry mouth, tremor, ataxia, shortness of breath, bradycardia, then tachycardia. In severe poisoning - epileptiform-type convulsions with loss of consciousness and respiratory distress. The development of toxic nephropathy and hepotopathy is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization. Detoxification hemosorption.

2. B6 - 5% solution, 10 ml intravenously repeatedly.

3. Essential oxygen anesthesia with muscle relaxants, mechanical breathing. Correction of acidosis - 4% sodium bicarbonate solution 1000 ml into a vein.

INDIAN HEMP.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Indian hemp (hashish, plan, marijuana, anasha).

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Initially, psychomotor agitation, dilated pupils, tinnitus, vivid visual hallucinations, then general lethargy, weakness, tearfulness and long, deep sleep with a slow pulse and a drop in body temperature.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

Gastric lavage if poison is taken orally, forced diuresis. In case of sudden excitement - 4 - 5% ml of 2.5% chlorpromazine solution intramuscularly.

INSULIN.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Insulin. Hypoglycemic effect.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Active only when administered parenterally. In case of an overdose, symptoms of hypoglycemia occur - weakness, increased sweating, hand tremors, feeling of hunger. In case of severe poisoning (blood sugar level below 50 mg%) - psychomotor agitation, clinical-tonic convulsions, coma. When emerging from a comatose state, prolonged encephalopathy (schizophrenia-like syndrome) is observed.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Phosphorus diuresis with blood alkalization.

2. Immediate intravenous administration of a 20% glucose solution in the amount necessary to restore normal blood sugar levels. Glucagon - 0.5 - 1 mg intramuscularly.

3. For coma, adrenaline - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously. Cardiovascular drugs.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Iodine. Local cauterizing effect. The lethal dose is about - - 3g.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When inhaling iodine vapor, the upper respiratory tract is affected.

(see Chlorine). When concentrated solutions get inside, severe burns of the digestive tract occur; the mucous membrane has a characteristic color. The development of hemolysis and hemoglobinuria is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

Gastric lavage through a tube, preferably 0.5% sodium thiosulfate solution.

2. Sodium thiosulfate 30% solution - up to 300 ml per day intravenously, 10% sodium chloride solution 30 ml intravenously.

3. Treatment of burns of the digestive tract (see Strong acids)

POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Potassium permanganate. Local cauterizing, resorptive, hemotoxic (methemoglobinemia) effects. The lethal dose for children is about 3 g, for adults - 0.3 - 0.5 g / kg.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

If ingested, sharp pain occurs in the oral cavity, along the esophagus, in the abdomen, vomiting, and diarrhea. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity and pharynx is swollen, dark brown, purple. Possible swelling of the larynx and mechanical asphyxia, burn shock, motor agitation, and convulsions. Severe pneumonia, hemorrhagic colitis, nephropathy, hepatopathy, and parkinsonism often occur. With reduced acidity of gastric juice, methemoglobinemia with severe cyanosis and shortness of breath is possible.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. See Strong acids.

2. For severe cyanosis (methemoglobinemia) - methyl blue 50 ml of 1% solution, ascorbic acid - 30 ml of 5% solution intravenously.

3. Vitamin therapy: B12 up to 1000 mcg, B6 - 3 ml of 5% solution intramuscularly. Treatment of toxic nephropathy, hepatopathy in the hospital.

ACIDS ARE STRONG.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Strong acids: inorganic (nitric, sulfuric, hydrochloric, etc.), organic (acetic, oxalic, etc.). Oxalic acid is part of a number of household chemicals used to remove rust: liquid "Vaniol" (10%), "Antirzhavin", paste "Prima" (19.7%), powder "Sanitary" (15%), "Tartarene" "(23%). Local cauterizing effect (coagulative necrosis), hemotoxic (hemolytic) and nephrohepatotoxic - for organic acids. Lethal dose - 30 -50 ml.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When ingested, a chemical burn develops in the oral cavity, pharynx, pharynx, stomach, esophagus, and sometimes intestines - sharp pain in the oral cavity along the esophagus, in the abdomen. Significant salivation, repeated vomiting with blood, esophageal bleeding. Mechanical asphyxia due to burns and swelling of the larynx. Phenomena of toxic burn shock (compensated or decompensated). In severe cases, especially in case of poisoning with vinegar essence, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria are observed (urine becomes red-brown, dark brown), and by the end of the first day, yellowness of the skin and sclera appears. Against the background of hemolysis, toxic coagulopathy develops (short-term phase of hypercoagulation and secondary fibrinolysis). On days 2 - 3, the phenomena of exogenous toxemia (fever, agitation), the phenomena of active peritonitis, pancreatitis, then the phenomenon of nephropathy against the background of acute hemoglobinuric nephrosis (in case of acetic acid poisoning), hepatopathy, infectious complications (purulent tracheobronchitis, pneumonia) predominate. - 3 weeks, a complication of a burn disease may be late esophageal-gastric bleeding. By the end of the 3rd week, with severe burns (ulcerative-necrotic inflammation), signs of cicatricial narrowing of the esophagus or, more often, of the outlet of the stomach (in case of poisoning with inorganic acids) appear. Burn asthenia is noted, loss of body weight, disturbance of protein and water-electrolyte balance.Ulcerative-necrotizing gastritis and esophagitis often become chronic.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage cold water through a probe lubricated with vegetable oil. Before gastric lavage - subcutaneous morphine - 1 ml of 1% solution and atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution. Forced diuresis with alkalization of the blood. Swallow pieces of ice.

2. Injection of 4% sodium bicarbonate solution up to 1500 ml into a vein when dark urine appears and metabolic acidosis develops.

3. Treatment of burn shock. Polyglucin - 800 ml intravenously. Glucose-novocaine mixture (glucose - 300 ml of 5% solution, novocaine - 30 ml of 2% solution) intravenous drip. Papaverine - 2 ml of 2% solution, platifilin - 1 ml of 0.2% solution, atropine - 0.5 - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously up to 6 - 8 times a day. Cardiovascular drugs (cordiamin - 2 ml, caffeine - 2 ml of 10% solution subcutaneously). If bleeding develops, use ice inside. In cases of significant blood loss, repeat blood transfusion. Antibiotic therapy (penicillin - up to 8,000,000 units per day). Hormone therapy: hydrocartisone - 125 mg, ACTH - 40 units intramuscularly per day. For local treatment of the burned surface, 20 ml of the mixture of the following composition is given orally after 3 hours: 10% sunflower oil emulsion - 200 ml, anesthesin - 2 ml, chloramphenicol - 2 g. Vitamin therapy: B12 - 400 mcg, B1 - 2 ml of 5% solution intramuscularly (do not enter at the same time). Treatment of toxic nephropathy, hepatopathy - in a hospital. For the treatment of toxic coagulopathy after stopping bleeding - heparin up to 30,000 - 60,000 units per day intravenously intramuscularly for 2 - 3 days (under the control of a coagulogram). For swelling of the larynx - inhalation of aerosols: novokina - 3 ml of 0.5% solution with ephedrine - 1 ml of 5% solution or adrenaline - 1 ml of 0.1% solution. If this measure fails, tracheostomy is performed.

CAFFEINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Caffeine and other xanthines - theophylline, theobromine, aminophylline, aminophylline. . Psychotropic, neurotoxic (convulsive) effect. The lethal dose is 20 g with large individual differences, the lethal concentration in the blood is more than 100 mg/l. It is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, demethylated in the body, and excreted in the urine in the form of metabolites, 10% unchanged.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Tinnitus, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, increased body temperature, palpitations. Severe psychomotor agitation and clonicotonic convulsions are possible. In the future, depression of the nervous system may develop up to a soporous state, severe tachycardia (sometimes paroxysmal, accompanied by hypotension), and cardiac arrhythmias. In case of an overdose of drugs, especially when administered intravenously, an attack of clonic-tonic convulsions and a drop in blood pressure are possible. Orthostatic collapse.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative. Forced diuresis. In severe cases - detoxification hemosorption.

3. Aminazine - 2 ml of 2.5% solution intramuscularly. In severe cases - intramuscular injection of a lytic mixture: aminazine - 1 ml of a 2.5% solution, promedol - 1 ml of a 1% solution, diprazine (pipolfen) - 2.5% solution. For convulsions - barbamyl - 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously. For cupping paroxysmal tachycardia- novocainamide 10% solution 5 ml intravenously slowly.

LITHIUM.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Lithium - lithium carbonate. Psychotropic, neurotoxic, cardiotoxic effects. Lethal dose - 20 g. Toxic concentration in the blood - 13.9 mg/l, lethal dose -34.7 mg/l. Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, distributed evenly in the body in intracellular and extracellular fluid, 40% is excreted in the urine, a small part through the intestines.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, muscle weakness, tremor of the limbs, adynamia, ataxia, drowsiness, stuporous state, coma. Heart rhythm disturbances, bradyarrhythmia, decreased blood pressure, acute cardiovascular failure (collapse). On days 3 - 4 - manifestations of toxic nephropathy. The wavy course of intoxication is characteristic.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diuresis. In severe cases, early hemodialysis.

2. Into a vein - sodium bicarbonate - 1500 - 2000 ml of 4% solution, sodium chloride - 20 - 30 ml of 10% solution after 6 - 8 hours for 1 - 2 days.

3. When blood pressure decreases - 0.2% norepinephrine solution intravenously until a clinical effect is obtained. B vitamins, ATP - 2 ml of 1% solution intramuscularly 2 - 3 times a day. Treatment of toxic nephropathy.

MERCURY OINTMENT.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Mercury ointment: gray (contains 30% metallic mercury, white (10% mercury amide chloride), yellow (2% yellow mercuric oxide).

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Poisoning develops when the ointment is rubbed into the skin, especially into the hairy parts of the body and when there are excoriations, abrasions on the skin or during prolonged exposure (more than 2 hours). On days 1–2, signs of dermatitis appear and body temperature rises, which may be a manifestation of hypersensitivity to mercury preparations. On days 3–5, symptoms of toxic nephropathy and acute renal failure develop. At the same time, manifestations of stomatitis, gingivitis, enlargement of regional nodes occur, and on the 5th - 6th day - enterocolitis.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Forced diuresis. Early hemodialysis in the presence of toxic concentrations of mercury in the blood and severe intoxication.

2. Unithiol - 5% solution, 10 ml intramuscularly repeatedly.

3. Treatment of toxic nephropathy in a hospital setting. Apply ointment dressings with hydrocortisone and anesthesin to the affected areas of the skin. Treatment of stomatitis.

COPPER.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Copper and its compounds (copper sulfate). Copper-containing toxic chemicals: Bordeaux liquid (a mixture of copper sulfate and lime), Burgud liquid (a mixture of copper sulfate and sodium carbonate), cupronafte (a combination of copper sulfate with a solution of methylonaphtha), etc. Local cauterizing, hemotoxic (hemolytic), nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic effect. The lethal dose of copper sulfate is 30 - 50 ml. The toxic concentration of copper in the blood is 5.4 mg/l. About 1/4 of the dose administered orally is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and binds to plasma proteins. Most of it is deposited in the liver. Excretion with bile, feces, urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When copper sulfate is ingested, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, frequent bowel movements, headache, weakness, tachycardia, and toxic shock develop. With severe hemolysis (hemoglobin), acute renal failure (anuria, nuremia). Texas hepotopathy. Hemolytic jaundice, anemia. When non-ferrous metals (highly dispersed copper dust (zinc and chromium)) enter the upper respiratory tract during welding, acute “foundry fever” develops: chills, dry cough, headache, weakness, shortness of breath, persistent fever. An allergic reaction is possible (red rash on the skin , itching).

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diuresis. Early hemodialysis.

2. Unithiol - 10 ml of a 5% solution, then 5 ml every 3 hours intramuscularly for 2 - 3 days. Sodium thiosulfate - 100 ml of 30% solution intravenously.

3. Morphine - 1 ml of 1% solution, atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously. For frequent vomiting - aminazine - 1 ml of 2.5 solution intramuscularly. Glucose-novocaine mixture (glucose 5% - 500 ml, novocaine 2% - 50 ml intravenously). Antibiotics. Vitamin therapy. For hemoglobinuria - sodium bicarbonate - 1000 ml of 4% solution intravenously. Treatment of acute renal failure and toxic hepatopathy - in a hospital setting. For foundry fever - acetylsolicylic acid - 1 g, codeine - 0.015 g orally. For allergic rash - diphenhydramine - 1 ml of 1% solution subcutaneously, calcium gluconate 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously.

MORPHINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Mlorphine and other narcotic analgesics of the opium group: opium, pantopon, heroin, dionine, codeine, tecodin, fenadone. Preparations containing substances of the opium group - gastric drops and tablets, codeterpin, cotermops. Psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic effect. The lethal dose when morphine is taken orally is 0.5 - 1 g, when administered intravenously - 0.2 g. The lethal concentration in the blood is 0.1 - 4 mg/l. All drugs are especially toxic for children younger age. The lethal dose for children under 3 years of age is 400 ml, phenadone - 40 mg, heroin - 20 mg. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and when administered parenterally, detoxification in the liver by conjugation with glucoronic acid (90%), 75% is excreted in the urine on the first day in the form of conjugants.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When ingesting or parenterally administering toxic doses of drugs, a coma develops, which is characterized by significant constriction of the pupils with a weakened reaction to light, skin hyperemia, muscle hypertonicity, and sometimes clonic-tonic convulsions. In severe cases, breathing disturbances and the development of asphyxia are often observed - severe cyanosis of the mucous membranes, dilated pupils, bradycardia, collapse, hypothermia. In case of severe cadeine poisoning, breathing problems are possible while the patient remains conscious, as well as a significant decrease in blood pressure.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Repeated gastric lavage (even with pantheral administration of morphine), activated charcoal orally, saline laxative. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization. Detoxification hemosorption.

2. Administration of nalorphine (anthorphine) - 3 - 5 ml of 0.5% solution intravenously.

3. Subcutaneously atropine - 1 - 2 ml of 0.1% solution, caffeine - 2 ml of 10% solution, cordiamine - 2 ml. Vitamin B1 - 3 ml of 5% solution intravenously again. Oxygen inhalation, artificial respiration. Warming the body.

ARSENIC.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Arsenic and its compounds. Nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, enterotoxic, neurotoxic effects. The most toxic compounds are trivalent arsenic. The lethal dose of arsenic when taken orally is 0.1 - 0.2 g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 1 mg/l, lethal - 15 mg/l. Slowly absorbed from the intestine and after parenteral administration. Deposited in the liver, kidneys, spleens, thin intestinal walls, and lungs. When inorganic compounds are consumed, arsenic appears in the urine within 2–8 hours and is excreted in the urine within 10 days. Organic compounds are excreted in urine and feces within 24 hours.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When ingested, a gastrointestinal form of poisoning is more often observed. Metallic taste in the mouth, vomiting, severe abdominal pain. Vomit is greenish in color. Loose stools resembling rice water. Severe dehydration of the body, accompanied by chlorpenic convulsions. Hemoglobinuria as a result of hemolysis, jaundice, hemolytic numbness, acute hepatic-renal failure. In the terminal phase - collapse, coma. A paralytic form is possible: stunning, stuporous state, convulsions, loss of consciousness, coma, respiratory paralysis, collapse. In case of inhalation poisoning with arsenic hydrogen, severe hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, cyanosis quickly develop, and on the 2nd - 3rd day - hepatic-renal failure.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, repeated siphon enemas. Early hemodialysis with simultaneous intravenous administration of 150 - 200 ml of 5% unithiol solution.

2. Unithiol - 5% solution, 5 ml 8 times a day intramuscularly; 10% solution of thetacine-calcium - 30 ml in 500 ml of 5% glucose intravenously.

3. Vitamin therapy: ascorbic acid, vitamins B1, B6, B15. 10% sodium chloride solution intravenously, repeated 10 ml (under ionogram control). For severe pain in the intestines - platifilin -1 ml of 0.2% rasta, atropine 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously, perirenal block with novocaine. Cardiovascular drugs. Treatment of exotoxic shock. For hemoglobinuria - glucose-novocaine mixture (glucose 5% - 500 ml, novocaine 2% - 50 ml) intravenously, hypertonic solution (20 - 30%) glucose - 200 - 300 ml, aminophylline 2, 4% solution - 10 ml, bicarbonate sodium 4% - 1000 ml intravenously. Forced diuresis.

NAPHTHALENE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Naphthalene has a local irritant, hemotoxic (hemolytic) effect. The lethal dose when taken orally is about 10 g, for children - 2 g. Poisoning is possible through inhalation of vapors and dust, through penetration through the skin, or into the stomach. Excretion in urine in the form of metabolites.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

When inhaled - headache, nausea, vomiting, lacrimation, cough, superficial clouding of the cornea. The development of hemolysis and hemoglobinuria is possible. Upon contact with skin - erythema, dermatitis phenomena. If ingested - abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea. Anxiety, in severe cases - coma, convulsions. Tachycardia, shortness of breath, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, toxic nephropathy. The development of toxic hepatopathy is possible. Poisoning is especially dangerous in children.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. When taken orally - gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization.

2. Sodium bicarbonate 5 g orally in water every 4 hours or intravenously 4% solution 1 - 1.5 liters per day.

3. Calcium chloride - 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously, orally - rutin - 0.01 g, riboflavin 0.01 g repeated. Treatment of toxic nephropathy.

AMMONIA.

Ammonia - see Caustic alkalis.

NICOTINE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Nicotine. Psychotropic (stimulating), neurotoxic (cholinergic, convulsive) effect. Toxic concentration in the blood is 5 ml/l, lethal dose is 10 - 22 mg/l. It is quickly absorbed by the mucous membranes and quickly metabolized in the body. Detoxification in the liver. 25% are excreted unchanged in the urine and through the lungs with sweat.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, cold sweat. The pulse is slow at first, then rapid and irregular. Constriction of the pupils, visual and hearing disturbances, muscle fibrillations, clonic-tonic convulsions. Coma, collapse. Non-smokers are more sensitive to nicotine than long-term smokers.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage with a solution of potassium permanganate 1:1000, followed by the administration of a saline laxative. Activated carbon inside. Forced diuresis. In case of severe poisoning - detoxification hemosorption.

3. Intravenous 50 ml of 2% novocaine solution, 500 ml of 5% glucose solution. Intramuscularly - magnesium sulfate 25% - 10 ml. For convulsions with difficulty breathing - 10 ml of 10% barbamyl solution intravenously or 2 ml of 2% ditilin and artificial respiration. For severe bradycardia - 1 ml of 0.1% atropine solution subcutaneously.

NITRITES.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Nitrites: sodium nitrite (saltpeter), potassium, ammonium, amyl nitrite, nitroglycerin. Hemotoxic (direct hemoglobin formation), vascular effect (relaxation of the smooth muscles of the vascular wall). The lethal dose of sodium nitrite is 2 g. It is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and is excreted mainly unchanged through the kidneys and intestines. They are not deposited in the body.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

First, redness of the skin, then cyanosis of the mucous membranes and skin. The clinical picture is mainly due to the development of methemoglobinemia (see Aniline). A decrease in blood pressure is possible up to the development of acute cardiovascular failure (collapse).

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diuresis.

2. Treatment of methemoglobinemia (see Aniline).

3. When blood pressure decreases, administer 1 - 2 ml of cordiamine, 1 - 2 ml of a 10% caffeine solution subcutaneously, 1 - 2 ml of a 0.2% solution of norepinephrine in 500 ml of a 5% glucose solution - intravenously.

CARBON MONOXIDE.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide). Hypotoxic, neurotoxic, hemotoxic effects (carboxyhemoglobinemia). The lethal concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood is 50% of the total hemoglobin content. Poisoning by exhaust gases of internal combustion engines (cars), “burning out” due to malfunctions of the stove heating system, poisoning at the source of the fire.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Mild degree - headache of a girdling nature (symptom of a hoop), pounding in the temples, dizziness, nausea, vomiting. A transient increase in blood pressure and the phenomenon of trachyobronchitis (poisoning in a fire) are possible. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood taken at the scene of the incident is 20 - 30%. Moderate severity - short-term loss of consciousness at the scene, followed by agitation with visual and auditory hallucinations or retardation, adynamia. Hypertension syndrome, tachycardia, toxic damage to the heart muscle. The phenomenon of tracheobronchitis with impaired external respiration function (poisoning in a fire). The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in blood taken at the scene of the incident is 30 - 40%.

Severe poisoning - prolonged coma, convulsions, cerebral edema, disturbances in external respiration with symptoms of respiratory failure (aspiration-obstruction syndrome, burn of the upper respiratory tract - fire poisoning), hypertensive syndrome, toxic damage to the heart muscle, possible development of myocardial infarction. Sometimes trophic skin disorders, development of myorenal syndrome, acute renal failure. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood taken at the scene was 50%.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Take the victim to fresh air. Continuous inhalation for 2 - 3 hours.

2. For moderate and severe poisoning - hyperboric oxygenation at a pressure in the chamber of 2 - 3 atm for 50 - 60 minutes.

3. For cerebral edema - lumbar punctures with removal of 10 - 15% of the cerebrospinal fluid at elevated pressure, craniocerebral hypothermia (ice application or cold apparatus) for 6 - 8 hours, osmotic diuretics (mannitol, urea). For agitation, 1 ml of a 1% solution subcutaneously, aminazine - 2 ml of a 2.5% solution intramuscularly, for convulsions - 2 ml of a 0.5% solution of diazepam or 5 ml of a 10% solution of barbamyl intravenously. In case of damage to the upper respiratory tract - therapeutic and diagnostic tracheobronchoscopy, sanitation. Prevention of pulmonary complications: antibiotics, heparin (up to 25,000 units per day intramuscularly). In case of severe respiratory failure - artificial respiration, aminophylline - 10 ml of 2.4% solution intravenously, ascorbic acid - 10 - 20 ml, 5% glucose solution - 500 ml. Vitamin therapy.

PAHICARPIN.

A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.

Pahikarpin. Neurotoxic (ganglionic blocking) effect. The lethal dose is about 2 g. The lethal concentration in the blood is more than 15 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed when taken orally and parenterally. Excreted in urine.

B. Symptoms of poisoning.

Stage I - nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, weakness, dry mucous membranes; stage II - impaired neuromuscular conduction: dilated pupils, impaired vision, hearing, severe weakness, ataxia, psychomotor agitation, clonic-toxic convulsions, muscle fibrillations, tachycardia, pallor, acrocyanosis, hypotension; stage III - coma, respiratory failure, collapse, cardiac arrest with sudden brachycardia.

B. Emergency care:

1. Active detoxification methods

2. Antidote treatment

3. Symptomatic therapy

1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative, forced diuresis, detoxification hemosorption.

2. In stage I, specific therapy is not performed. In stage II: 0.05% proserin solution subcutaneously 10 - 15 ml (days 1 - 2), 2 - 3 ml (days 3 and 4), ATP - 12 - 15

The Swiss physician and alchemist Paracelsus famously said: “All substances are poisons; there is not a single one that is not. The right dose makes the difference between the poison,” and he’s right. Even too much water will kill you. However, some substances require very small amounts to cause death - sometimes just enough for a drop to fall on a gloved hand - which is why they initially fell into the class of poisons. From flowers to heavy metals, from man-made gases to real poison, here are the 25 most dangerous poisons, known to mankind.

25. Cyanide can be in the form of a colorless gas or crystals, but in either case it is quite dangerous. It smells like bitter almonds, and once ingested, it can cause symptoms such as headache, nausea, rapid breathing and increased heart rate, and weakness in just a few minutes. If left untreated, cyanide kills because cells are deprived of oxygen. And yes, cyanide can be obtained from apple seeds, but don't worry if you eat a few. You will need to eat about ten kernels before you have enough cyanide in your body to have any effect. Negative influence. Please don't do this.

24. Hydrofluoric acid (Fluoric acid) is a poison used, among other things, in the production of Teflon. In its liquid state, this substance can easily seep through the skin into the bloodstream. In the body, it reacts with calcium and can even destroy the underlying bone. The scary part is that the contact doesn't cause any pain at first, leaving more time and opportunity for serious damage to occur.


Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

23. Arsenic is a naturally occurring crystalline semimetal and perhaps one of the best known and most common poisons used as a murder weapon in the late 19th century. However, its use for such purposes began in the mid-1700s. Arsenic poisoning can cause death within hours or days. Symptoms of poisoning include vomiting and diarrhea, which made it difficult to distinguish arsenic poisoning from dysentery or cholera 120 years ago.


Photo: maxpixel

22. Belladonna or Deadly Nightshade is a very poisonous herb (flower) with a very romantic story. What makes it poisonous is an alkaloid called atropine, and the entire plant is poisonous, with the root containing the most poison and the berries the least. However, even two eaten are enough to kill a child. Some people use belladonna for relaxation as a hallucinogen, and in Victorian times women would often drop belladonna tincture into their eyes to dilate their pupils and make their eyes sparkle. Before you die under the influence of belladonna, you may experience a seizure, increased heart rate, and confusion. Don't play with belladonna, kids.


Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

21. Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) is an odorless, tasteless, colorless substance and slightly less dense than air. It will poison and then kill you. Part of what makes carbon monoxide so dangerous is that it is difficult to detect; sometimes called the "silent killer". This substance prevents the body from delivering oxygen to where it is needed, such as to cells, to keep them alive and functioning. Early symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are similar to the flu without fever: headache, weakness, drowsiness, lethargy, insomnia, nausea and confusion. Luckily, you can purchase a detector carbon monoxide in almost every specialty store.


Photo: wikimedia commons

20. The deadliest tree in all of North America grows in Florida. Otherwise, where else would he grow? The Manchineel tree or Beach apple tree has small green fruits that look like apples and look like they would taste sweet. Don't eat them. And don't touch this tree. Don't sit next to it or under it, and pray you never end up in the wind under it. If the sap gets on your skin, it will blister, and if it gets in your eyes, you may go blind. The juice is contained in both the leaves and the bark, so do not touch them. Probably, the juice of this plant killed the conquistador Ponce de Leon, who discovered Florida.


Photo: nps.gov

19. Fluorine is a pale yellow gas that is highly poisonous, corrosive and will react with almost anything. For fluorine to be lethal, a concentration of 0.000025% is sufficient. It causes blindness and asphyxiates the victim like mustard gas, but its effects are much worse.


Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

18. The pesticide used is Compound 1080, also known as sodium fluoroacetate. IN natural form it is found in several plant species in Africa, Brazil and Australia. The scary truth about this deadly, odorless and tasteless poison is that there is no antidote for it. Oddly enough, the bodies of those who die from ingesting this poison remain poisonous for a whole year.


Photo: lizenzhinweisgenerator.de

17. The most dangerous man-made poison is called dioxin, and it only takes 50 micrograms to kill an adult. It is the third most toxic poison known to science, 60 times more toxic than cyanide.


Photo: wikimedia commons

16. Dimethylmercury (a neurotoxin) is a terrible poison because it can penetrate most standard protective equipment, such as thick latex gloves. This is exactly what happened to a female chemist named Karen Wetterhahn in 1996. A single drop of colorless liquid fell on my gloved hand, and that was it. Symptoms began to appear FOUR MONTHS later, and six months later she was dead.


Photo: wikipedia.org

15. Wolfsbane (Fighter) also known as "Monk's Hood", "Wolfsbane", "Leopard's Venom", "Women's Curse", "Devil's Helm", "Queen of Poisons" and "Blue Rocket". In fact, it is an entire genus of over 250 herbs, and most of them are extremely poisonous. The flowers can be either blue or yellow, and while some of the plants are used for traditional medicine, it has also been used as a murder weapon over the past decade.


Photo: maxpixel

14. The toxin found in poisonous mushrooms is called amatoxin. It attacks liver and kidney cells and kills them within a few days. Sometimes it also affects the heart and central nervous system. Treatment is available, but results are not guaranteed. The poison is temperature stable and cannot be removed by drying. So unless you are 100% sure they are safe, don't eat mushrooms.


Photo: maxpixel

13. Anthrax is actually caused by a bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. What makes you sick is not so much the bacteria, but the toxin they produce when they enter the body. Bacillus Anthracis can enter your system through the skin, mouth, or respiratory tract. The mortality rate from airborne anthrax reaches 75% even with treatment.


Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

12. The hemlock plant is a classic poisonous plant that was regularly used for executions in Ancient Greece, including for the philosopher Socrates. There are several varieties, and in North America, water hemlock is the most common plant. You could die from eating it, but people still do it, thinking hemlock is a perfectly acceptable salad ingredient. Water hemlock causes painful and severe convulsions, cramps and tremors. Those who survive may subsequently suffer amnesia or other long-term problems. Water hemlock is considered the deadliest plant in North America. Serious note: Supervise your children, even older ones, when they are outside. Don't eat anything unless you are 100% sure it is safe.


Photo: flickr.com

11. Strychnine is commonly used to destroy small mammals and birds, and is often the main ingredient in rat poison. In large doses, strychnine can also be fatal to humans. It can be swallowed, inhaled, or enter the body through the skin. The first symptoms: painful muscle cramps, nausea and vomiting. Muscle contractions ultimately lead to suffocation. Death can occur within half an hour. This is a very unpleasant way to die, for both humans and rats.


Photo: flickr.com

10. Most of those who understand such things consider maytotoxin to be the most powerful marine toxin. It's found in a dinoflagellate algae called Gambierdiscus toxicus, and if those words confuse you, just think of deadly plankton to get the point across. For mice, meiototoxin is the most toxic among non-protein toxins.


Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

9. Mercury, the silvery liquid in old school thermometers, is a heavy metal that is quite toxic to humans if inhaled or touched. If you touch it, it can cause your skin to peel off, and if you inhale the mercury vapor, it will eventually shut down your central nervous system and you will die. Before then, you are likely to experience kidney failure, memory loss, brain damage and blindness.


Photo: flickr.com

8. Polonium is a radioactive chemical element and has been implicated in the deaths of everyone from Yasser Arafat to Russian dissidents. Its most common form is 250,000 times more toxic than hydrocyanic acid. It is radioactive and emits alpha particles (they are not compatible with organic tissues). Alpha particles cannot penetrate the skin, so polonium must be ingested or injected into the victim. However, if this happens, the result will not be long in coming. One theory is that a gram of polonium 210 could kill up to ten million people if injected or ingested, causing first radiation poisoning and then cancer.


Photo: flickr.com

7. Suicide tree or Cerbera odollam acts by disturbing the natural rhythm of the heart and often causing death. A member of the same family as Oleander, the plant was often used to perform the "innocence test" in Madagascar. An estimated 3,000 people a year died from drinking Cerberus poison before the practice was outlawed in 1861. (If you survived, you were found innocent. If you died, it didn't matter because you were dead).


Photo: wikipedia.org

6. Botulinum toxin is produced by the bacterium Clostridium Botulinum, and it is an incredibly powerful neurotoxin. It causes paralysis, which can lead to death. You may know botulinum toxin by its commercial name, Botox. Yes, that's what the doctor injects into your mom's forehead to make it less wrinkled (or into her neck to help with migraines) to cause muscle paralysis.


Photo: flickr.com

5. Pufferfish is considered a delicacy in some countries, where it is called Fugu; it's a dish that some would literally die for. Why? Because the insides of the fish contain tetrodotoxin, and in Japan, approximately 5 people a year die from eating puffer fish as a result of improper preparation technology. But gourmets continue to persist.


Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

4. Sarin gas will give you the opportunity to survive the worst moments of your life. Your chest tightens, tighter, tighter, and then... it relaxes because you are dead. Although Sarin was outlawed in 1995, it has not stopped being used in terrorist attacks.


Photo: flickr

3. golden frog Poison Arrow is tiny, adorable and quite dangerous. Just one frog the size of the end of your thumb contains enough neurotoxin to kill ten people! A dose equal to about two grains of salt is enough to kill an adult. This is why some Amazon tribes used poison to coat the tips of their hunting arrows. One touch of such an arrow will kill you within minutes! Here's a great rule: if you see a frog and it's yellow, blue, green or red, don't touch it.


Photo: maxpixel

2. Ricin is more lethal than anthrax. This substance is obtained from the castor bean, the same plant from which we obtain castor oil. This poison is especially toxic if inhaled, and a pinch of it will kill you very quickly.


Photo: wikimedia commons

1. Codenamed “Purple Possum”, a VX gas, is the most powerful nerve gas on Earth. It is entirely man-made and we can thank the United Kingdom for that. It was technically banned in 1993, and the US allegedly destroyed its stockpile. Other countries are “working on it.” Which we should trust completely because governments are known to be 100% honest about these things.


Photo: wikimedia commons

There are many poisons of various natures in the world. Some of them act almost instantly, others can torment the victim of poisoning for years, slowly destroying him from the inside. True, the concept of poison has no clear boundaries. It all depends on concentration. And often the same substance can act both as a deadly poison and as one of the most necessary components for maintaining life. A striking example of such duality are vitamins - even a slight excess of their concentration can completely destroy health or kill on the spot. Here we propose to take a look at 10 substances that are classified as pure poisons, and are among the most dangerous and fast-acting.

(Total 10 photos)

Cyanides are called quite large group hydrocyanic acid salts. They are all, like the acid itself, extremely poisonous. In the last century, both hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride were used as chemical warfare agents and were responsible for tens of thousands of deaths.

Potassium cyanide is also famous for its extreme toxicity. Just 200-300 mg of this white powder, which resembles granulated sugar in appearance, is enough to kill an adult in just a few seconds. Thanks to such a small dosage and incredibly quick death, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Goering and other Nazis chose this poison to die.

They tried to poison Grigory Rasputin with this poison. True, the poisoners mixed cyanide into sweet wine and cakes, not knowing that sugar is one of the most powerful antidotes for this poison. So in the end they had to use the gun.

2. Bacillus anthrax

Anthrax is a very severe, rapidly developing disease caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. There are several forms of anthrax. The most “harmless” one is the skin one. Even without treatment, the mortality rate from this form does not exceed 20%. The intestinal form kills about half of those sick, but the pulmonary form is almost certain death. Even with the latest treatment methods modern doctors no more than 5% of patients can be saved.

Sarin was created by German scientists trying to synthesize a powerful pesticide. But this deadly poison, which causes quick but very painful death, acquired its dark fame not in agricultural fields, but as a chemical weapon. Sarin was produced by the ton for military purposes for decades, and it was only in 1993 that its production was banned. But, despite calls for the complete destruction of all reserves of this substance, both terrorists and the military still use it in our time.

4. Amatoxins

Amatoxins are a whole group of protein poisons contained in poisonous mushrooms of the amanita family, including the deadly toadstool. The particular danger of these poisons lies in their “slowness”. Once they enter the human body, they immediately begin their destructive activity, but the victim begins to feel the first discomfort no earlier than 10 hours later, and sometimes several days later, when it is already very difficult for doctors to do anything. Even if such a patient can be saved, he will still suffer for the rest of his life from painful dysfunctions of the liver, kidneys and lungs.

5. Strychnine

Strychnine in large quantities found in nuts tropical tree chilibuha. It was from them that it was obtained in 1818 by the French chemists Pelletier and Cavantou. In small doses, strychnine can be used as a medicine that increases metabolic processes, improves heart function and treats paralysis. It was even actively used as an antidote for barbiturate poisoning.

However, this is one of the most strong poisons. Its lethal dose is even less than the famous potassium cyanide, but it acts much more slowly. Death from strychnine poisoning occurs after about half an hour of terrible agony and severe convulsions.

Mercury is extremely dangerous in all its manifestations, but its vapors and soluble compounds cause especially great harm. Even small amounts of mercury entering the body cause severe damage to the nervous system, liver, kidneys and the entire gastrointestinal tract.

When small amounts of mercury enter the body, the process of poisoning occurs gradually, but inevitably, since this poison is not eliminated, but, on the contrary, accumulates. In ancient times, mercury was widely used for the production of mirrors, as well as felt for hats. Chronic poisoning with mercury vapor, expressed in behavioral disorders up to complete insanity, was at that time called “the old hatter’s disease.”

7. Tetrodotoxin

This extremely strong poison is found in the liver, milk and caviar of the famous puffer fish, as well as in the skin and caviar of some species of tropical frogs, octopuses, crabs and in the caviar of the Californian newt. Europeans first became acquainted with the effects of this poison in 1774, when the crew on James Cook's ship ate an unknown tropical fish, and the slops from the dinner were given to the ship's pigs. By morning, all the people were seriously ill, and the pigs died.

Tetrodotoxin poisoning is very serious, and even today doctors manage to save less than half of all those poisoned.

It is interesting to note that the famous Japanese delicacy fugu fish is prepared from fish that contains the most dangerous toxin exceeds lethal doses for humans. Lovers of this treat literally entrust their lives to the art of the cook. But no matter how hard the chefs try, accidents cannot be avoided, and every year several gourmets die after feasting on a delicious dish.

Ricin is an extremely powerful poison of plant origin. Great danger represents the inhalation of its smallest grains. Ricin is about 6 times more powerful poison than potassium cyanide, but it was not used as a weapon of mass destruction due to purely technical difficulties. But various intelligence services and terrorists are very fond of this substance. Politicians and public figures with enviable regularity they receive letters stuffed with ricin. True, it rarely comes to this fatal outcome, since the penetration of ricin through the lungs is quite low. For a 100% result, ricin must be injected directly into the blood.

9. Vi-Ex (VX)

VX, or, as it is also called, VI gas, belongs to the category of chemical warfare gases that have a nerve-paralytic effect. It was also born as a new pesticide, but soon the military began to use it for their own purposes. Symptoms of poisoning with this gas appear within one minute after inhalation or contact with the skin, and death occurs within 10-15 minutes.

10. Botulism toxin

Botulinum toxin is produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum, which are the causative agents of the most dangerous disease - botulism. This is the most powerful poison of organic nature and one of the strongest poisons in the world. In the last century, botulinum toxin was included in the arsenals chemical weapons, but at the same time active research was conducted regarding its use in medicine. And today great amount people who want to at least temporarily restore the smoothness of their skin experience the influence of this terrible poison, which is part of the popular drug Botox, which once again confirms the validity of the famous saying of the great Paracelsus: “Everything is poison, everything is medicine; both are determined by the dose.”