From skyscrapers reaching into the sky to high-tech airports, people have managed to create some truly impressive things. Throughout history and even today, people continue to demonstrate their power and wealth by promoting their societies and cultures by building amazing structures such as the Pyramid of Giza, the Parthenon of Athens, and the Eiffel Tower. These are three of the most famous buildings in the world. Unfortunately, these aren't the biggest things people have built (which is why you won't see them on this list). However, you will learn about the most impressive and impressively large man-made structures. So, here are the 25 largest man-made structures in the world.
25. Bottle of wine
The height of the tallest wine bottle is 4.17 meters and the diameter is 1.21 meters. This bottle held 3094 liters of wine, which was poured into it by Andr? Vogel (from Switzerland). The bottle was measured in Lyssach, Switzerland on October 20, 2014.
24. Motorcycle
The Regio Design XXL Chopper is officially the largest functioning motorcycle in the world! It was first introduced at the Motorbike Expo in 2012, where it wowed the audience. This huge motorcycle, designed by Fabio Reggiani, is 10 meters long and 5 meters high. Based on this, we can confidently say that he won over all other “big and scary” motorcycles.
23. Biscuit with sherry
According to Guinness World Records, on September 26, 1990, students at Clarendon College prepared a sherry sponge cake weighing 3.13 tons. Their creation remains to this day the largest sherry sponge cake, as well as one of the largest desserts.
22. Train
The longest and heaviest freight train, made a trip on February 20, 1986, from Ekibastuz to Ural Mountains, Soviet Union. The train consisted of 439 cars and several diesel locomotives, the total weight of which was 43,400 tons. The total length of the train was 6.5 kilometers.
21. Telescope
The Arecibo Observatory is a radio telescope that is located in the municipality of Arecibo, Puerto Rico and has an impressive feature. The observatory's radio telescope, with a diameter of 305 meters, is the largest single telescope in the world. It is used in three major research areas: radio astronomy, atmospheric science and radar astronomy.
20. Swimming pool
The largest swimming pool in the world holds approximately 249,837 cubic meters of water and can accommodate thousands of people swimming at the same time. The Crystal Lagoon at the San Alfonso del Mar resort in Chile is even big enough for a sailboat to sail in. It even has its own artificial beach.
19. Subway
The Seoul Subway, serving the Seoul Subway, is the longest subway system in the world. The total length of the route stretches over 940 kilometers. As of 2013. The first metro line opened in 1974, and the system currently consists of 17 lines.
18. Statue
The Spring Temple Buddha is the largest in the world. Its total height is 153 meters, including a 20 meter lotus throne and a 25 meter high building. Construction of the Spring Temple Buddha was planned shortly after the Bamiyan Buddhas were blown up by the Taliban in Afghanistan. Construction of the statue was completely completed in 2008. She represents Vairocana Buddha.
17. Sports arena
Rungrado 1st of May Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Pyongyang, North Korea. Its construction was completed on May 1, 1989. It is considered the largest stadium in the world and can accommodate 150,000 people on an area of 207,000 square meters.
16. Satellite
TerreStar-1, weighing 6,910 kilograms, became the world's largest commercial satellite in 2009. It went into orbit from the Guiana Space Center in French Guiana on July 1, 2009.
15. Revolver
The Remington Model 1859 replica made by Mr. Ryszard Tobys is officially the largest revolver in the world. Its record length was “only” 1.26 meters.
14. Book
The largest book measures 5 by 8.06 meters and weighs approximately one and a half tons. This book has 429 pages. It was introduced on February 27, 2012 by Mshahed International Group, in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is called "This is Muhammad" and contains stories highlighting his life's achievements as well as his positive impact on Islam on an international and humanitarian level.
13. Pencil
The length of the longest and largest pencil is 323.51 meters. It was created by Ed Douglas Miller (from the UK). It was measured in Worcester, Worcestershire, UK, on September 17, 2013.
12. Parliament
The Parliament building in Bucharest, Romania, was designed by the architect Anca Petrescu and was almost completed during the Ceau?escu regime. It was to become the building of the political and administrative branches of government. Today it remains the largest civil building with an administrative function, as well as the most expensive and heaviest administrative building in the world.
11. Skyscraper
Burj Khalifa, known as the "Khalifa Tower" is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the tallest man-made structure and skyscraper in the world. Its height is 829.8 meters.
10. Wall
Arguably the most famous of all man-made structures in the world, the Great Wall of China is the largest wall in the world. Its length is 21.196 kilometers.
9. Crossword
The world's largest crossword puzzle was built on the side of a residential building in Ukraine. Its height exceeds 30 meters. It occupies the entire outer part of the wall of a residential building in the city of Lviv.
8. Church
St. Peter's Basilica is a late Renaissance church located in Vatican City. Its construction took 120 years (1506–1626). At the moment it is considered the largest church in the world.
7. Castle
The Guinness Book of World Records lists Prague Castle, located in the Czech Republic, as the most extensive ancient castle in the world. It covers an area of almost 70,000 square meters and is 570 meters long and 130 meters wide.
6. Aquarium
The Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta is the largest aquarium in the world. It is home to more than 100,000 sea creatures. This aquarium opened in November 2005. Its construction was funded by a $250 million donation from Home Depot co-founder Bernie Marcus. The Georgia Aquarium is the only facility not located in Asia that houses whale sharks. The sharks are kept in a giant container designed to hold 24 million liters of water, which is part of the Ocean Voyager exhibit.
5. Airplane
The Antonov An-225 Mriya is a heavy-duty transport jet aircraft that was designed by the Antonov Experimental Design Bureau in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. It is powered by six turbojet engines and is the longest and heaviest aircraft in the world. Its maximum lifting capacity is 640 tons. It also has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in operation today. In its entire history, only one Antonov An-225 Mriya was built, which is still operational.
4. Passenger ship
At the moment, the largest passenger ship is the Oasis of the Seas, which belongs to Royal Caribbean. He made his maiden voyage on a cruise in December 2009. It is 360 meters long and can accommodate 5,400 passengers.
3. Airport
King Fahd International Airport, located in Dammam, Saudi Arabia, is the largest in the world. Every year, 5,267,000 passengers and 82,256 tons of cargo pass through this airport on 50,936 flights. The airport opened its doors in 1999. The length of its runway is 4000 meters and the width is 60 meters. Its total area is 1256.14 square kilometers.
2. Bomb
The most big bomb in history, it was the Tsar Bomba that was detonated. Its yield was 50 megatons or 500,000 kilotons, which is equivalent to 50 million tons of dynamite. It was detonated only to show other countries how advanced the Soviet Union was. October 30, 1961 went down in history as the most powerful man-made explosion in human history.
1. Item
The largest man-made objects in the world are submarine communication cables. They stretched from San Francisco to Japan and from San Francisco to New Zealand. The total length of cables exceeds 8,000 kilometers. The diameter of these submarine cables is typically 6.6 centimeters. The weight of such a cable is 10 kilograms per meter. The total weight of one cable exceeds 80,000 tons.
At the very top of the CPSU Central Committee they knew how and loved to build grandiose plans for the future. Large-scale and easily implementable ideas on paper were supposed to provide the country with superiority in all areas over everything and everyone in the world. Let's look at some of the ambitious Soviet projects that never came to fruition.
The idea of this project, which was supposed to literally elevate the USSR above the whole world, was born in the early 1930s. Its essence boiled down to the construction of a skyscraper 420 meters high with a giant statue of Vladimir Lenin on the roof.
The building, which was named the Palace of the Soviets even before construction began, was to become the tallest in the world, surpassing even the famous skyscrapers of New York. This is how they imagined the future giant in the party leadership. It was planned that in good weather the Palace of the Soviets would be visible from a distance of several tens of kilometers.
The place chosen for the construction of the future symbol of communism was a wonderful one - a hill on Volkhonka. The fact that the location had long been occupied by the Cathedral of Christ the Savior did not bother anyone. They decided to demolish the cathedral.
They say that Stalin's associate Lazar Kaganovich, watching the explosion of the temple from a hill through binoculars, said: “Let's pull up the hem of Mother Rus'!”
Construction of the main building of the USSR began in 1932 and continued until the start of the war.
Construction of the basement During this time, we managed to completely settle accounts with the foundation and begin work on the entrance. Alas, the matter did not progress further than this: the war made its own adjustments, and the country’s leadership was forced to abandon the image idea of providing the people with a high-rise building. Moreover, what had already been built began to be dismantled and used for military needs, for example, to create anti-tank hedgehogs.
In the 50s, they returned to the “palace” theme and even almost started work, but at the last moment they abandoned it and decided to build a huge swimming pool on the site of the failed high-rise building.
However, this object was later abandoned - in the mid-90s the pool was liquidated, and in its place a new temple Christ the Savior.
Perhaps the only thing today that reminds us of the once grandiose plans of the authorities to create the Palace of the Soviets is the gas station on Volkhonka, often called “Kremlevskaya”. It was supposed to become part of the complex's infrastructure.
Now look at what the capital could look like if the leadership of the Union had been able to implement plans to erect a “symbol of communism.”
“Construction No. 506” - Sakhalin Tunnel
Not all construction projects of the Stalin era were of an image nature. Some were launched for the sake of a practical component, which, however, did not make them any less grandiose and impressive. A striking example- a colossal construction project on Sakhalin, which started in 1950. The idea of the project was to connect the island with the mainland through an underground 10-kilometer tunnel. The party allocated 5 years for all the work.
As usual, the work of constructing the tunnel fell on the shoulders of the Gulag.
Construction stopped in 1953 almost immediately after Stalin's death.
In three years of work, they managed to build railway lines to the tunnel (about 120 km of railway track in the Khabarovsk Territory), which were subsequently used for the removal of wood, dug a mine shaft, and also created an artificial island on Cape Lazarev. Here he is.
Today, only infrastructure parts scattered along the shore and a technical shaft, half filled with debris and soil, remind us of the once large-scale construction.
The place is popular among tourists - lovers of abandoned places with history.
"Battle Mole" - secret underground boats
The construction of skyscrapers and other structures that amaze the average person is not the only thing the Soviet budget was spent on in an effort to “overtake the competition.” In the early 30s, people in high places came up with the idea of developing a vehicle that was often found in the books of science fiction writers - an underground boat.
The first attempt was made by the inventor A. Treblev, who created a boat shaped like a rocket.
Treblev's brainchild moved at a speed of 10 m/h. It was assumed that the mechanism would be controlled by the driver, or (the second option) using a cable from the surface. In the mid-40s, the device was even tested in the Urals near Mount Blagodat.
Unfortunately, during testing the boat proved to be not very reliable, so they decided to temporarily cancel the project.
The iron mole was remembered again in the 60s: Nikita Khrushchev really liked the idea of “getting the imperialists not only in space, but also underground.” Advanced minds were involved in the work on the new boat: Leningrad professor Babaev and even academician Sakharov. The result of painstaking work was a vehicle with a nuclear reactor, capable of accommodating 5 crew members and carrying a ton of explosives.
The first tests of the boat in the same Urals were successful: the mole covered the allotted path at walking speed. However, it was too early to rejoice: during the second test, the car exploded, killing the entire crew. The mole himself remained immured in the mountain, which he could not overcome.
After Leonid Brezhnev came to power, the underground boat project was canceled.
"Car 2000"
No less sad was the fate of a completely peaceful transport development - the Istra car, also known as the “two-thousander”.
The creation of “the most advanced machine of the Union” began in 1985 in the Department of Design and Experimental Works. The program was called "Car 2000".
Through the efforts of designers and constructors, the result was a truly promising car with a progressive design, ahead of its time.
The car was equipped with a lightweight duralumin body with two doors opening upwards, a 3-cylinder ELKO 3.82.92 T turbodiesel with a power of 68 horsepower. Maximum speed the car was supposed to be 185 km/h with acceleration to 100 km in 12 seconds.
The most progressive car of the USSR was supposed to have a computer-controlled air suspension, ABS, airbags, a projection system that allows displaying instrument readings on the windshield, a forward-looking scanner for driving at night, as well as an on-board self-diagnosis system showing faults and possible ways their elimination.
Alas, the futuristic Soviet sedan failed to enter the market. During the preparation for the launch, as it happens, minor problems related to the modification and serial production of engines surfaced. Moreover, if the technical issues were completely solvable, then the financial troubles that befell the authors of the project already in 1991 turned out to be critical. After the collapse of the Union, there was no money for implementation, and as a result, the project had to be closed. The only example of the “two-thousander” is kept today in Moscow in the museum of retro cars.
According to the project, for the construction of the Palace and all the infrastructure, it would have been necessary to demolish almost all of Volkhonka’s historical buildings. It was supposed to make a grandiose parking lot, a square filled with concrete, move the Pushkin Museum to them. A. S. Pushkin.
At the construction site, for the first time in the USSR, a preliminary analysis of the soil was carried out using core drilling - they drilled a number of wells up to 60 meters deep and analyzed the composition of the soil. The location turned out to be successful - there were dense limestones and a rocky “island” in this area. To prevent groundwater from eroding the foundation, bitumenization was used for the first time: almost 2,000 wells were drilled around the foundation pit and bitumen was poured into them. Additionally, water pumps were installed and an insulating coating was added.
For the final cladding of the grandiose structure, a stone processing plant was built, which later “helped” make Moscow granite: it processed stone panels for the subway, bridges and houses.
To produce concrete for the Palace, a factory was founded near it. The construction of the foundation (also designed in a special way - in the form of rings) required 550 thousand cubic meters of concrete. The diameter of each ring was about one and a half hundred meters. 34 columns were installed on them. The cross-sectional area of one column was 6 square meters. m. A car could fit on such a column.
The frame of the building was created from a special grade of steel created specifically for construction - “DS”. The auxiliary frame, which directed the load to the main one, was made of corrosion-resistant steel, and was simpler. A plant was founded near the Lenin Mountains, where the elements were prepared for installation.
They decided to mount the main frame on concrete rings. To lift the beams, cranes were supposed to be assembled on these rings. The higher, the fewer cranes: the installation of the statue had to be carried out by only one crane.
Money not only rules the world, but also changes it in the literal sense of the word. Over the past 100 years, humanity has been able to build massive and grandiose structures in record time. People know how to build tunnels through mountains, turn rivers around, build islands and many other things that seem unrealistic at first glance. At the same time, money decides a lot in terms of quality materials and work. We offer the 10 most expensive construction projects in the history of mankind.
The tunnel is built under the strait between north coast France and Great Britain. British and French companies invested $22.4 billion in its construction, and today it is overseen by the international company Eurotunnel. Such a high cost of work was due to the high requirements for safety, infrastructure, and environmental friendliness of the project, which ultimately amounted to 80% of the total budget. It began to be built in 1988, and in 1994 it already began work. During construction, 10 workers died. The tunnel consists of three parts: two railway tracks and a road. The length of the underground tunnel is 50 km, and the diameter is from 8 to 4 m. Several fires occurred in the tunnel, which caused serious damage, due to which it was closed for several months. The security service often catches people who illegally seek to cross the border between France and the UK.
The Great Boston Tunnel cost taxpayers $23.1 billion. The goal of the project was to divert traffic from the main highway in downtown Boston into a tunnel called the Thomas P. O'Neill, Jr. Tunnel. The project faced a number of financial and administrative problems, including errors that cost $400 million to correct. During construction, a man was killed when a concrete structure fell directly on his car. In addition, during construction, workers came across sunken ships that were of historical and archaeological value, and therefore had to undergo examination, which took a lot of time. Construction of the tunnel took 10 years.
Construction of Kansai International Airport cost $29 billion. It is located in the middle of Osaka Bay, Japan, on a man-made island that was built taking into account the high seismicity of the region and the threat of flooding. Another reason for building an airport on an artificial island was to prevent complaints from the public. Over the years, the island was reinforced with metal piles, columns and structures to prevent it from sinking. The second terminal was opened in 2012. Terminal 2 and Terminal 1 are connected by a free bus route.
The work, which began in 2015, has already required more funding than planned. This high-speed rail is one element of President Obama's large-scale project to unite the entire country. Executive Director project, Jeff Morales, said that although the project will cost $33 billion, it will be worth it because it will use the latest technology. The road will connect Merced and Bakersfield, San Francisco and Los Angeles. The planned completion date is 2029.
This new downtown business center was built on reclaimed land near Seoul, South Korea, at a cost of more than $40 billion. This is a high-tech area of the city with ubiquitous WiFi, automatic system waste recycling and other technologies and innovations. The area will feature replicas of some of the world's most famous landmarks, including New York's Central Park. There will be an island on which rabbits and deer will live freely. The area is being specially built to attract business and tourists. It is also close to Incheon International Airport.
Construction of the amusement park was stopped in 2008 due to a lack of funding and the financial crisis, but it resumed in 2013. Its cost was 76 billion dollars. If construction is completed, it will be the most expensive and grandest in the field of tourism and entertainment. There are plans to build a Disney theme park, an IMAX theater, and other facilities that are based on Arabian tales, including Tales of the 1001 Nights. The impetus for the construction of the amusement park was the desire to make life in Dubai interesting for families with children and tourists.
When completed, the King Abdullah Economic City will cost $86 billion. It is located an hour's drive from Mecca, a major attraction for Muslims and tourists visiting this region of Saudi Arabia. The city will have the best hotels, luxury villas, prestigious universities and a large airport. The construction of the city is being carried out by Emaar Properties, which has extensive experience in constructing the tallest buildings in the world, including the Burj Khalifa skyscraper. At the center of the Economic City will be the Ethraa area with high-tech infrastructure, which will be serviced by Ericsson.
Kashgan, located in the Caspian Sea, represents the largest oil field found in the last forty years. 116 billion dollars were spent on its development and infrastructure construction. Starting in 2017, 90,000 barrels will be produced here daily. The total amount of oil produced will be 13 billion barrels. Among the difficulties encountered during the implementation of the project were leaking pipes and a number of other breakdowns. The fact is that the field is under great pressure and drilling here is very dangerous. The project partners included companies such as Shell, ExxonMobil, Total, China National Petroleum Corp, KazMunaiGas, INPEX and AgipKCO.
The modular research space station, known as the International Space Station, cost $150 million. Investors were many countries, but the main participants were the USA, Russia, Canada, Japan, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Spain and Switzerland. By 2020, the station, having spent its service life for 26 years, will be flooded in the ocean. Each station module, consisting of space rockets The Russian and American space shuttles were created on Earth and assembled together in space. For two years, while the station was being assembled, it was not used. Operation of the station began from the moment equipment, provisions and sleeping compartments were delivered on board.
In 2015, construction of the Interstate Highway System cost taxpayers $459 billion. The project was initiated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. But he thought not only about the transport system, but also about national security. The project began in 1956, and it was at this time that new routes were created. The first state to complete construction of its section of the system was Nebraska in 1974. The final section, including I-70, was completed in 1992. Despite exceeding the stated budget and deadlines, the construction of the SMM was of great importance for the US economy. The cost of transporting goods became 17% lower, and during Hurricane Katrina, it was along these roads that the population was successfully evacuated.
Reconstruction of VDNH
On March 26, 2014, the All-Russian Exhibition Center (VVC) was returned historical name— Exhibition of National Economic Achievements VDNKh. A comprehensive reconstruction of the famous exhibition complex in Moscow has begun. According to estimates, the cost of reconstruction will be about 13 billion rubles. Only for objects under the jurisdiction of the city of Moscow, up to 60 billion rubles can be invested in the reconstruction of the exhibition. On the occasion of the 75th anniversary of VDNKh on August 1, 2014, the first stage of reconstruction of the exhibition was completed. During the work, the territory of VDNKh doubled and exceeded 520 hectares.
Program-200
The project, which started in 2010, provides for the construction of 200 Orthodox churches in Moscow in the coming years using funds from philanthropists and voluntary donations with the organizational support of the Moscow City Government. The program is designed to build churches within walking distance for the population of the capital's residential areas, where one church often accounts for more than a hundred thousand people and is so far away that it is problematic to reach it on foot. In general, to achieve the average Russian provision of churches - 11.2 thousand people per church - almost 600 churches would have to be built in Moscow, so this program, although a big step forward, will not completely solve the problem. As of November 2015, 9 temples have already been commissioned under the program, in total the construction of 11 temples has been completed and 41 more temples are under construction.
Cosmonautics and rocketry
Vostochny Cosmodrome
The new cosmodrome, currently under construction in the Amur region, includes two launch pads and a city for service personnel. The cosmodrome will make it possible to launch launch vehicles of the Soyuz family and, in the future, Angara, including manned versions.
In total, it is planned to build more than 400 structures, including 120 structures of the technical and launch complexes, 11 objects of the airfield complex with a runway 4500 m long, engineering communications with a length of 88 km, automobile and railway tracks with a total length of more than 170 km, 30 social, cultural and domestic facilities and 42 residential buildings.
It is expected that after 2020, Russia will no longer be dependent on the use of Baikonur, which remains on the territory of Kazakhstan, in all aspects of space programs. First of all, this concerns manned space exploration and the launch of heavy launch vehicles. The cost of creating the cosmodrome is estimated at 300 billion rubles. The construction project is the largest in Russia; 6.5 thousand people are already involved in the construction of various facilities at the cosmodrome, and it is planned to increase this number to 10 thousand.
On December 24, 2014, concreting of the launch ring at the Vostochny Cosmodrome was completed. By May 2015, just under 100 km of railways had been built for Vostochny. On August 9, 2015, the completion of major construction work at all “launch minimum” facilities of the cosmodrome was announced.
For the 12,000 employees of the cosmodrome, the city of Tsiolkovsky is being built nearby on an area of 140 hectares, which will be the first in Russia populated area, named after the founder of astronautics Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.
By 2030, it is planned to additionally create infrastructure at the cosmodrome for a new space rocket with a reusable first stage and a new super-heavy rocket designed for the exploration of deep space and, in particular, the Moon.
Mars exploration project ExoMars
Due to a lack of funding, initially a project of the European Space Agency (ESA), later a joint one with the United States, eventually became a joint Russian-European one, and, unlike most joint projects of past years, Russia’s role is not limited to providing a rocket and/or a pair of instruments, but Russian Academy Sciences will as a result receive the same rights to the data obtained as ESA. Financing of the project from the Russian side began at the end of 2012, an agreement with ESA was signed in April 2013. The project provides for sending an orbiter to Mars in 2016 and landing a stationary platform and rover on Mars in 2018, the first vehicle in this case, in addition to performing research from orbit, it will serve as a relay for the platform and the rover. The launch of spacecraft is planned using two Proton rockets, the orbital vehicle and the rover will be manufactured by ESA using Russian scientific instruments, the landing platform (and in general the second vehicle with the exception of the rover) will be manufactured by NPO im. Lavochkina. The cost of the European part of the project alone is about 1 billion euros.
Intercontinental ballistic missile "Rubezh"
Development of a new intercontinental ballistic missile conducted at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. For obvious reasons, the information is classified, but open sources contain official statements by representatives of the Russian Defense Ministry. The Chief of the Main Operations Directorate of the General Staff, Colonel General V. Zarudnitsky, announced some details of the current state of affairs on the RS-26 “Rubezh” project. It is known that by the summer of 2013, 4 tests of the complex were carried out, of which only one ended unsuccessfully. The last test of the rocket prototype took place on June 6, 2013 and was considered successful.
Aviation
5th generation fighter
The aircraft, which has not yet received its final name, has been officially developed since 1999. Currently known under the names T-50, I-21 and PAK FA (advanced aviation complex front-line aviation). The project is estimated at $5 billion and is currently at the prototype testing stage.
MS-21 (Yak-242)
The projected family of short-medium-haul aircraft MS-21, which should replace the Tu-134, Tu-154 and partly the Tu-204. Production of the first prototypes began in February 2014. The first flight is planned for 2015, the start of serial deliveries is for 2017. It is expected that, together with the Superjet, the MS-21 will be able to cover 80% of the needs of Russian airlines for new aircraft. The volume of investment in the project is 164 billion rubles. There is information that the aircraft will enter the market under the name Yak-242. In 2014, work began in the Irkutsk region to create an engineering cluster in the field of aircraft manufacturing - the main link will be the Irkut Research and Production Corporation, the main manufacturer of the MS-21 airliner.
Largest ships and vessels
Nuclear-powered double-draft icebreaker of project 22220 (LK-60) “Arktika”
The world's largest nuclear icebreaker with a capacity of 60 megawatts. It has the ability to change the draft to work at the mouths of Siberian rivers and in shallow waters, which makes the icebreaker universal (currently nuclear icebreaker fleet Russia is divided into specialized large sea icebreakers and small river icebreakers). Metal cutting for the laying of the vessel began on November 1, 2012. The laying of the icebreaker took place on November 5, 2013 at the Baltic Shipyard (St. Petersburg). The vessel is due to enter service by December 2017. The cost of the construction contract, including the development of new reactor plants and other technologies, amounted to 37 billion rubles.
Project 09852 nuclear research submarine
Mortgaged (remortgaged) on December 20, 2012. According to official reports, “this submarine will be created to implement difficult tasks: conducting diverse scientific research in remote areas of the World Ocean, participation in search and rescue operations. In addition, the nuclear submarine must ensure the installation of underwater equipment and their inspection, testing of new types of research equipment, and monitoring of underwater transport routes. The submarine will become a carrier of rescue deep-sea and autonomous uninhabited underwater vehicles. The nuclear-powered icebreaker was designed by the Central Design Bureau MT Rubin (St. Petersburg) based on Project 949A.” According to information in open sources, the construction will use the hull of the unfinished K-329 Belgorod submarine of Project 949A, laid down on July 24, 1992 at the Sevmash plant in Severodvinsk. The total cost of the ship, apparently, will be similar to the previously built Project 949A Antey submarines, about 226 million rubles in prices of the mid-1980s. (that is, about 30 billion rubles in 2012 prices)
Armored vehicles
Family of combat vehicles based on the Armata tracked platform
According to reports in the open press, on the basis of the new chassis it is planned to create a “main battle tank, combat vehicle infantry, heavy armored personnel carrier, tank support combat vehicle, armored recovery vehicle, chassis for self-propelled artillery installations and others".
In March 2015, the first photographs of tanks and other armored vehicles on the Armata platform appeared - the equipment was used for rehearsals for the 2015 Victory Parade. In response to this, even before the official presentation of the new vehicles, the world media (in particular, German) noted the unprecedented capabilities of the new Russian T-14 Armata tank.
"Armata" is the first serious tank in history last decades. Thus, the German Leopard-2 was created 35 years ago, the American M1 Abrams is its same age. Journalists write about the “Armata” that came off the stocks of Uralvagonzavod only with admiring aspiration. The Germans from Stern - and the Germans understand something about good tanks- they provided an article about “Armata” with the heading “Putins neue Wunderwaffe”, “Putin’s new superweapon”.
The Armata has two very powerful trump cards - a flat, uninhabited turret, which dramatically increases the crew's chances of survival, and the world's best tank gun with a caliber of 125 millimeters. The Armata is also equipped with the most modern electronics, with the help of which the crew located in a special armored capsule will be able to control the tank using video cameras and automation. Electronics allows you to connect Armata tanks to modern system battle, with the help of which all tanks will be united into a single control system.
Seaports
Port Sabetta
The port, being built on the Yamal Peninsula far beyond the Arctic Circle on the shores of the Gulf of Ob, should become one of the largest in the Arctic and ensure the shipment of liquefied natural gas along the Northern Sea Route both to the west - to Europe and the east coast of the United States, and to the east - to the Pacific region . The possibility of using the port as a universal port is being explored to provide the shortest access to sea transport for enterprises of the Ural Federal District, for which it is planned to connect a railway to it.
In December 2014, an airport was opened in Sabetta with a 2,700 m long runway capable of accommodating all types of aircraft. Acceptance of passenger flights began in February 2015.
The cost of constructing the port itself is estimated at 75 billion rubles, while the total cost of the project, taking into account the liquefied natural gas plant, is estimated at 850 billion rubles. The port under construction received its first cargo ships in October 2013. Already in 2014, the port provided a third of all cargo transportation along the Northern Sea Route - 1.1 million tons.
Development of the Vostochny port
Vostochny is one of the major ports on Far East Russia. Located in the Primorsky Territory in Wrangel Bay, 20 km from the city of Nakhodka, which is the end point of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The structure of Vostochny Port OJSC includes two production and transhipment complexes. The first is the only specialized coal complex in the Primorsky Territory with a system of conveyor equipment and a wagon unloading station (PPK-3). The second, a universal production and transhipment complex, specializes in clamshell coal transshipment (PPK-1). In 2014, construction of the third stage of the coal loading complex is underway. The planned cost of expansion is 13.613 billion rubles, commissioning in 2017.
Railways
Reconstruction railway Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Sovetskaya Gavan
Reconstruction of the part of the Baikal-Amur Mainline, built during the war years, on the Oune-Vysokogornaya section, has been underway since 2008, which will increase the throughput capacity of the section from 14 to 35.5 million tons per year. The total cost is 60 billion rubles. The large new Kuznetsovsky tunnel included in the project was put into operation in 2012. Completion of the project is expected in 2016.
Reconstruction of Sakhalin railways with conversion to domestic gauge
By the beginning of the 2000s. The operating part of the Sakhalin railway network had a Japanese gauge of 1067 mm, which made it difficult to share it with the all-Russian network of roads with a gauge of 1520 mm. The resurfacing is combined with track repairs, as well as the replacement of bridges and tunnels on sections built during Japanese rule, which make up the bulk of the 805 km road. The road reconstruction project in 2004 was estimated at 16 billion rubles. From 2003 to the beginning of 2015, about 550 km of road were prepared for a one-time transition to broad gauge. The implementation of the project will significantly reduce the cost of maintaining the road, and will also open the way to the construction of a bridge or tunnel to permanently connect the island with the mainland. It is planned to complete the refurbishment of the main railway track on Sakhalin by 2021.
Infrastructure development of the Mezhdurechensk - Taishet section
A project to increase capacity that was almost abandoned in the 1990s. highway in southern Siberia actually started in 2012 with the commissioning of a new Abakan train fleet worth 1 billion rubles. Until 2014, it was planned to invest almost 10 billion rubles more, although according to other sources, only by the summer of 2013, and only in the construction of new tunnels on the site, 25 billion rubles were invested. The total cost of the project should reach 42.9 billion rubles by the time of the planned completion in 2019. For 2001-2015 The government decree provided for investing 13 billion rubles in the project. As part of the reconstruction of the site in 2014, a new Mansky tunnel worth 7 billion rubles and a length of 2465 meters was opened in the Sayan Mountains - the longest tunnel in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (located 59 m from the old Mansky tunnel, built in 1961-1963).
Reconstruction and construction of railway tracks bypassing the territory of Ukraine
Since 2015, Russia began reconstruction and construction of new railway tracks in a southern direction, bypassing the territory of Ukraine - the project cost will be more than 55 billion rubles. We are talking about the Prokhorovka-Zhuravka-Chertkovo-Bataysk line in the Rostov region (in the Russian Railways development strategy until 2020, the cost of this project is estimated at 56.6 billion rubles. At the moment (2014), trains on a number of routes from central Russia to the south twice cross the border of Russia with Ukraine (more precisely, the border of Russia with part of the territory of the LPR controlled by Ukraine).
Car roads
Central Ring Road
The cost of constructing a 520 km long ring highway 30-70 km from the Moscow Ring Road will be 291 billion rubles. The route should pass mainly on the site of the current A-107 highway - the Moscow Small Ring (Small Betonka). Construction of the first section began on August 26, 2014. The cost of the first launch site south of Moscow, about 50 km long, which is planned to be put into operation in 2018, will be 48 billion rubles.
Highway Kemerovo - Leninsk-Kuznetsky
The first high-speed (up to 130 km/h) highway in Siberia. Located in the most densely populated part of Kuzbass. The first 5.5-kilometer section was built in 2005-2006, the second and third (24.6 and 19.4 km) were commissioned in 2011-2013. To create the last section with a length of 17.6 km and a cost of 8.5 billion rubles. it is planned to start in 2015, it is expected to be completed in the fall of 2019. Upon completion, the highway should connect with the one built in the 70s-90s. A 124-kilometer four-lane road of category I from Leninsk-Kuznetsky to Novokuznetsk, which is expected to be repaired and modernized to meet the requirements of organizing high-speed traffic.
Vladivostok - Nakhodka - Vostochny port
A new four-lane highway, being built in mountainous terrain, is designed to straighten the path between the main ports of Primorye and significantly expand capacity local network expensive The construction of the first section of the road, 3.5 km long, was carried out in preparation for the 2012 APEC summit. The total length of the road should be about 118 km. The total cost of the project is estimated at 30 billion rubles. The construction of the second (3.5-18 km) and third (18-40 km) sections of the road, for which design documentation has already been completed, is estimated at 7 billion rubles. As of 2015, work is actively continuing.
Radical reconstruction of the federal highway A-181 “Scandinavia”
In 2015, a very large project (estimated cost - 100 billion rubles) was launched for the radical reconstruction of the A-181 Scandinavia federal highway, as a result of which this road, connecting St. Petersburg through Vyborg with the border with Finland, should receive, instead of the current ones, more partly, two at once from 4 to 6 lanes with a dividing strip, as well as multi-level interchanges. In 2015, work began on the first stage on the section 47 - 65 km, costing 11 billion rubles; in total, until 2022, 32 billion rubles will be allocated for the first stages of work.
Subway lines
Construction of the St. Petersburg metro
The construction of the metro in St. Petersburg is associated with special difficulties due to extremely difficult geological conditions in the central part of the city. Therefore, almost every metro station in the city becomes a major project. However, the construction of the metro in the metropolis since the commissioning of the first stage in 1955 has been carried out almost continuously, albeit at different rates, both previously and now. At the beginning of 2015, the following large objects of the St. Petersburg metro are under construction: a section of the 5th (Frunzensko-Primorskaya) line with the stations “Prospekt Slavy”, “Dunayskaya” and “Shushary” (“Yuzhnaya”) of deep, shallow and ground level, respectively, and the electric depot “ Yuzhnoye" and a section of the 3rd (Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya) line with the stations "Novokrestovskaya-1" and "Begovaya".
Construction of the Moscow Metro
Due to serious transport problems, the previously developed metro in the largest city in Europe is actively being built, since there is no alternative to it - the reconstruction of the capital's roads should be largely completed by 2017, and there will be simply nowhere to build further roads, so the mayor's office plans to focus on the metro and the railway. The Moscow metro expansion project envisages construction until 2020. 70 stations and 150 km of new lines, making it the largest in the world as of 2013.
Largest bridges
Bridge over the Kerch Strait
The start of construction work was announced on September 5, 2014 - excavation work is being carried out on the approaches to the bridge, as well as demining of shells remaining in Kerch since the Great Patriotic War.
As of January 2015, the estimated cost of the bridge is 228.3 billion rubles. The total length of the transport crossing will be about 19 km. The transition will include passage for vehicles according to highway standards common use first category with four lanes, as well as two railway tracks. On April 15, 2015, construction of a temporary technological bridge across the Kerch Strait began.
By mid-2015, large-scale preparatory work should begin throughout construction, and design should be completed by the end of the year. Completion of construction is planned for 2018–2019.
On August 16, 2015, the first pile of the Kerch Bridge was driven. On October 1, 2015, the first trucks passed over the temporary technological bridge (RM-1) across the Kerch Strait. On October 2, 2015, construction of the access route to the Kerch Bridge began in Kuban.
Largest tunnels
Alabyano-Baltiysky tunnel, Moscow
A road tunnel being built in Moscow as part of the Bolshaya Leningradka project. At the same time, the tunnel was part of the Fourth Transport Ring project, and after the cancellation of this project in 2011, it became part of the North-West Expressway under construction. The length of the underground part of the tunnel is 1.6 km, 6 lanes are provided. Built in extreme cramped conditions— in addition to the difficulties with urban development, the tunnel passes under an existing metro line, a railway line and a collector of a river that was taken underground, which needed reconstruction. Construction has been underway since 2005, the first stage was put into operation in September 2013, construction was completely completed at the beginning of 2015. The cost of the project is 63 billion rubles in 2011 prices.
New Baikal tunnel
A single-track tunnel with a length of 6682.05 m with two drainage adits 1500 and 1747.36 m long, parallel to the old Baikal tunnel built in the 1980s, has been built as part of the megaproject for the reconstruction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM-2) since 2014 and should be put into operation in 2017. The tunnel will provide double-track traffic on the section of the BAM, Ust-Kut - Severobaikalsk passing through the Baikal ridge. The cost of the project is 28.9 billion rubles.
Airports and airfields
Yuzhny Airport (Rostov-on-Don)
The project, also known as the “Southern Hub,” envisages the construction from scratch in the Grushevsky settlement of the Aksai district of the Rostov region of the largest airport in the south of the country, designed to serve as a transfer hub. Construction began in 2014. Completion of construction is planned in 2017 in time for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The cost of the project is 37 billion rubles.
Development of Domodedovo Airport (Moscow)
From 1999 to the present, the airport has been developing dynamically; billions of rubles are invested annually in reconstruction and new construction on its territory, and several large projects have already been implemented over the years. Currently, reconstruction and construction of a passenger terminal is underway (increasing total area more than 9 times by 2017); construction of multi-level parking lots (increase in the number of parking spaces to 9,700 spaces by 2014); expansion of the cargo terminal (increasing capacity by more than 2 times from 160 to 360 thousand tons per year); construction of our own mini-CHP. The volume of investments in the development of the airport from 2011 to 2020 will amount to 108 billion rubles.
Pipelines and storage
TurkStream gas pipeline
It was decided to build a new gas pipeline along the bottom of the Black Sea from Russia to Turkey, in addition to the previously built Blue Stream, at the end of 2014. For the construction of the gas pipeline, infrastructure will be used that was previously built for the canceled South Stream gas pipeline, which was supposed to run along the bottom of the Black Sea from Kuban to Bulgaria and further into the EU. Construction of South Stream in Kuban began in 2012, and was interrupted in 2014. Construction on the new project began in May 2015. On May 8, 2015, Gazprom began construction of the offshore section of the Turkish Stream gas pipeline.
The gas pipeline will run 660 kilometers in the old South Stream corridor and 250 kilometers in the new corridor, reaching land in the European part of Turkey.
Gas supplies to Turkey via the new pipeline should begin in December 2016. The capacity of 4 lines of the gas pipeline will be 63 billion cubic meters of gas per year.
Gas pipeline "Power of Siberia"
The main gas pipeline to China, which has been under construction since September 1, 2014, has the following technical characteristics: length - about 4000 km; diameter - 1420 mm; operating pressure - 9.8 MPa (100 atm.); productivity - 61 billion m³ of gas per year.
Commissioning of the first part of the Power of Siberia gas transmission system - the Yakutia - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok gas trunkline - is scheduled for the end of 2017. About half of the capacity will be used to supply gas to consumers within the country. The cost is not reported. The gas pipeline will provide gas supplies under the largest gas contract in history, concluded between Russia and China on May 21, 2014. The project is called the world's largest construction project in the field of pipeline transport and is estimated at 770 billion rubles.
Largest power lines and substations
220 kV overhead line Nadym - Salekhard with 220 kV Salekhard substation and 110 kV distribution network
The power transmission line, under construction since 2009, should provide a connection between the hitherto isolated Salekhard energy hub and the Unified Energy System. In addition, a fiber-optic communication line will be installed along power transmission towers, which will provide these cities with broadband Internet access. The total cost of the project is 19 billion rubles, of which the first stage being implemented (220 kV Nadym-Salekhard overhead line) is 14 billion rubles.
Construction of an underground 220 kV Soyuz substation and other power supply facilities at Skolkovo Engineering Center, Moscow region
The first underground substation of this voltage class in Russia. It is being built to supply electricity to the Skolkovo innovation center. The cost of the substation is 16 billion. The total amount of financing for power supply facilities of the Skolkovo IC will be 18 billion rubles.
500 kV Aluminum overhead line - Abakanskaya - Itatskaya
The second power transmission line, 333 km long, has been under construction since 2010 to increase the reliability of the power system in southern Siberia. The facility has been under construction since 2010, the first section was put into operation in 2012, and by the beginning of 2013 the main work was almost completed. The cost of the project is 14 billion rubles.
Hydropower
Bureyskaya HPP
Hydroelectric power station on the Bureya River in the Amur Region with a capacity of 2.01 GW. Eighth in terms of power in Russia. It was built since 1974. By 1994, construction almost completely stopped and was resumed at the end of 1999. The main stage of construction was completed in 2007. The total investment in the completion of the energy facility is estimated at 35 billion rubles. Currently, the hydroelectric power station is operating at full capacity.
Comprehensive modernization of the Saratov HPP
One of the country's largest hydroelectric power plants was built back in the 1960s, so its equipment needed modernization. Since 1995, a significant part of the equipment of hydraulic unit generators has been replaced; by April 2013, 19 out of 21 standard hydraulic units had already been modernized (two experimental horizontal capsule units are also being replaced, and there is a fish lift unit). Transformer equipment is also being modernized (already replaced in 4 of the five power units). In 2005-2012 horizontal capsule units were replaced (with an increase in their capacity) at a cost of 3 billion rubles. In 2011, a contract was concluded for the supply of new turbines to the main units and the complete modernization of the fish lift unit worth more than 1 billion euros; work on replacing the turbines should start in 2013. The station’s equipment should be completely replaced by 2030.
Nuclear power
Experimental demonstration energy complex with the BREST-300 reactor (Proryv project), Seversk, Tomsk region.
Rosatom is creating at the Siberian Chemical Combine (SCC) within the framework of the Breakthrough project an experimental demonstration energy complex with a fundamentally new BREST-300 reactor plant, which will operate in a largely closed cycle with regeneration and production of nuclear fuel in close proximity to it, which should sharply increase radiation safety and sharply reduce the turnover of highly enriched fissile materials, which is critically important for the nuclear non-proliferation regime.
The project uses a fast neutron reactor with a lead coolant. The creation of the reactor is estimated at 17.7 billion rubles, the construction of a spent nuclear fuel reprocessing module - 19.6 billion rubles, a fabrication module and launch complex fuel refabrication - 26.6 billion rubles. The total cost of the project is estimated at 64 billion rubles.
Construction of the complex began in April 2014. The fuel production plant is planned to be commissioned in 2017, the reactor in 2020, and the fuel reprocessing module in 2022.
Baltic NPP
The nuclear power plant, consisting of two power units with a total capacity of 2.3 GW, is being built in the Kaliningrad region, the energy security of which it is intended to ensure. The first Rosatom facility to which it was planned to admit foreign investors was energy companies interested in purchasing surplus energy generated by nuclear power plants. The cost of the project with infrastructure is 225 billion rubles.
Leningrad NPP-2
It is being built as a replacement for the nearly exhausted Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant, whose reactors will soon begin to be gradually decommissioned. The first stage includes two power units of the new VVER-1200 project with a capacity of 1200 MW each.
Thermal energy
Verkhnetagilskaya GRES - power unit No. 12
A power unit based on a modern combined cycle gas plant PGU-420 with a high efficiency of 420 MW has been built at the Verkhnetagilskaya State District Power Plant since 2013. Cost 20 billion rubles.
Thermal power plant "Akademicheskaya", Ekaterinburg
A combined heat and power plant based on the PGU-230 combined cycle plant in Yekaterinburg has been under construction since 2014 and is expected to be commissioned in 2016. The total cost of the project is about 15 billion rubles.
Novokuznetsk GTPP
Gas turbine power plant with a capacity of 298 MW, being built in Kemerovo region at the Kuznetskaya CHPP site since 2011 to create flexible generation capacities and cover peak loads. It will have two 149 MW turbogenerators. The cost of the project is 17 billion rubles.
Simferopol TPP
A thermal power plant with two combined cycle power units with a capacity of 235 MW each has been built in Simferopol since the summer of 2015. The first power unit of the thermal power plant must be commissioned before September 1, 2017, and the second - before March 3, 2018. The station is being built within the framework of one project with an almost completely similar Sevastopol Thermal Power Plant. The total cost of their construction was estimated at 44.6 billion rubles.
Agriculture and food industry
Greenhouse complex LLC "Agro-Invest", Kaluga region
The amount of investment in the project for the largest greenhouse complex in the Central Federal District of Russia will amount to approximately 13 billion rubles. This project is the first resident of the Lyudinovo SEZ. The area of the complex will be about 238 hectares, and the capacity will be 70 thousand tons of vegetables per year. About 1,200 jobs will be created.
Poultry farming cluster "Agrosila", Naberezhnye Chelny
Agrosila is creating the largest poultry farming cluster in Russia with a total production capacity 220,000 tons of poultry meat and 128 million hatching eggs per year. The structure of the cluster will include the production sites of Chelny-Broiler, the Chulman technopolis, as well as a first-order breeding facility. The total investment volume will reach 14 billion rubles; the complex will reach its designed capacity in 2018.
Pig farms "Agroeko" in the Voronezh region
In the Voronezh region, the Agroeko group of companies sells very major project for the creation of pig production. At the first stage, worth 5.8 billion rubles, completed in 2012-2013, three pig complexes were built with a total production capacity of 42 thousand heads per year. At the beginning of 2013, the second stage of the project worth 18 billion rubles began, including the construction of seven pig farms with a total production capacity of 90 thousand tons of pork per year, as well as two feed mills with a production capacity of 230 thousand tons of feed per year each with elevators for 90 thousand tons grains included in each plant. One of the feed mills was put into operation in the first stage at a cost of 1.7 billion rubles in July 2015.
Cluster "Biocomplex", Omsk
In Omsk, the Titan company is creating the territorial-industrial cluster “Biocomplex” - a complex of production facilities for the deep processing of hydrocarbon and plant raw materials. The volume of investments in the project by 2020 will be 43.4 billion rubles. The cluster already operates a pig-breeding complex (2011, capacity - 100 thousand heads per year), a polypropylene plant "Poliom" (2013, capacity - 210 thousand tons of polypropylene per year), a feed mill (2015, capacity - 125 thousand tons per year). The largest facility of the cluster (anchor production) will be a plant for deep grain processing, designed for processing volumes of up to 1 million grains per year. Products that the plant will be able to produce: starch, gluten, amino acids (lysine and threonine), bioethanol, feed yeast, etc. Within the framework of the cluster, it is planned to build an industrial park that will house small and medium-sized businesses that produce products with high added value, in including import substitution (composite materials, packaging, disposable tableware, polypropylene pipes, etc.). The cluster involves universities and research institutes that train personnel for production and conduct joint work with specialists from JSC "GK Titan" scientific developments in the field of grain processing.
Agro-industrial complex "Eletsprom", Yelets, Lipetsk region
The largest agro-industrial complex in Russia for the production of poultry and pork. Project of an integrated enterprise for the production of broiler chicken meat “Chicken Kingdom” (owned by OJSC Cherkizovo Group). Construction began in 2011. The total investment is 19.5 billion rubles.
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