Comparative photos of cartridges (combat and experimental). The composition of the cartridge: what it consists of, classification and types

When choosing a cartridge, you should pay attention to the ammunition of the cartridge, its parameters and also the capabilities of your gun.

You should not use powerful cartridges with a weighted charge if your weapon is lightweight and not designed for high pressure.

About 12 gauge cartridges

On this moment cartridges are produced with metal, paper and plastic sleeves.

The cartridges are loaded with smoky and smokeless powder, and are also divided by type of charge: shot, buckshot, bullet.

The cartridges come in standard types, and with increased powder charge. The cartridge uses lead and steel shot.

Types of 12 gauge hunting cartridges

Shot hunting cartridges with long sleeves - 65, 70, 76, 89 mm.

Buckshot hunting cartridges with a long sleeve - 65, 70, 76 mm.

Hunting bullet cartridges with long sleeves - 65, 70, 76 mm.

Classification

Shot cartridges: for hunting waterfowl, forest game and small animals, cartridges with shot sizes from 1.5 mm (number 12) to 5 mm (number 0000) are used.

Fractional cartridges are divided into numbers depending on equipped fractions of various diameters (standard, shot). For long distances, a cartridge with increased pressure of the Magnum type is used. Shot can be either lead or steel.

Buckshot cartridges: for hunting large animal, the size of a shot is characterized by its diameter, which is more than 5 mm. The cartridge is loaded with matched and unmatched buckshot.

Bullet cartridges: Used on larger animals. Bullets for 12-gauge cartridges are: round, pointer, with a tail-stabilizer, turbine, which uses the assistance of an air flow moving towards them, c) pointer-turbine.

Marking

Marking of 12 gauge hunting cartridges, implies the inscription as brief description, conveying basic information about the cartridge for the hunter, its main parameters: purpose (hunting), type of gunpowder, caliber size, case length, shot number.

Cartridges intended for sale in Russia may or may not have inscriptions and drawings on the cartridge case.

Cartridges intended for export are processed in accordance with the customer's wishes. The shot size must be indicated on the cartridge. (GOST 15.009).

Rating

To identify the best 12 gauge hunting cartridges, their rating is determined.

Judging by the practice of hunters and their reviews, it is possible to compose the following rating of 12 gauge hunting cartridges for hunting.

1. Glavpatron. This is a leading brand. The cartridges are distinguished by their reliability, quality, stability, and affordable price. Production is located in Tula.

2. CJSC Tekhkrim. Offers a wide selection of different types of cartridges. The quality of cartridges is taken care of at all stages production process. Production is located in Izhevsk.

3. Cartridges brand Rus. Produced by SCM Industry. High-quality domestic components are used to manufacture cartridges. Affordable. They have a sleeve length of 70 mm. The shot weight is 32-34 g. Production is located in Tolyatti, Samara region.

4. Taiga brand cartridges. They are produced both equipped with a bullet and shot for a short target distance. Production is located in Tula.

Magnum cartridges

Designed for shooting at a distance of 45-50 m. The shot used is medium and large numbers. The shot weighs 40-44 g.

Ensures reliability of hitting the target, while the recoil during the shot is minimal.

SKM cartridges

Hunting cartridges 12 gauge SKM quite famous.

The production of these cartridges uses materials from popular foreign manufacturers, including high-quality gunpowder.

The game to be hunted requires the use of a specific number:

• ducks, woodcock, black grouse - No. 7,6,5. Distance to target 35-40 m;
• ducks in autumn time, hares, geese - No. 4,3,2. Distance to
  targets 40-45 m;
• geese, hares, raccoons, foxes - No. 000-1. Distance to target
  45-50 m.

Tahoe cartridges

Ammo of this enterprise involve loading the gun with shot No. 9 - No. 4, as well as bullets and buckshot.

Shotguns that are suitable for these cartridges have a chamber size of 70 mm.

Shots for sporting cartridges are produced No. 7, No. 5, No. 9.

Fetter cartridges

This type of cartridge is most popular and used. High quality indicators are accompanied by an affordable price.

The market offers the widest selection and variety of types of these cartridges. Satisfy the needs of those who hunt different kinds game. Cartridges are produced according to theme - for example - “Duck”, “Capercaillie”, etc.

Hunting cartridges Clover 12 gauge

For the production of this type of cartridges production is coming high class, have clear, convenient markings. Cases for these cartridges are made only of plastic. The shot in the cartridges is made of lead, and some of the steel.

The length of the cartridge case is from 65 to 89 mm. The shotguns for which most of this type of cartridge is intended are traditional, the chamber has a length of 70 mm.

Having received information of interest about hunting cartridges, a person engaged in the most interesting business - hunting, will easily understand their purpose and types, and won't make mistakes in their application.

For every hunter, cartridges matter important role, because it is obvious that without them it is impossible to kill the beast. At the moment, hunting cartridges, like weapons, are sold in specialized stores, where they can be purchased with the appropriate permit and license. Used by hunters various ammunition, which differ from each other in many respects. In view of this, it is necessary to conduct a detailed review, become familiar with the features of such ammunition, find out what types of hunting bullets exist, markings of cartridges, etc.

• for smoothbore shotguns,
• for rifled guns,
• for traumatic weapons,
• single

This classification of bullets has been used for a long time, and it does not include ammunition for sports shooting and bullets for air guns, since they do not require special permission. For hunting, cartridges are used for both smooth-bore and rifled guns. A more detailed classification of bullets will allow you to better understand the intricacies of choice and find out which ammunition is best purchased for hunting certain game.

General classification of cartridges for smoothbore weapons produced based on their design features.

There are three groups:

1. Shotguns. In turn, they are divided into:
   • standard,
   • reinforced,
   • sports.
2. Buckshot
3. Bullet

In addition, types of cartridges for this type of gun are distinguished depending on what calibers are used:

• Large-caliber. These include hunting cartridges of 12 gauge, as well as 4, 8, and 10 gauge.
• Medium caliber. This type includes calibers: 16, 20, and 24.
• Small caliber: 28, 32, 410.

Today, hunting cartridges, as well as 8 and 4 caliber hunting rifles, are practically not used. The same applies to 10 gauge, which is in active use in America. Caliber 410 generally has unique properties, and therefore it is rarely included in the classification of cartridges for smooth-bore weapons.

The design of a cartridge for smooth-bore weapons includes the following elements:

• Sleeve. It can be cardboard, metal, plastic, wood fiber, as well as of various diameters;
• Primer-igniter (TsBO, KV-22, KV-21).
• Projectile (shot, buckshot or bullet).
• Wads that differ in diameter.
• Charge of gunpowder. It can be either smokeless or smoky.

The principle of operation of caliber shot cartridges is that at the moment of firing, the firing pin of the weapon strikes the igniter primer, resulting in arson. powder charge. Then, under the influence of gases formed during combustion, the wads push out a projectile, be it a bullet, shot or buckshot, as a result of which a shot is fired at the target.

The choice of shot cartridges is based on many features. First of all, this concerns the parameters of the shot when firing such ammunition. One of the main indicators is the radius of the circle into which the shot falls. Obviously, it will be better if this figure is small. This characteristic similar to the indicator of bullet dispersion and shooting accuracy.

If you need to select cartridges for hunting weapons, then the following characteristics should be taken into account:

• Powder type. It can be smokeless or smoky. In general, this does not have a significant effect on shooting at game, but it may cause some discomfort due to the fact that gunpowder smoke leaves a residue on the parts of the weapon.
• Type of sleeve depending on composition. Shot cartridge cases can be made of metal, cardboard, plastic, and less commonly of wood fibers. When choosing suitable cartridges, it is necessary to take into account what kind of weapon is used for hunting. Metal cartridges are more convenient to use and reliable, but most often have a high cost and get very hot during a shot.
• Fraction number. The choice of number must be made based on what animal is being hunted. For example, for hunting wild duck you should choose cartridges with numbers 7-11. If you are choosing ammunition for a hare, it is recommended to purchase hunting ammunition with shot number zero. For winter hunting of small animals, you should choose ammunition for hunting with number 3 or 4. For hunting large animals, for example, deer and wild boars, you should give preference to buckshot.
• Price. The question of how much cartridges cost interests many hunters. In this case, the cost will be influenced by the manufacturer, as well as the materials used for manufacturing, the quality of the product and its power.

When choosing caliber cartridges for shotguns, it is recommended to purchase products from well-known manufacturers in order to eliminate the possibility of purchasing low-quality ammunition.

Unfortunately, many novice hunters do not always understand the need to choose a specific caliber. It’s quite simple to explain. When hunting small animals or birds, such as ducks, the caliber should also be small. If, when hunting, when you need to use a cartridge for a goose or duck, large-caliber shells are used, this will inevitably lead to appearance the harvested game will be severely damaged. This is of particular importance when hunting hares and fur-bearing animals and other small game, where it is important to keep their skins in good condition.

Contrary to popular belief, caliber is an indicator not of the size of the bullet, but of its energy. When a large-caliber bullet hits the body of a large animal, it begins to rotate, causing severe damage, preventing through flight. Otherwise, an animal with a through wound may run away from the hunter.

Choosing the right caliber is also important for reasons of economy. Without a doubt, it is important for any hunter to consider how much he plans to spend on purchasing ammunition. And more powerful cartridges ( larger caliber) have a high cost in contrast to small-caliber ammunition, whose cost is much lower. It is also worth remembering that the caliber affects the weight of the projectile, and, consequently, the weight of the weapon as a whole. In addition, small-caliber cartridges have better flatness during shooting, which allows you to more accurately hit a target at a long distance even in adverse weather conditions.

Currently, Magnum hunting cartridges are actively used by many hunters. A distinctive feature of the Magnum is that the power, that is, the energy of the bullet’s ejection, is significantly higher than that of projectiles of a similar caliber and diameter. Thanks to the enhanced composition and increased power with a similar diameter, such ammunition has increased destructive power, which makes it possible to hunt large animals. There are also a number of models of special hunting weapons, the muzzle energy of which is optimal for such projectiles, and the barrels are more durable to withstand high loads when shooting.

Magnum bullet cartridges also have external differences in size. The main thing is that their sleeves are longer. The most common are 89 mm and 76 mm sleeves. Cartridges with a case length of 89 mm were first introduced into circulation by the American company Federal in 1987. But ammunition with a case length of 76 mm began to be actively used even earlier than 89 mm - after the end of World War II.

Today, Magnum cartridges are produced in diameters of 10, 12, and 20 calibers, which are most common in America, and accordingly, maximum length of such ammunition is 89 mm. IN last years There is a trend among many weapons manufacturers to switch to 89 mm ammunition length. First, Magnums with a length of 89 mm began to be mass-produced by the American company Mossberg. 89 mm cartridges were intended for single-barreled magazine weapons with a bolt action (otherwise called a longitudinally sliding rotary action). Following the Americans, many companies began to produce weapons with chambers designed for 89 mm cartridges instead of 76 mm.

In addition to this, in Lately appeared hunting bullets Magnum caliber 410, which are characterized by an even greater ability to damage a target due to the muzzle energy of the weapon and increased speed. Such bullets have smaller dimensions and are not produced in a length of 89 mm. The same goes for 20 gauge ammunition. Most manufacturers make 10 or 12 gauge Magnum ammunition for chamber lengths from 76 to 89 mm.

It should be noted that after active production of Magnum cartridges began, the number of calibers of smoothbore weapons was significantly reduced. Thus, manufacturers were able to provide customers with optimally sized ammunition with high power and low cost.

Today, not all hunters recognize the effectiveness of Magnum cartridges. On the one hand, both Magnum and standard cartridges for hunting weapons perform the same function, hitting the intended target. However, on the other hand, the feasibility of using Magnum cartridges has been proven in practice. The shot in such ammunition has more weight, therefore the entire shot projectile is increased. As a result, the density of pellet dispersion increases. If in order to defeat an animal it is necessary that at least 3 pellets hit it, then using Magnum this can be achieved at a greater distance than when using conventional fractional options.

For Magnum cartridges Both regular and special gunpowder can be used, which in turn allows you to influence the energy during the ejection of shot, thus affecting the lethality.

Overall, Magnum is a more powerful cartridge option that can be used both for hunting and for self-defense. Today, both domestic and foreign manufacturers produce Magnum cartridges.

Manufacturers of hunting ammunition

When choosing suitable cartridges, it is recommended to take into account the manufacturer in order to be confident in the quality of the purchased product. Products from the following manufacturers have become widespread among hunters: Poleva, Brenneke, Sheddit, Glavpatron, SKM, Fetter, Tahoe, Record and others. Next, we will dwell in more detail on the features of the composition, diameter, speed and other indicators hunting ammunition manufactured by these companies.

Poleva

Polev's bullets became very widespread in the countries of the former USSR. They received their name from the name of their designer V.V. Poleva. Polev's cartridges are of the switch type; they include a lead striking element with a plastic shank. The head of the ammunition is equipped with a plastic container that is separated after the bullet leaves the barrel. This design feature helps better passage Polev's bullets through the rifle channel.

Polev's bullets performed especially well when hunting large game, including bear, elk, and wild boar.

Polev bullets have a number of undeniable advantages:

• confident shooting at a distance of up to 100 and even 150 meters;
• excellent speed;
• high level of muzzle energy (2500-3000 J).

Thanks to these advantages, many hunters consider Polev’s bullets to be the best among domestic products and give preference to them. However, Polev's bullets also have their drawbacks:

• low weight (28-29 g for 12/70 cartridges, while bullets from other manufacturers weigh on average 32 g), which reduces its lethality;
• low level of stabilization, due to which the bullet deviates greatly from its trajectory even due to small obstacles;
• the complex shape does not allow high-quality production of such a bullet at home.

Brenneke

Brenneke cartridges are manufactured in Germany and are of very high quality. The manufacturing company became known more than 100 years ago thanks to the German inventor Wilhelm Brenneke, who created a bullet that is still actively used for smooth-bore weapons. The head part of the Brenneke bullet contained lead, and the tail part contained a felt wad. The mass of a 12/70 caliber bullet ranges from 30 to 32 g. Currently, Brenneke bullets are produced with various energy levels and in various calibers. However, the production scheme, based on the use of a arrow-turbine Brenneke bullet, remains virtually unchanged.

The latest releases of Brenneke bullets, equipped with plastic stabilizers, are recognized as the most advanced; they are distinguished by excellent speed and stability in flight.

The main advantages of Brenneke bullets:

• high accuracy of fire;
• excellent stabilization during flight (deflection is very small, even if it touches grass or branches during flight).

The disadvantages of Brenneke hunting cartridges include:

• the complexity of manufacturing due to the rather intricate shape and composition of the bullet, as well as the need for additional components (bolt, stabilizer of a certain shape). In this regard, any minor flaw during production greatly affects the quality of the ammunition.

Sheddit

Sheddit cartridges are very popular among hunters. The only drawback of such bullets is their considerable cost. Unlike products from other manufacturers, Sheddit cartridges include elements that are all manufactured in one factory. This has a significant impact on the quality of this ammunition. Currently, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, and 36 caliber cartridges are produced, as well as 410 caliber cartridges. For example, 12/76 caliber bullet ammunition weighs 43 g, and 12/70 - 28 g, which is less than the standard 32 g for many other companies. In addition to standard modifications, Sheddit produces Magnum cartridges with an increased energy rating.

Tacho

Another inexpensive ammo option is the Tahoe. Tahoe ammunition was appreciated not only by hunters, but even by the 2000 Olympic champion in skeet shooting N. Milchev. One of the main advantages of Tahoe products is combat stability, as well as pinpoint accuracy in loading cartridges.

Today in stores you can find Tahoe ammunition loaded with shot numbers from No. 4 to No. 9. In addition, the Tahoe company also produces ammunition, which includes bullets and buckshot. Tahoes are suitable for shotguns with chamber sizes of 65, 70 and 76 mm. For example, weight lead bullet The 12/70 caliber is 32 g, and the 12/76 Magnum bullet is 46 g.

Glavpatron

The Tula Glavpatron plant is widely known in our country as a manufacturer of high-quality, reliable ammunition. Many hunters are attracted to Glavpatron brand products, not least due to their low cost. However, despite the affordable prices, Glavpatron also pleases with its quality: high stability and excellent rate of fire.

Sports and hunting ammunition is produced under the Glavpatron brand. Moreover, Glavpatron hunting ammunition is divided into several categories:

• standard,
• classic,
• semi-magnum and magnum,
• special;
• bullets.

As for the Glavpatron caliber, you can easily find 12, 16 and 20 in stores. The weight of standard 12/70 shells is 32 g, the weight of Magnum 12/76 bullets is 48 g. Glavpatron ammunition from the special category includes 12 gauge cartridges with special characteristics. Including a lightweight version, the “Bio” model with a special wad, which makes it possible to obtain a wide spread of shot when shooting at medium distances (about 30 meters). The Dispersant Glavpatron has a wad with similar characteristics, but it is effective for shooting at short distances. But the “High Speed” model was specially designed to increase the range of hitting the target.

Techkream

The Russian company Techkrim produces ammunition for smooth-bore and traumatic weapons. In particular, we are talking about shot cartridges with different speeds and diameters. The weight of standard shot ammunition 12/70 is 32 g, for the Magnum model of caliber 12/76 - 43 g. The main advantage that Techkrim cartridges can boast of is the ideal price-quality ratio, thanks to which the products of this manufacturer are actively used by many hunters.

SCM

The domestic company SKM Industry produces high-quality hunting ammunition, both standard and Magnum. In addition, SCM is the only one among domestic manufacturers who produces shot cartridges with ultra-long-range characteristics.

In recent years, shotguns with 70 mm chamber lengths have become widespread in the world due to the restriction of the use of harmful lead. This contributed to the development of the popularity of Magnum ammunition from SCM and other companies. However, SKM ammunition is truly of unsurpassed quality, which is ensured by strict production controls. So at SCM Industry, when each batch of cartridges leaves production, they undergo ballistic tests.

SKM ammunition shells include primed cartridges 12/70 Fiocchi and Cheddite or 12/76 Cheddite, gunpowder different brands- from PSB to Sokol, fiber or polyethylene wads of various types, shot and buckshot of domestic production, Gualandi bullets for 32 and 40 g. SKM bullets can have different weights, including 28, 32, 36, 40 g, etc. , it all depends on the specific characteristics of the charge.

Among the main advantages of SKM ammunition:

• safety of operation,
• maximum projectile speed while maintaining an optimal level of accuracy,
• reliability of cartridges for semi-automatic shotguns,
• comfortable shot with low recoil.

Fetter

On Russian market goods for hunting hunting bullets Fetter enjoy in great demand. In particular, we are talking about the largest caliber Fetter cartridges, 12 and 10 gauge. Their weight can be: 28, 32, 36, 42, etc. gram. Another feature of the Fetter company is 12-gauge sports cartridges. In addition, Fetter supplies and sells products from foreign manufacturers such as Remington, Umarex, Fiocchi, and others.

Many hunters prefer the Vetter Sport brand, because these cartridges are distinguished by the excellent quality of gunpowder and high flight speed. The plastic sleeve ensures high stabilization of bullets, and thanks to the aluminum pan, Fetter ammunition can be successfully used in any weather without fear that the powder may become damp.

Fetter Magnum cartridges are also very popular; they are lightweight and compact due to plastic sleeves. Thus, the weight of Vetter Magnum cartridges is only 34 g, and the diameter of the base is 16 mm. However, the company’s assortment also includes lighter ammunition, for example, 32 g or even 25 g, it all depends on the diameter, caliber and other characteristics.

This brand of ammunition has high muzzle energy and is ideal for hunting in winter, and especially for aimed shooting over short distances (up to 25 meters).

Record

Domestic Record cartridges are used by a fairly large number of hunters, despite certain disadvantages. This is due to the fact that Record ammunition is one of the cheapest on the market, but for many the decisive factor is not only the composition, materials and workmanship, but also how much the ammunition costs. Today the manufacturer presents Record cartridges with different characteristics energy and speed, as well as for various purposes: hunting, sports, special. Record ammunition may contain shot, bullets or buckshot made from different materials (lead, steel, rubber).

For hunting smoothbore weapons, Rekord is produced in various calibers: 12, 16, 20, 410, as well as all the necessary components: wads, cartridges, pli, shot, etc. the weight of a standard 12/70 cartridge is from 32 to 36 g, and the Magnum 12/76 is from 38 to 48 g. Record caliber cartridges are excellent for hunting small, medium and large game.

Among the disadvantages of the Record brand, it is worth noting that the combat sharpness is not too high, however experienced hunters they claim that at a distance of up to 30-35 meters, these ammunition performed well. In addition to its low price and availability in all stores, Record ammunition has also gained popularity due to its low recoil when fired.

Clever

When choosing cheap ammunition, you should also pay attention to Clever cartridges. The advantages that characterize Clever cartridges are their low cost. The weight of standard 12/70 ammunition ranges from 32 to 36 g, and the Magnum 12/76 modifications weigh up to 50 g.

There are enough a large number of manufacturers, both domestic and imported, but those presented in this list are in greatest demand among hunters, which indicates high quality products and many other benefits.

Conclusion

An important question that all hunters face. Unfortunately, it is impossible to understand all the intricacies and features of hunting ammunition only with the help of special literature. Often, when choosing cartridges for goose, duck or other types of game, beginners in hunting make serious mistakes. Learning which cartridges are suitable for which conditions requires extensive practice in which the hunter can experiment with different ammunition options and use them in different conditions.

When choosing cartridges, you must take into account a number of factors, including:

• Types and types of cartridges
• Hunting weapons used
• Caliber
• Firing density
• Accuracy
• Penetration ability
• Diameter
• Sleeve material
• Types of game that are hunted.

It is also important to take into account the characteristics of the area in which the hunt takes place, as this has a significant impact on the choice of suitable ammunition.

Purpose, general structure and classification of live ammunition for small arms, armored personnel carrier (BMP) weapons, rounds for grenade launchers

1. Purpose, general design and classification of live ammunition for 5.45 mm AK74 (AKS74, AKS74U) and 5.45 mm RPK74 (RPKS74)

Automatic cartridge 5.45x39 mm - developed in 1974 specifically for the AK74 assault rifle, which replaced the AKM, which used 7.62x39 mm cartridges, in response to research and development of small-caliber American ammunition 5.56x45 mm.

By design, the cartridge is a cartridge with a full-shell bullet. The bullet contains a mild steel core covered with a copper alloy jacket.
Reducing the mass and dimensions of the cartridge compared to the 7.62 mm caliber significantly increased the initial velocity and flat trajectory of the bullet, which increased the direct shot range and reduced the recoil impulse. Also, reducing the mass of ammunition made it possible to increase the total wearable ammunition without increasing total weight shooter's calculations.

Nomenclature 5.45x39 cartridges

	Bullet (cartridge)	Index GRAU	Distinctive features
	Bullet with steel core (PS)		Bullet with a bimetallic jacket, lead jacket and a 4-mm cavity in the head, weight 3.30-3.55 g. Bullet without painting
			Modernized. Bullet without coloring
			With heat-strengthened, pointed steel core. Bullet without coloring
	Tracer bullet (T)		Green bullet top
			Modernized. Green bullet top
	Reduced velocity bullet (US)		For shooting weapons with instruments silent shooting. Bullet weight 5.15 g. The top of the bullet is black with a green rim
	High penetration bullet (PP)		A bullet with a stamped core made of special grades of steel, weighing 3.49-3.74 g, penetrates a 16-mm steel plate at a distance of 100 meters, elements of body armor made of titanium alloys at a distance of 200 meters. Dark purple sealant varnish
			A modernized cartridge with a 7N10 bullet of increased power, the main difference of which is that the cavity in the nose is filled with lead. Dark purple sealant varnish
	Armor-piercing bullet (BP)		With a high carbon steel pointed core bullet. Bullet weight 3.68 g. Red sealant varnish, bullet head painted black
			With an armor-piercing core (VK-4 alloy) Bullet weight 3.93-4.27 g. Red sealant varnish, bullet head painted black
	Cartridge with enhanced charge		The entire bullet is completely black
	High pressure cartridge		The entire bullet is yellow
	Model cartridge		For comparative testing ballistic characteristics ammunition stored in warehouses. Corresponds to the standard cartridge (7N6), but is manufactured with increased accuracy. The bullet head is painted white
	Blank cartridge		With a plastic bullet white weighing 0.22-0.26 g. Has a charge of special fast-burning gunpowder weighing 0.24 g
			The edges of the sleeve are bent inward in the shape of a star
	Training cartridge		No charge. It is distinguished by the presence of four longitudinal stampings on the cartridge case and a double ring crimp of the bullet in the cartridge case neck

Capping of 5.45 mm cartridges is carried out in wooden boxes. Two hermetically sealed metal boxes of 1080 rounds each are placed in the box; cartridges in boxes are packed in cardboard packs of 30 pieces. In total, the box holds 2160 rounds.

There is a green stripe on the side walls of the boxes in which cartridges with tracer bullets are sealed. Each box contains a knife for opening the box.

2. Purpose, general design and classification of live ammunition for 7.62 mm sniper rifle Dragunov (SVD) and Kalashnikov PK machine gun (PKM, PKS, PKMS, PKB, PKMB AND PKT)

The 7.62x54 cartridge was adopted by the Russian Army in 1891.

At first the cartridge was produced with a nickel-copper plated bullet with a rounded head. The cartridge had a brass bottle case and was filled with smokeless powder. In 1908 they switched to a pointed bullet (the first modernization). The cartridge received the designation M 91/08.

In 1930, the brass sleeve was replaced by a steel case clad with tombac or brass (second modernization), and the bullet jacket also became steel and clad with tombak. The 1908/30 cartridge is still used today as ammunition for certain models of machine guns.

In the post-war period, the third modernization of the cartridge was carried out. In 1954, a cartridge with a light bullet with a steel core “LPS” appeared, and in 1974 a cartridge with a T-46M bullet appeared.

Later, the fourth modernization of the cartridge was carried out, during which the cartridge began to be equipped only with bullets with heat-strengthened cores: in 1988 - with the ordinary PS bullet, in 1999 - with the BT armor-piercing tracer bullet. Currently, the cartridge is produced in a varnished steel case.

Range of 7.62x54 cartridges

	Bullet (cartridge)	Index GRAU	Distinctive features
	Cartridge with an ordinary bullet (LPS)		Cartridge with a light bullet with a steel core and a bimetallic sleeve. The bullet consists of a tombac-clad steel shell, a lead jacket and a steel core. The head part of the pukla is painted silver. After 1970, this bullet has no nose coloring
	Sniper cartridge		For accurate shooting. The bullet has a lead core and no color on the nose
	Sniper cartridge with armor-piercing bullet		For accurate shooting. The bullet has a sharpened, hardened steel core. The sealant varnish is red, the bullet head is painted black
	Bullet with heat-strengthened core (PP)		A cartridge with a bullet of increased penetration and a bimetallic sleeve. The bullet design has an armor-piercing core made of hardened tool steel. The varnish on the capsule and at the junction of the bullet and the cartridge case is purple
	Sighting-incendiary bullet (PZ)		The bullet head and capsule are painted red
	Cartridge with tracer bullet (T-46, T-46M)		The bullet is designed for target designation and fire adjustment at distances up to 1000 m. It consists of a shell, a lead core and a cup with a pressed tracer compound. The bullet head is painted green
	Armor-piercing bullet (AP)		A cartridge with increased penetrating action, a bullet with an armor-piercing pointed core made of hardened tool steel. The sealant varnish is red, the bullet head is painted black
	Cartridge with armor-piercing tracer bullet (BT)		Cartridge with bimetallic sleeve. Bullet with a steel core. The head part of the shell is painted purple
	Cartridge with armor-piercing incendiary bullet (B-32)		The bullet is designed to ignite flammable liquids and to destroy enemy personnel located behind light armored cover at ranges of up to 500 m. It consists of a shell, a steel core, a lead jacket and an incendiary composition. The head part of the shell is painted black with a red belt
	Blank cartridge	57-X-323 (57-X-340)	For safe simulation of shooting during exercises, fireworks, filming
	Training cartridge		For safe training in loading and unloading small arms skills

The cartridges are sealed in wooden boxes. Two hermetically sealed metal boxes of 440 rounds each are placed in the box; cartridges in boxes are packed in packs of 20 cartridges. In total, the box holds 880 rounds. On packs of rifle sniper cartridges there is the inscription “Sniper”.

On the side walls of the boxes, in which cartridges with a steel core bullet, heavy, tracer and armor-piercing incendiary bullets are sealed, there are colored stripes corresponding to the color of the bullet heads. If the box contains light bullet or sniper rifle rounds, there are no colored stripes on the sides of the box.

3. Purpose, general design and classification of live ammunition for armored personnel carriers

14.5×114 mm - cartridge for heavy machine guns and anti-tank rifles. Developed in 1938 with the B-32 bullet, adopted for service in 1941, and released in the same year with the BS-41 bullet.

It was originally created for anti-tank rifles, but later (1944) it became ammunition for KPV and KPVT machine guns, used to arm armored personnel carriers, from BTR-60 to BTR-80, BRDM, in anti-aircraft machine gun mounts, etc.

Weapons using this cartridge: KPV/KPVT, PTRS-41, PTRD.

For firing, 14.5-mm cartridges with armor-piercing incendiary bullet B-32, armor-piercing incendiary tracer bullets BZT and BST, incendiary bullets ZP and instant-action incendiary bullets MDZ are used. 14.5 mm cartridges are intended to destroy lightly armored ground targets at ranges up to 1000 m, unarmored targets, enemy fire weapons and group targets up to 2000 m, as well as air targets at altitudes up to 1500 m and ranges up to 2000 m.

Cartridges with ZP and B-32 bullets can also be used to ignite flammable objects and fuel in tanks at ranges up to 1500 m.

In addition, cartridges with BZT, BST and ZP bullets are intended for fire adjustment and can be used for target designation. The tracing range of a BZT bullet is at least 2000 m, and that of BST and ZP bullets is at least 1500 m.

Cartridges with an MDZ bullet are intended to engage air targets at ranges up to 2000 m. The MDZ bullet, having high-explosive fragmentation and incendiary effects, ensures the defeat or damage of air targets by fragments and a blast wave, as well as the ignition of flammable liquids located in tanks with a wall thickness of 2 to 8 mm, at ranges up to 2000 m.

Notes: 1. 14.5 mm training cartridges are intended for training in loading, unloading and firing techniques, as well as for studying the operation of machine gun parts and mechanisms.

14.5 mm blank cartridges are intended for simulated shooting

Nomenclature 14.5x114 cartridges

	Bullet (cartridge)	Index GRAU	Distinctive features
			Cartridge with armor-piercing incendiary bullet B-32 with a steel core and brass sleeve. The head of the bullet is painted black with a red belt.
			A cartridge with an armor-piercing incendiary bullet B-32 with a steel core and a steel sleeve. The head of the bullet is painted black with a red belt.
	14.5 BZT hl		A cartridge with an armor-piercing incendiary tracer bullet BZT-44 with a steel core and a brass sleeve. The head of the bullet is painted purple with a red belt
	14.5 BZT gs		A cartridge with an armor-piercing incendiary tracer bullet BZT-44 with a steel core and a steel sleeve. The head of the bullet is painted purple with a red belt
	14.5 BZT-M gs	57-BZT-561SM	A cartridge with an armor-piercing incendiary tracer bullet BZT-M with a steel core and a steel sleeve. The head of the bullet is painted purple with a red belt
			Cartridge with armor-piercing bullet BS-39 with a steel core
			Cartridge with armor-piercing incendiary bullet BS-41 with a metal-ceramic core (tungsten carbide)
			Cartridge with armor-piercing incendiary tracer bullet BST. The head of the bullet is painted purple and the rest is red
	14.5 MDZ gl		Cartridge with an instantaneous incendiary bullet and a brass sleeve. The bullet is painted red
	14.5 MDZ gs		A cartridge with an instantaneous incendiary bullet and a steel case. The bullet is painted red
			Cartridge with instantaneous incendiary bullet MDZ. The bullet is painted red
			Cartridge with an instant incendiary bullet MDZ-M. The bullet is painted red
			Cartridge with sighting-incendiary bullet ZP. The bullet head is painted red
			training cartridge
			blank cartridge
			Cartridge with armor-piercing incendiary chemical bullet BZH. As an experiment, to increase efficiency, a capsule with the irritating substance CAF (chloroacetophenone) was placed in the bottom part of the BS-41 core. After penetrating the armor, it created an intolerable concentration in the space behind the armor tear gas and incapacitated the enemy manpower located there. A similar effect was used by the Germans for 7.92 mm anti-tank rifle PzB-39.

The cartridges are sealed in hermetically sealed galvanized boxes or welded iron boxes coated with paint.

The box cover contains the same information as the side wall of the box (except for the number of cartridges, which is not indicated on the box cover). Each box contains two boxes of ammunition.

On the side wall of the box and the lid of the box with cartridges there is a distinctive sign indicating the range of cartridges:
- 14.5 mm cartridges with B-32 bullet - red and black stripes;
- 14.5 mm cartridges with a BZT bullet - red and purple stripes;
- 14.5 mm cartridges with MDZ bullet - two red rings;
- 14.5 mm cartridges with BST bullet - two purple rings;
- 14.5 mm cartridges with ZP bullet - red stripe.

Ammo is safe when handled correctly.

Due to the presence of igniter caps and detonator caps and soft tombak tips in ZP and MDZ bullets, it is also prohibited to remove these cartridges from loaded belts by resting the bullets on metal or hardwood objects. Ammo boxes can be used as a stop for this purpose.

Cartridges must be protected from moisture, snow, dust and dirt. Wet and not properly cleaned cartridges may after some time become unsuitable for shooting.

Cartridges must be stored indoors; outdoors they should be protected from rain, sun, dust and dirt.

4. Purpose, general structure and classification of shots for the AGS-17 grenade launcher

There are three modifications of grenade launcher rounds. The original, now obsolete, VOG-17 with an instantaneous fuse. The subsequent modification - VOG-17M with a VMG-M instantaneous fuse - differs from the previous one in that the fuse is equipped with a self-destruct device. The self-destruct mechanism is activated when fired; its pyrotechnic retarder is designed for 25 seconds. The self-destructor does not depend on the fuse target sensor and neutralizes the grenade if the main fuse does not go off for any reason within a given time.

The body of the VOG-17 and VOG-17M grenades is thin-walled steel; a spiral of cut rectangular wire is inserted inside the body; a fragmentation jacket with semi-finished fragments is inserted. VOG-30 is a newly developed, improved type that has a more powerful fragmentation effect due to the use of a new method of manufacturing the body using the method of volumetric cold deformation with the formation of semi-finished fragments on its inner surface.

In addition, the VOG-30 uses autonomous sealing of the propellant charge in the cartridge case. There is no fragmentation jacket as a separate part in the VOG-30.

Fuses of all types of grenades are cocked at a distance of 10-60 meters from the muzzle of the grenade launcher, which provides additional safety when firing. The bodies of the VOG-17 and VOG-17M grenades are chemically blackened.

In addition to combat fragmentation rounds, there is also ammunition for auxiliary purposes. To teach how to operate a weapon, training shots that do not have any equipment are used. The grenade with the cartridge case in them is additionally fastened with an axial screw to prevent dismantling of the cartridge as a result of repeated manipulations during official handling. A blank bushing is screwed into the end of the grenade, repeating the shape and dimensions of the fuse. For training shooting, practical shots are used, designated VUS-17. They differ from combat ones only in that instead of an explosive charge, grenades are equipped with a pyrotechnic composition of orange smoke, indicating the location of the grenade's impact. The grenade does not have a fragmentation jacket, and the walls of the grenade body are thickened.

To distinguish practical grenades from combat grenades, in addition to the inscription VUS-17 (instead of VOG-17M) and the absence of the BB index, a red ring stripe is also applied to the VUS-17 housings. VUS-17 grenades come in two types - with two symmetrical holes on the body between the centering bulges, and without holes. The holes facilitate the escape of smoke and, in addition, can serve as an additional distinctive feature of a practical shot.

TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GRENADE LAUNCH SHOTS FOR AGS-17

The infantry version of the AGS-17 grenade launcher was not supplied abroad and is currently in service with the former Soviet republics.

Cartridge- ammunition with which small arms are loaded in one step. In general, all ammunition can be divided into 4 large groups:

• for smoothbore shotguns,
• for rifled guns,
• for traumatic weapons,
• single.

This classification does not include ammunition for sport shooting and bullets for air guns, as they do not require a special permit. For hunting, ammunition is used for both smooth-bore and rifled guns.

It is important to choose the right ammunition for the type of weapon and caliber. When choosing a caliber, it is important to consider for what purpose the ammunition is purchased. For example, when hunting small animals or birds, such as ducks, the caliber should also be small. If, when hunting, when you need to use a projectile on a goose or duck, large-caliber projectiles are used, this will inevitably lead to the fact that the appearance of the hunted game will be greatly damaged. This is of particular importance when hunting hares and fur-bearing animals and other small game, where it is important to keep their skins in good condition.

A large assortment of ammunition for various types of weapons presented in our store, and the assistance of qualified personnel, will allow you buy cartridges and equipment for them that meets your requirements. Our company sells ammunition from the world's leading manufacturers:

• Fiocchi
• Lapua
• Techkream
• Fetter
• Chase
• Mossberg and many others.

On the shelves of any more or less efficient gun store for smoothbore weapons are always presented in a significant assortment. Of course, smooth-bore weapons are more common among citizens, and especially hunters, than any other. Shooting from a “smooth” is comfortable, simple and interesting, especially at clay pigeons. By the way, this is why sporting and hunting cartridges occupy the lion’s share of production and sales among all other types of smoothbore cartridges. And these types are a carriage and a small cart. Let's go through them briefly.

So, all cartridges for smooth-bore weapons can be divided into and. The second category includes signal cartridges, non-lethal ammunition for self-defense and such special police needs as the relatively safe destruction of door locks, car tires, electrical wiring and other things for others. All these special ammunition are of rather narrow interest, and we will not consider them here, but rather let’s talk about.

There are three main types of them - slug cartridges, shot cartridges and buckshot cartridges. Buckshot is a charge of round bullets with a diameter usually from 5.6 to 8.5 millimeters. A shot with buckshot is qualitatively different from a shot with shot; its parameters strongly depend on the method of placing the buckshot in the cartridge, and when using buckshot without a plastic container, also on matching the diameter of the buckshot with the muzzle of the gun. However, the use of buckshot in hunting is very limited. In fact, buckshot is widely used only when hunting wolves and roe deer. Shooting buckshot at wild boars at distances further than 30 meters too often leads to wounded wounds; on beavers, buckshot is excessive; on lynx, too; shooting geese with buckshot is, in general, a topic more likely for psychiatric research J. In general, buckshot cartridges today are used much less frequently than bullet cartridges and shot brothers. To which, then, we move on.

Bullet hunting cartridges are used for hunting medium and large animals - wild boars of all sizes, elk, deer. In terms of safety, bullet cartridges are definitely preferable to buckshot cartridges for any collective hunts (except for wolf hunting - it has its own specifics). Currently, the range of bullet cartridges is very wide and is represented not only Russian manufacturers(Vetter cartridges, SKM cartridges), but also numerous foreign ones (, Rottweil, Italian, Bornaghi and others). Using a bullet in a smooth barrel requires zeroing. You just need to know where, at what distance, bullets of a specific design in a cartridge from a specific manufacturer will fly from your barrel. Indeed, depending on the dynamics of the acceleration of the bullet in the barrel, the weight of the bullet and the geometry of the barrel itself, the throwing angle - the angle between the geometric axis of the barrel and the direction of departure of the bullet from it - can change significantly. As a result, the MTP (average point of impact) for different cartridges with different types bullets even at 35 meters can change by more than 30-40 centimeters. In hunting, this is a pure miss.

Shot cartridges are much less susceptible to this effect. Although before the hunt it’s a good idea to fire a couple of shots with them to calm yourself down, especially if the cartridge is new to you. The variety of shot cartridges is impressive, especially on a large scale, but everything is simple here - 12 gauge is the most common today, and all manufacturers focus primarily on it. However, the whole variety of shot cartridges can be fairly confidently divided into hunting and sporting. And the point here is not only that the latter have smaller fractions - 24-28 grams for 12 gauge. There are special requirements for the quality of components and assembly. They most often use high-hardness shot, which significantly improves the parameters of the shot. As a result, despite the fact that sporting cartridges are loaded with shot numbers 7, 7.5, 8 and 9, they perform excellently on many hunts. Sporting cartridges do an excellent job not only when shooting small birds (from woodcock to woodcock), but also wood pigeons, partridges, black grouse and pheasants, and even most species of ducks, including late autumn. And these results are quite at odds with the tables of correspondence of shot numbers to shooting distances and types of game, generally accepted in Soviet literature. There is no need to be surprised here - those tables were compiled when there were no polyethylene wad containers, no modern gunpowder, no modern shot casting installations. In terms of their capabilities, cartridges for smoothbore guns have stepped far forward since those tables.

As for hunting shotgun cartridges, most of them in 12 gauge have shot weights from 32 to 36 grams, and from 42 to 56 grams. Most hunters adhere to the following division - they distinguish between container and non-container cartridges. It is believed that in the former, the shot flies almost like a bullet, and they can only be shot at medium and long distances. This is wrong. In fact, the scree of any container cartridge with shot number 5 when shooting from the narrowing of the “half-shots” at a distance of 10 meters has a diameter of about 12 centimeters, approximately the same... as the scree of a non-container J cartridge. However, at distances of 20, 30 and further meters the scree a cartridge without a container will still be wider than the scree of a cartridge with a container - by 8-10 percent, no more. So what is the difference and meaning? And the difference most often (with good, high-quality cartridges) is observed in the uniformity of the scree. A cartridge with a container will have a thickening of the scree towards the center, which allows, with proper shooting skills, to hit game at longer distances. But cartridges without a container will not have such thickening, but on the contrary, there will be slightly better uniformity throughout the entire field of scree. In practice, this means that with a containerless cartridge, an average shooter in terms of skill will have fewer wounded wounds at medium and close distances - hits even with the edge of a scree will more often produce a cleanly broken trophy.

The “dispersant” cartridges stand out especially for short-range shooting – from under a pointing dog, a woodcock on a pull, or a duck in the thick twilight. Such cartridges are most often loaded with shot numbers from 7 to 10 with special wad containers or inserts in the shot shell, scattering the shot immediately as it exits the barrel. The undoubted advantage of industrial “dispersant” cartridges is that the width of their scree practically does not depend on the size of the muzzle constriction; they work equally stably in both “leisure” guns and so-called “cage” guns, with strong chokes and compact firing.

In addition to the above, there is also a division of shot cartridges by type of game. Moreover, there are entire lines of cartridges (, say), where the type of game is listed directly in the name on the packaging. But, despite the variety of objects of feathered and furry hunting fauna, shotgun cartridges for hunting them can be divided into three types. The first is cartridges for hunting small game: field, meadow, marsh, as well as partridges, pigeons and teal. They are equipped with shot numbers from 10 to 7 and have weights from 20 to 32 grams for 12 gauge. Cartridges with shot number 6 are also more likely to be cartridges for hunting small things, although they quite successfully catch not only partridge, but also mallard duck and pheasant throughout the hunting season.

The second type is cartridges for duck hunting (medium game). These are cartridges with 5, 4 and 3 shot and 32-36 gram weights for 12 gauge. In addition to all types of ducks, such cartridges are effective against black grouse, as well as hare and fox at distances of up to 35 meters. However, with a “five” at 20-30 meters, if you hit the center of the scree, you are guaranteed to get both a capercaillie and even a greylag goose. The main thing to remember is that 30 meters is when such large bird not only the paws and beak are visible, but also the details of the coloring of the plumage. Although, if you specifically hunt large game birds, then it is better to use appropriate ammunition - let’s call them “cartridges for goose hunting.” These are cartridges with shot numbers 2, 1 and 0 with weights from 32 to 38 grams for 12 gauge. They are effective for shooting geese, wood grouse, and hares at all distances at which you are, in principle, able to hit a fast-moving object with the center of the shot.

However, many hunters still believe that to shoot geese you need to take , or better yet 000 (if you don’t have 0000 J). In fact, cartridges with such large shot have a very narrow range of application. Oddly enough, they are often used for sports, namely practical shooting - where large shot copes with popper-type targets more confidently. But as for bird hunting, the efficiency is so coarse fraction small. At medium and close distances, the energy of the pellets is excessive, and the shot spoils the trophy, and at distances of 40+ meters, too few pellets hit the target (there are only a few of them in the cartridge), which leads to wounded wounds. But for European roe deer at distances of up to 50 meters, shot 00, 000 or 0000 is very good, the main thing is to choose a cartridge that will give a stable, compact and uniform fire on your gun.