Hunters do the first steps to perpetuate the long-awaited trophy themselves, when they skin the animal in the field. The quality of production of a taxidermy product by professional taxidermists also depends on the correctness of the initial processing of the harvested animal. Based on our many years of experience, we recommend that hunters directly participate or at least closely monitor primary processing obtained trophy.
The following trophies can be made from a hunted bear: a full-size or partial stuffed animal, a separate stuffed head, a carpet.
The measurements recommended below should be taken from the hunted animal, which will be necessary for the master taxidermist to make an anatomically accurate stuffed animal (Fig. 1). 
Measurements must be taken using a soft tape measure. Two measurements are taken before skinning the hunted animal and two after - directly from the carcass of the skinned animal.
Before skinning an animal:
A - from the tip of the nose to the edge of the eye (third eyelid);
B - from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail (measurement is taken along the back).
After skinning (directly from the carcass):
B - neck circumference just behind the ears;
G - girth of the animal’s body in the most voluminous area of the abdomen (approximately in the area of the last ribs).
Now let's take a closer look at the skinning process. 
In order not to damage the hair, we make all cuts from the mesh side (i.e. from the inside), and not from the side hairline(Fig. 2). The cuts must be made in a straight, single line, without side cuts.
Let's dwell on the main and most universal method of skinning a bear - with a layer. From the skin removed in this way, a taxidermist can make either a full-size stuffed bear or a carpet. 
In Fig. Figure 3 shows a diagram of the cuts of the skin for removing it in layers. First, it is necessary to make an incision strictly along the central line from the chin to the scrotum (in females, to the genital opening). The skin covering the genital organ is not cut in the center, but is bypassed on one side (Fig. 4).
The incision on the lower jaw must begin at a distance of 10-15 cm from the edge of the lip (Fig. 5).
Then we make cuts on the front legs. We start from the center of the palm callus (Fig. 6), then move to the elbow, and then along the inner, least hairy area of the skin we go to the central cut at a right angle. The cuts from the right and left front paws must (!) converge at one point in the central cut. If you have the opportunity to deliver the trophy to a taxidermy workshop within 1-2 days (in autumn) and 3-5 days (in winter), then it is enough to cut off the paws at the wrist joint (Fig. 7) without any further preparation.
On hind limbs We start the incisions from the center of the posterior edge of the heel callus (Fig. 8) and further as shown in Fig. 3: along the least hairy area of the skin to the central cut. We also cut off the paws at the joint, as shown in Fig. 7.
Having completed all the cuts described above, you must slowly and carefully remove the skin from the animal carcass. 
In Fig. Figure 9 uses the example of a bear to show the shape of a properly removed skin. Only according to the above scheme for skinning a trophy can a full-fledged carpet be made.
In Fig. 10 we have given a diagram of the main mistakes when skinning in layers. It can be seen that deviations in the direction of the cuts lead to the fact that in some places clearly “extra” pieces of skin appear, while in others (marked with *) these areas are missing. If we compare Figures 9 and 10, then even a non-specialist will notice how the shape of the skin plate is distorted. 
If it is expected that the skin will be delivered to the taxidermist within 1-2 days, then the skin from the head does not need to be removed. It is enough to carefully separate the head from the neck along the last vertebra with a knife (Fig. 11). Salt the skin well and store it in a cool, ventilated place. At this stage, the skin can be frozen by first placing it in plastic bag. To store the skin for a longer period without freezing, carefully read the section “Preparing a bear skin for long-term storage.”
Let us separately dwell on the method of skinning a bear, making an incision from the back. A skin removed in this way is only suitable for making a stuffed animal. For making a full-size bear, this skinning method is most optimal, because allows you to avoid the appearance of a seam on the front of the stuffed animal. Such a seam may later be noticeable on the finished stuffed animal, especially when the bear was caught in the summer or early autumn and made to stand on hind legs.
Let's take a closer look at removing the bear's skin from the back. 
For this purpose, we place the hunted animal on its stomach and make an incision along midline back from the tail to the base of the back of the head (Fig. 12). Then we make cuts along the inside of the paws from the center of the palm (heel) callus (Fig. 6, 8) to the elbow (knee) joints. If you have the opportunity to deliver the trophy to a taxidermy workshop within 1-2 days, then the skin does not need to be removed from the head. 
It is enough to use a knife or carefully use an ax to separate the head from the neck along the last vertebra (Fig. 13). We cut off the paws at the joint, as shown in Fig. 7. Having completed all the cuts described above, you must carefully remove the skin from the animal carcass. Salt the skin well and store it in a cool, ventilated place. The skin can be placed in a plastic bag only for the duration of transportation, and the bag must be open. With more long-term storage see section “Preparing Bear Skin for Long-Term Storage.”
Preparing bear skins for long-term storage 
Let's look at the procedure step by step.
- Before you begin to remove the skin from the head, it is necessary to maximum depth cut around the junction of the top and lower lip with jaws. For this, as shown in Fig. 14, with your hand you need to pull the lip and to the maximum possible depth Carefully make a cut by pressing the knife against the jaw bone. This circular cutting will avoid cutting the lips when we skin the head. 
- After this, completely remove the skin from the head. We cut the auditory canals as close to the skull as possible (Fig. 15). Carefully trim the skin around the eyes and lips. We cut the skin around the eyes along the very bone of the eye socket so as not to cut the eyelids. The nose is trimmed entirely along the nasal cartilage (Fig. 16). For better access to salt, we cut into the nose (Fig. 17) and lips (Fig. 18).
- Particular attention should be paid to ear preparation. To do this, it is enough to separate the skin of the ear from the cartilage only along the back surface of the ear. In our work we use a sharp pocket knife or scalpel. By cutting off the junction of the cartilage with the skin, we gradually turn the ear inside out (Fig. 19 a-d). 
- For better access of salt in all areas of the mezdra where it is located a large number of fat and muscles, we make longitudinal and transverse “cuts” (notches). We make notches with a frequency of 1-1.5 cm (Fig. 20). A large amount of salt must be very thoroughly rubbed into the inside of the resulting incisions. 
- The tail should be prepared. For this purpose it is necessary to make a cut along inside tail, retreating a few centimeters from the anus, and remove the caudal vertebrae (Fig. 21 a, b). The tail skin should be thoroughly salted.
- On the paws we make a cut around the palm (heel) callus (Fig. 22 a, b). Under no circumstances should we cut off the callus! After this, we cut out the paw, cutting off the fingers along the last phalanges (Fig. 23 a, b).
- After all the steps described above, it is necessary to salt the entire skin well. A bear skin requires 7-10 kg of salt. Thoroughly rub the salt into all areas of the flesh. We pay special attention to the paws and head. Rub salt generously around the eyes, lips, ears, and muzzle. Pour salt into the “ear” sac formed during preparation, and then carefully turn the ear inside out. We also rub salt on the outside of the ear, i.e. from the fur side.
- We roll the well-salted skin along the back line, flesh to flesh, roll it into a roll and leave it open for a day. 
It is better to place the skin on sticks or a net so that the emerging liquid in the form of brine can drain freely. After a day, the skin must be hung over a stick for several hours to allow the liquid that appears in it to drain. Then we remove the remaining raw salt, after which we salt the skin again with the same thoroughness, using 5-7 kg of salt. We roll the skin as described above and store it open in a well-ventilated, dark and cool place. If it is expected that the skin will be stored for a long time, then 2-3 days after re-salting the skin must be hung up to dry. dark place. 
If you step by step, carefully and slowly, use our recommendations, developed over many years of work, you will have every moral right to demand from the master taxidermists that your bear trophy be produced with maximum quality.
In the end, I would like to remind hunters that life does not consist of the number of years lived, but of the number of impressions. The long-awaited trophy obtained can be safely called a vivid life experience, which the taxidermist artist will immortalize in the form of a professionally made stuffed animal.
No feather or fluff to you!
Humans are not the only ones who suffer from hair loss. Whether hair loss is caused by illness or old age, the condition can affect our four-legged friends too.
Luckily, the animals and birds on our list don't seem to mind the loss of their hair, fur, or feathers. Do you think they look as cute without their fur or feathers?
Rabbit
This cute bunny was born in 2009 and became an instant internet sensation because he is bald. Luckily, after three months he grew his first fur coat and turned out to be just as normal as his furry brothers and sisters.
Bear
Dolores the bear is one of the bears who suffered from sudden hair loss at the Leipzig Zoo, Germany. Some experts believe it was caused by a genetic defect, although the animals do not appear to suffer from any other afflictions.
Hedgehog
Meet Betty, a cute bald hedgehog from the Foxy Lodge rescue center in the UK. She is a healthy and completely normal animal except for the fact that she is bald and the cause of her baldness is unknown.
Parrot
Oscar was a 35-year-old female Moluccan cockatoo who suffered from a condition that affects birds, Beak and Feather Disease. She pulled out her own feathers because they irritated her so much.
Squirrel
Photo: Murph le 
Hairless squirrels are not very rare; their hair loss is usually due to illness caused by ticks.
Guinea pig
Photo: Alina Gerika 
Skinny is a breed of hairless guinea pigs. Judging by their pink skin, there is no need to explain why guinea pigs are called "pigs." (Photo: margaretshairlesspigs.webs.com)
Penguin
This hairless baby penguin was born without feathers and was abandoned by his parents at an aquarium in China's Liaoning Province. Aquarium staff determined that the baby penguin's lack of feathers and poor health were due to difficulties digesting food and absorbing nutrients. Thanks to his keepers, the penguin was able to grow a feathered coat and was successfully reintroduced to his family.
Rat
Photo: CSBeck 
Photo: Maxim Loskutov 
Hairless rats are produced by breeding different combinations of genes. On the other hand, hairless laboratory rats provide researchers with valuable data on weakened immune system and genetic kidney diseases. (Photo: CSBeck).
Chimpanzee
Chimpanzees, like other apes, great apes and humans, sometimes suffer from alopecia, a disease that causes them to lose hair from all over their bodies. These poor creatures attract many visitors to zoos. (Photo: RedEyedRex)
Dog
Photo: sweet mustache 
These are Peruvian hairless dogs. Machu Picchu (the 4-month-old puppy in the photo above) was offered as a pet to US President Barack Obama. He promised his daughters a new pet for the White House, but the dog had to be hypoallergenic because one of them is allergic to most dog breeds. Peruvian Hairless dogs are said to be ideal for sensitive people due to their lack of hair. (Photo: Karel Navarro)
Wombat
Meet Karmann, an orphaned baby wombat from Australia. Wombats must remain in their mother's pouch until they reach seven months of age. However, poor Karmann was rescued from her dying mother's pouch at 3 months old, so she has no hair. She is currently being cared for at a wildlife sanctuary in Melbourne.
Baboon
A hairless female baboon was spotted in rural areas Zimbabwe. The animal may have lost its fur due to alopecia. However, this hairless baboon was spotted in wildlife, so the cause of her baldness is unknown.
Kangaroo
This tiny creature is Sabrina, a female kangaroo who was abandoned by her mother in the Serengeti-Park in Germany. These animals do not grow hair until they emerge from their mother's pouch. Bald Sabrina always had to be carried close to a warm body or wrapped in a blanket to keep her warm.
Hamster
Bald Syrian hamsters the fur is missing due to a genetic disease. Hairless baby hamsters are only born to parents with the hairless gene, so they should not breed. (Photo: The Thicket Rabbitry)
Change your boots. Suddenly my gaze caught on some object that stood motionless on the opposite side. My mother, bear! He stood on his hind legs and looked at me carefully. Now the thoughts keep haunting me: why? It didn't... stand out against the motley background of the bored hills. At night we were awakened by a shot. The Uzbek watchman who was constantly on duty on the territory fired. - Bear! - he repeated in fear, pointing his finger into the taiga, - I shot, he growled and ran away! Well, he ran away, he ran away. ...
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... Skin bear. I dreamed that I threw on skin bear. Skin It was more like a sable, soft and not large in size. Skin I put it on because of the cold (I froze in my sleep), but for some reason I was very afraid that the smell of this skins will come bear and will bite me to death. After I skin I took it off and tried everything to get rid of the smell skins get rid of me so that he doesn't find me bear. Then I woke up. Did you dream about something or just because of the cold? Skin bear ...
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Like whole Assembly Hall in which people sit and discuss something. I informed them about the problem. We called the rescuers. I go out onto the balcony again, and see how it’s already two bear struggling with two rescuers. But the rescuers are in some special suits and are not in any danger. I go out and start to worry about safety. How to walk down the street? There deadly danger. I'm saying...
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Near the hangar, there was a car 2110, I suggested that my mother take it and leave, but she was very interested in animals.. One bear brown-gray, wanted to attack mom, but I grabbed him and started hitting his head against a tree, mom is no less aggressive... than the animals themselves, she realized that I couldn’t cope and finished off my head with my own hands bear about the tree. Second bear(more like a bear) saw this and, as if defending her relative, began to attack her mother. The bear grabbed mom by the...
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Run away, and my husband either fights him off, or sets him on me, but bear attacks him too. While I was trying to close the door behind me, and they were “fighting” - bear bit my husband's hand several times until he bled. And then he caught up with me. I managed to squeeze... and bite me. Then it turns out that I am standing on the station platform in front of a train with bear in hand. And I throw it under a standing train, but the rails are deep and bear can't get out. Then the train starts moving, I look for a ticket and can’t find it. I'm grabbing...
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By railway A huge deer, very beautiful with branchy antlers, runs and is attacked by a white polar bear(where is he from? middle lane it’s not clear at all). Bear kills a deer and runs towards us. We hide from him in the car and wait for a while. Bear leaves. Then we discover that there is some kind of hangar nearby, like an industrial warehouse, we go in...
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Forest, day, I'm walking along the path. I look back, (5 meters away from me) a huge bear. I got scared and started running forward, he ran after me. I see trees on both sides, I run, I see an iron fence, 2 guards are standing, I shout to them what’s there bear is chasing me. They ran after him, I ran behind the gate, the 3rd guard was standing, I told him...
Clumsy, clumsy, and even club-footed - all these unflattering epithets are addressed to the biggest and to the strong beast of our forests - to the bear. Yes, he has a clubfoot, because he steps on his entire foot, like people, and not on his toes, like other animals. Yes, he shifts from foot to foot, because his gait is peculiar: the bear takes steps with both paws on one side of the body at once, so there is no springy gait.
But I can’t agree with all the other nicknames. The “clumsy” bear deftly climbs trees, collecting sweet pears or chasing prey, or maybe just wanting to admire beautiful views from a bird's eye view, who knows. Only cats can compete with a bear in climbing.
IN documentary chronicles They often show how the “sluggish” animal catches fish. Beauty, and that's all! He spots his prey, makes a leap and rarely misses. In water, a bear feels in its element. A born swimmer, he easily overcomes mountain stormy streams and lakes.
Where he has no equal at all is in pursuit racing. He can endlessly pursue fleet-footed animals, for example, deer, wapiti or wild boar, he will follow the scent, follow the scent, and eventually drive his prey. Of course, a bear can run at speeds of up to 60 km per hour, just like a car, without getting tired or running out of steam.
This animal is extremely dexterous, intelligent, and easy to train. Perhaps this is the only wild animal that can stand on its hind legs. Once in the circus, he is quite easy to train and learns to ride a bicycle or skate. Some people, including the author of the article, will never learn such wisdom in their entire lives.
He also has preferences and habits that make him similar to a person. For example, the fact that he has a big sweet tooth. The bear, like his cartoon relative Vinnie, believes that honey exists only for him to eat, and therefore beekeepers have no end to the clubfoot’s visits. He either unwraps the hives on the spot or takes them with him to enjoy the honey in a secluded place. Berry pickers in the forests often encounter a bear, which is also busy eating raspberries.
By the way, about encounters with a bear. For all our sympathy for this good-natured lout, he can be very dangerous for humans. In principle, he himself is afraid of a person, but when meeting him he can attack first - for the purpose of self-defense. There are also man-eating bears in nature, so it is better not to try to stroke its soft fur.
It is true that a man, especially a man with a gun, is great danger for the bear than the bear is for him. Each part of a bear's body is of great value. Meat is meat, it is eaten. Far Eastern poachers kill bears only to sell their paws to Chinese merchants. The fact is that Chinese healers use them to make expensive medicines. Bear bile is another valuable catch, which is also used in alternative oriental medicine and is considered almost a panacea for all diseases. Finally, bear skin is highly valued. Traditional healers claim that you can expel colds, rheumatism and other ailments from your body simply by lying on this skin. There is no need to talk about the aesthetic side - the dressed bear skin is very beautiful and rich.
Bear fat is a generally recognized remedy for the treatment of colds and viral diseases. This fat bear "stays" over months hibernation, from October to April. The deposition of fat in a bear has its own characteristics: it is not deposited throughout the entire carcass, but only in the lower, that is, rear part, which also creates the illusion of a heavy tread and clumsiness of the bear.
The largest bear that ever lived on earth is the giant short-beaked bear. He was twice as big modern bears. Scientists believe that he had very long legs, and they hunted antelope on the North American prairies. The short-beaked bear became extinct 12,000 years ago.
The sloth bear has the longest fur, and the sun bear has the shortest fur, which allows it to easily endure the heat of the forests South-East Asia. The most accurate way to determine the age of a bear is to count the rings on a section of its molar (this is done under a microscope).
Bears have two layers of fur. Short (undercoat) to retain heat. The long layer protects against water. Bears are very smart animals; some individuals have learned to roll stones into bear traps to disable them, which allows them to safely eat the bait.
The lifespan of bears in the wild is approximately 30 years. The oldest known bear lived in captivity for 47 years. Bears have crooked legs. This gives them better grip and balance. Only the polar bear is a predator. All other bears are omnivores. The sun bear has the longest claws of all bears. They also have the most long tongue, which can reach 10 inches in length.
Bears can reach speeds of up to 40 miles per hour, which is fast enough to catch a galloping horse. Most a famous person The living Usain Bolt can run at a speed of 27 miles per hour.
The shape of bear claws differs depending on the type of bear. Bears that climb trees have curved claws that allow them to cling to the bark of trees. Bears that forage for food on the ground, such as grizzly bears, have straight, long claws. The koala bear has nothing to do with bears. They are marsupials.
A bear's normal heart rate is 40 beats per minute. When a bear hibernates, the heart rate drops to 8 beats per minute.
Black bears are not always black. They vary in color from black and reddish brown to light brown and almost white. Unlike many mammals, bears can see color. Most common in the world Brown bear.
A polar bear can jump 2.4 m out of the water to catch a seal. The stomach of a polar bear can hold up to 68 kg of meat.
Pandas have an extra "finger" (which is actually a wrist bone). It is used for climbing bamboo stems. A panda can eat more than 20.4 kg of bamboo stalks per day. The giant panda has a very large head relative to its body. Scientists believe this is because the panda needs strong jaw and neck muscles to eat bamboo, which makes up 99% of its diet. The remaining 1% consists of insects that a panda can find.
The favorite food of wrasse bears is termites. These bears do not have front teeth, so they easily suck insects out of their nests like a vacuum cleaner. They may also close their nostrils to keep debris out.
Bears eat almost anything, including known cases of bears eating snowmobile seats, motor oil, and rubber boots. About 98% of grizzly bears living in the United States live in Alaska. Polar bears can swim up to 100 miles without resting.
Bears see almost as well as people. However, bears have much better hearing and sense of smell. A bear's sense of smell is approximately 100 times stronger than that of a human. Polar bears can smell up to 20 miles away. They can also smell a dead seal under 3 meters of snow and ice.
In 2004, an unconscious black bear was found in Seattle, Washington. There were dozens of open beer cans around him. Although the bear had a fairly wide choice, he only drank one type of beer. After drinking, the bear passed out.
The word "bear" is old English word, which means "bright brown". The bear is distantly related to dogs, wolves, foxes and coyotes.
Polar bear ( Ursus maritimus) is largest bear. Male polar bear can reach 10 feet in length and weigh up to 1500 kg (more than 15 adults). Female polar bears are 50% smaller than males.
White bears - the only kind bears, which is marine mammals. Polar bear fur color ranges from ivory to light beige. However, under the white fur hides black skin, which is necessary for better absorption of solar heat.
The sun bear is the smallest of the bears and is the size of big dog. It got its name from the spot on its chest that resembles the setting sun. Of the eight species of bears, four live in Southern Hemisphere and four in the Northern Hemisphere. Spectacled bears are bears native to South America.
Almost two thirds of the world's bears live in North America. Between 21,000 and 28,000 polar bears live in the Arctic. The oldest known bear lived about 20 million years ago and was the size of a small dog.
Bears have never lived in Australia or Antarctica. Although bears do not currently live in Africa, fossils have been found that confirm their presence on the continent. Scientists don't know why bears don't live in Africa today. Polar bears have 9,677 hairs per square inch.
Most bears are born without fur. Only polar bears and giant pandas are born with fine white fur. While most bears have bare feet, polar bears' feet have fur on the bases and between the toes. This is necessary to reduce heat loss on cold ice.
Like people, all bears except pandas walk with their entire foot on the ground. Other large animals—including dogs, horses, and even elephants—walk only on their toes. The claws on the bear's front paws are larger than the claws on the back paws. Bears are the only predators that regularly eat both meat and plants. For this reason, they have different teeth, specifically for meat and plant foods.
During hibernation, the bear does not defecate. A newborn brown bear can weigh less than one pound. IN mature age its weight increases 1000 times. If people grew like bears, they would weigh more than 6,000 kg as adults.
Men in Asian cultures Traditionally, bear organs are used in medicinal purposes. Gallbladder Asian black bear sold at public auction in South Korea for $64,000. The Asian black bear has the most big ears among all the bears. Only about 1000 giant pandas live in the wild today.
Reproduction of articles and photographs is permitted only with a hyperlink to the site:Evolution has made us the way we are used to seeing ourselves in the mirror. However, it is not always clear why, during evolution, we have retained some capabilities, organs and muscles that we do not need at all. These features of human evolution will be discussed further.
Goose bumps appear when the muscles at the base of the hair follicle contract, this happens, for example, when we are cold or when we are scared. The second case is especially interesting; if we had hair, it would stand on end, like cats do in a moment of danger, but since we don’t have hair, it becomes unclear why we need this ability at all.
It is not completely clear why we have lips like these, which no other animal has. Our lips are very sensitive to temperature changes, and all because only our lips are completely turned outward.
We still have ear muscles, but we have lost the ability to move our ears.
Since our distant ancestors were herbivores, they had to eat a lot of green plants. In order for all this to be better digested, it was necessary to chew the food thoroughly. That's what wisdom teeth were for. Now there is practically no need for them, but they can cause us a lot of discomfort.
Once upon a time the appendix played important role V digestive system, however, for us he is completely unnecessary organ.
No animal has breasts similar to ours, especially women's. Most likely, it began to change as a result of the vertical position of our body and became what we are used to seeing it today.
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