annual amplitude- The difference between the largest and smallest average monthly values of any meteorological element that changes throughout the year... Dictionary of Geography
amplitude- y, w. 1) The range of oscillations, the greatest deviation of an oscillating body from its equilibrium position. Amplitude of pendulum oscillations. 2) The difference between extreme values. Annual amplitude temperature fluctuations. Related words: amplitu/dny Etymology… Popular dictionary of the Russian language
Y; and. [from lat. amplitude value]. what. 1. Phys. The greatest deviation of an oscillating body from its equilibrium position; swing range. A. pendulum. 2. Difference between extreme values. Annual a. temperature fluctuations. 3. Book. What the hell are you talking about, extremely... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
amplitude- s; and. (from lat. amplitudo value) see also. amplitude of which 1) physical. The greatest deviation of an oscillating body from its equilibrium position; swing range. Amplitude/da of the pendulum. 2) The difference between extreme values. Annual amplitude/oscillations… … Dictionary of many expressions
- (Greek κλίμα, κλίματος means the inclination of the sun, in other words, the midday height of the sun). Ancient geographers divided the Earth into climatic zones depending on this phenomenon and the length of the day, taking into account the so-called astronomical climates, ... ...
CLIMAX- (from the Greek climax ladder), menopause, menopause, adolescence, transitional years, the period of a woman’s life when her reproductive ability ceases, one of the manifestations of which is the presence of ovarian... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia
R. occupies such a large space not only from W. to E., but also from N. to S. that the climate of its different parts, of course, is very different; but the fairly widespread opinion that all climates from polar to tropical are found in Russia is unfair: ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
- (addition to the article. Polar countries of the northern and southern hemispheres). 1) European Arctic Ocean(Barents Sea in in a broad sense words and White). Research recent years(starting from 1898), and especially in 1898-1901, greatly expanded knowledge on ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
- (addition to the article) (addition to the article. Polar countries of the northern and southern hemispheres). 1) European Arctic Ocean (Barents Sea in the broad sense of the word and White Sea). Research in recent years (since 1898), and especially in 1898-1901, has strongly... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
Long-term weather regime in a given area. The weather at any given time is characterized by certain combinations of temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed. In some climates, the weather varies significantly every day or every... ... Collier's Encyclopedia
A statistical pattern of weather conditions characteristic of a given area over a period of several decades (usually 30 years). In other words, the concept of climate includes not only cf. values of meteorological parameters for a certain period... ... Geographical encyclopedia
During the day the air temperature changes. The most low temperature observed before sunrise, the highest - at 14-15 hours.
To determine average daily temperature, You need to measure your temperature four times a day: at 1 a.m., at 7 a.m., at 1 p.m., at 7 p.m. The arithmetic mean of these measurements is the average daily temperature.
The air temperature changes not only during the day, but also throughout the year (Fig. 138).
Rice. 138. Head course of air temperature at latitude 62° N. latitude: 1 - Torshavn Denmark (sea mud), average annual temperature 6.3 ° C; 2- Yakutsk (continental type) - 10.7 °C
Average annual temperature is the arithmetic average of temperatures for all months of the year. It depends on geographic latitude, the nature of the underlying surface and heat transfer from low latitudes to high.
The Southern Hemisphere is generally colder than the Northern Hemisphere due to Antarctica being covered in ice and snow.
The warmest month of the year in the Northern Hemisphere is July, and the coldest month is January.
Lines on maps connecting points to same temperature air are called isotherms(from the Greek isos - equal and therme - heat). Their complex arrangement can be judged from maps of January, July and annual isotherms.
Climate on the corresponding parallels Northern Hemisphere warmer than similar parallels in the Southern Hemisphere.
The highest annual temperatures on Earth are observed in the so-called thermal equator. It does not coincide with the geographic equator and is located at 10° N. w. This is explained by the fact that in the Northern Hemisphere large area is occupied by land, and in the Southern Hemisphere, on the contrary, by oceans, which waste heat on evaporation, and in addition, the influence of ice-covered Antarctica is felt. The average annual temperature at the parallel is 10° N. w. is 27 °C.
Isotherms do not coincide with parallels despite the fact that solar radiation distributed zonally. They bend, moving from the continent to the ocean, and vice versa. Thus, in the Northern Hemisphere in January over the continent, isotherms deviate to the south, and in July - to the north. This is due to the unequal heating conditions of land and water. In winter, land cools, and in summer it warms up faster than water.
If we analyze isotherms in the Southern Hemisphere, then in temperate latitudes their course is very close to parallel, since there is little land there.
In January, the highest air temperature is observed at the equator - 27 ° C, in Australia, South America, central and southern parts Africa. The lowest January temperature was recorded in northeast Asia (Oymyakon, -71 °C) and at the North Pole -41 °C.
The “warmest July parallel” is the parallel of 20° N latitude. with a temperature of 28 ° C, and the coldest place in July is South Pole with an average monthly temperature of -48 °C.
The absolute maximum air temperature was recorded in North America(+58.1 °C). The absolute minimum air temperature (-89.2 °C) was recorded at the Vostok station in Antarctica.
Observations revealed the existence of daily and annual fluctuations in air temperature. The difference between the largest and lowest values air temperature during the day is called daily amplitude, and during the year - annual temperature range.
The daily temperature range depends on a number of factors:
- latitude of the area - decreases when moving from low to high latitudes;
- the nature of the underlying surface - it is higher on land than over the ocean: over oceans and seas the daily temperature amplitude is only 1-2 °C, and over steppes and deserts it reaches 15-20 °C, since water heats up and cools down more slowly than land ; in addition, it increases in areas with bare soil;
- terrain - due to cold air descending into the valley from the slopes;
- cloudiness - with its increase, the daily temperature amplitude decreases, since clouds do not allow earth's surface get very hot during the day and cool down at night.
The magnitude of the daily amplitude of air temperature is one of the indicators of the continental climate: in deserts its value is much greater than in areas with a marine climate.
Annual temperature range has patterns similar to the daily temperature amplitude. It depends mainly on the latitude of the area and the proximity of the ocean. Over the oceans, the annual temperature amplitude is most often no more than 5-10 °C, and over the interior regions of Eurasia - up to 50-60 °C. Near the equator, average monthly air temperatures differ little from each other throughout the year. At higher latitudes, the annual temperature range increases, and in the Moscow region it is 29 °C. At the same latitude, the annual temperature amplitude increases with distance from the ocean. In the equator zone above the ocean, the annual temperature amplitude is only G, and above the continents it is 5-10°.
The different heating conditions for water and land are explained by the fact that the heat capacity of water is twice that of land, and with the same amount of heat, land heats up twice faster than water. When cooling, the opposite happens. In addition, water evaporates when heated, which consumes significant amount heat. It is also important that on land heat spreads almost only in the top layer of soil, and only a small part of it is transferred into the depths. In the seas and oceans, significant thicknesses are heating up. This is facilitated by vertical mixing of water. As a result, the oceans accumulate much more heat than land, retain it longer, and expend it more evenly than land. The oceans are warming more slowly and cooling more slowly.
The annual temperature range in the Northern Hemisphere is 14 °C, and in the Southern Hemisphere - 7 °C. For globe The average annual air temperature at the earth's surface is 14 °C.
Heat zones
The uneven distribution of heat on Earth depending on the latitude of the place allows us to highlight the following thermal belts, the boundaries of which are isotherms (Fig. 139):
- the tropical (hot) zone is located between the annual isotherms + 20 °C;
- temperate zones of the Northern and Southern hemispheres— between the annual isotherms +20 °С and the isotherm of the warm month+10 °C;
- the polar (cold) belts of both hemispheres are located between the isotherms of the warmest month +10 °C and O °C;
- Perpetual frost belts are limited by the 0 °C isotherm of the warmest month. This is the kingdom eternal snow and ice.
Rice. 139. Heat zones Earth
Air, like glass, transmits the sun's rays to the surface of the Earth and does not heat up. Touch the window glass on a sunny day. You will make sure that it is cold and the window sill is warm. The air in the troposphere is heated by the earth's surface, heated by the Sun. Therefore, the further (higher) from the Earth, the colder it is.
Air temperature at weather stations determined using thermometer every three hours. The thermometer should be in the shade, where the sun's rays do not penetrate throughout the day. Otherwise, we will have not the air temperature, but the temperature of a glass tube heated by the Sun.
What does air temperature depend on? Why is it highest at noon and lowest in the morning, before sunrise? Why are temperatures always high throughout the year near the equator, and low near the poles? Why is it always warmer in our latitudes in summer than in winter?
The sun's rays heat the Earth unevenly. The higher the Sun is above the horizon, the higher the temperature. Therefore, the air temperature depends on the angle of incidence sun rays. And the angle of incidence depends on the latitude of the area and the time of day. Between the equator and the tropics the angle of incidence of the rays is the largest (up to 90°), near the poles it is the smallest.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the angle of incidence of the sun's rays is greatest on June 22. Therefore, it is always warmer in summer and colder in winter.
Weather forecasts are made daily. Measurements, in particular air temperature, are made every three hours, and in the forecast only one figure is given, i.e. average daily temperature.
The difference between the highest and lowest temperatures is called amplitude of oscillations temperature.
Distinguish daily amplitude- the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures during the day, monthly- the difference between the highest and lowest average daily temperatures during the month, annual- the difference between the average temperatures of the warmest and coldest months of the year.
The annual amplitudes of temperature fluctuations increase from the equator to the poles. At the equator they are about 1 °C, at the latitude of Kyiv - 27.7 °C.
Based on the data obtained during observations of changes in air temperature, temperature graphs are drawn up: daily, monthly, annual (Fig. 57).
Geographical latitude and, accordingly, the angle of incidence of the sun's rays - main reasons for changes in air temperature. In addition, it is influenced by the transparency of the atmosphere, cloudiness, wind direction, precipitation, etc. Material from the site
| Rice. 57. Graphs of temperature changes: a - daily; b - annual |
- The air receives heat from the earth's surface, heated by the sun's rays.
- The degree of heating of the earth's surface depends on the angle of incidence of sunlight on its surface. The larger this angle, the greater the heating.
- The angle of incidence of the sun's rays depends on the time of day, the latitude of the area, and the position of the Earth relative to the Sun (during the year).
- The difference between maximum and minimum temperatures is called the amplitude of temperature fluctuations. It can be determined in a day, a month, a year.
On this page there is material on the following topics:
Temperature changes during the day of the year and reasons
How does air temperature change with altitude?
1. the main reason for the change in air temperature during the day?
The main reasons determining the value of the daily amplitude
What determines annual fluctuations in air temperature?
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Answer from hospitality[active]
annual amplitude - 20-23Gy C
Answer from Andrey Nevermind[guru]
Smart people use the term amplitude only for periodic oscillations. And you only led to consideration for one year. I hope the hint is clear
I have no idea how weather forecasters think this, but if you are interested in a specific formula according to some standard, write so, so as not to fool people’s minds and not offend them later by leaving the answers to a vote.
According to the definition of the concept of amplitude, something like this: Take the arithmetic mean of two deviations - positive and negative from the average annual temperature
minimum = 20, maximum = 23, arithmetic average of temperature for the year = 21+20+21+21+21+21+20+20+20+21+22+23 /12 = 20.92 degrees
average the top and bottom:
(|20-20.92|+|23-20.92|) /2 = 1.5 degrees!
And if you just sum it up and don’t divide by 2, you’ll get the RANGE and not the amplitude and it will be = 3 degrees
You can calculate it yourself. Take the necessary measurements. At weather stations, the outside air temperature is usually measured 8 times a day, that is, every three hours, starting at midnight.
Find the maximum and minimum values. Subtract the less from the greater. If you take measurements in the summer, both values will be positive. For example, your highest temperature is +25°C, your lowest is +10°C. Subtracting the second from the first number, you get 15°C. This is the daily amplitude temperature on a specific day.
To calculate amplitudes in and winter, use the same methods that you use when solving mathematical problems with positive numbers. For example, if your temperature is 10°C during the day and drops to -10°C at night, the actions will be similar to those described in the first case. Subtract -10 from 10°, that is, A=10-(-10)=10+10=20.
The amplitude of monthly or annual temperatures is calculated in the same way. Among all the values, find the maximum or minimum, and then subtract the second from the first.
You can also calculate the amplitude average daily temperatures. First, calculate the average values, for example for each day. To find the average daily temperature, you need to add up all the values and divide the resulting sum by the number of measurements. The more often you look at the thermometer, the more accurate the result will be. Although usually for calculating the average daily temperature Sometimes 8 measurements are sufficient, as is the case for determining the amplitude.
Write down all the average daily temperature per month. Find the most great importance and the smallest. Subtract the second from the first. The annual amplitude is calculated in the same way.
To determine the temperature amplitude, it is advisable to use the same thermometer. This can be either a regular outdoor alcohol thermometer or a home digital weather station. This device combines several devices at once. From it you can calculate various other amplitudes, such as humidity and pressure.
If you are not very confident in operating with positive and negative numbers, make yourself a scale, like a number line. Mark point 0 on it. Divide the right and left parts into segments of equal length. On the right side of each mark, put positive numbers, on the left - negative in mirror image. Set the number of degrees above zero to the right, and below it to the left. Count how many segments are between these points.
Sources:
- how to calculate amplitude
Amplitude is the difference between the extreme values of a particular quantity, in this case temperature. This important characteristic climate of a particular area. The ability to calculate this indicator is also necessary for doctors, since strong fluctuations temperature during the day may indicate the presence of certain diseases. Biologists, chemists, nuclear physicists and representatives of many other branches of science and technology constantly face a similar problem.
You will need
- - thermometer or thermograph;
- - calendar of observations;
- - watch with stopwatch.
Instructions
Determine the time interval in which measurements will be taken. It depends on the purpose of the study. For example, to determine the fluctuation temperature outdoor air must be measured within 24 hours. At weather stations, observations are usually recorded every 3 hours. The most accurate measurements will be if they are carried out according to astronomical time.
Others use a different periodicity. When studying combustion performance, measurement is required temperature at intervals equal to the engine cycle time, which is thousandths of a second. In these cases, either electronic recorders are used, or temperature changes determined by the amplitude of infrared radiation. For paleontologists and geologists, the temperature range over entire geological epochs, which is millions of years, is important.
The temperature difference can be determined either by sampling or by thermographic method. In the first case, divide the required period of time into equal sections. Take your temperature at these times and record the results. This method is good when counting over years, months or hours.
Using the marked data, find the most high temperature and the lowest. Subtract the first from the second. You will receive a numerical amplitude value. It is necessary to carry out measurements with the same verified thermometer.
Very often it is necessary to determine amplitude not only absolute values, but also average values. This requires long-term observations and calculations of average temperatures per year or year. For determining temperature outdoor air, make a series of observations, write down the results, add them up and divide by the number of observations. Calculate the average daily temperature for the entire month in the same way. Find the largest and its values, subtract the second from the first. So you will get amplitude average daily temperatures for this period.
If the period is a fraction of a second, a thermograph must be used. He must be in school office physics either. In this case, a mechanical device continuously records temperature data on a moving tape or rotating drum. The tape of a mechanical thermograph has a coordinate grid on which both time and time are displayed. numerical values temperatures In electronic devices, recording is made on various media, including digital ones.
In both cases the fluctuations temperature graphically look like a curve with peaks and troughs located across the time axis. You can take any interval on this curve and calculate in it amplitude. Electronic devices make it possible to achieve greater speed in measurements, and therefore greater accuracy. In addition, the digital data can be directly used by the processing program, which automatically calculates the amplitude values. This method is used at long-term automatic weather stations, as well as for measurements in conditions unsuitable for stay. For example, when taking measurements in the core of a nuclear reactor. Regardless of whether you carry out the calculations yourself or the device does it for you, the method remains the same as in the case of a discrete measurement option.
To find the amplitude, you need to take a ruler or other device for measuring distances and measure the largest deviation from the equilibrium position. In the case of a mathematical pendulum, you need to measure its length and height of rise. To measure the amplitude values of voltage and alternating current, you will need to obtain readings from a voltmeter and an ammeter.
You will need
- ruler, tape measure, voltmeter and ammeter for alternating current
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