Integrated technology for processing buckwheat with utilization of husks. Technology for processing buckwheat grain into cereals Homemade machines for making buckwheat cereals

The invention concerns the processing of cereal grains into cereals and can be used in the production of buckwheat. Grain processing is carried out without dividing into fractions and after hydrothermal treatment during refrigeration, the grain is dried to a moisture content of 15.5-18%. Peeling is carried out with a centrifugal huller at a speed of grain collision with a stationary barrier of 55-58 m/s. After separating the cereal from the middling product, it is dried to a storage humidity of 13%. The invention makes it possible to improve the technological process and reduce energy consumption for heat treatment. 1 ill.

The invention concerns the processing of cereal grains into cereals and can be used in the production of buckwheat. There is a known method for producing cereals (see A.S. USSR N 652964, B 02 B 1/00), including purification of grain from impurities, preliminary and final sorting into fractions, fractional peeling, sieve separation and separation of cereals from unhulled grain, the direction of the latter for repeated peeling, aspiration separation of cereals and grain removal. Moreover, by aspiration separation, the cereal is subjected to stratification into light and heavy fractions, from the latter the kernel is sorted for removal, and the rest of the heavy and light fractions are separated according to elastic and fractional properties to isolate the rest of the kernel. The disadvantage of the known technical solution is the complexity technological process processing. There is a known method for processing buckwheat grain into cereal (see A.S. USSR N 852343, B 02 B 1/00), including cleaning it from impurities, hydrothermal treatment, drying and cooling of the grain. Moreover, before hydrothermal treatment, the grain is heated by passing an air stream at a temperature of 73-85 o C for 12-18 minutes through a layer of grain, and hydrothermal treatment of the grain is carried out with saturated steam at a pressure of 0.2-0.3 MPa for 2. 8 - 4 min. The disadvantage of the known technical solution is the complexity of the processing process. The closest in technical essence is the method of producing buckwheat (see A.S. USSR N 543405, B 02 B 1/00, including cleaning and peeling of grain unsorted by size into fractions, separation on cellular sorting tables after preliminary removal of the shell, flour and crushed grains, and to improve the quality and grade of cereals, sequential multiple peeling of grain unsorted by size is carried out, and in the area next after peeling, the upper yields obtained after sorting the grain fall, and the extraction of cereals is carried out sequentially in several stages by sorting the enriched mixture obtained from the lower collections after grain separation, while the upper collection obtained after sorting is sent for control, and the lower collection of the last stage is sent to the first sorting zone for separation of cereals. The disadvantage of the known technical solution is the complexity of the technological process and the high energy consumption for processing. The objective of the invention is to simplify the technological process and reducing energy costs for processing. The stated technical problem is solved as follows. A method for processing buckwheat grain into cereal, including purifying it from impurities, hydrothermal treatment, dampening and drying the grain, peeling, separating the cereal, and to solve the technical problem, grain processing is carried out without dividing into fractions and after hydrothermal treatment during chilling, the grain is dried to 15, 5-18%, and peeling is carried out by centrifugal peeling at a collision speed with a stationary obstacle of 55-58 m/s. This technical solution ensures grain peeling without the use of sanding wheels, the use of which contaminates the product with sanding dust. In addition, when processing buckwheat, there is an increased consumption of sanding wheels, which increases the cost of producing buckwheat. The use of centrifugal peeling allows grain to be processed without dividing into fractions by size, which greatly simplifies the process of grain processing and reduces the amount of equipment in the production line. In order to ensure the process of centrifugal peeling, a certain speed of collision of the grain with a stationary barrier is necessary. The research has established: for a rational grain moisture content of 15.5-18%, the impact speed should be in the range of 55-58 m/s, in which case rational degree peeling, minimal injury to buckwheat grains. When separating cereals from industrial products, they are dried to a storage humidity of 13%. This technical solution ensures, at minimal cost, the drying of cereals to a moisture level that ensures the safety of the product and taste. At the same time, all outputs of the peeling process are not subjected to the drying process, which reduces energy consumption for the production of buckwheat. An example of a method for processing buckwheat grain into cereal is shown in schematic diagram (see drawing). The production line includes a receiving hopper 1 for receiving raw materials, a first transport 2 for feeding raw materials into a hopper 3 above a seed cleaning machine 4 with a trier 5. The cleaned grain is fed by a second conveyor 6 into the hopper 7 of the hydrothermal treatment department, where units 8 and 9 are installed for steaming buckwheat After steaming, the grain is subjected to dehulling and drying in a dehumidifier 10. The deferred grain is fed by the third conveyor 11 into a centrifugal huller 12. After peeling, the middling product is fed into a seed cleaning machine 13, where the husks are separated from the grain kernel. The grain kernels - cereals are fed by the fourth conveyor 14 into the cereal hopper 15, then to the vertical dryers 16 and 17, and the finished cereal is packaged by a cereal packaging installation 18. The waste from the seed cleaning machine 13 is sent through a material pipeline 19 to the cyclone unloader 20, where the husk is separated and discharged through hopper 21. In the battery cyclone 22, flour is separated, which is discharged through hopper 24. For dust separation, the production line is equipped with a fan 25, which has a pipeline 26 with dust separation equipment. An example of a method for processing buckwheat grain into cereal. Raw buckwheat grain enters the receiving hopper 1 and is loaded into the hopper 3 by the first conveyor 2. A seed cleaning machine 4 with a trier 5 cleans the grain from dust, soil, weed seeds and stone using known technological operations. The cleaned grain is fed by the second conveyor 6 into the hopper 7 into the hydrothermal treatment department, where two units 8 and 9 are installed for steaming buckwheat. Steaming buckwheat is carried out with water vapor using well-known technological methods. And to save steam, two units 8 and 9 are used and steaming is carried out in two stages. For example, steam from unit 8, after treatment for a certain time (using hydrothermal treatment technology), is passed into unit 9, using the remaining heat for primary heating of the grain in unit 9. Then the grain in unit 9 is subjected to final treatment with fresh steam (also using the developed heat treatment technology). After processing the grain in unit 9, the spent primary steam is supplied to unit 8, by this time filled with a new portion of grain. The grain processed in two stages is released from unit 9 into the defogger 10. Unit 9 is loaded with a new portion of grain, and the double cycle of hydrothermal treatment is repeated. The above processes are known and are carried out using known technical methods. Further processing of buckwheat grain is carried out using the technology proposed by the technical solution to the problem. When refrigerating the grain, it is dried to a moisture content of 15.5-18%. Humidity limits are determined experimentally. It has been established that when the grain moisture content is more than 18%, there is a large yield of unhulled grain, while at the same time, when the grain moisture content is less than 15.5%, an increased yield of crushed grain is observed. The dried grain is sent to a centrifugal huller, where the grain is accelerated by rotating disks to a speed of 55-58 m/s and directed into a stationary steel barrier. When the shells collide, the grains having the above-mentioned moisture content are destroyed and are separated upon further movement through the channels. The use of a centrifugal huller allows grain to be peeled without dividing into fractions, which simplifies the process of grain processing. The middling product obtained after peeling is fed into the seed cleaning machine 13, where the husk is separated from the grain kernel. The fourth conveyor 14 feeds the grain into the grain hopper 15, and then onto the vertical dryers 16 and 17. The dried grain to the standard content of 13% (necessary for storage) is packaged with a grain packaging unit 18. The waste from the seed cleaning machine 13 is sent through a material pipeline 19 to a cyclone unloader 20, where the husk is separated, which is discharged through the hopper 21. In the battery cyclone 22, the flour is separated, which is discharged through the hopper 24, and the resulting waste after the seed cleaning machine is not dried, which reduces energy costs for the production of cereals.

CLAIM

A method for processing buckwheat grain into cereal, including cleaning it from impurities, hydrothermal treatment, dampening and drying of the grain, peeling, separating the cereal, characterized in that the grain is processed without dividing into fractions and after hydrothermal treatment during dampening, the grain is dried to a moisture content of 15.5 - 18%, and peeling is carried out with a centrifugal huller at a speed of grain collision with a stationary barrier of 55 - 58 m/s and after separating the cereal from the industrial product, it is dried to a storage humidity of 13%.

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Introduction

1. Literature review

2.2.1 Place in crop rotation

2.2.4 Dates for sowing buckwheat

2.2.5 Methods for sowing buckwheat

4. Recipe for buckwheat cereal

5. Product calculation

6. Selection and calculation of production equipment

7. Characteristics of secondary raw materials, waste from cereal production and their use

Conclusions and offers

Literature

Introduction

Buckwheat is a valuable cereal crop. Buckwheat is a healthy nutritious product, rich in easily digestible proteins and carbohydrates. It contains 13...15% protein, 60...70% starch, 2.0...2.5% sucrose, 2.5...3.0% fat, 1.1...1.3% fiber, 2.0... 2.% ash elements. In addition, it contains a lot of mineral salts: iron (33.8 mg per 100 g), calcium (200 mg per 100 g) and phosphorus (1500 mg per 100 g), as well as organic acids (citric, oxalic, malic) and vitamins B2, PP.

Buckwheat contains significantly more than other products of plant origin. folic acid(4.3 mg per 1 g of dry matter), which has a high hematopoietic capacity and other properties that contribute to the resistance of the human body to various diseases. Buckwheat proteins are more complete than cereal grains and are not inferior to legume proteins. This results in high nutritional value and medicinal properties buckwheat. The main amino acids that make up buckwheat protein are arginine (12.7%), lysine (7.9%), cystine (1%) and cystidine (0.59%), which determine its high nutritional value. Buckwheat fats are highly resistant to oxidation, so buckwheat can be stored for a long time without reducing its nutritional quality.

Buckwheat flour is not very suitable for baking bread, since it does not contain gluten: the bread quickly becomes stale and crumbles. Products obtained by processing buckwheat grain into cereals and flour (feed flour, waste) contain a large number of proteins and fats, therefore they serve as highly nutritious feed for pigs and poultry.

1 kg of buckwheat chaff contains 57 g of protein, 0.35 feed units.

Buckwheat straw can be used in combination with straw of other crops for silage, as well as for the preparation of feed mixtures, granules and briquettes mixed with other feeds.

The current level of consumption of basic products is significantly inferior to the recommended rational standards for energy value and diet structure. In this regard, the role of buckwheat as one of the economically accessible and nutritious food products is increasing. In terms of its consumer properties, buckwheat is unique, since it satisfies the physiological needs of the body for nutritional components and energy, performs preventive and therapeutic functions, and is of great strategic and economic importance.

A generalization of the experience of cultivating buckwheat in Russia shows that currently the main factor influencing the volume of buckwheat production is an increase in sown areas with relatively low yields. In this regard, it seems relevant to study the characteristics of its cultivation and identify the main factors influencing economic efficiency production and processing of buckwheat.

The purpose and objectives of this course work- study of the technology for processing buckwheat grain into cereal at an enterprise with a capacity of 140 kg/h with the selection and calculation of equipment, study of the production technology of its chemical composition, nutritional value, assortment of cereals, history of development, their classification, quality requirements and storage conditions.

1. Literature review

Buckwheat - annual or perennial herbaceous plant, 10...80 cm high.

Today, it is Russia that grows half of the world's buckwheat crop, and at the same time, for many years, it is Russia that has been the main world consumer of this useful plant product (the largest areas of buckwheat crops are concentrated in the Altai Territory; buckwheat is also cultivated in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Samara, Orenburg and Saratov regions). In addition to Russia, exporters also include China, the USA, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Latvia.

The efficiency of using grain resources, the quality and yield of finished products depends on the methods of conducting the technological process of cereal production and the perfection of designs technological equipment and, to a large extent, is determined by the content of weeds and the technological properties of the grain. This is especially true when processing buckwheat into cereal. Structural-mechanical properties are one of the main ones, since they connect the structural features of buckwheat grain with its behavior under mechanical influence (during the peeling process).

Technological properties of buckwheat grain can be improved different ways. One of the most economically justified is hydrothermal treatment (HTT), which includes the operations of steaming, drying and cooling and consists of simultaneously exposing the grain to heat and moisture by treating it with saturated water steam. When justifying one or another GTO method and its modes, it is necessary to be guided not only by the improvement of the technological properties of grain, but also by the degree of change in those consumer and biochemical properties of the finished product, which determine its biological and culinary value.

The impact of moisture and heat on grain causes transformations in physicochemical and biochemical properties, which are closely related to the technological characteristics of buckwheat grain, which helps to increase the strength of the kernel and reduce its crushing during the peeling process.

Currently, when processing buckwheat grain, “dry” methods of grain purification are used (separators, triers, destoners, concentrators, etc.), which do not provide effective separation of difficult-to-separate impurities (wild radish, spoiled kernels, oats and wild oats, barley, wheat, sunflower seeds and weeds, dust and microorganisms, etc.). In addition, up to 5% of the most valuable and large grain ends up as waste.

In the existing technology, A9-BPB steamers are used for steaming grain, and VS-10-49 M steam dryers are used for drying steamed grain. The disadvantages of the above equipment include uneven steaming and drying of grain, low reliability of the steamer plug valves, which leads to leakage steam into the production room, into the device above the steamer and into the drying bunker.

Dryers VS-10-49 M with a conductive method of supplying heat to the grain are one of the most “bottleneck” places in the work of a grain workshop, which does not allow not only increasing the drying speed, but also does not ensure uniform moisture removal throughout the volume of the grain mass, and from the dryer Warm exhaust air with high energy potential is released into the atmosphere. To cool grain, cooling columns are used, the designs of which are different at each enterprise and are ineffective, since they are manufactured at each grain workshop independently. The difficulty of using cooling columns lies in the need for additional lifting of grain to feed it into them after drying.

In order to eliminate existing shortcomings, it was developed new technology processing of buckwheat grain into cereal, which involves hydroseparation of the grain using a specially designed washing machine and recycling of waste heat from the steamer and steam dryers for technological purposes. The new technological scheme includes the following operations: hydroseparation (moistening), squeezing moisture out of waste, drying waste, drying and preheating grain, steaming under mild conditions, drying grain using a combined conductive-convective method.

In addition to the main food products made from buckwheat, one should not forget about husks - a valuable secondary raw material for the production of various food additives. Chemical composition production of buckwheat husks predetermines the need to develop technologies and develop modern equipment for deep waste-free processing of husks.

2. Production and storage of buckwheat grain

2.1 Characteristics of buckwheat varieties

The variety plays a significant role in increasing the efficiency of farming. The use of highly productive buckwheat varieties adapted to local conditions without additional material costs ensures an increase in gross grain yield. Along with sufficient early maturity, varieties must have good productivity and high grain quality, withstand drought and be resistant to diseases and pests. The resistance of varieties to lodging, shedding, and germination of standing grains is highly valued.

The disadvantage of most released varieties is their weak resistance to diseases, especially leaf rust, which requires seed treatment and treatment of crops with fungicides. Many varieties are also affected by root rot and are predisposed to grain sprouting on the root and in windrows.

More than 40 types of buckwheat varieties are registered in the State Register. The cultivated and most valuable varieties of buckwheat include: Agidel, Aromat, Ballad, Bogatyr, Bolshevik 4, Nine, Demeter, Dialogue, Dikul, Dozhdik, Yesen, Izumrud, Inzerskaya, Kazanka, Kazanskaya 3, Kalininskaya, Kama, Kuibyshevskaya 85, Natasha, Nektarnitsa, Svetlana, Saulyk, Ufimskaya, Cheremshanka, Chetyr-Dau, Chishkhinskaya, Shatilovskaya 5.

2.2 Buckwheat cultivation technology

2.2.1 Place in crop rotation

The best predecessors for cultivating buckwheat in many zones of the Russian Federation are legumes, fallow winter grains, and row crops. In beet growing areas and flax farms, sugar beets and flax are considered good predecessors. IN eastern regions, where grain crops predominate in the structure of sown areas, buckwheat can be sown after spring wheat, sown on a layer of perennial grasses, or on clean fallows.

Due to their biological features Buckwheat is considered a good predecessor crop for most field crops. Thanks to the late sowing time and rapid growth at the beginning of the growing season, buckwheat leaves fields relatively free of weeds. This crop improves the physical and mechanical properties of the soil and helps reduce the incidence of root rot in grain crops. Early ripening varieties of buckwheat are used as a fallow crop followed by sowing winter crops. It is cultivated in both mowing and stubble crops. Buckwheat is well influenced by shelterbelts and forests; they improve the microclimate of the field, the number of pollinating insects increases, and pollination improves.

grain buckwheat cereal raw materials

2.2.2 Tillage for buckwheat

Taking into account the peculiarities of the biology of buckwheat, the processing system should be aimed at creating optimal conditions for the growth and development of plants, accumulating and preserving moisture, combating weeds, pests and diseases and increasing the level of soil fertility. The tillage system depends on soil, climatic and weather conditions, the predecessor, the degree of weediness of the field and other conditions and includes main and pre-sowing tillage.

The methods and timing of the main tillage mainly depend on the predecessor. When placing buckwheat after stubble crops, soil cultivation begins immediately after harvesting the predecessor by peeling the stubble with disk implements to a depth of 6...8 cm, and if it is clogged with root shoot weeds - with plowshares to a depth of 10...12 cm. mass appearance In order to prevent weed seedlings, fall plowing is carried out to a depth of 20...22 cm, and where the arable horizon allows, to a depth of 25...27 cm. The main tillage after row crops consists of one plowing or disking. In arid areas, as well as in areas where soils are subject to water and wind erosion, flat-cut cultivation is used, leaving stubble on the field surface.

It has been established that early (August) plow fall followed by semi-steam tillage provides the highest buckwheat yield. Sowing buckwheat by spring plowing is unacceptable. In steppe regions, snow retention in winter and retention melt water in the spring - mandatory appointments.

Spring tillage begins with harrowing the plowed land when the soil reaches physical ripeness. This event must be carried out in a very short time, since the average daily loss of soil moisture during this period is 40...100 m3. In the period remaining before sowing, in most zones of Russia, 2...3 cultivations with harrowing are used to preserve moisture and control weeds. The first cultivation is carried out simultaneously with the sowing of early grain crops to a depth of 10...12 cm. It promotes warming of the soil and the germination of weeds. The second, pre-sowing, cultivation is carried out before sowing to the depth of seed placement. Usually two treatments before sowing are sufficient. When rainfall occurs and a soil crust forms, additional cultivation with harrowing is carried out. On heavy floating soils, especially with heavy rainfall, it is advisable to carry out deep loosening of 14...16 cm with harrowing.

More intensive germination of weeds after cultivation or deep loosening occurs when the soil is compacted with ring-spur rollers. Spring plowing of plowed land in the main buckwheat cultivation areas leads to drying out of the soil and a decrease in yield.

The high need of buckwheat for nutrients is associated with an intensive increase in vegetative mass, rapid entry into the generative period, the formation of a large number of flowers during prolonged flowering and the formation of vegetative organs.

With a yield of 2t/ha of grain and 0.6t/ha of straw, buckwheat removes from the soil, kg: N - 86, P205 - 61 and K20 - 151.

The rate of fertilizers is calculated for the planned harvest, taking into account the removal of nutrients with the crop and the coefficients of their use from the soil, or the recommendations of agrochemical stations are used. As the main fertilizer on sod-podzolic and gray forest soils with a low humus content in the fall, apply organic fertilizers at a dose of 15...20 t/ha, and from minerals - phosphorus-potassium. On infertile sandy soils it is more effective to use green manure. On chernozem soils, organic fertilizers are not applied to buckwheat. She makes good use of their aftereffects.

Considering the negative reaction of buckwheat to chlorine, potassium chlorine-containing fertilizers (potassium chloride, potassium salt) must be applied in advance, before plowing the plowed land, which ensures leaching of chlorine beyond the root layer. It is better to use potash fertilizers that do not contain chlorine.

Buckwheat is demanding in terms of nitrogen supply. However, with excessive nitrogen nutrition there is a strong development of the vegetative mass and the grain yield decreases. Nitrogen fertilizers applied in the spring for pre-sowing cultivation and fertilizing (10...15 kg/ha) with a wide-row sowing method during the period of mass flowering of plants.

Along with the main fertilizer, pre-sowing fertilizer is of great importance in increasing the yield of buckwheat. It provides plants with nutrients during the initial period of growth and promotes better development of the root system. When sowing, granular superphosphate (10... 15 kg a.m./ha) or complex fertilizers (10 kg a.m./ha) are applied.

On soils with low boron content, boronized superphosphate or magnesium borate is used. In the absence of these fertilizers, the seeds are treated with a solution of boric acid or borax (2 kg per 1 ton of seeds) before sowing.

2.2.3 Preparing seeds for sowing

For sowing buckwheat on each farm, it is recommended to use at least two recommended varieties that differ in the length of the growing season with a germination rate of at least 92%. One of the main conditions for obtaining high yields of buckwheat is careful preparation of seeds for sowing, since within the same plant seeds vary significantly in sowing qualities and yield properties. This is due to the fact that flowering and fruit formation take place over a long period of time, under different weather conditions, and the seeds are formed both on the main stem and on the branches of the first, second and third orders, i.e. in buckwheat, the quality of the seeds is clearly different in size and weight, and therefore they will differ in yield properties. For sowing, large and heavy seeds should be selected, which provide a yield 0.3...0.35 t/ha higher than unsorted seeds.

It is advisable to combine the selection of high-grade seeds with air-thermal heating for 3...5 days in warm weather in open areas or under a canopy. To prevent fungal diseases, buckwheat seeds are treated in advance (2...3 months before sowing) using a dry or semi-dry method, using an approved preparation. The effectiveness of etching increases significantly when the disinfectants are combined with microelements. When dusting, microfertilizers are used in the following doses: manganese (manganese sulfate) - 50...100 g/c, zinc (zinc sulfate) - 50, copper (copper sulfate) - 50...100, boric (boric acid) - 100 ...200 g/c.

2.2.4 Dates for sowing buckwheat

Sowing of buckwheat begins when the soil at a depth of 8...10 cm warms up to 10...14 °C, the danger of frost and low positive temperatures (2...4 °C) has passed, and the time of flowering and fruit formation does not coincide with period maximum temperatures. On each farm, sowing dates should be set taking into account soil, climatic and weather conditions, as well as the characteristics of the variety. The most favorable sowing time for most buckwheat growing areas is the end of May - beginning of June. In the Central Black Earth regions, the optimal sowing time is the second and third ten days of May. Delay in sowing buckwheat can significantly reduce its yield. Sowings that are too early suffer from spring frosts, and those that are late suffer from heat and drought. It is preferable to sow mid-ripening and late-ripening varieties at an earlier date, and early-ripening varieties a little later.

2.2.5 Methods for sowing buckwheat

Buckwheat is sown in the usual row (row spacing 15 cm) and wide-row (45...60 cm) methods. The effectiveness of the sowing method is influenced by numerous factors: soil fertility, particle size distribution, weed contamination, sowing time, etc.

The wide-row sowing method is more effective on more clogged and fertile soils, with more early stages sowing and growing late-ripening and mid-ripening varieties. The advantage of the wide-row method of sowing buckwheat in steppe zone in dry years. Thanks to larger area When fed with a wide-row sowing method, buckwheat plants are better provided with moisture and tolerate drought well. However, the benefits of such crops appear only with timely and careful care of the crops.

Conventional row sowing is used on light soils, when sowing early-ripening, low-branching varieties, in less clogged areas and in more later sowing, thanks to which it is possible to destroy weeds in the pre-sowing period.

2.2.6 Seeding rate and planting depth of buckwheat seeds

The seeding rate depends on the soil and climatic conditions, the timing and method of sowing, the weediness of the field and the characteristics of the variety. Lower rates are used in fertile, low-weed areas, when sowing later-ripening varieties with high-quality seeds in areas of insufficient moisture.

The optimal seeding rate under conditions of sufficient moisture on soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils with row sowing is 4.5...5.0 million viable seeds per 1 ha, wide-row - 2.5...3.0 million; on chernozem soils - 3.5...4.5 million and 2.0...2.5 million, respectively; in conditions of insufficient moisture on chernozem and chestnut soils with row sowing - 2.5...3.5 million and wide-row sowing - 1.5...2.5 million.

When sowing seeds at a shallow depth, the root system develops weaker and the seedlings are uneven. When sowing at a great depth, buckwheat has difficulty bringing the cotyledons to the surface, and the seedlings are sparse and weakened.

On wet and heavy soils, the optimal seeding depth is 4...5 cm, on cultivated structural soils - 5...6 cm. When the top layer of soil dries out, the seeding depth is increased to 6...8 cm.

2.2.7 Caring for buckwheat crops

To obtain uniform and uniform shoots in dry weather, simultaneously with or after sowing, the soil is rolled with ring-spur or ring-toothed rollers. To destroy weed seedlings and when the soil is compacted, it is advisable to carry out harrowing with light or mesh harrows, and in case of soil crust formation - with rotary harrows. This technique is carried out on seedlings in the phase of formation of the first true leaf across or diagonally to the direction of sowing in the midday hours, when the plants’ turgor decreases and the likelihood of their damage decreases.

During post-emergence harrowing, along with the destruction of weed seedlings and seedlings, some of the plants are also damaged. Harrowing before germination thins out buckwheat crops by 9%, and after germination - by 13...19%. Therefore, to avoid damage to plants, harrowing of thinned crops is not carried out.

To maintain the soil in a loose state, conserve moisture and control weeds on wide-row crops, inter-row tillage is carried out. The first treatment is carried out in the phase of the first or second true leaf to a depth of 5...6 cm; the second - in the budding phase to a depth of 8...10 cm, combining it with plant nutrition; the third inter-row treatment, if necessary, is carried out until the rows close to a depth of 6...7 cm. The number of treatments and their depth depend on the weediness of the field, soil compaction and the amount of precipitation. If there is a lack of rainfall and little weediness, two inter-row treatments are sufficient.

A good effect is obtained by light hilling of buckwheat plants during the second or third treatment, which promotes the formation of additional roots and has a positive effect on the size of the yield. In addition to agrotechnical methods of weed control, chemical weeding is used in heavily weeded fields. The herbicide is applied after sowing buckwheat 2...3 days before emergence. In dry years, it is more effective to apply it under pre-sowing cultivation using boom sprayers. During years of mass reproduction of flea beetles, meadow moths, and cutworms, crops are treated with insecticides before flowering.

2.3 Harvesting and storage of buckwheat

Due to long period ripening of buckwheat (25...35 days), the size of the harvest largely depends on the right choice timing and methods of cleaning. During the ripening period, one plant has ripe and green fruits, flowers and buds. In wet weather, ripening is extended; in dry weather, fruit formation stops. It is possible to resume the process of fruit formation if drought gives way to wet weather. The increase in grain weight stops when its moisture content decreases to 40...36%; the moisture content of the stems and leaves at this time remains high and amounts to 50...65%. The fruits ripen first in lower tier plants. Ripe fruits fall off easily.

Buckwheat is harvested separately when 67...75% of the fruits turn brown on the plants. Buckwheat mowing into windrows is carried out in the morning and evening hours at relative humidity not less than 55%. When the moisture content of the grain in the windrows decreases to 14...16% (2...4 days after mowing), threshing begins, which is carried out at a reduced drum speed (500...600 min-"). Long stay of buckwheat in the windrows is unacceptable , since overdried fruits easily fall off, which leads to large crop losses.

The storage of grain masses, both temporary and long-term, must be organized in such a way that there are no losses in mass and, especially, losses in quality.

The main way to store grain masses is to store them in bulk. The advantages of this method are the following: the area is used much more fully; there are more opportunities for mechanized movement of grain masses; pest control of grain products is facilitated; it is more convenient to organize observation according to all accepted indicators; There are no additional costs for packaging and transferring products.

In the standards for cereals, pulses and oilseeds Basic quality standards for moisture, contamination, contamination and freshness have been established. Grain that meets basic standards must be in healthy condition, have the color and smell characteristic of normal grain (without musty, malty, moldy and other foreign odors). The same contamination requirements are established for all crops. According to basic standards, pest infestation of grain stocks is not allowed.

3. Equipment selection and description technological scheme production of cereals from buckwheat grain

The buckwheat production scheme is based on two-stage separation of incoming grain. The first stage - preliminary separation - is carried out in the grain cleaning department, the second - final separation - in the hulling department.

The advantages of two-stage separation are that during final calibration, the sieves can be loaded more evenly with grain that is more uniform in size, thereby ensuring greater accuracy in the final sorting. In addition, grain, divided after preliminary sorting into 2...3 fractions, is more effectively cleaned of impurities. In this case, small (the most weedy) buckwheat can be further cleaned from difficult-to-separate impurities using vibratory-pneumatic destoners, and then puny, underdeveloped grains and light impurities can be removed from it using aspiration machines.

3.1 Grain cleaning department

Buckwheat in the grain cleaning department is cleaned by:

passing all grain through separators twice;

passing grain through a destoner once.

Small and large impurities isolated from the grain flow in separators are controlled in sieves, installed when using A1-BRU sieves.

To separate large impurities, install sieves with triangular holes (7.0 mm) and to separate small impurities, sieves with rectangular holes (2.2...2.4 x 2.0 mm).

The purified buckwheat grain isolated in sieving is winnowed in aspirators.

After cleaning, when producing fast-cooking cereals, buckwheat is subjected to hydrothermal treatment, including steaming, drying, and cooling operations. At the same time, at cereal plants with a capacity of more than 150 tons/day. The two streams of buckwheat size obtained in the grain cleaning department can be preserved at all stages of hydrothermal treatment. Steaming is carried out in steamers (Nerusha, A9-BPB or others) at a steam pressure of 0.25...0.30 MPa and a duration of 5 minutes. The difference in moisture content of grain batches sent for hydrothermal treatment should not exceed 1.5...2.0%.

The moisture content of the grain after drying should not exceed 13.5%. Cooling of dried grain is carried out to a temperature not exceeding the air temperature of the production room by 6...8 °C.

After cooling, buckwheat is winnowed in aspirators for additional separation of light impurities.

Hulling of buckwheat is preceded by the stage of sorting it into fractions. Sorting into fractions by size is carried out in two stages - preliminary and final. After preliminary sorting, three grain flows are obtained: the first - coming off sieves with a diameter of 4.2 mm; the second - removal from sieves with a diameter of 4.0 mm; the third is passing through a 4.0 mm diameter sieve and leaving a 2.2 x 20 mm sieve.

These streams, after winnowing in aspirators, are sent separately to the hulling department for final sorting into six size fractions.

The A1-BRU sieves for the final buckwheat sorting operation should be placed so that the number of lifts of the elevators is minimal, this helps reduce the crushability of the grain.

Sievers that calibrate, for example, the first fraction, are located on three floors, one below the other. On all three sieves, the output from sieves with holes with a diameter of 4.5 mm is sequentially processed. The output from the third pass sieves represents the calibrated first fraction sent for peeling.

The through products of sieves with holes with a diameter of 4.5 mm of all three passes are supplied for calibration of the second fraction. And so on for each faction.

Products obtained from sieves with triangular holes are subjected to control for the purpose of additional selection of impurities from buckwheat.

Control is carried out on sieves with triangular holes in all six fractions.

The size of the sieve openings for preliminary and final sorting should be specified depending on the grain size of the processed batches of buckwheat.

In each sorted buckwheat fraction, the content of grains of other fractions should not exceed these limits.

3.2 Hulling department

Hulling of buckwheat is carried out fractionally on roller-deck hulling machines with a roller and deck made of sandstone stone or abrasive materials.

14…15 m/s on 1 - 2 systems;

12…14 m/s on 3 - 4 systems;

10…12 m/s on 5 - 6 systems.

After the roller deck machines, the peeling products of each fraction are sifted on sieves to separate:

buckwheat with husks - coming off a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.2...0.3 mm smaller than the sieve holes that characterize the fraction;

kernels with husks - coming off a sieve with holes 1.7 x 20 mm or a diameter of 2.8 (3.0) mm and 1.6 x 20 mm or 2.5 (2.8) mm;

done with flour and husk particles - passing through a sieve with holes 1.7 x 20 mm or a diameter of 2.8 mm and 1.6 x 20 mm or a diameter of 2.8 (2.5) mm.

Buckwheat grain of each fraction, after separating the husk from it, is sent for re-hulling.

Each kernel stream is winnowed to separate the husks and sent for control.

Control of cereal grains is carried out by double sifting in sieves, sequential winnowing in aspirators and aspiration columns, and single passing through magnetic separators.

In sieving, the kernel is selected by passing sieves with triangular holes of 5.5 mm and coming off sieves with rectangular holes of 1.6...1.7 x 20 mm.

The quality of cereal can be significantly improved by carrying out additional control using an A1-BRU sieving machine, a paddy machine and a destoner. Control of cereals is carried out by sifting it twice in sieves, on sieves with holes of 1.6 x 20 mm or diameters of 2.3 mm, 2.5 mm and a metal woven wire sieve N 0.85<*>. The two streams are sent for separate winnowing in aspiration columns, after which both streams are combined and subjected to a single pass through magnetic separators.

Notes:

1. The permissible moisture content of cereals obtained from unsteamed buckwheat grains is:

a) for current consumption - no more than 15%;

b) for long-term storage and early delivery - no more than 14%.

2. The boilability of buckwheat is determined periodically, but at least once a month.

3. The size of individual particles of a metallomagnetic impurity in the largest linear dimension should not exceed 0.3 mm, and the mass of its individual particles should not exceed 0.4 mg.

4. The residual amount of pesticides in buckwheat should not exceed the maximum permissible level approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.

5. Buckwheat - a fast-cooking kernel of the first grade, used for the production of baby food, is produced from buckwheat in accordance with GOST 19093-73, grown in fields without the use of pesticides.

Figure 1 - Technological scheme for the production of buckwheat: 1, 5, 13, 19 - 1-, 2-, 3-, 4th peeling systems, respectively; 2, 10, 16, 21 - sieves; 3, 11, 17 - aspirators with a closed air cycle; 4, 12, 18 - sorting machines; b, 7, 8, 14, 15, 20, 22 - coarse separating machines

Literature

1 Kaminsky V. D., Ostapchuk N. V. Technology of hydrothermal processing of buckwheat grain using secondary heat - M.: TsNIITEI Minkhleboproduktov, 1988, p. 13 - (EI.ser.: Flour-milling-cereals industry Issue 1)

2 Egorov G. A. Hydrothermal processing of grain - M.: Kolos, 1968, p.97

3 Frolova M.V. Research and development of methods for purifying buckwheat grain from difficult-to-separate impurities Auto-abstract of the dissertation Ph.D. -- M.: 1970, p.23

4 Nurullin E.G. Buckwheat processing on a new technological basis. // Technique in agriculture. 2003. - No. 4. --WITH. 35 - 36.

5. Konstantinov M.M., Rumyantsev A.A. Method for determining the uniformity of hydrothermal processing of grain of cereal crops // News of the Orenburg State Agrarian University. 2012. No. 35. P. 79--82.

6. Shindin I.M., Bochkarev V.V. Guide to variety science of agricultural crops: textbook/PGSHA, IKARP FEB RAS. - Ussuriysk, 2002. - 266 p.;

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Two types of products are produced from buckwheat - kernel and threaded. The kernel is a cereal made from a whole kernel that does not pass through a sieve with openings of 1.6x20 mm; the kernel is made from a crushed kernel: the passage of the sieve is 1.6x20 mm and the exit of sieve No. 08.

Buckwheat products have high nutritional and biological value. In terms of protein content, they occupy one of the first places among cereal products, and in terms of the degree of balance of essential amino acids, they take first place. The fat content of buckwheat is quite high (up to 2.6%), and buckwheat lipids are rich in many biologically active substances, in particular tocopherols. In terms of tocopherol content, buckwheat lipids occupy a leading place among cereal crops. It is the high content of tocopherols, some forms of which are antioxidants, that explains the good stability of buckwheat during storage. Buckwheat contains a lot of vitamins B6, B2 and PP, as well as a number of important mineral components - iron, calcium, phosphorus.

Buckwheat grain differs from other cereal crops in its unique triangular shape. The grain is covered with coarse fruit shells (16...25% of the grain weight), whose structure resembles flower films. The kernel has thin seed coats and an aleurone layer, making up 1.5...2.0 and 4.0...5.0% of the grain weight, respectively. The buckwheat germ is large (10...15%), located inside the endosperm, has S-shape(less often another). The endosperm is mealy and very fragile. Buckwheat is practically the only one that is not subjected to grinding, which is explained by its shape, the structure of the endosperm and the location of the embryo.

Buckwheat has characteristic weeds - wild radish seeds and round vetch. Wheat is particularly difficult to isolate

Tatar buckwheat. The entire passage of the sieve with holes 0 3 mm is also considered as impurities.

Special technological characteristics of grain are its size and uniformity. These signs are very important for buckwheat due to the need to divide it into big number factions - six. Large fractions of buckwheat contain fewer fruit membranes and peel better. When peeling such grain, significantly less crushed kernel is formed than when peeling grain of small fractions

The lower yield of whole grains is explained by the fact that in grains of small fractions the difference in the sizes of hulled and unhulled grains is less significant than in large grains, i.e., the films fit the kernel more tightly. As a rule, in buckwheat grain supplied to cereal factories, the grain content of fine fractions is small, but there are many different impurities, including difficult to separate ones, especially Tatary buckwheat, wild radish and field peas.

Preparing buckwheat for processing. The process of preparing grain for processing includes the separation of impurities and hydrothermal treatment.

Purification of buckwheat from impurities. Impurities are isolated using the principles of fractional grain purification. To separate large impurities in the first and second separation systems, sieves with triangular holes with a triangle side of 7.5...7.0 mm () are used. For a more thorough selection of impurities, A1-BRU sieves or grain sorters are used. In the first sieving, impurities are isolated on sieves with triangular holes and the grain is divided into two fractions. Each of them. These fractions are additionally purified from difficult-to-separate and small impurities in sieves. The fraction containing the bulk of the mineral impurity, usually small, is cleaned in stone separating machines or on pneumatic sorting tables.

To isolate long impurities - wheat, barley, etc., oat selection machines with meshes measuring 6...7 mm are used. Control of grain waste is carried out in grain sorting rooms.

Hydrothermal treatment of buckwheat. This operation significantly increases the efficiency of grain processing. Thus, the calculated yield of cereals when processing grain of basic conditions without hydrothermal treatment is 66%, including 10% of the product. Application of gi<ц- ротермической обработки позволяет снизить выход продела до 2...3 % и повысить выход крупы первого сорта. Ее проводят по обычной схеме: пропаривание, сушка, охлаждение.

The grain is steamed in batch steamers at a steam pressure of 0.25...0.30 MPa for 5 minutes. Cooling after steaming should not exceed 20...30 minutes. Then the grain is dried in vertical steam dryers to a humidity of 13.0... 13.5% and cooled to a temperature not exceeding the temperature of the production room by 6... 8 °C. Since the initial moisture content of grain has a significant impact on the efficiency of hydrothermal treatment, as well as on the change in color of the cereal, the difference in moisture content of grain batches sent for hydrothermal treatment should not exceed 1.5... ...2.0%.

As a result of hydrothermal treatment, the grain peeling coefficient significantly increases, which allows increasing the productivity of the enterprise.

Technological operations in the peeling department. Processing of grain into cereals includes sorting grain into fractions before peeling, peeling, sorting of peeling products, control of cereals and waste.

Grain sorting before peeling. Before peeling, buckwheat grain is sorted by size into six fractions. Sorting grain into fractions is necessary for subsequent separation of the kernel from the mixture with unhulled grains. In addition to the main task of sorting, two more are solved along the way: calibration of the grain improves the peeling process, reduces the yield of crushed kernels and flour, and makes it possible to additionally isolate difficult-to-separate impurities remaining in the grain.

The separation of grain into fractions is carried out either in grain sortings A1-BKG, or in grain sortings A1-BRU. The main requirement for sorting is careful calibration of grain. A limited number of grains of other sizes are allowed in the grain of each fraction. So. In large fractions, the content of larger grains should not exceed 2%, and small ones - 6...4%. In small fractions of large grains there should be: no more than 5%, and small grains no more than 3%. Particularly undesirable: the presence of small grains. If such grains are not processed during hulling, they may sift along with the hulled grain, making it almost impossible to separate them from this mixture.

Currently, A1-BRU sieves are widely used. Their sifting surface is more than three times higher compared to grain sorters; in addition, it is possible to set optimal kinematic parameters that contribute to better sorting. Sorting in sieving is carried out in two or three stages for better calibration and isolation of mixtures.

Hulling of grain and separation of peeling products. The grains are shelled and the shelling products are sorted separately for each fraction; Thus, the technological process includes six parallel schemes for peeling and sorting of peeling products.

The grains of each fraction are shelled in roller deck machines, the working parts of which are made of natural stone (sandstone) or abrasive materials.

The use of hydrothermal treatment increases the peeling coefficient and reduces the yield of crushed kernels. Thus, the amount of crushed kernel in relation to the mass of grain supplied for peeling should not exceed 2.5% for fractions I and II in the absence of hydrothermal treatment, and 1.5% with hydrothermal treatment. Accordingly, when peeling fractions III...VI, the amount of crushed kernel should not exceed 3.5 and 2.5%.

A schematic diagram of grain processing is presented in Figure XXVII-10. Peeling and sorting of peeling products are carried out separately for each fraction, and the final products are combined for joint control.

Peeling products are separated in A1-BRU sieves, in which two groups of sieves are installed. The first group of sieves serves to separate unhulled grains. The size of the openings of these sieves depends on the size of the fractions and is usually 0.2...0.3 mm smaller than the openings of the sieves from which this fraction was obtained. So, if the fraction is obtained by collecting sieves with holes 0 4.5 mm, then to separate unhulled grains, sieves with holes 0 4.2 mm are installed. The discharge of these sieves is a mixture of unhulled grains and husks; after the husks are separated in aspirators, the unhulled grains are returned to the hulling machines.

The second group of sieves is designed to separate the product and flour. For this purpose, sieves with oblong holes measuring 1.6 (1.7) X 20 mm or round holes 0 2.8 (3.0) mm are used. The collection of these sieves is a mixture of core and husk. After the husk is isolated, the kernel is sent for control.

The schemes for peeling and sorting of peeling products of all fractions are almost the same and differ only in the size of the holes:::: sieves in sieves for isolating unhulled grains (XXVII-11).

The kernel is sent for control in two streams: in the first flood, the kernel obtained by peeling grains of fractions I...IV is combined::::, in the second - fractions V and VI. The streams also differ in the content of: impurities: the core of the second stream contains significantly more impurities than the first.

Control of the kernel is carried out by sifting it once: -:::^ in sifting or twice in grain sorting. In the process of grain control, large and difficult-to-separate impurities are separated on sieves with round and triangular holes. The size of the sieve openings is selected depending on the size of the kernel. To flow large kernels, use sieves with triangular holes with a triangle side of 6.C.. ...6.5 mm and round ones of 0 4.1...4.2 mm. For a small kernel these sizes are 5.0 and 3.4 mm, respectively. To isolate the product remaining in the kernel, sieves with oblong holes measuring 1.6 (1.7) x 20 mm are used. The kernel, freed from large impurities and particles, is winnowed in aspirators and controlled in magnetic separators.

When monitoring the process, larger particles of the kernel are isolated, which are the kernel, as well as flour and light impurities (husk). Since the large fraction of husks in the channel and small particles of the core have similar aerodynamic properties, for better separation of the husks from the channel, the latter is first divided into large and small passages on a metal woven sieve No. 1.4. Each fraction is winnowed separately in aspiration columns, which allow more precise regulation of the air flow rate in the working channels compared to machines with a closed air cycle. In addition, the amount of work is usually small and the performance of the speakers is sufficient. After winnowing, the fractions are combined.

Also, two streams control the husk. The first stream is formed from husks obtained by peeling grains of fractions I...IV. The husks are sifted in sifters or grain sorters on sieves with holes measuring 2.6X20 and 0 2 mm. The husk of the second stream, formed from peeling products of fractions V and VI, is controlled on sieves with opening sizes of 2.3X20 and 0 2.0 mm.

Output of finished products. The yield of finished products from grain of basic conditions depends on the conditions for preparing grain for processing, primarily on the presence or absence of hydrothermal treatment in the scheme. In the presence of hydrothermal treatment, the basic yield of grain-kernels increases, and the yield of product decreases (

Buckwheat is not only one of the most important grain crops, but also acts as a green manure

This is an annual plant, reaches one and a half meters in height, with large leaves and numerous small white flowers. Its root system is weak and can be easily removed from the soil. Buckwheat is one of the best honey plants. Near almost every field sown with this crop, during flowering you can find a visiting apiary. By collecting one of the most valuable varieties of honey - buckwheat - bees, in turn, increase crop yields due to good pollination of plants.
The value of buckwheat lies in its high content of iron, folic acid and potassium, as well as other useful substances. Buckwheat is grown almost throughout the entire territory of Russia, except for the northern regions. The most common varieties:

• Cheremshanka;
• Agidel;
• Demeter;
• Inzerskaya;
• Bogatyr;
• Aroma.

In addition, there are some varieties of buckwheat that are called fodder. Their purpose is food for animals and birds. Animals grown on buckwheat gain good weight and have high productivity and viability.

Areas of application of buckwheat

Growing buckwheat produces the commonly known buckwheat groats. Buckwheat is very tasty and beneficial for the human body. Its use is especially important for the elderly, pregnant and lactating women and children. High iron content helps raise hemoglobin levels in the blood. Buckwheat flour is also made from buckwheat, which in turn is used to make cookies and baby cereals. Buckwheat flour is used in folk medicine; ointments are made from it to heal wounds. Flower tincture is effective for treating the gastrointestinal tract. Fresh buckwheat leaves help fight purulent wounds. Buckwheat honey is actually a vitamin bomb; it will help cope with colds, loss of strength and vitamin deficiency.
Chemical composition of buckwheat per 100 grams:

potassium - 0.38 g;

magnesium - 0.2 g;

phosphorus - 0.3 g;

calcium - 0.02 g;

sulfur - 0.09 g;

silicon - 0.08 g.

Buckwheat also contains vitamins B and E, as well as other beneficial substances. The value of buckwheat lies primarily in the absence of cholesterol, high fiber and magnesium content, as well as low sodium content and the almost complete absence of sugars. This makes buckwheat indispensable for diseases associated with metabolic disorders, for example, diabetes, and a valuable product in dietary nutrition.
Buckwheat husks obtained during grain cleaning have also found use. It is used for stuffing pillows. Such products are characterized by hypoallergenicity and the ability to take an anatomically correct shape when used.

Preparing for sowing

Preparation for sowing buckwheat includes clearing the soil of weeds and precursors in the autumn, applying fertilizer, and plowing the soil. Any type of soil is suitable for growing buckwheat, except clayey and drained peaty soils. She also likes moderately moist soil. The best predecessors are legumes, row crops, and winter grain crops, but it is not advisable to sow buckwheat after oats and potatoes. It is impossible to fertilize the soil with manure for sowing this crop. Under the influence of high temperature, it begins to quickly decompose, promoting increased growth of vegetative organs, and this causes damage to fruiting. The best fertilizers for buckwheat are mineral fertilizers containing potassium and phosphorus.
After stubble and row-crop predecessors, the soil is plowed at a depth of 25-28 cm. Seeds intended for sowing are calibrated and treated with disinfectants against fungus and other diseases. It is very important to pay enough attention to weed control, since they are a serious enemy of buckwheat - they choke it, preventing normal growth and development. Therefore, it is advisable to harrow and treat the soil with herbicides.

Technology and timing of sowing buckwheat

Sowing of buckwheat begins in mid-May, when the soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm has reached +10-12°C. The start of sowing can also be postponed to the beginning of June if there is a risk of spring frosts, during which buckwheat can quickly die. Therefore, it would be advisable to study the climatic capabilities of the region, the results of cultivation and the volumes of harvested crops in previous years.
Sowing can be done in two ways - row and wide-row. With wide rows, the row spacing should be 45-60 cm, row spacing - 15 cm. Sowing is carried out using special seeders, to a depth of 4-6 cm; when the soil dries out, this figure increases to 6-8 cm. After sowing, the rows are covered with a small layer of soil and smooth the sown area using rollers to maintain moisture.

Sowing rates:

ordinary method - 2.5-4.5 million seeds per 1 hectare;
wide-row - 1.5-3.5 million seeds per 1 hectare.

These indicators are calculated depending on the type of soil - more seeds are sown on soils with a high level of moisture, and accordingly fewer are sown on soils with weak and insufficient moisture.
Crop care

Pre-emergence harrowing helps fight sprouted weeds that are in the white thread phase. In this case, damage to a small percentage of buckwheat crops cannot be ruled out. The first shoots begin within 5-6 days. After successful germination, it is necessary to fluff up the row spacing. The second time, fluffing is carried out in the budding phase, and at the same time fertilizing is carried out. To increase the amount of harvest, an apiary is brought into the field. The hives are placed 300-500 meters from the field. Bees pollinating buckwheat flowers perform two important missions at once - they contribute to a larger number of ovaries, and collect valuable, healthy nectar. In the absence of a sufficient level of pollination, even well-grown buckwheat can produce a rather meager harvest.
Unfortunately, buckwheat crops are often susceptible to diseases. This is due to unfavorable weather changes, improper soil cultivation, and the use of untreated seeds in sowing.
The most common diseases of buckwheat:

• mosaic;
• phyllosticosis;
• bacteriosis;
• ascochyta;
• powdery mildew, downy mildew;
• gray rot.

The way out is to sow disease-resistant hybrids, spray with special preparations before the flowering period, and control pests that are also carriers of these diseases. If there is a barely noticeable change in the structure, color of the stems or leaves of buckwheat, curling, or drying out, it is necessary to take action, since these diseases very quickly affect other, healthy plants.
Insects damaging buckwheat crops:

• buckwheat leaf beetle;
• flea beetle, psyllid;
• fingerwing;
• Chafer;
• stem nematode;
• cabbage scoop;
• six-spotted leafhopper;
• mowing fire.

The list of harmful insects that love to feast on succulent young plants is huge, and often a large amount of the harvest is lost precisely because of them. With insufficient attention from agro-industrial enterprises, crop losses reach more than 40%. To prevent this, you need to carefully plow the soil, avoid stagnant moisture and rotting, and choose the right location for buckwheat. But if such a nuisance occurs, you cannot do without the use of special drugs.

Harvesting and storage

Buckwheat harvesting begins at the stage of browning of kernels from 65 to 75%, and seed moisture content of 55%. This process must be carried out as quickly as possible, on dry days, since the dried stalk of buckwheat is no longer able to hold the grain, and it crumbles. Mowing is carried out in windrows at reduced speeds of the reeling equipment, in the morning. After 2-4 days, they begin to thresh the grain.
After all these processes are completed, preparation for storage begins. The collected grain is dried to 15% humidity. Then the grain is winnowed to sift out husks and small debris and calibrated using special devices.
There are strict requirements for buckwheat grain storage. This grain crop deteriorates very quickly under improper storage conditions, changes its taste, becoming bitter and unpleasantly smelling. The air temperature required in the storage room is 10-15°C, humidity is 60-70%. Buckwheat is stored in textile containers. In this case, the room must be well ventilated to avoid rotting; there must be spaces between the bags. If you store buckwheat for more than a year, it begins to lose its beneficial and tasteful qualities. Therefore, agricultural enterprises try to sell their products before the expiration of this period.

Processing technology

At the moment, there are several methods for processing buckwheat grain into buckwheat groats. Regardless of the technology chosen, the grain goes through successive stages of purification from impurities and debris. Further, traditionally, the grain, cleaned and calibrated using a series of sieves, is sent for steam treatment under pressure. The result is the most familiar kernel cereal, which has a color from beige to brown.
At the moment, the so-called “green buckwheat” is becoming increasingly popular, appearing on the shelves of our stores. In essence, this is the same grain, but during processing it is not subjected to thermal influences. It is believed that green buckwheat contains more vitamins and nutrients, precisely because it is not exposed to high temperatures during cleaning.
The question is, of course, controversial, since hardly anyone will eat buckwheat in its raw form, and during the cooking process it will still have to be subjected to quite a long heat treatment.

The invention concerns the processing of cereal grains into cereals and can be used in the production of buckwheat. Grain processing is carried out without dividing into fractions and after hydrothermal treatment during refrigeration, the grain is dried to a moisture content of 15.5-18%. Peeling is carried out with a centrifugal huller at a speed of grain collision with a stationary barrier of 55-58 m/s. After separating the cereal from the middling product, it is dried to a storage humidity of 13%. The invention makes it possible to improve the technological process and reduce energy consumption for heat treatment. 1 ill.

The invention concerns the processing of cereal grains into cereals and can be used in the production of buckwheat. There is a known method for producing cereals (see A.S. USSR N 652964, B 02 B 1/00), including purification of grain from impurities, preliminary and final sorting into fractions, fractional peeling, sieve separation and separation of cereals from unhulled grain, the direction of the latter for repeated peeling, aspiration separation of cereals and grain removal. Moreover, by aspiration separation, the cereal is subjected to stratification into light and heavy fractions, from the latter the kernel is sorted for removal, and the rest of the heavy and light fractions are separated according to elastic and fractional properties to isolate the rest of the kernel. The disadvantage of the known technical solution is the complexity of the processing process. There is a known method for processing buckwheat grain into cereal (see A.S. USSR N 852343, B 02 B 1/00), including cleaning it from impurities, hydrothermal treatment, drying and cooling of the grain. Moreover, before hydrothermal treatment, the grain is heated by passing an air stream at a temperature of 73-85 o C for 12-18 minutes through a layer of grain, and hydrothermal treatment of the grain is carried out with saturated steam at a pressure of 0.2-0.3 MPa for 2. 8 - 4 min. The disadvantage of the known technical solution is the complexity of the processing process. The closest in technical essence is the method of producing buckwheat (see A.S. USSR N 543405, B 02 B 1/00, including cleaning and peeling of grain unsorted by size into fractions, separation on cellular sorting tables after preliminary removal of the shell, flour and crushed grains, and to improve the quality and grade of cereals, sequential multiple peeling of grain unsorted by size is carried out, and in the area next after peeling, the upper yields obtained after sorting the grain fall, and the extraction of cereals is carried out sequentially in several stages by sorting the enriched mixture obtained from the lower collections after grain separation, while the upper collection obtained after sorting is sent for control, and the lower collection of the last stage is sent to the first sorting zone for separation of cereals. The disadvantage of the known technical solution is the complexity of the technological process and the high energy consumption for processing. The objective of the invention is to simplify the technological process and reducing energy costs for processing. The stated technical problem is solved as follows. A method for processing buckwheat grain into cereal, including purifying it from impurities, hydrothermal treatment, dampening and drying the grain, peeling, separating the cereal, and to solve the technical problem, grain processing is carried out without dividing into fractions and after hydrothermal treatment during chilling, the grain is dried to 15, 5-18%, and peeling is carried out by centrifugal peeling at a collision speed with a stationary obstacle of 55-58 m/s. This technical solution ensures grain peeling without the use of sanding wheels, the use of which contaminates the product with sanding dust. In addition, when processing buckwheat, there is an increased consumption of sanding wheels, which increases the cost of producing buckwheat. The use of centrifugal peeling allows grain to be processed without dividing into fractions by size, which greatly simplifies the process of grain processing and reduces the amount of equipment in the production line. In order to ensure the process of centrifugal peeling, a certain speed of collision of the grain with a stationary barrier is necessary. The conducted research established: for a rational grain moisture content of 15.5-18%, the impact speed should be in the range of 55-58 m/s, while achieving a rational degree of peeling and minimal injury to buckwheat grains. When separating cereals from industrial products, they are dried to a storage humidity of 13%. This technical solution ensures, at minimal cost, the drying of cereals to a moisture level that ensures the safety of the product and taste. At the same time, all outputs of the peeling process are not subjected to the drying process, which reduces energy consumption for the production of buckwheat. An example of the method of processing buckwheat grain into cereal is shown in the schematic diagram (see drawing). The production line includes a receiving hopper 1 for receiving raw materials, a first transport 2 for feeding raw materials into a hopper 3 above a seed cleaning machine 4 with a trier 5. The cleaned grain is fed by a second conveyor 6 into the hopper 7 of the hydrothermal treatment department, where units 8 and 9 are installed for steaming buckwheat After steaming, the grain is subjected to dehulling and drying in a dehumidifier 10. The deferred grain is fed by the third conveyor 11 into a centrifugal huller 12. After peeling, the middling product is fed into a seed cleaning machine 13, where the husks are separated from the grain kernel. The grain kernels - cereals are fed by the fourth conveyor 14 into the cereal hopper 15, then onto the vertical dryers 16 and 17, and the finished cereal is packaged using a cereal packaging installation 18. The waste from the seed cleaning machine 13 is sent through a material pipeline 19 to the unloader cyclone 20, where the husk is separated and discharged through hopper 21. In the battery cyclone 22, flour is separated and discharged through hopper 24. For dust separation, the production line is equipped with a fan 25, which has a pipeline 26 with equipment dust separation. An example of a method for processing buckwheat grain into cereal. Raw buckwheat grain enters the receiving hopper 1 and is loaded into the hopper 3 by the first conveyor 2. A seed cleaning machine 4 with a trier 5 cleans the grain from dust, soil, weed seeds and stone using known technological operations. The cleaned grain is fed by the second conveyor 6 into the hopper 7 into the hydrothermal treatment department, where two units 8 and 9 are installed for steaming buckwheat. Steaming buckwheat is carried out with water vapor using well-known technological methods. And to save steam, two units 8 and 9 are used and steaming is carried out in two stages. For example, steam from unit 8, after treatment for a certain time (using hydrothermal treatment technology), is passed into unit 9, using the remaining heat for primary heating of the grain in unit 9. Then the grain in unit 9 is subjected to final treatment with fresh steam (also using the developed heat treatment technology). After processing the grain in unit 9, the spent primary steam is supplied to unit 8, by this time filled with a new portion of grain. The grain processed in two stages is released from unit 9 into the defogger 10. Unit 9 is loaded with a new portion of grain, and the double cycle of hydrothermal treatment is repeated. The above processes are known and are carried out using known technical methods. Further processing of buckwheat grain is carried out using the technology proposed by the technical solution to the problem. When refrigerating the grain, it is dried to a moisture content of 15.5-18%. Humidity limits are determined experimentally. It has been established that when the grain moisture content is more than 18%, there is a large yield of unhulled grain, while at the same time, when the grain moisture content is less than 15.5%, an increased yield of crushed grain is observed. The dried grain is sent to a centrifugal huller, where the grain is accelerated by rotating disks to a speed of 55-58 m/s and directed into a stationary steel barrier. When the shells collide, the grains having the above-mentioned moisture content are destroyed and are separated upon further movement through the channels. The use of a centrifugal huller allows grain to be peeled without dividing into fractions, which simplifies the process of grain processing. The middling product obtained after peeling is fed into the seed cleaning machine 13, where the husk is separated from the grain kernel. The fourth conveyor 14 feeds the grain into the grain hopper 15, and then onto the vertical dryers 16 and 17. The dried grain to the standard content of 13% (necessary for storage) is packaged with a grain packaging unit 18. The waste from the seed cleaning machine 13 is sent through a material pipeline 19 to a cyclone unloader 20, where the husk is separated, which is discharged through the hopper 21. In the battery cyclone 22, the flour is separated, which is discharged through the hopper 24, and the resulting waste after the seed cleaning machine is not dried, which reduces energy costs for the production of cereals.

Claim

A method for processing buckwheat grain into cereal, including cleaning it from impurities, hydrothermal treatment, dampening and drying of the grain, peeling, separating the cereal, characterized in that the grain is processed without dividing into fractions and after hydrothermal treatment during dampening, the grain is dried to a moisture content of 15.5 - 18%, and peeling is carried out with a centrifugal huller at a speed of grain collision with a stationary barrier of 55 - 58 m/s and after separating the cereal from the industrial product, it is dried to a storage humidity of 13%.