Sigmund Freud was born in the small town of Freiberg, which at that time was under the control of Austria. His parents come from Jewish roots. Father - Jacob Freud - was involved in the textile industry, mother - Amalia Nathanson - was directly involved in family business. Amalia, who was half Jacob's age, became his second wife. In his first marriage, Freud Sr. had two boys - Sigmund's paternal half-brothers - Emmanuel and Philip. It was the latter that the boy really missed when, due to the failure of his father’s small business, he and his family had to leave hometown first to Leipzig, and then to Vienna, where they settled in long years. Having settled in a poor area inhabited by not the most decent citizens, the Freud family experienced many difficulties. However, soon, the father’s affairs began to improve, and the family moved to a more or less decent neighborhood. Around this time, Sigmund Freud discovered literature - the boy simply fell in love with reading.
Education
Initially, his mother and father were involved in his son’s education, which, coupled with the boy’s good abilities, gave the result - Sigmund was enrolled in a specialized gymnasium a year earlier than the required age - at nine years old. The parents, especially the father, had great hopes for the boy, and at the same time tried in every possible way to create the necessary conditions for its development. This position turned out to be effective - at the age of 17, young Sigmund Freud brought home his graduation diploma. educational institution Honours. Freud's next place of study was the University of Vienna, where he entered the medical faculty in 1873. However, before deciding on his specialization, Freud spent more than one hour in thought, now and then, weighing the pros and cons of such areas as law, industry and commerce.
The decisive moment was listening to Goethe’s lecture - it was then that Freud finally decided on his field of activity. However, the always interested and incredibly active guy learned about medicine without much passion. While studying anatomy, chemistry and other specialized sciences, Freud received the greatest pleasure from listening to lectures by the famous physiologist and psychologist Ernst von Brücke. Attending the classes of the equally famous zoologist Karl Klaus also opened up good prospects for the guy. Working under the guidance of Klaus, Freud wrote several serious scientific works, carried out the first research work at the Institute of Zoological Research in Trieste and became a scholarship holder twice (1875 and 1876) from the same institution.
Freud planned to continue academic work However, a lack of funds forced the great scientist to move from theory to practice. So he worked for several years under the supervision of leading therapists, and after that he even applied to open personal account neuropathology. In 1885, after studying documents and evidence, as well as Freud's recommendations, he was given the green light.
Freud and cocaine
In Freud's biography, already controversial, there is a separate point that, until a certain point, they even tried to hide. Such a point is the study of cocaine, and not even the study itself, but the scientist’s incredible passion for it, as well as the regular introduction of friends and acquaintances to taking this drug.
In 1884, after reading the work of a military doctor about the use of the innovative drug cocaine, Freud decided to conduct the experiment directly on himself. Increased endurance, decreased fatigue - the facts stated by the German tester were fully experienced by Freud. He was so impressed by the effect that literally in the same year he released a work praising its incredible properties, it was simply called “About Coke.” In addition to the fact that Freud himself became addicted to a harmful substance, he unconditionally recommended it to everyone - both acquaintances and complete strangers, through the release of new scientific works.
The scientist was not embarrassed by the fact that news about the terrible consequences of taking cocaine came more and more often - he continued to study the drug as an anesthetic. Freud wrote extensively on this topic. scientific work, published in the Central Journal general therapy”, and later even gave a lecture in which he openly called for the use of cocaine for subcutaneous injections. Freud's "cocaine epic" continued until 1887 - it was then that the myth about him was destroyed once and for all. healing properties and the harmfulness is recognized. So, trying to create a breakthrough in medicine, Freud, without realizing it, not only became addicted to drugs, but also got hooked on the drug great amount of people.
Freud and psychoanalysis
In 18885, Freud got an internship with one of the most influential and respected professors of psychiatry, Jean Charcot. The opportunity to observe the work of an outstanding doctor allowed Freud to master hypnosis, with the help of which he learned to alleviate many diseases diagnosed in patients. Gradually developing and comprehending all the intricacies of science, Freud began to use the “Method of Free Associations” - a method in which the patient is not put into hypnosis, but, on the contrary, is given the opportunity to speak out. This helped the patient to ease his mind, and the doctor, in turn, to create a certain picture from individual phrases, words and gestures. Soon Freud abandoned hypnosis altogether, preferring treatment in pure consciousness. According to Freud, the causes of psychosis in any of its manifestations are hidden in human memories, and his theory, which states that most psychoses are based on the Oedipus complex and infantile childhood sexuality, has caused a lot of controversy and controversy. Some unconditionally saw the truth in the scientist’s judgments, others said that Freud himself was a victim of psychosis.
Its biggest and important work Freud devoted about two years to the book “The Interpretation of Dreams” (1897-1899). However, the publication of such an important book for the scientist was not marked by either a sensation or interest in professional circles. The book aroused absolutely no interest. Subsequently, the significance of the work was nevertheless recognized by leading psychoanalysts and psychiatrists, and Freud himself was repeatedly invited as a lecturer at the best universities in the USA and Germany.
Freud's success was overshadowed by a split in the ranks of students and followers of his teaching. Thus, having lost what he thought were the closest people and associates from his circle due to disagreements, Freud decided to keep around only those who absolutely and unconditionally agreed with his theory.
Personal life
The wife of the great scientist was a girl who also had Jewish roots - Martha Bernays. Having met future wife in 1882, and communicating most often through letters, the couple got married a few years later. The Freud couple had six children in their marriage, and after the birth of their youngest daughter, Anna, Freud completely renounced sex life. By the way, Anna, who was her father’s favorite, was the only one who continued his work - she founded the foundation of child psychoanalysis and a huge amount of work in this direction.
Anna was next to her father until the last - right up to the very moment when the deadly drug morphine was injected into the vein of the great scientist. Sigmund Freud, who was diagnosed with cancer, after a lot of unsuccessful treatment attempts, asked his friend, Dr. Max Schur, to help him die. The daughter, who was initially opposed to her father’s decision, seeing his constant torment, nevertheless gave the go-ahead. So. The scientist died on September 23, 1939, closer to three o'clock in the morning.
If it were not for Martha, the wife of the famous Sigmund Freud, there would, in essence, not have been the pioneer of psychoanalysis. Without her revelations, the popular opinion would continue to exist: that Freud, who explained the most secret passions of people, was himself an impassive person. Alas!
And biographers established this. It was they who brought, or rather, began to bring Martha, who had lived with Sigmund for more than half a century, out of the shadows. While living with him, she tried not to be exposed, believing that she was the most best wife- one that people talk about very little. Scientists led by Katya Berchling-Fischer turned up family archives Freud, found hundreds of letters written to Sigmund Martha. According to the prestigious Polish magazine Przekruj, it will take at least five years to process the collected materials, only after which we can count on the appearance of fundamental work. In the meantime, Katya Berchling-Fischer has released only fragments, but they are enough to present an extraordinary woman who inspired Freud both in intimate matters and in scientific research.
Marriage against Emilia's wishes
When Sigmund first saw 20-year-old Martha Bernaus, he was struck by thunder. And she, charming, energetic, educated, fell in love with him at first sight. Timid, unsure of himself, Sigmund did not at all look like a conqueror of hearts. He admitted that when he was a teenager, he was impressed by a certain Gisela, but that passion was, alas, unrequited. I regretted that my experience with women in my youth was limited.
Soon Martha and Sigmund became engaged, but did it in secret. And not without reason: the daughter of the chief rabbi of Hamburg, Emilia, Martha’s mother, opposed the marriage with Sigmund, the son of a Jewish merchant, who had neither property, nor a good position, nor a solid position in the community, but atheism was overflowing. But the daughter rejected the arguments of her Hassidic mother, and she made a strong-willed decision to move with the children from Vienna to Hamburg. Did not help. Martha found the outcome of her passion in letters - two or three daily. Freud answered just as often. “My beloved girl,” he wrote, “you are pure happiness for me. Without you, I have no desire to live. Only for you would I like to get a piece of the world, so that we can rejoice in it together.” “My beloved,” Martha answered passionately, “I couldn’t sleep with you half the night... I want to be what you want me to be. Just love me a little more passionately.”
The letters indicate that Martha was deeply involved in emotional and Professional Development Freud. He, on the contrary, used her like a guinea pig, for example, in his experiments with cocaine, then a poorly understood substance. Having discovered that cocaine gave him enthusiasm and courage, Freud sent his betrothed several doses. However, Martha replied that she did not need cocaine, but nevertheless she tried it and really experienced a pleasant sensation. Freud admitted that cocaine could be used as a painkiller. I even wrote an article on this topic, but the desire to be with Martha did not allow me to continue research with this substance. If it were not for Martha, Freud might have remained in medicine and would never have taken up psychoanalysis.
After three years of separation, Freud invited Martha to start a family and move to Vienna with him. His lover agreed to do this, which prompted Freud to make serious self-sacrifice: he neglected his university career and opened a neurological office. Four years after their first meeting, they got married. The ceremony was modest. Freud agreed to a Jewish wedding, but then, during the marriage, religion had no right of access to their home.
In the first eight years of their marriage, Martha gave birth to six children. She was a wonderful mother and mistress of the house, in which she reigned supreme. Freud did not oppose this, although there were some eccentricities that Martha had to endure. Over the years, he became more and more attached to the dogs that were given to him by his patients and fans. Martha reluctantly put up with the presence of animals in the house.
Did Freud cheat on his wife?
It is very curious that Freud never spoke publicly about sexual relations with his wife. Only in a book about dreams in a dream did he mention Martha: “I wouldn’t want to have her as a patient...” However, the reason for keeping his own intimate life silent could be much more banal. Most their married life it simply cannot be called such. After the birth of his sixth child, Freud stopped sleeping with his wife, fearing another pregnancy. In a letter to his friend biologist Wilhelm Fless, he wrote after 1895: “You know how limited my pleasures are. I can’t smoke decent tobacco, alcohol means nothing to me. I’m done with having children, I’ve cut off contacts with people. That’s it - innocent and I'm vegetating..."
The problems of his wife's unusual fertility contributed to Freud's active support of the work of Fless, who dealt with the issues of male and female biological cycles. He hoped that his biologist friend would eventually develop safe method protection in sexual relations. One of the biographers even noted: if Freud had continued to act in this direction, he would have become not so much the creator of psychoanalysis as the inventor of the best condom.
Many of Freud's contemporaries, having heard enough gossip, were disappointed with the life of the father of libido. The French poetess, Countess Anne de Noans, having known Freud, did not hide her regret: “How could such a man write so many sexy books? What a terrible man! I am sure that he never cheated on his wife. This is simply abnormal. This is a scandal.”
However, not all biographers share the countess's point of view. Some suspect that Freud cohabited with Minna, Martha's sister. After the birth of her sixth child, Minna moved to the Freuds; there were years when Sigmund traveled with her more often than with his wife. Minna was "a gifted woman with a wild, passionate nature". True, Freud himself considered her intelligent, but with masculine character. Such persons, including patients, attracted him very much, although he took a woman who was the complete opposite as his wife.
The candle was lit on Friday
One day, Martha learned that her 67-year-old husband was hospitalized. Freud, having discovered some kind of mole on his lip, decided to have an operation without warning his family about it. Thus began his long battle with cancer. After Hitler came to power, Freud's books were burned, but this happened far away - in the capital of the "Third Reich". The situation changed after Austria was occupied by Germany. The 82-year-old Freud's family emigrated to London with Minna, where she could once again float in Freudian glory. However, the disease progressed. In September 1939, one of the dogs turned away from Freud: his breath was so bad. And then Freud decided to commit suicide. I turned to my doctor for help, who gave the injection. He died on September 23, 1939, surrounded by his family.
On the first Friday after the death of her husband, Martha lit a candle. She did not do this for more than half a century, living with the atheist Sigmund.
After World War II, Martha helped biographers, researched family tree your spouse. She left this world on November 2, 1951 at the age of 90. Her body was cremated and her ashes were placed in a Freudian urn. Funeral procession accompanied by a rabbi. Youngest daughter Anna believed that this was what her mother would have wanted.
One of the incredible and very talented people, whose creations still do not leave any scientist indifferent, is Sigmund Freud (whose years of life and death are 1856-1939). All his works are in the public domain and are used in the treatment of most people.
The biography of Sigmund Freud is rich in many events and incidents. Briefly about the main thing you can learn from this article.
Psychoanalyst, neurologist, psychologist - all this is about him. He managed to reveal many of the secrets of our invisible consciousness, get to the truth of human fears and instincts, understand the secrets of our ego and leave behind an incredible store of knowledge.
Sigmund Freud: date of birth and death
The famous scientist was born on May 6, 1856, and died on September 23, 1939. Place of birth - Freiberg (Austria). Full name- Sigmund Shlomo Freud. Lived to be 83 years old.
Freud Sigmund lived the first years of his life with his family in the city of Freiberg. His father (Jakob Freud) was an ordinary wool seller. The boy loved him very much, as well as his own stepbrothers and sisters.
Jacob Freud had a second wife - Amalia, Sigmund's mother. There is very interesting fact that Freud’s maternal grandmother was from Odessa.
Until the age of sixteen, Sigmund’s mother lived with her family in Odessa. Soon they moved to live in Vienna, where the mother met the father of the future talented psychologist. Since she was almost half the age of Jacob, and his older sons were her age, people started a rumor that one of them was having an affair with his young stepmother.
Little Sigmund had his own brothers and sister.
Childhood period
Freud's childhood was quite difficult, since it was precisely because of the events experienced during that period that the young psychologist was able to draw interesting conclusions related to childhood in general and youth problems in particular.
So, Shlomo lost his brother Julius, after which he felt shame and repentance. After all, he did not always show warm feelings towards him. It seemed to Freud that his brother was taking a lot of time from his parents, and therefore they did not have enough strength for their other children. After this, the future psychoanalyst made two verdicts:
- All the children in the family consider each other special rivals, without realizing it. They often wish the worst for each other.
- Regardless of how the family positions itself (friendly or unfavorable), if a child feels guilty about something, he develops various nervous diseases.
The biography of Sigmund Freud was predicted by his mother even before his birth. One of the fortune tellers once told her that her first child would be very famous and smart, would be distinguished by a special mindset and erudition, and in a few years the whole world would know about him. This made Amalia too sensitive to Sigmund.
In his first years of life, Freud was indeed different from other children. He began to speak and read early, and went to school a year earlier than other children. He had no problems with speech. Freud knew how to express his point of view well. It is incredible that such a great man could not stand up for himself, and was even bullied by his peers. Despite this, Freud graduated from high school with flying colors. Then it's time to think about the future.
The early years of the life of Sigmund Freud
As a Jew, he could become a doctor, a salesman (like his father), take up a craft, or take the side of law and order. However, his father’s work seemed uninteresting to him, and the craft did not inspire the future great psychiatrist. He could have become a good lawyer, but nature took its toll, and the young man took up medicine. In 1873, Sigmund Freud entered the university.
Personal life and family of a scientist
Professional biography and the personal life of Sigmund Freud are closely intertwined. It seems that it was love that pushed him to magnificent discoveries.
Medicine came easily to him, with the help of various diagnostic conclusions he came to psychoanalysis and made his own conclusions, made small observations and constantly wrote them down in his notebook. Sigmund knew that he could become a private doctor, and this would give him good earnings. And he needed it for one big reason - Martha Bernays.
Sigmund first saw her when Martha came to his sister's house. Then the heart of the young scientist caught fire. He was not afraid to be frank and knew how to behave with the opposite sex. Freud's beloved received a gift from him every evening - a red rose, as well as a proposal for a meeting. This is how they spent their time secretly, because Martha’s family was very rich, and her parents would not allow an ordinary Jew to marry their daughter. After the second month of meetings, Shlomo confessed his love to Martha and proposed marriage. Despite the fact that her response was reciprocal, Martha’s mother took her out of town.
Young Shlomo decided not to give up and fight for marriage with the young beauty. And he achieved this after entering private practice. They lived together for more than 50 years and raised six children.
Freud's practice and innovations
The chosen profession enriched him financially and morally. The young doctor was going to help people; in order to do this, he had to try out the established techniques on himself. Knowing some of the techniques that he became familiar with in the hospitals where he trained, Freud put them into practice based on the patient's problems. For example, hypnosis was used to penetrate the patient's old memories and help him find the problem that was tearing his flesh apart. Baths or massage showers were practiced to treat nervous aggravations. One day, S. Freud came across research on the benefits of cocaine, which did not gain wide popularity at that time. And he immediately tried the technique.
Freud was sure that this substance did more good than harm. He spoke about the connection of thought and body, that after experiencing bliss, all stress evaporates and goes away. He began to recommend this method of using cocaine to other people, after which he really regretted it.
It turned out that such methods are completely contraindicated for people suffering from acute mental neuroses. Most indicators deteriorated after the first use, and it was almost impossible to restore them. And for Freud this meant only one thing - to look for the cause of all diseases in the human subconscious. And then the psychoanalyst did the following: he divided parts of life into separate fragments, looked for a problem in them and came up with his own hypothesis of the disease. To better understand his own patients, he came up with this method. This method was used in this way: the psychologist named certain words that could somehow influence the patient’s psyche, and in response he named other words that first came to his mind. As Freud argued, in this way he directly explored the psyche. All that remained was to correctly interpret the answers.
This new approach to psychoanalysis amazed thousands of people who came to his sessions. The recordings were made years in advance. This was the beginning for the development of their own theories.
The book “A Study of Hysteria” in 1985 brought even more fame to the scientist, in it he identified three components of the structure of our consciousness: id, ego and superego.
- Id is a psychological component, unconscious (instinct).
- Ego is a person's own motives.
- Superego - norms and rules of society.
The entire book describes these factors in interrelation. To understand this process, you need to understand the relationship of each of them to the person as a whole. It seems too complicated and abstruse scientific development, however, Freud easily explains it in simple example. The first factor may be the student’s feeling of hunger in class, the second may be appropriate actions, and the third may be the awareness that these actions will be wrong. From this it follows that the human ego regulates the process between the id and the superego. Thus, the student will not eat during class. Knowing that this is not accepted, he will be able to restrain himself. Then it turns out that people who do not regulate the ego process have various mental disorders.
Developing this idea, the scientist derived the following personality models:
- Unconscious.
- Preconscious.
- Conscious.
In 1902, a community of psychoanalysts was founded, which included famous scientists such as Otto Rank, Sandor Ferenczi, and others. Freud took an active position in this cell. Periodically wrote his works. Thus, he presented the work “Psychopathology of Everyday Life” to the public for the first time, which attracted a lot of people’s attention.
In 1905, S. Freud released his practice entitled: “Three Studies on the Theory of Sexuality,” where he explains the relationship between sexual problems in adulthood and early psychological trauma in childhood. Society did not like such work, and the author was instantly bombarded with humiliating insults. However, there was no end to the patients. It was Freud who introduced normality into the concept of sex. life circumstances. He discusses sex issues in a normal everyday context. The scientist explains this by a simple natural instinct that awakens in absolutely everyone. Dreams are also interpreted in order of sexual characteristics.
Based on this teaching, the professor invented a new concept - the Oedipus complex. It is closely connected with the child’s childhood and unconscious attraction to one of the parents. Freud gave his parents guidelines for raising children, so that adult life they did not have any sexual problems.
Other methods of Z. Freud
Freud later develops a method for analyzing dreams. It is with the help of them, as he argued, that the human problem can be solved. People dream dreams on purpose, in this way consciousness transmits a signal and helps to find a way out of the current situation, but people, as a rule, do not know how to do this on their own. Sigmund Freud began to receive patients and interpret their dreams; he listened to the most intimate secrets of his acquaintances and complete strangers, increasingly realizing that all difficulties were related to childhood or sexual life.
Such premises were again not liked by the community of psychoanalysts, but Freud began to develop the doctrine further.
Turning years
The years 1914-1919 were a big shock for the scientist; as a result of the First World War, he lost all his money and, most importantly, his daughter. Two more of his sons were on the front line at that time; he was in constant torment, worrying about their lives.
These sensations served to create new theory- death instinct.
Sigmund had hundreds of chances to become rich again, he was even offered to become a participant in the film, but the scientist refused. And in 1930 he was awarded a prize for his enormous contribution to psychiatry. This event once again elevated Freud, and three years later he began giving lectures on the topics of love, death and sexuality.
Old patients and strangers began to come to his performances. People asked Freud to hold private receptions for them, promising to pay huge sums of money.
Now Freud becomes a famous neurologist and psychiatrist, colleagues begin to use his works, refer to his methods and even request the right to use them in their own sessions.
For Freud it was best years his life.
Sigmund Freud and his publications
Many terms that psychologists now use in professional speech or simply study in lectures are interpreted by S. Freud himself based on his hypotheses. The institutes have a course of lectures that briefly describes the biography of Sigmund Freud and his main works.
There are dream books according to Z. Freud, as well as books for everyday reading:
- "I and It";
- "The Spell of Virginity";
- "Psychology of sexuality";
- "Introduction to Psychoanalysis";
- "Reservations";
- "Letters to the Bride."
These books are easy to understand ordinary people, little familiar with psychological terms.
The last days of the great scientist
The scientist spent the best years of his life in constant search and work. Freud's death shocked many. The man suffered from pain in the throat and mouth. A tumor was later found, for which he underwent dozens of operations, losing a pleasant appearance of your face. Over the years of his life, S. Freud managed to make important contributions to many areas of human life. It would seem that with a little more time, he would have created much more.
But, unfortunately, the disease took its toll. The man made an agreement in advance with his attending physician, and when he no longer wanted to endure it, and there was no need to force all his relatives to watch this, S. Freud turned to him and said goodbye to this world. After the injection, he calmly fell into an eternal sleep.
Conclusion
In general, the years of Freud's life were interesting and fruitful. The author of so many scientific articles, theories, books and techniques did not live the most modest life. The biography of Sigmund Freud is full of ups, downs and exciting stories. He was able to look beyond human consciousness. Freud achieved a lot in life, despite the fact that he was silent and unable to fight back against his peers. Or maybe it was precisely his isolation that was able to direct his energy in the right direction.
After the death of the scientist, like-minded people and those who mastered his practices were found. They began to sell their services. Today, Freud's research is still relevant and studied, many make huge money from it. Sigmund Freud (years of life and death of the scientist - 1856-1939) made an invaluable contribution to the development of psychology and neurology.
In the fall of 1885, having received a scholarship, Freud went on an internship with the famous psychiatrist Charcot. Freud is fascinated by Charcot's personality, but the young doctor is even more impressed by his experiments with hypnosis. Then, at the Salpetriere clinic, Freud encounters patients with hysteria and thus amazing fact that severe bodily symptoms, such as paralysis, are relieved by the mere words of the hypnotist. At this moment, Freud first realized that consciousness and the psyche are not identical, that there is a significant area of mental life about which the person himself has no idea. Freud's long-standing dream - to find an answer to the question of how a person became what he became, is beginning to take on the contours of a future discovery.
Returning to Vienna, Freud gives a speech to the Medical Society and faces complete rejection from his colleagues. The scientific community rejects his ideas, and he is forced to look for his own path to their development. In 1877, Freud met the famous Viennese psychotherapist Joseph Breuer, and in 1895 they wrote the book “Studies in Hysteria.” Unlike Breuer, who presents in this book his cathartic method of releasing the affect associated with the trauma, Freud insists on the importance of remembering the event itself that caused the trauma.
Freud listens to his patients, believing that the causes of their suffering are known not to him, but to themselves. Known in such a strange way that they are stored in memory, but patients do not have access to them. Freud listens to patients' stories about how they were seduced as children. In the fall of 1897, he understands that in reality these events might not have happened, that for mental reality there is no difference between memory and fantasy. What is important is not to find out what happened “in reality”, but to analyze how this mental reality itself is structured - the reality of memories, desires and fantasies. How is it possible to know anything about this reality? Allowing the patient to say whatever comes to mind, allowing his thoughts to flow freely. Freud invents the method of free association. If the course of movement is not imposed on thoughts from the outside, then their own logic is revealed in unexpected associative connections, transitions from topic to topic, sudden memories. Saying whatever comes to mind is the basic rule of psychoanalysis.
Freud is uncompromising. He refuses hypnosis because it is aimed at relieving symptoms, and not at eliminating the causes of the disorder. He sacrifices his friendship with Joseph Breuer, who did not share his views on the sexual etiology of hysteria. When Freud spoke about childhood sexuality at the end of the 19th century, Puritan society turned away from him. He will be separated from the scientific and medical community for almost 10 years. It was a difficult period of life and, nevertheless, very productive. In the fall of 1897, Freud began self-analysis. Lacking his own analyst, he resorts to correspondence with his friend Wilhelm Fliess. In one of his letters, Freud will say that he discovered in himself many unconscious thoughts that he had previously encountered in his patients. Later, this discovery will allow him to question the very difference between mental norm and pathology.
The psychoanalytic process of self-knowledge of the subject reveals the importance of the presence of the other. The psychoanalyst participates in the process not as an ordinary interlocutor and not as one who knows something about the subject being analyzed that he himself does not know. A psychoanalyst is one who listens in a special way, catching in the patient’s speech what he says but does not hear himself. In addition, the analyst is the one to whom the transfer is made, the one in relation to whom the patient reproduces his attitude towards other people who are significant to him. Freud gradually understands the importance of transference for psychoanalytic treatment. Gradually it becomes clear to him that the two most important elements of psychoanalysis are transference and free association.
Then Freud began writing The Interpretation of Dreams. He understands: dream interpretation is the royal path to understanding the unconscious. In this one phrase one can read all of Freud’s caution towards words. First, interpretation, not interpretation. This makes psychoanalysis similar to astrology, the interpretation of ancient texts, and the work of an archaeologist interpreting hieroglyphs. Secondly, the path. Psychoanalysis is not a symptom-relieving practice, which is what hypnosis is. Psychoanalysis is the subject's path to his own truth, his unconscious desire. This desire is not located in the hidden content of the dream, but is located between the obvious and the hidden, in the very form of transforming one into the other. Thirdly, this is a path to understanding, not a path into the unconscious. The goal of psychoanalysis, therefore, is not to penetrate into the unconscious, but to expand the subject's knowledge of himself. And finally, fourthly, Freud speaks specifically about the unconscious, and not about the subconscious. The last term refers us to physical space in which something is located below and something is located above. Freud avoids attempts to localize the instances of the mental apparatus, including in the brain.
Sigmund Freud himself will designate his discovery as the third scientific revolution, which changed man's views on the world and himself. The first revolutionary was Copernicus, who proved that the Earth is not the center of the universe. The second was Charles Darwin, who challenged divine origin person. And finally, Freud declares that the human ego is not the master of its own home. Like his famous predecessors, Freud paid dearly for the narcissistic wound he inflicted on humanity. Even having received the long-awaited recognition of the public, he cannot be satisfied. America, which he visited in 1909 to give lectures on an introduction to psychoanalysis and where he was received with a bang, disappoints with its pragmatic attitude towards his ideas. Soviet Union where psychoanalysis received state support, by the end of the 20s he abandoned the psychoanalytic revolution and embarked on the rails of totalitarianism. The popularity that psychoanalysis receives frightens Freud no less than the ignorance with which his ideas are rejected. In an effort to prevent abuse of his brainchild, Freud participates in the creation of international psychoanalytic movements, but in every possible way refuses to occupy a position in them. leadership positions. Freud is obsessed with the desire to know, not the desire to control.
In 1923, doctors discovered a tumor in Sigmund Freud's oral cavity. Freud underwent an unsuccessful operation, which was followed by another 32 during the 16 years of his remaining life. As a result of the development of a cancerous tumor, part of the jaw had to be replaced with a prosthesis, which left non-healing wounds and also interfered with speech. In 1938, when Austria became part of Nazi Germany as a result of the Anschluss, the Gestapo searched Freud's apartment at Bergasse 19, and his daughter Anna was taken away for interrogation. Freud, realizing that this can no longer continue, decides to emigrate. For the last year and a half of his life, Freud lives in London, surrounded by family and only his closest friends. He is finishing his latest psychoanalytic works and fighting a developing tumor. In September 1939, Freud reminds his friend and doctor Max Schur of his promise to provide one last service to his patient. Schur kept his word and on September 23, 1939, Freud passed away as a result of euthanasia, independently choosing the moment of his death.
Freud left behind a huge literary legacy; his Russian-language collected works total 26 volumes. His works to this day arouse keen interest not only among biographers; being written in an outstanding style, they contain ideas that again and again require comprehension. It is no coincidence that one of the most famous analysts of the 20th century. Jacques Lacan entitled the program of his work “Back to Freud.” Sigmund Freud repeated more than once that the motive of his work was the desire to understand how a person became what he became. And this desire is reflected throughout his legacy.
Some purely scientific terms from his theory about personality development and the sexual origin of neurological complexes and diseases have become firmly established daily life of people.
Sigmund Freud was the first-born and favorite of his mother, who after him had seven more children. Sigmund's father had 4 children from his first marriage. Freud studied at the University of Vienna and was always a capable student. But his studies took 8 years, because he moved from one faculty to another several times, being unable to finally decide what profession to choose. Sigmund eventually decided on medicine after concluding that his initial decision to become a politician was futile: Freud realized that his opportunities in this profession would be very limited because he was Jewish.
Freud began to carry out Scientific research, studying the human nervous system. This led him to study diseases nervous system And possible ways their treatment. He experimented with hypnosis, enthusiastically studied cocaine as a therapeutic agent, and in 1896 entered private practice as a specialist in diseases of the nervous system. That same year, at the age of 30, he married Martha Bernays.
In the late 90s, Freud suffered a severe breakdown caused by the agony and death of his father and the loss of interest in sex after the birth of his last child. In the process of analyzing the difficult dreams and even nightmares that haunted him at that time, he began to use psychoanalysis, that “talking cure” that was first developed and used by his teacher Joseph Breuer. Over the next 40 years, Freud's life took place in an atmosphere of domestic stability and great scientific achievements. He managed to gather around himself many talented scientists, such as Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Sandor Ferenczi and Ernst Jones. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, they burned Freud's scientific works, declaring them "Jewish pornography." Only in 1938 did Freud manage to escape to London. The Greek princess Marie Bonaparte, a close acquaintance and former patient of Freud, paid a ransom of £20,000 for him. Last year Freud spent his life in London. He died there in 1939 from jaw cancer.
Freud made it his profession to study the sexual secrets and secrets of the people around him, but he did everything possible to hide his own from everyone. intimate life. He simply destroyed many of his private letters, and the few that have survived to this day are stored in the Library of the US Congress and will be open to researchers only in 2000.
At the age of 16, Sigmund fell in love for the first time in his life. His beloved Gisela Fluse rejected his love. He took revenge on her by falling in love with her mother. Until the age of 26, Freud then showed no interest in women. In 1882, he met Martha Bernays, a thin, pretty girl from a Jewish family. She turned 21 years old. For 4 years they were engaged, exchanging hundreds of letters, but meeting quite rarely, although Freud lived not far from her. Freud was a very passionate and jealous correspondent.
They eventually managed to save enough money and married in 1886. After several moves, they settled in a house in Vienna, where they lived until 1938. During the first nine years of her marriage, Martha had six children. In 1895, Martha's sister Minna came to them and lived with them for two years. Freud was faithful to Martha, but began to move away from her. He threw himself into work, and Martha had enough household chores and worries. She was in charge of the whole house, and she always tried to create all the conditions for her husband to work and relax. Freud later admitted that Martha never felt at ease and at ease when communicating with him.
Soon after his father's death, Freud met and became friends with Wilhelm Fliess, a prominent Berlin specialist in diseases of the ear, nose and throat. They became very attached to each other, often exchanged letters and met for “conventions,” as they themselves called these meetings. Freud wrote: “I look forward to our next meeting with great impatience... My life is sad... Only a meeting with you can make me feel better again.” Fliss treated his friend very carefully and caringly. He tried to wean Freud from the habit of smoking 20 cigars a day. Freud himself, by the way, argued that smoking, drug use and gambling are just a vain attempt to replace the “primitive habit” - masturbation. During one of their “conventions,” Freud fainted. He later spoke about the incident as follows: “The basis of all this is some kind of uncontrollable homosexual feeling.” The friendship with Fliess ended in 1903, mainly due to Freud's reaction to Wilhelm's theory of universal bisexuality. At first, Freud rejected this theory, and then began to claim that it was first put forward by himself, and decided to write a large scientific work on this topic. Freud believed that every personality is bisexual, and even stated: “In every sexual act there are four separate personalities involved.”
There were rumors that Freud and his wife's sister Minna were lovers. Minna was more beautiful and much smarter than her sister Martha. Freud loved to talk with her and tell her about his theory of psychoanalysis. He once wrote that Minna was very similar to himself: they were both “uncontrollable, passionate and not very good people". Martha, unlike them, was, in his words, "very a good man"Freud loved to travel. Minna often accompanied him, and Martha stayed at home with the children. The main source of rumors that Freud and Minna were lovers was Carl Jung, a student of Freud. It was he who allegedly told one of his friends about that Minna and Martha separately initiated him into this secret. Jung, in particular, told one American professor that one day in 1907, when he was visiting Freud’s house in Vienna, Minna told him that Freud loved her very much and that there was a very close relationship between them. Jung was very upset and turned to Freud himself for clarification. He also suggested that Freud turn to him as a psychoanalyst and become his patient. Freud coldly refused this offer.
Freud had an insatiable sexual appetite, but sex itself was also intellectual entertainment for him. He had just turned 40 when he once wrote to Fliess: “Sexual arousal no longer exists for me.” He lived in accordance with the requirements of a strict moral code, which he wrote for himself. Despite the fact that all of his theories argued that sexual impulses underlie almost all human behavior and actions, Freud tried not to allow these impulses to have any influence on his own behavior. He was solid after all. married man and always maintained that a family could not be strong until the wife became a mother. Six children, who were born almost one after another, partially extinguished his desires, forcing him to think more about contraceptives. In 1908, he wrote: “Family life ceases to give the pleasure that it promised to give at first. All existing contraceptives reduce sensual pleasure, strike partners at the most vulnerable areas and may even make them sick." In 1909, Freud came to the United States with Jung and several other colleagues to give public lectures there. One morning, Freud confessed to Jung that he was dreaming erotic dreams about American women. “I’ve been sleeping very poorly since I came to America,” Freud admitted. “I dream about prostitutes all the time.” "Well, why don't you do something to solve this problem?" Jung asked. Freud recoiled from him in horror: “But I’m married!” - he exclaimed.
Freud's theories claim that it is sexual forces that shape individual behavior. Culture muffles and suppresses instinctive sexual energy and directs it to the formation of stereotypes in a given individual social behavior. Freud's own life is partly proof of one of his statements. He considered this thought tragic, but true. Here she is: " Sex life civilized man is seriously crippled."
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