Survival- active and purposeful actions aimed at preserving life, health and performance in conditions of autonomous existence.
Extreme situation- the most extreme, unfavorable, maximum possible conditions for life, associated with a threat to life.
Autonomous existence e - human existence without outside help.
Survival depends on large number factors, the presence or absence of which characterizes the severity of the current extreme situation and affects the possibility of exiting it. Some factors favorably influence the outcome of events, while others aggravate the plight of people in distress.
In the survival literature, there are differences in approaches to naming factors and assessing their degree of influence, but in general it looks like this.
It should be noted that the main and determining factor of survival is a person’s desire to survive, his will to live. It is determined by a person’s character, attitude towards loved ones, and obligations to them. A person with a great desire to survive will do this Furthermore who were overcome by indifference. And he will have more chances to survive, even if he is in a worse, seemingly hopeless situation. The will to live mobilizes a person, directs all his thoughts and feelings towards salvation.
Survival training.
It is one of the main factors helping to save life in an extreme situation. There are many examples where people who are prepared to act in emergency situations, have survival skills and know rescue techniques, even when injured, were safely rescued. A trained person will correctly manage the available food, be able to build a shelter from bad weather, organize the use of signaling and communication means, and use all possibilities for rescue.
Unfortunately, there are many other examples when people who had real opportunity for salvation, died due to wrong actions.
Their ability to choose correctly depends directly on people’s training
Mental condition.
Finding yourself in an extreme situation, not all people can assess the situation and begin to correct actions. Only from 12 to 25% of them are capable of assessing the situation and taking meaningful rescue actions from the first minutes.
Others react to their surroundings with to varying degrees adequacy, from lethargy to complete prostration or hysteria. Over time, most of them return to normal and are included in rescue efforts.
The presence in a group of people who are prepared, capable of supporting others and who know how to joke speeds up the normalization of the mental state in the group.
Physical training.
A person who finds himself in an extreme situation will need a lot of strength to survive. A physically fit person can more easily endure unfavourable conditions, can cover long distances and, in general, has a better chance of salvation than a weak person who is quickly losing strength.
A strong person can help others and increase the possibility of salvation for the entire group.
Availability of emergency rescue equipment.
The presence of such equipment, an emergency supply of food, alarms and communications significantly speeds up the search for victims. It helps them survive extreme conditions more easily and with fewer losses, and significantly increases the likelihood of rescue.
You just need to be able to correctly and effectively use emergency equipment, communications and alarms.
Diseases and injuries.
In case of accidents, immediate assistance must be provided medical care to the victims. And in the future, strictly monitor and suppress any actions that could lead to injury, poisoning, bites from poisonous animals, colds. A helpless person loses opportunities for rescue and significantly complicates it for the entire group, diverting strength to himself and reducing its mobility. Of primary importance to people is the ability to provide first aid and knowledge of how to prevent injuries and illnesses.
Climatic and geographical features of the area.
They determine the rescue plan and survival tactics. These include: terrain, availability of water sources and water obstacles, air humidity and temperature, precipitation, species composition fauna and flora, presence high level solar radiation.
Based on the composition and power of these factors, protective measures are taken against them and an action plan is drawn up to rescue victims of disaster.
Risk factors or survival stressors.
Or survival stressors are the main enemies of a person in emergency situations. Their negative impact can significantly affect the process and outcome of autonomous existence.
At the same time, their impact can spur people to accelerate decision-making and take active action.
Risk factors include: hunger, thirst, cold, heat, fear, overwork, loneliness. Some authors include among them natural disasters, illnesses, incorrect and conflicting relationships in groups in distress.
They have a significant influence on people in emergency. Therefore, their impact should be considered in more detail in separate articles.
People periodically fall into unusual situations. Sometimes this happens voluntarily, when they go to the mountains, forests, remote, untrodden routes. Sometimes this happens unexpectedly - as a result of disasters or crimes.
But in any such situation, a person is faced with a choice - to quietly give up and die, or to fear for his life and become the author of another story. survival in extreme situations.
1 Survive in the ice
Sir Ernest Shackleton led his team to conquer Antarctica in 1914. They started their journey on the ship Endurance. But soon the ship was buried by drifting ice, and the crew was forced to abandon it. After the death of the ship, there was no longer any talk about a trip to Antarctica, it was necessary to save the crew,< выживать любой ценой.
Shackleton's group walked in the ice for 2 years until they managed to move to Elephant Island using lifeboats. The team spent six months there; the basis of their diet during this time was whale oil and seal meat.
During this time, Shackleton continued his research with a group of five people. They walked around the island from the north, and then moved across the ocean to the island of South Georgia, covering about 1,300 kilometers. For 36 hours, Shackleton and two other crew members explored the island, mapping it for the first time. Only three months later did the researchers reach the main group on Elephant Island.
But despite the most difficult conditions, hunger and cold, they survived. They gained respect and pride through their journey.
2. Survive in the Amazon jungle
In 1981, Yossi Ginsberg, along with three other Israelis, decided to go to the Amazon jungle in Bolivia. Very quickly the companions got lost, and they also realized that their equipment was insufficient for such a journey. At this moment they decided to split into 2 teams and continue their journey separately. One deuce was never found later.
The second couple, which included Ginsberg and his friend Kevin, began to go down the river on a raft. But it was unsuccessful - the raft crashed on the rocks and the companions lost each other. For as many as 19 days, Ginsberg was left alone in the jungle. Kevin was luckier - he was picked up local residents, and they also organized the search for Yossi. So the friends managed to get out of the jungle.
3. In the ice cave
Phil Dule And Mark Inglis in 1982 they began climbing Mount Cook (or Aoraki) - the most high peak New Zealand. While climbing a 3764 meter mountain they were caught by blizzard. The climbers quickly built an ice shelter from the snow and began to wait for the end of the storm.
But rescuers managed to reach Phil and Mark only after 13 days. The climbers spent all this time in a small cave, eating croaker fish. The tightness of the cave and the cold, unfortunately, do not in the best possible way affected the boys. These factors led to disruption of blood circulation in the limbs, and the legs had to be amputated.
But the guys didn’t give up rock climbing. They nevertheless conquered Aoraki, and Inglis climbed Everest in 2006, becoming the first legless conqueror and losing his fingertips from frostbite.
4. Hand or life
Sometimes you have to perform surgery on yourself to survive. This happened with Aaron Ralston. In 2003, while climbing in a remote canyon in Utah, his hand was crushed by a boulder weighing 360 kg. He spent 5 days trying to free himself, but when the water and food ran out he had to make a drastic decision.
He smashed the bones with a boulder and then sawed through the muscles and tendons with a dull pocketknife. After that, Ralston rappelled down a 65-foot cliff and was only found not far from the car by other tourists.
5. Mountain hike
Siula Grande in the Peruvian Andes has an altitude of 6260 meters. After climbing to this peak the adventures began Joe Simpson And Simon Yates.
Simpson was the first to go down, he slipped and broke his leg. While Yates was walking towards him, Simpson fell off the cliff, but stayed on the edge. Sims spent a whole hour on the rope without Yates seeing or hearing him. Then Simpson flew down. Eat different versions why this happened - perhaps Yates cut the rope, which saved both of their lives.
But as a result, Yates went down, and Simpson fell into a crevice. He managed to get out of there, despite his injuries. Then he got to the camp for three days, without food, water, or painkillers.
He crawled to the base at night, where he met the already recovered Yates, who was planning the next stage of the route.
6. Lost in the Pacific
Tami Oldham Ashcraft with my boyfriend Richard Sharp We planned to take a pleasant walk along the route Tahiti - San Diego within a month. They needed to move the 44-foot yacht Khazana to the dock. But on the 19th day they were hit by a force 4 storm. It was an echo of Hurricane Raymond, which raised waves of 50 feet. As a result, the yacht capsized. Ashcraft, who was below deck during the storm, lost consciousness.
She woke up three days later. By this time Sharpe was dead, his lifebelt torn, mainmast broken. Fortunately, the sailboat returned to its normal position. Tami built a temporary mast, plotted a route to Hawaii and sailed fifteen hundred miles with a minimum of food and water. After 40 days, she entered Hilo harbor, and then reached her destination port.
7. Outback Australia
Spring 2006 Mark Clifford discovered a six-foot thin man on his land. Although it would be more accurate to call what appeared on a remote farm in northern Australia a real skeleton. It turned out to be Riki Migi, who had been wandering in the wilderness for 10 weeks.
It is not clear exactly how he got lost. According to Miga, his car broke down; there was also a version that he was thrown out by a hitchhiker who picked him up. In addition, Ricky himself used drugs, according to police information. But the fact is that he got lost, spent some time somewhere in the wilderness near a dam on a diet of leeches, frogs and grasshoppers. And most importantly, he survived!
8. Crashed in the Andes
The history of the Uruguayan rugby team is known to many - it is described in books, it is based on feature films and films. documentaries. In 1972, a plane with a crew of 45 people crashed in the mountains. In the first hours, 12 died, the next day another 5 died from injuries. Within a week, four more died, and eight were covered by an avalanche.
The last 16 people fought against hunger and cold. They even had to eat the corpses of their comrades who had previously died from wounds to survive. Hope for rescuers to arrive quickly faded, and then Roberto Canessa and Nando Parrado left the mountain. They still managed to reach the people and bring help to their comrades.
Survival in extreme situations requires a person to have endurance and an unshakable belief that there are no hopeless situations. We have collected 5 stories whose heroes managed to survive in the most difficult conditions.
Long flight and 4 days of struggle
The record height from which a person managed to survive a fall is 10,160 meters. This record is listed in the Guinness Book and belongs to Vesna Vulović, the only survivor of the plane crash on January 26, 1972. She not only recovered, but also wanted to return to work again - she had no fear of flying, because she did not remember the moment of the disaster.
On August 24, 1981, 20-year-old Larisa Savitskaya and her husband were flying from honeymoon on an An-24 plane from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to Blagoveshchensk. In the sky at an altitude of 5220 meters, the plane in which the newlyweds were flying collided with a Tu-16.
Larisa Savitskaya was the only one of the 38 people who managed to survive. On a piece of aircraft measuring three by four meters, she fell in free fall for 8 minutes. She managed to reach the chair and squeeze into it.
Later, the woman claimed that at that moment she remembered an episode from the Italian film “Miracles Still Happen” where the heroine survives in similar conditions.
Rescue efforts were not very active. Graves have already been dug for all the victims of the plane crash. Larisa Savitskaya was eventually found last. She lived for three days among the wreckage of the plane and the bodies of the dead passengers. Despite numerous injuries - from a concussion to spinal injuries, with broken ribs and a broken arm - Larisa Savitskaya not only survived, but was also able to build herself something like a hut from the wreckage of the fuselage.
When the search plane flew over the crash site, Larisa even waved to the rescuers, but they mistook her for a geologist from a nearby expedition.
Larisa Savitskaya is twice included in the Guinness Book of Records: as a person who survived a fall from a great height, the second time as a person who received the minimum amount of compensation for physical damage in a plane crash - 75 rubles (in 1981 money).
On a small raft
On November 23, 1942, a German submarine torpedoed English ship"Belomond". All members of his crew were killed. Almost all. Sailor Lin Peng managed to survive. He was lucky - during his search on the surface of the water, he discovered a life raft with a supply of food.
Lin Peng, of course, understood that food and water would sooner or later run out, so from the first day of his “Robinsonade” he began preparing equipment for collecting rainwater and catching fish. He stretched out an awning over the raft and made a fishing line from threads of rope found on the raft; from a nail and wires from a flashlight - hooks; made of metal from a tin can - a knife that was used to cut up caught fish. Interesting fact: Lin Peng did not know how to swim, so he was tied to the raft all the time.
Lin Peng caught very little fish, but took care of its safety - he dried it on ropes stretched above the deck of his “ship”. For a hundred days his diet consisted of only fish and water. Sometimes seaweed was found overboard, the consumption of which prevented Lin Peng from contracting scurvy.
The bitter irony of Lin Peng's record-breaking voyage is that he could have been rescued several times. One day they refused to take him on board a cargo ship just because he was Chinese. Then the American Navy noticed him and even threw him a rescue buoy, but a storm broke out and prevented the Americans from completing the rescue mission. In addition, Lin Peng saw several German submarines, but for obvious reasons did not turn to them for help.
It was only in April 1943 that Lin Peng noticed that the color of the water had changed, and birds began to appear in the sky every now and then. He realized that he was in coastal zone, which means his chances of success have increased many times over. On April 5, he was found by Brazilian fishermen, who immediately took him to the hospital. Surprisingly, Lin Peng was able to move independently after his journey. He lost only 9 kilograms during the forced “Robinsonade”.
Well-read cabin boy
"Robinsonade" is the survival of a person alone for a long time in natural environment. The record holder in this “discipline” was Jeremy Beebs, who lived on the island for 74 years.
In 1911, the English schooner Beautiful Bliss sank during a hurricane in the South Pacific. Only 14-year-old cabin boy Jeremy Bibs managed to get to the shore and escape on an uninhabited island. The boy was helped by his erudition and love of reading - he knew Daniel Defoe's novel by heart.
Following the example of the hero of his favorite book, Bibs began to keep a wooden calendar, built a hut, learned to hunt, ate fruit and drank coconut milk. While Biebs lived on the island, two world wars occurred in the world, and the atomic bomb and a personal computer. He didn't know anything about it. We found Biebs by accident. In 1985, the crew of a German ship unexpectedly discovered the record holder among Robinsons, who had already reached the age of 88, and brought him home.
Father's daughter
In the story about Larisa Savitskaya, we recalled the film “Miracles Still Happen.” It is based on real events. On December 24, 1971, a Lockheed L-188 Electra of the Peruvian airline LANSA fell into a vast thunderstorm area, was struck by lightning, entered a turbulence zone and began to disintegrate in the air at an altitude of 3.2 kilometers. He fell into the jungle, 500 kilometers from Lima.
The only survivor was 17-year-old schoolgirl Juliana Margaret Kepke. At the time of the fall, the girl was fastened to a chair. She had a broken collarbone and was injured right hand, she went blind in one eye. What helped Juliana survive was that her father was a famous zoologist, who from childhood instilled in his daughter the skills to survive in extreme conditions. Immediately after the crash, having given up trying to find her mother among the bodies of the dead, the girl examined her luggage for food, but found only a few candies - the same result.
Juliana then found a stream not far from the crash site and followed its course. Only nine days later she was lucky enough to go to a boat on the river bank. The girl used gasoline from a canister to treat the wound on her right shoulder, in which at least 40 larvae had already bred.
The owners of the boat, who turned out to be local lumberjacks, appeared only the next day. Juliana was fed, her wounds were treated and she was taken to a hospital in a nearby village.
Alone with the snow
On October 13, 1972, a plane carrying players of the Uruguayan rugby team Old Christians from Montevideo, as well as their relatives and sponsors, crashed in the high Andes region. 27 people survived the fall. Later, another 8 people died due to an avalanche, and three more died from their wounds.
The Uruguayans realized that there was nowhere to wait for help 11 days after the accident, when they said on the radio that their search had been stopped and they were declared dead. The difficult situation in which the passengers found themselves was aggravated by the fact that supplies were running out very quickly. Miraculously surviving the crash, they accepted difficult decision- eat the meat of the dead.
The victims were rescued only 72 days after the disaster. Only thanks to the fact that the group equipped three people on the road who needed to cross the Andes and report what had happened. Two people overcame the most difficult transition. Z
and for 11 days, without equipment or warm clothing, they walked 55 kilometers through the snow-covered Andes and went to a mountain river, where they met a Chilean shepherd, who informed the authorities about the surviving passengers.
Finding yourself in unforeseen extreme conditions in wildlife, a person faces a number of survival factors. 50-70% of survivors find themselves in a state of panic, in 15-25% the extreme situation causes hysterics, and only the remaining 10-25% are capable of taking adequate and active actions towards their survival.
The outcome of survival is influenced by factors such as pain, thirst, cold, heat, hunger, overwork, and stress. Let's look at each factor in more detail.
Pain is a protective reaction to external influences on the body, and a person is able to cope with very strong pain by concentrating on
survival goals.
Hunger- this is one of the significant survival factors in extreme situations. With complete starvation, when nutrients and calories do not enter the body at all, but there are water reserves, the body switches to consumption internal resources- protein in muscles, fat layer, glycogen in liver and muscles.
It is estimated that the average person weighing 70 kg has 15 kg of body fat, which corresponds to 135 thousand kcal, 6 kg of protein in the muscles - 25 thousand kcal, 0.15 kg of glycogen in the muscles and 0.075 kg of glycogen in the liver in total gives a little less than 1 thousand kcal. In general, it turns out to be about 160 thousand kcal, of which no more than 40% can be consumed without threat to life, which is approximately 64 thousand kcal. Now you can calculate how many days of autonomous existence this energy reserve will last.
To maintain vital functions, the body needs 1 kcal per hour per kilogram of weight, which is 70 kcal/hour for the whole body. You will need 1700 kcal per day.
With such energy consumption, our reserve should be enough for 37-40 days. An impressive figure, but this is in absolute rest mode, when you don’t even have to get up to go to the toilet, any movements will mercilessly reduce your energy reserves.
Once in extreme conditions in the wild, a person needs to do the necessary physical work, keep watch in the camp, build a shelter for protection from bad weather.
For example, walking at a speed of 4 km/h requires 200 kcal/h from the body, and at a speed of 5 km/h it requires 300 kcal/h. Survival factors such as stress, fear, and loneliness also contribute. Any moral experience also requires its own calories. A hungry, weakened person is more susceptible to illness, and it is more difficult for him to keep warm.
Together, all these factors reduce the period of time for which our calorie reserve will last to 20-25 days with a reasonable approach.
This indicator is also influenced by the gender and age of the person. Older people tolerate hunger more easily due to lower metabolism. In young people it is 18-20% higher. Women tolerate hunger better than men. So, the first to die are boys aged 14-18 years, then young men, then girls, women
and older people may go without food the longest. These are statistics from the siege of Leningrad.
It is worth noting that these are only averages. Even people of similar size, gender and age have different calorie needs. Losing 30-40% of the initial weight, as a rule, leads to the death of a person.
The main stages of fasting under autonomous conditions. The initial period lasts 2-4 days, and is characterized by very strong feeling hunger, feeling of nausea and dizziness. Constant thoughts about food. During this period, the body loses about 1 kg of weight every day. Further, the feeling of hunger decreases, irritability, apathy, drowsiness increase, and sleep worsens.
Hunger, as a factor that greatly influences human survival, is, as a rule, rarely the cause of human death. Hunger enhances the effect of other factors.
Statistics of such cases show that people in extreme natural conditions often died when they had an adequate supply of food.
Conclusion: if you do not have a supply of food and/or the terrain where you are does not allow you to get food, and they are searching for you, it is better to adhere to passive survival tactics, do not go far from the camp, save your energy resources, lie down more, perform only the most necessary physical work. In general, correlate the energy expended with the benefits of the actions performed and remember that every calorie counts.
Heat. Next survival factor in natural conditions is heat. The human body consists of almost 60% water, with bones 25%, and the brain 80%, so it is the first to suffer from a lack of water in the body. For the body, it is necessary to observe the correct regime of water consumption - an excess of water loads the heart, kidneys, and washes salts out of the body. Lack of water leads to weight loss, loss of strength, and thickening of the blood, which puts strain on the heart, since it is difficult for it to pump thick blood through the vessels. Because the brain is the most important body, and at the same time sensitive to loss of water; when there is a lack of it, it begins to absorb fluid from the cells. Up to 5% of the fluid sucked from the cells passes without consequences for the body, and 15% already leads to the possible death of the body. Therefore, lack of water, as a survival factor, is much more dangerous than lack of food.
In normal temperature conditions The norm of water consumption is 2.5-3 liters per day along with tea, juices, soups, etc. One of the signs of a lack of water is a decrease in salivation, and the appearance of the initial feeling is often perceived as severe thirst, although there is no dehydration yet. A person begins to drink a lot of water, which, combined with physical activity leads to heavy sweating, which leads to even greater removal of fluid from the body, which again leads to the need to drink water. This process is accompanied by weakness and loss of strength. If you have to do physical work in hot conditions, drink water in small sips at short intervals, since water is absorbed only after 10-15 minutes until it enters the stomach. Sometimes you can suck on a sour candy, which will cause salivation, which in turn will reduce the feeling of thirst.
With increased sweating, salts are actively washed out of the body, for which you need to drink lightly salted water at the rate of 0.5 -1 g of salt per 1 liter of water. Survival in a sultry desert is more difficult than survival in the Arctic, since a person has several ways to protect himself from the cold - shelter, warm clothes, high-calorie food, heating. In the desert, the main factor for survival is the availability of water.
Cold is another factor influencing survival. According to statistics, 10-15% of tourists die from the cold. When protecting against the cold, it is important to take into account not only the air temperature itself, but also air humidity and wind speed. In areas with low temperatures and dry air, frosts are tolerated much more easily than in Primorye regions where air humidity is higher.
But the greatest contribution to the perception of low temperatures is made by wind. For example, at an air temperature of -3°C and a wind speed of 10 m/s, the total effect on the body will be as if the temperature was -20°C. With the same wind speed and -10°C, the total impact will be -30°C. At -15°C the impact will be -36°C, and at -25°C the same wind speed will be -50°C. With a wind of 18 m/s and an air temperature of -45°C, the effect on the body will be the same as at -90°C.
Therefore, survival in areas with low temperatures implies the immediate construction of a good shelter from the wind and cold, since the life time at strong wind may not be more than a few hours. Warm clothing can protect from the cold for a period sufficient to build a shelter. It is better to dress in layers. There is an air gap between the layers of clothing, so 2-3 thin sweaters warm much better than one thick one. It is also necessary to take care of your shoes, since 9 out of 10 frostbites occur on the extremities.
Fear is another survival factor in extreme natural conditions. Fear is a natural reaction to a threat to life and health, and it is impossible to say unequivocally that fear harms or promotes survival; it all depends on the specific situation. Each person's behavioral reaction to fear is different, and it can be divided into several types - passive type, active and reasonable.
With the passive type, when encountering danger, a person falls into a stupor, makes meaningless movements, and sometimes faints. With the exception of certain situations, such as when encountering a snake, the passive type often leads to death. The active type of behavior is characterized by an instant reaction to danger, for example, when a person bounces off a falling stone. This type of survival is often useful in solo survival; in collective survival, this type of behavior can be dangerous for the rest of the group, for example, when a person jumping away from danger can cause a rockfall or avalanche.
The active type also manifests itself in drowning people, who unconsciously grab and drown others for the sake of their survival. This type of survival is based on unconditioned reflexes.
The reasonable type is characteristic of trained people who are able to think sensibly in extreme conditions. Such people instantly assess the situation and make the right decisions.
During crashes, in poorly prepared groups, mass panic occurs, which is dangerous due to its rapid growth. In close-knit groups, where there is a clear hierarchy and leader, such manifestations of panic are much lower. To reduce panic, the leader must give clear instructions to each group member so that there is no time to realize the gravity of the situation. The army principle is good here - “whatever the soldier does, as long as”
During long-term survival, when the prospects are not clear, a person often loses faith in salvation, becomes depressed, becomes passive, although he performs necessary work, but without initiative. With further development of this depressive state manifestations of hysterics and suicide attempts are possible. Or, on the contrary, a person may be in constant mental stress, he exhibits excessive fear for his life, fear of animals and insects, fear of drinking water from reservoirs. Constant mental stress quickly depletes strength, leads to breakdowns and mistakes in behavior.
In general, fear, to varying degrees, is a kind of limiter that prevents the body from being subjected to death. Also, you shouldn’t try your best to overcome fear; for example, if one of the group members is terrified of heights, it’s better to take a route where there are no peaks or ridges.
Overwork- this is permanent survival factor in extreme natural conditions, manifested due to physical and moral stress. For his survival, a person needs to get food, build shelters, prepare firewood for a fire, etc. - and all this without a special tool, with a constant lack of calories in the body. Overwork is also affected by constant lack of sleep, fear, unfavorable weather. In such conditions everyone new day It's getting harder and harder. For example, in the first hours of survival, a temperature of -15°C is more easily tolerated than 0°C after a few days.
Overwork reduces performance and reaction to danger, the will to survive. To prevent overwork, it is necessary to rest in a timely manner when fatigue occurs. Perform the work in parts with short breaks. In such a situation, you cannot work all the way, you must remember that you have a limited margin of safety, and it cannot be wasted in the first hours, since it is unknown how much longer you will have to survive. Important tasks such as building shelters must be done long before dark, so as not to rush with all your might.
It is also necessary to take care of the comfort of night sleep, since only in sleep a person restores his strength to the maximum, and if you get up all night to a poorly organized fire so as not to freeze, or toss and turn because of an uncomfortable bed, there will be little use from a night’s sleep, which will only make you feel even more tired.
Loneliness in case of individual survival, it greatly influences its outcome, not only because of the psychological component, but also because of the physical one - you have to do everything yourself, there is no way to share responsibilities. A person alone with himself is more susceptible to stress and depression. To reduce this negative effect, it is better to occupy yourself with some kind of activity every minute. Many people in such a situation begin to talk with objects or with imaginary interlocutors, and this method can help in solitary survival.
Overall different survival factors are closely interrelated - when the influence of one factor increases, the influence of other factors increases.
It's not worth the risk when we're talking about about what you eat. Your food may be full of bacteria. So be sure to cook or fry anything before you eat it. The same goes for water; if possible, it should be boiled.
19. Survival Guide: Try to stay dry in the cold
When it’s cold outside and you sweat or get wet for some other reason, your body begins to lose heat 20 times faster. If you still need to get wet for a certain reason, then do it without clothes, leaving them dry.
Moreover, do not get dressed until your body is dry. To dry faster, you can roll in the snow, it will absorb excess moisture, then quickly get dressed and light a fire.
18. The art of survival: always remember the rule of three
If the situation turns out to be unfavorable for you, and you begin to wonder how much longer you can hold out, always remember the rule of “three”: three minutes without air, three hours without shelter, three days without water and three weeks without food.
17. Rules of survival: keep track of time
In order not to lose vigilance and maintain a more or less normal mental state, be sure to track the number of days that have passed. If you don't do this, your brain will start playing tricks on you.
16. Don't give up
It is worth remembering that the road will be mastered by those who walk. Therefore, if you fold your hands, you will get the corresponding result. By giving up, you will deprive yourself of the chance to survive.
15. Survival Instructions: Don't Eat If You Don't Have Water
Of course, you need energy to fight for your life, but remember, the more you eat, the more water your body wants it. Before you start eating, you should make sure that you have at least some amount of water, otherwise a fatal outcome is guaranteed.
14. Survival School: Return to the Disaster Site or Stay There
If you are in a plane crash and find yourself in a place unfamiliar to you, then, of course, you need to go on reconnaissance to look for water, but be sure to return to the crash site. It is much easier to find the wreckage of an airplane than one lost person.
13. Survival knives: always have a good knife with you
No matter what trip you go on, always take a quality knife with you. It will help you not only cope with the vine blocking the path, but also, if something happens, with its help you will be able to light a fire.
12. Survival in nature: if you couldn't find water, then drink your urine
Yes, it sounds disgusting, but your urine can actually save your life if you ever find yourself at risk of dehydration. It can be used to treat wounds, and in very hot weather simply dampen a piece of cloth to use as a cold compress.
11. Survival gear: Carry a small backpack
Perfect option is a small, waterproof, lightweight backpack. It will allow you to cover long distances without weighing you down with extra weight; long distances will only get in the way.
10. Extreme Survival: Protect your phone from moisture
Place your phone in a bag, or preferably two bags, for safety. This will keep it dry and ready to use if you happen to find yourself in range of cell towers.
9. Survival in extreme conditions: always breathe through your nose
When you breathe through your mouth, you expend much more energy than if you do the same through your nose. Moreover, moisture from your body also evaporates faster.
8. Conditions of Survival: Mark Your Path
Don't rely on your memory. Any accessible ways mark your path: break branches, leave marks on trees, do everything possible so that later you can return back and not get lost.
7. Solo Survival: Try to Stay Calm
Of course, this is much easier said than done, but you still need to remain calm, because stress can turn what happened to you into something even more dangerous.
6. Stay hungry
Eat only enough food to keep you going, but don't overeat. Do not try to eat to your heart's content, because this is very harmful to maintaining a constant level of energy and the normal functioning of your body.
5. Survival Guide: If you have a spare pair of socks, be sure to keep it with you
Together with mobile phone, keep a spare pair of socks in a dry place. If possible, try to change them every day. A fresh pair of socks will help keep your morale up.
4. Survival Lessons: Always Carry Water With You
Even if you are just going on a nature hike, you should always have water with you. Without water you can only survive for three days; in the cold season you can last a maximum of a week.
3. Survival in the wild: treat water very carefully
You are unlikely to have it with you a large number of water, so try to use it very sparingly. Drink it in small sips and very rationed.
2. Survival methods: find or build yourself a shelter
You definitely need a place where you can hide from the sun. Build your own shelter from branches or find a cave. Any available material will do.
1. Survival in extreme conditions: be sure to cover your head
Your body will expend a lot of energy to maintain a constant temperature, both in hot and cold weather. Therefore, be sure to put a hat, cap, bandana on your head, if you have one, or wrap any piece of cloth around your head.
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