Shanghai Cooperation Organization (3) - Report. Countries sosh

The predecessor of the SCO was the Shanghai Five, formed in 1996, which united Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and was designed to promote confidence in the military field between the participating countries and mutual reduction armed forces in the border area. After the sixth member, Uzbekistan, joined the ranks of the five in 2001, the newly formed “Shanghai Six” was renamed the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

The renewed organization has opened up new areas of activity, and to date the SCO has turned into an organization of multidisciplinary, multi-format cooperation, whose potential and significance in the international arena is increasing every year. The fight against terrorism, separatism, extremism, cross-border crime and drug trafficking remains a priority for the SCO.

The growing authority of the SCO confirms the desire of more and more countries to join the organization. In 2004, Mongolia received observer status at the SCO. In 2005, the same status was assigned to a number of eastern countries: India, Iran, Pakistan. On April 28, 2010, another link connecting East and West in the SCO was Belarus, which was admitted to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a dialogue partner. Sri Lanka received the same status. Now the SCO occupies 60 percent of the territory of Eurasia. An organization that uses such territorial, human and economic resources is doomed to authority and influence.

SCO bodies

The highest decision-making body in the SCO is the Council of Heads of Member States, which meets annually. The Council of Heads of Member States determines priorities and develops the main directions of the Organization's activities. Countries preside over the Organization alternately, on an annual basis, ending their term of office with a summit. In 2010-2011, Kazakhstan presided over the SCO. Since January 1, 2010, the post of SCO Secretary General has been occupied by Muratbek Imanaliev (Kyrgyzstan).

The Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) adopts the Organization's budget, considers and resolves major economic issues in the areas of developing interaction within the Organization.

The Council of Foreign Ministers considers issues of the current activities of the Organization, holding consultations within the Organization on international issues. If necessary, the Council may make statements on behalf of the SCO.

To consider specific issues of developing interaction within the SCO, meetings of heads of ministries and/or departments are held. Meetings are held in accordance with decisions of the Council of Heads of State and the Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers).

The coordination and management of the current activities of the organization is carried out by the Council of National Coordinators.

A permanent body of the SCO is the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure of the States Parties to the Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism of June 15, 2001.

The permanent administrative body of the SCO is the SCO Secretariat. The Secretariat is engaged in organizational and technical support for events held within the SCO, and prepares proposals for the annual budget of the Organization.

Working structures of the SCO

The main working structures of the SCO are the SCO Business Council, the SCO Interbank Association (IBO), the SCO Forum and the SCO Youth Council.

The Business Council of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was established on June 14, 2006 in Shanghai. The SCO Business Council is a non-governmental structure. It brings together the most authoritative representatives of the business community of the SCO member countries. The main goal of the Business Council is to expand economic cooperation within the Organization, establishing direct connections and dialogue between the business and financial circles of the SCO member states.

The SCO Interbank Association was created in 2005. The members of the IBO included the Development Bank of Kazakhstan, the State Development Bank of China, Vnesheconombank of Russia, the National Bank of Tajikistan, the National Bank foreign economic activity Uzbekistan. On June 14, 2006 in Shanghai, during the second meeting of the SCO IBO Council, the Savings and Accounts Company of Kyrgyzstan also became a member of the association.

The purpose of the SCO Forum is scientific support for the activities of the SCO, development of interaction between research and political science centers of the SCO member states. The SCO Forum is engaged in joint research on topical issues terms of reference of the Organization, clarification of the tasks and principles of the SCO, expansion of its relations with scientific and public circles, etc.

The main task of the SCO Youth Council is “cooperation and exchange of experience among representatives of the younger generation of the SCO countries in various areas of young personality development, which could ensure the fundamental continuity of the SCO policy and contribute to the implementation of its historical mission.”

Belarus is a partner of the SCO

For Belarus, dialogue with the SCO is an opportunity to join interregional cooperation projects, taking into account the advantageous transit position between East and West. For the SCO, Belarus is an access to the European platform, strengthening ties between East and West. The Memorandum providing for the granting of dialogue partner status to Belarus stipulates a number of mutually beneficial areas for cooperation. Among them is the creation favorable conditions for trade and investment, intensifying interaction in customs matters, partnership in matters of regional and global security, developing dialogue on foreign policy issues.

Back in December 2005, Belarus submitted an application to join the SCO as an observer country. But due to the decision of the participating countries not to increase soon the number of observer countries, the application to Belarus was considered. In 2009, the Belarusian application for dialogue partner status was approved. The practice of interaction with partner countries in the SCO has not yet been developed, but most participating countries are inclined to believe that there will not be much difference in the status of observer and dialogue partner.

is a permanent intergovernmental international organization founded by the leaders of Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. On June 9, 2017, the leaders of the SCO member states announced the admission of India and Pakistan to the organization.

In June 2002, at the St. Petersburg summit of the heads of state of the SCO, the Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was signed, which entered into force on September 19, 2003. This is the basic statutory document that sets out the goals and principles of the Organization, its structure and main areas of activity.

An important step in strengthening legal framework The unification was the signing in Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) in August 2007 of the Agreement on Long-Term Good Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation.

In 2006, the organization announced plans to combat the international drug mafia as the financial support of terrorism in the world, and in 2008 - active participation in normalizing the situation in Afghanistan.

In parallel, the activities of the SCO have also acquired a broad economic focus. In September 2003, the heads of government of the SCO member countries signed the Program of Multilateral Trade and Economic Cooperation, designed for 20 years. The long-term goal is to create a free trade zone in the SCO space, and in the short term, to intensify the process of creating favorable conditions in the field of trade and investment.

The highest decision-making body in the SCO is the Council of Heads of Member States (CHS). It determines priorities and develops the main directions of the Organization’s activities, resolves fundamental issues of its internal structure and functioning, interaction with other states and international organizations, and also considers the most pressing international problems.

The Council meets for regular meetings once a year. The meeting of the Council of Heads of State is chaired by the head of state organizing the next meeting. The location of the next meeting of the Council is determined, as a rule, in the order of the Russian alphabet of the names of the SCO member states.

The Council of Heads of Government (CHG) adopts the Organization's budget, considers and resolves major issues related to specific issues, especially economic spheres development of interaction within the Organization.

The Council meets for regular meetings once a year. The meeting of the Council is chaired by the head of government (prime minister) of the state in whose territory the meeting is being held. The location of the next meeting of the Council is determined by prior agreement of the heads of government (prime ministers) of the member states.

In addition to the meetings of the CHS and the CST, there is also a mechanism for meetings at the level of heads of parliaments, secretaries of security councils, ministers of foreign affairs, defense, emergency situations, economics, transport, culture, education, health, heads of law enforcement agencies, supreme and arbitration courts, and prosecutors general. The coordination mechanism within the SCO is the Council of National Coordinators of the SCO Member States (SNK).

Two non-governmental structures also operate within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: the SCO Business Council and the SCO Interbank Association.

Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "KALINGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"

Department of Economic Theory

Report on the topic:

SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION

Prepared by: st.gr. 08-RN

Chilikina M.V.

Checked by: Senchukova L.O.

Kaliningrad 2011-

1. History of creation………………………………………………………………………………3

2. Management structure………………………………………………………………………………6

3.1 Security area………………………………………………………...9

3.2 Economic activity……………………………………………..10

3.3 Cultural and humanitarian activities………………………………….11

4. Participation of the Russian Federation in the SCO…………………………………………13

References……………………………………………………………...14

History of creation

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)- a regional international organization founded in 2001 by the leaders of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. With the exception of Uzbekistan, the rest of the countries were members of the Shanghai Five, founded as a result of the signing in 1996-1997. agreements between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Russia and Tajikistan on strengthening confidence in the military field and on the mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area. After the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the participants renamed the organization.

The total territory of the SCO countries is 30 million km², that is, 60% of the territory of Eurasia. Its total demographic potential is a quarter of the planet's population (the total population of the participating countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: 1 billion 455 million people), and its economic potential includes the most powerful Chinese economy after the United States.

One of the features of the SCO is that, in terms of status, it is neither a military bloc, like NATO, nor an open regular security meeting, like the ASEAN ARF, occupying an intermediate position. The main objectives of the organization are to strengthen stability and security in a wide area uniting member states, combat terrorism, separatism, extremism, drug trafficking, develop economic cooperation, energy partnership, scientific and cultural interaction.

The prerequisites for the creation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization were laid back in the 60s. 20th century, when the USSR and China began to resolve border issues. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, new negotiators emerged in the form of Russia and the newly formed states of Central Asia. After China managed to resolve all territorial issues with neighboring CIS states - Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan - in a civilized manner, prospects for the further development of fruitful regional cooperation opened up for the partners. For Russia and China, this was an attractive opportunity to unite under their auspices the efforts and potentials of the Central Asian states to curb the possible expansion of other world centers of power and influence in Central Asia.

Based on the existing favorable political climate, as well as due to the growing danger of the region turning into an area of permanent instability due to the sharp intensification of international terrorism, the “Shanghai Five” was formed in 1996. Subsequent annual summits of the Shanghai Five were held in Moscow in 1997, Almaty (Kazakhstan) in 1998, Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) in 1999 and Dushanbe (Tajikistan) in 2000. By the time of the Bishkek summit, the need to develop interaction in a wide range of areas became obvious to all participants of the Shanghai Five, which required the creation of permanent cooperation mechanisms in the form of meetings of ministers and expert groups. In fact, the architecture of a new international organization. An institution of national coordinators appointed by each country emerged.

In 2001, the next meeting was again held in Shanghai (China). Then five participating countries accepted Uzbekistan into the organization (which was recorded in a joint statement by the heads of state and led to the renaming of the organization to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, or the “Shanghai Six”).

The first documents adopted by the SCO were the Declaration on the Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism and the Joint Statement on the Connection of Uzbekistan to the Shanghai Five Mechanism.

The meeting of heads of state in June 2002 in St. Petersburg continued the institutionalization of the SCO: the Declaration on the establishment of the Organization was practically implemented in the signing of two new important acts - the Declaration of the Heads of State of the SCO member states, called the final political document by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia, and the SCO Charter - basic statutory document.

As a result of the Moscow summit (May 28-29, 2003), the SCO Secretariat with headquarters in Beijing and the Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure (RATS) were created (the agreement on its creation was signed a year earlier in St. Petersburg.) Among the 30 documents signed then were and provisions defining the functioning of the organization's bodies - provisions on the Council of Heads of State, the Council of Heads of Government and the Council of Heads of Foreign Affairs.

Due to the fact that, following the Moscow summit, the organizational period of the SCO ended, on January 1, 2004 it began to function as a full-fledged international structure with its own working mechanisms, personnel and budget.

Following the results of the Tashkent summit (June 2004), the following documents were signed: the Tashkent Declaration following the meeting, the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the SCO, as well as a number of other documents. The composition of the organization expanded due to the admission of a new member - Mongolia - as an observer.

The meeting of the heads of state of the SCO, held in 2005, aroused genuine interest among political observers, since in addition to a new package of treaties and conventions, the participants signed the Declaration of the Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which recorded common approaches aimed at further consolidating efforts and strengthening coordination.

The main outcome documents of the Bishkek summit (August 2007) were the Treaty on Long-Term Good Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization member states and the Bishkek Declaration of the Heads of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization member states. The forum was also attended by the presidents of two observer countries to the SCO - President of Mongolia Nambaryn Enkhbayar and President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Two more observer states of the Organization were represented by Foreign Minister of Pakistan Khurshid Kasuri and Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas of India Murli Deor.

In 2009, at a meeting in Yekaterinburg, the heads of the SCO member states decided to grant the status of SCO dialogue partner to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka and the Republic of Belarus.

On April 28, 2010, a Memorandum was signed on granting the Republic of Belarus the status of an SCO dialogue partner, officially formalizing this status for Belarus.

2. Management structure of the organization

To fulfill the goals and objectives of the SCO Charter, the following bodies were established within the organization:

Council of Heads of State (CHS);

Council of Heads of Government (CHG);

Council of Foreign Ministers (CMFA);

Meetings of heads of ministries and departments;

Council of National Coordinators (CNC);

Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS);

Secretariat - a permanent administrative body headed by the Secretary General (since 2010 - representative of Kyrgyzstan M.S. Imanaliev).

Council of Heads of State (CHS) is the highest body of the SCO. It determines the priorities and main directions of the Organization’s activities, resolves fundamental issues of its internal structure and functioning, interaction with other states and international organizations, and also considers the most pressing international problems. The Council meets for regular meetings once a year. The chairmanship of the meeting of the Council of State Duma is carried out by the head of state - the organizer of the next meeting. The location of the meeting is determined, as a rule, according to the alphabetical order (Russian) of the list of SCO member states. The Council may also decide on the creation of other SCO bodies, which will be formalized in the form of additional protocols to the Charter.

Council of Heads of Government (CHG) adopts the SCO budget, which is formed on the basis of the principle of equity participation, considers and resolves major issues related to specific, especially economic, areas of development of interaction within the Organization. The Council meets for regular meetings once a year. The Council meeting is chaired by the head of government of the state on whose territory the meeting is being held.

Council of Foreign Ministers (CMFA) considers and resolves issues of the current activities of the Organization, including preparations for the meeting of the Council of State Duma, takes measures to implement the decisions of the Organization and conduct consultations within the SCO on international issues. The Council is presided over by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the member state of the Organization on whose territory the next meeting of the Council of State Duma is held. When carrying out external contacts, the Chairman of the Council of Foreign Affairs represents the Organization in accordance with the Regulations on the Council’s work procedure.

Meetings of heads of ministries and/or departments are held to consider specific issues of developing interaction in relevant areas within the SCO. To date, a mechanism has been formed for holding meetings of prosecutors general, ministers of defense, ministers of economy and trade, ministers of communications, ministers of culture, as well as meetings of heads of law enforcement agencies and departments on emergency assistance to disaster victims. The chairmanship is carried out by the head of the relevant ministry and/or department of the state organizing the meeting. The place and time of the meeting are agreed upon in advance.

The Secretariat is a permanent administrative body of the SCO. He is entrusted with: organizational and technical support for events held within the SCO, participation in the development and implementation of documents of all bodies within the Organization, and preparation of proposals for the annual budget. The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary General, who is approved by the CHS. The Secretary General is appointed from among the citizens of the SCO member states on a rotation basis, in order of the Russian alphabet of the names of the member states, for a period of three years without the right of extension for the next term. Until 2006, there was no post of Secretary General; instead, there was the institution of an executive secretary, who formally could only act on behalf of the SCO Secretariat. There is an opinion that it is necessary to restructure the SCO Secretariat into a more independent executive body, due to its current lack of sufficient rights and funding. While in the UN, NATO, CSTO and other organizations the executive bodies are relatively independent and, therefore, are able to develop the agenda of their organizations themselves, come up with initiatives and even promote the adoption of their initiative proposals by the leadership of member states, the SCO Secretariat really does not conducts organizational work, which, in fact, is carried out by the Council of National Coordinators. As a result, Secretariat staff must coordinate any question with the national coordinator of the country that sent it, and he with the national coordinators of other countries. This does not contribute to the creation of institutional ethics in the Secretariat. It turns out that, in essence, the SCO Secretariat is not an independent body of an international organization, but a team consisting of national representatives.

Council of National Coordinators (CNC) coordinates and manages the current activities of the Organization, carries out the necessary preparations for the meetings of the Council of State Duma, the State Duma and the Council of Foreign Ministers. The Council of People's Commissars meets at least three times a year. The chairmanship of the Council of People's Commissars is carried out by the national coordinator of the member state of the Organization, on the territory of which the next meeting of the CHS will be held. The Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, on behalf of the Chairman of the Council of Foreign Ministers, may represent the Organization in carrying out external contacts.

Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) - a permanent body of the SCO with headquarters in Tashkent, designed to facilitate coordination and interaction between the competent authorities of the parties in the fight against terrorism, extremism and separatism. He has status legal entity and the right to enter into contracts, acquire and dispose of movable and immovable property, open and maintain bank accounts, sue in courts and participate in legal proceedings. These rights are exercised on behalf of RATS by the Director of the RATS Executive Committee. The main functions of this body are to coordinate the efforts of all SCO member states in the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism - developing proposals to combat terrorism, collecting and analyzing information, creating a data bank on individuals and organizations providing support to criminals, assisting in the preparation and carrying out operational-search and other activities to combat these phenomena, maintaining contacts with international organizations RATS consists of a Council and an Executive Committee (a permanent body). The Council, which includes the heads of the competent authorities of the countries of the Organization, is the governing decision-making body. The Chairman of the RATS Executive Committee is appointed by the Council of Heads of State.

Decisions in the SCO bodies are made by consensus. The operating procedures of all bodies of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization were finally developed and adopted in 2003, at the Moscow summit. The main structures of the organization began work in January 2004, after which this association functions as a full-fledged international organization.

3.1 Security area

The activities of the SCO initially lay in the sphere of mutual intraregional actions to suppress terrorist acts, as well as separatism and extremism in Central Asia. According to Chinese Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan, it became the first international organization to make the idea of fighting terrorism the core of its activities. Already among the first documents signed by the participants of the SCO inaugural summit in Shanghai (2001) was the Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism, which for the first time at the international level established the definition of separatism and extremism as violent, criminally prosecuted acts. Since that time, the participating countries have given priority to the issues of resolving internal conflicts and achieving consensus in countering extremism and drug trafficking, as evidenced first by the creation of the Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure, and then by the signing of the Treaty on Long-Term Good Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation.

On June 7, 2002, in St. Petersburg, at a meeting of the heads of state of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, an Agreement on the Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure was signed. The main tasks and functions of the SCO RATS Executive Committee are defined in three priority areas:

coordination and operational direction (coordination and interaction of the competent authorities of the participating countries in the fight against terrorism, extremism, conducting anti-terrorism exercises, etc.);

international legal direction (participation in the preparation of international documents on the fight against terrorism, including within the UN, assistance to the UN Security Council, etc.);

information and analytical direction (formation and replenishment of the RATS data bank, collection and analysis of information on issues of combating terrorism, etc.).

According to the testimony of the executive director of this organization, V. Kasymov, during the period between two SCO summits alone (July 5, 2005 - June 15, 2006), as a result of the activities of RATS on the territory of the SCO, more than 450 terrorist attacks were prevented, 15 leaders of terrorist organizations were detained or destroyed by the countries' special services Organizations, another 400 are wanted.

3.2 Economic activity

Despite the fact that the SCO was initially created with the goal of jointly protecting the borders of neighboring states, almost immediately its activities also acquired an economic focus. A few months after the start of the SCO, at their first meeting in Almaty, the prime ministers of the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization discussed issues of regional trade and economic cooperation, the development of the SCO and other problems, signed a Memorandum between the governments of the SCO member states on the main goals and areas of regional economic cooperation and launching a process to create favorable conditions in the field of trade and investment.

In May of the following year, the first meeting of the ministers of economy and trade of the SCO member states was held in Shanghai. The parties officially launched a mechanism for holding meetings of the ministers of economy and trade and creating favorable conditions in the field of trade and investment. As a result of the meeting, a protocol was signed to the Memorandum between the governments of the SCO member states on the main goals and directions of regional economic cooperation and the launch of the process of creating favorable conditions in the field of trade and investment and a joint statement following the results of the first meeting of ministers responsible for foreign economic and foreign trade activities.

In September 2003, the heads of government of the SCO member countries signed the Program of Multilateral Trade and Economic Cooperation for 20 years. The long-term goal is to create a free trade zone in the SCO, and in the short term - to increase the flow of goods in the region. Cooperation should cover the areas of energy, transport, agriculture, telecommunications, environmental protection, etc. An action plan to develop cooperation was signed a year later, in September 2004.

A special place in economic relations China occupies the SCO countries. Every year, he influences the economic situation in the region more and more seriously, stimulates cooperation between the SCO countries in this area, insisting on the creation of a free trade zone, and at the same time the creation of infrastructure for trade and investment. By drawing the economies of the countries of the Central Asian region (CAR) into the orbit of its economic interests, the PRC views them primarily as reliable markets for its goods. It is from the point of view of expanding trade cooperation that China actively supports the entry of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization countries into the World Trade Organization.

Following the summit in Yekaterinburg, as well as the meeting of the heads of state of the BRIC group that took place the next day, on June 17, 2009, Russia and China entered into an unprecedented agreement in the energy sector worth one hundred billion dollars. The largest deal in the history of bilateral relations between Russia and China was announced by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev after negotiations with Chinese leader Hu Jintao. The top officials agreed to develop a mechanism for mutual settlements in rubles and yuan. So far, all transactions between Russia and China are valued in dollars. But if the initiative of the PRC and the Russian Federation is implemented, it could affect not only Russian-Chinese relations, but also the entire world trade. Moscow and Beijing intend to replace the dollar with the yuan and the ruble.

3.3 Cultural and humanitarian activities

In the Declaration on the creation of the SCO, the participating countries also stated the need to develop cultural cooperation.

For the first time, the ministers of culture of the participating countries met in Beijing on April 12, 2002. Governments actively supported the holding of Culture Days, the participation of artistic groups and artists. Since that time, humanitarian cooperation has gradually intensified: joint events are held to coincide with significant historical dates of the SCO member countries, exchanges of students and teaching staff are practiced, attempts are made to create joint training centers. In 2008, the SCO University was formed as a single network educational space based on universities conducting research in the areas of regional studies, IT technology, nanotechnology, energy, ecology - by 2010 there were 53 universities from 5 SCO countries.

Connections are also developing in the field of art. Since 2005, exhibitions of children's drawings “Children Draw Fairy Tales” have been regularly held annually. The idea of the project initiators was to stimulate children’s interest in culture through folk tales neighboring countries, as well as a national treasure, was actively supported by the SCO Secretariat, which approached representatives of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan with a proposal to organize a joint exhibition of children's drawings. The proposal received a wide response, and in June 2009, the vernissage of children's drawings presented by all SCO member countries was held for the twenty-first time.

Like other areas of interaction, humanitarian cooperation within the SCO has broad prospects.

Criticism of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization largely concerns the inadequacy of its activities, in particular in the fight against terrorism and the protection of regional security. Some foreign analysts (for example, Matthew Oresman from the American Center for Strategic and International Studies) suggest that the SCO is nothing more than a discussion club that claims to be something more. The head of the Institute shares the same opinion military history Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation A. A. Koltyukov, asserting that “an analysis of the results achieved by this Organization allows us to characterize it as a political club in which bilateral cooperation still prevails over the solution of regional and global problems. ... there is no real cooperation in these areas, countering the threats of terrorism, separatism and the fight against drug trafficking at the regional level.”

4. Participation of the Russian Federation in the SCO

In the conditions of formation new system In international relations, building a collective system of regional security is a very urgent task. When considering various aspects of ensuring regional security in Central Asia, special attention must be paid to the foreign policy dimension, which plays an important role in the safe development of states, taking into account the modern increasing interdependence in the globalizing space of international relations.

Based on the results of the 10-year existence of the SCO, it can be argued that the Organization has stood the test of time. Currently, within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization there are no such centrifugal forces that, for example, are observed in the CIS. One can say more - in the post-Soviet space the SCO is the most powerful and promising organization international cooperation. The Russian-Georgian conflict of August 2008 and the mass unrest in Kyrgyzstan in the summer of 2010 presented a serious challenge to the SCO in these years.

However, the organization coped with them. At the moment, everything suggests that good Russian-Chinese relations in Central Asia will continue. They are a factor of stability and a factor in containing security threats in the region. And although there are some contradictions and tensions between the SCO states, outwardly the SCO looks like a fairly monolithic structure: there is something that unites these states, even though the SCO member countries differ in many ways in key indicators. China and Russia account for 98% of the population and 97% of the total GDP of the integration association, however, despite the global financial crisis of the late 2000s, the mutual trade turnover of the SCO member countries is characterized by high growth dynamics. Among the SCO countries, China ($196 billion), Russia ($134.3 billion), Kazakhstan ($14.8 billion) and Uzbekistan ($2.4 billion) have a positive foreign trade balance among the SCO countries. And even though Russia’s relative influence in the SCO is less than in the CIS, the SCO plays an important role for Russia in connecting China to multilateral cooperation in Central Asia, and in the future, other large countries regions such as India, Iran, Pakistan and Mongolia.

For the Central Asian states, where the unilateral influence of Russia or China is perceived with some concern, their joint presence within the SCO, where the Central Asian states themselves are equal members and all issues are resolved by consensus, is the most effective mechanism of interaction.

List of used literature

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Shanghai Cooperation Organization: towards new frontiers of development

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Interaction of Russia with China and other partners in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization / Anatoly Viktorovich Bolyatko. - 1st. - M.: Daln Institute. East RAS, 2008. - 180 s.

Komissina I. N.; Kurtov A. A.. Shanghai organization cooperation

// Kokarev K. A. Russia in Asia: problems of interaction: collection of articles. - M.: Publishing house of the Russian Institute of Strategic Studies, 2006. - P. 251

Shanghai organizations cooperation, Shanghai ...

Shanghai organization cooperation, current state

Abstract >> Economics

... Shanghai organizations cooperation(2002), Multilateral Economic and Trade Program cooperation(2003), Five Years Declaration Shanghai organizations cooperation(2006) and others. Shanghai organization cooperation ...

Central Asia and Shanghai organization cooperation current trends and prospects

Abstract >> History

From each other. Central Asia and Shanghai organization cooperation In the Central Asian region there is an acute military situation... only through the structures initiated by him Shanghai organizations cooperation(SCO), which includes 4 Central Asian states...

Organization work of the public relations department using the example of Sinarsky Pipe Plant OJSC

Thesis >> Marketing

And maintaining communication, mutual understanding, goodwill and cooperation between organization and its public. They include... TRAVEL" was dedicated to the summit of representatives Shanghai Organizations Cooperation, which will take place in the Middle Urals...

World history knows many examples when countries created special interstate structures in order to solve pressing problems. There were many reasons for the desire to join forces. Most often, alliances were created against the backdrop of an alarming international situation. Sometimes this was prompted by the enormity of the challenges facing countries. However, a necessary condition has always been a community of interests, similarity of views on the current state and development of the geopolitical situation. It was this principle that became the basis for the unification of the SCO member countries, which created a new organization in 2001.

Western politicians assessed the prospects for an alliance between such different states very skeptical. However, he has already managed to prove his relevance and worth.

What is the SCO?

Everyone knows about the purpose and principles of the structure of the UN, NATO, and OSEAN. What is hidden behind the letters SCO? The decoding of the abbreviation is simple. It contains an abbreviation formed on behalf of the city in which the founding documents were signed and general description associations. Complete official name structures - Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

Initially, the alliance was created to jointly combat international terrorism and consolidated opposition to potential military threats. Gradually the range of topics discussed expanded. Today it is convenient platform for consideration at the highest level of any pressing issues. Here, effective responses to global political challenges are developed, decisions are made to deepen economic and cultural cooperation between the participating countries. At the same time, the SCO, unlike many regional alliances, is not a military alliance.

Prerequisites for creation

The emergence of an association similar to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization should be considered a historical inevitability. After the collapse of the USSR, several new independent states. Some of the former Soviet republics, by tradition, gravitated towards Russia. Some countries chose to focus on the West or the eastern hegemon - China. Such a situation is fraught with conflicts, the emergence of which is only a matter of time, given the existence of long-standing territorial claims against each other among a number of neighboring states.

Showing political foresight, the leaders of Russia, China, and the Central Asian republics began to actively cooperate in the field of ensuring general security. The result of the combined efforts was the creation of the “Shanghai Five” in 1996. The founders of the interstate structure were Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, China, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. A little later, Uzbekistan joined them. Members of the association held annual summits, established cooperation on different levels.

Establishment

The official founding date of the SCO is June 15, 2001. On this day, the top leaders of the participating countries, who gathered for the summit in Shanghai, signed the basic documents of the organization. They were the Declaration of Creation and the Convention on Combating Separatism, Extremism and Terrorism. A year later, already in St. Petersburg, the Charter - the Charter of the organization was adopted. After that, the whole world learned about what the SCO is.

It took several years to form management structures. The main directions of the association’s activities, ways to fill the budget were determined, and a mechanism for accepting new members was developed. The formation of organizational institutions was completed by 2004.

Declared goals

The organization was created to solve specific problems. The main goals of the SCO, as stated in the basic documents, are:

Strengthening good neighborly relations between members of the association.
Development of effective measures capable of minimizing threats from extremist, separatist, terrorist organizations.
Countering the activities of transnational crime syndicates, drug cartels, suppressing illegal migration.
Joining efforts aimed at increasing general security, preventing new ones and promptly resolving current armed conflicts. Establishment of a fair world order in which political and economic sovereignty is guaranteed to each state.
Development of interaction in all directions - from deepening economic ties to cultural exchange.
Creating conditions that are as favorable as possible for economic development region and each individual country SCO.
Ensuring fundamental rights and freedoms to citizens of the states that are members of the organization, based on current legislation and national traditions.
Development of relations with countries or alliances showing interest in cooperation with the SCO.
Development of mechanisms for integration into the global economy without loss of commodity and monetary sovereignty.

The creation of the SCO, according to its founders, will help countries that have pooled their capabilities to give a worthy response to any challenges.

Features of the structure

To make it easier to manage the very bulky supranational organization A fairly effective mechanism has been created. Each of its elements is endowed with certain powers. The structure looks like this:

Organ	Representation	Functional
CHS - Council of Heads of State	Highest officials of states	Determines the goal setting of the SCO. Resolves the most important issues concerning the structure of the organization, cooperation with external alliances, and individual states. Can change the status of a member country, abolish or transform any structural unit.
CGP - Council of Government Leaders	Prime Ministers	Considers specific issues on establishing and deepening economic cooperation. Adopts the organization's budget.
CMID - Council of Heads of Foreign Affairs	Foreign Ministers	He is preparing for a meeting within the framework of summits of top officials of states. Exercises control over the implementation of key political decisions of the SCO. Provides consultations on important international issues.
Meetings of relevant ministers	Heads of departments and ministries by area	Resolves highly specialized issues of a legal, military, and economic nature. Meetings of the ministers of trade, defense, culture, and communications are held regularly. The heads of prosecutors' offices and law enforcement agencies gather for meetings.
Secretariat	Representatives of the SCO member countries	Deals with all issues related to ensuring the current activities of the association - from developing the agenda for summits to executing the budget. The structure is led by the Secretary General, elected on a rotational basis.
SNK - Council of coordinators representing countries	Authorized representatives from each member of the organization	Coordinates and directs the work of the secretariat, participates in decisions current problems. Engaged in preparations for the holding of the Council of Foreign Ministers, the State Duma and the State Duma.
RATS is an analogue of the regional anti-terrorist center	Heads of national structures specializing in the fight against terrorism	It has the status of a legal entity and has its headquarters in Tashkent. Collects and processes information about the actions of terrorist groups and extremists. Develops methods of combating radical organizations, forms proposals for approval higher authorities SCO. The head of the RATS is appointed at a meeting of the Council of State Duma.
IBO - Association for Interbank Cooperation	Representatives of the largest banks - one from each country	Created to implement joint credit and financial projects. Operating since 2005

The governing body of the SCO is the Council of State Councils. All structures lower in the hierarchy are required to follow his directives. Decisions at the Council of Heads of State and meetings of other divisions are made in a consolidated manner. In order for them to be initialed, consensus must be reached. The opinion of any member of the organization can be decisive.

The permanent bodies include the Secretariat and RATS. Members of the Council of People's Commissars meet annually more than three times. Meetings of relevant ministers are scheduled as needed. The CMFA and the SGP are held simultaneously with the SSG. The events are chaired by representatives of the country organizing the annual meeting. The mechanism for choosing a venue for the summit is simple. All member states of the association become its owners in turn. Rotation occurs in alphabetical order.

Regular members

The trend towards gradual expansion has been observed since the formation of the organization. At first, however, only the number of states classified as observers increased. However, in 2017, the association gained two new members. India and Pakistan joined the Russian Federation, China, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.

The status of a permanent member gives the right to enjoy the rights and privileges provided for by the charter of the political-economic union. Among them, it is worth noting access to credit and financial resources according to the decision of the Interbank Association.

Partner and Observer States

There have always been many countries wishing to join the SCO. Suffice it to say that back in 2004 Mongolia expressed a similar desire. However, the founders are holding back the expansion process. There are good reasons for this.

There are long-standing differences between some of the Asian countries vying for membership that date back centuries. It is difficult to make a consolidated decision in such conditions. Besides, a large number of secondary partners will reduce the foreign policy weight of the union. Belarus stands out from the crowd. A. Lukashenko’s ardent desire to introduce the state into a promising union was prevented by nature itself. The country that gained independence after the collapse is located too far from Asia great empire.

Iran and Afghanistan are observer states of the SCO, along with Mongolia and Belarus. Club of official candidates for this status consists of Qatar, Maldives, Israel, Vietnam, Iraq. Applications from Syria, Bangladesh, Egypt, Bahrain, and Ukraine are under consideration. The category of dialogue partners includes Azerbaijan, Sri Lanka, Armenia, Turkey, Cambodia, Nepal.

Authoritative international associations have shown interest in cooperation with the Shanghai organization. The corresponding agreements have been ratified with the EAEU, CSTO, CIS, UN, ASEAN.

Uniting factors

At the time of the organization’s creation, the main motivation for joining its ranks was the growing threat from global terrorism. For the countries of Southeast or Central Asia, al-Qaeda, the Muslim Brotherhood, and ISIS were not just words, but real danger. Russia's military and diplomatic successes on the Syrian front, which made the complete defeat of the Islamic State, inevitably and indirectly helped stabilize the situation in the former Central Asian republics of the USSR.

However new threat turned out to be even worse. The overseas hegemon dropped his mask and showed his real face. The complete disregard for international treaties and the desire for permanent expansion with the unlimited use of force demonstrated by the United States brought to mind the dark era of the Conquest. For most Asian countries salvation can now only be an alliance with powerful China and Russia.

We should not forget that economic condition Many countries in the region are not optimistic. Investments from India, the Russian Federation, and China are vital for some SCO member countries.

Internal contradictions

There are hidden and sometimes obvious contradictions between members of any major international organization. The Shanghai Eight was also no exception. An illustration of this will be the answer to the question - who is the leader in the SCO?

Pro-Western political scientists unconditionally give primacy in the unification of the PRC, with its huge economy. However, Russia openly claims to be the political locomotive of the alliance. The main contradiction between the world allied powers is manifested in goal setting. Beijing sees the organization as a tool to facilitate expansion Chinese goods to new markets. Moscow considers the military-political part of the agreement to be the main one. At the same time, both empires are secretly wary of each other.

In addition, the geopolitical interests of India and Kazakhstan, for example, cannot be compared. These countries cannot be compared in terms of population, territory, or GDP. Accordingly, the goals they want to achieve as members of the organization differ.

For small states continent joining an alliance with the largest Asian powers is the only way maintain full sovereignty. China and Russia, as two counterweights, maintain the system in a stable state. They will not tolerate excessive American or European expansion into the region and will not allow the mutual balance to be upset.

Suffice it to recall how the organization expanded to 8 members. Moscow reacted instantly to Beijing's proposal to admit its longtime protégé, Pakistan, into the union. At the same time, India joined the ranks of the association.

Development prospects

Modern world is changing rapidly. World hegemon last decades going through difficult times. The United States, like any empire entering its decline, is gradually losing influence. At the same time, the illusion of omnipotence, formed during the period of undivided domination, remains. Against this background, new centers of power are beginning to make themselves known more and more loudly.

Continuing its progressive development, the SCO is able to transform from a regional association into the most influential structure on a global scale. By the way, Washington contributes to this most of all. The superpower's unpredictable foreign policy forces Asian states to worry about their own sovereignty. Therefore, we can confidently predict that the number of countries aspiring to membership in the organization will only increase.

Completing the transcript SCO, as a term and phenomenon international politics, we cannot help but cite a few interesting facts. They indicate the globality and potential power of the organization:

It unites states occupying more than 60% of the area of Eurasia. Almost half of the Earth's inhabitants are concentrated here.
As of the end of 2017, the SCO member countries produced 30.26% of world GDP.
The organization's four permanent members are nuclear powers.

There is one more feature that distinguishes the SCO from other regional associations. There is no English among the official languages of the organization. Russian and Chinese have this status.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a regional international association that includes Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Observers in the organization are Mongolia, India, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Belarus (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Bangladesh, Syria and Sri Lanka also submitted applications). In September 2014, India and Pakistan submitted formal applications for full membership in the organization. Iran and Afghanistan are also vying for full membership in the SCO.

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Nepal, Turkey and Sri Lanka have the status of SCO dialogue partner.

What part of the earth's landmass is occupied by the SCO countries, what are their economic indicators and how states interact in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization - in the TASS material.

The Republic of Kazakhstan

The country is the founder of the SCO. It is one of the states that signed the declaration on the creation of the organization on June 15, 2001. Previously, since 1996, Kazakhstan was a member of the Shanghai Five, and since 2000 - of the Shanghai Forum.

The Shanghai organization, combining Islamic, Christian and Confucian civilizations, is a worthy example of effective cooperation, harmony and mutual understanding in a vast area from of Eastern Europe to the southern borders of Asia... The SCO embodies a new culture of interstate relations, which in the future will determine the appearance and character of our region"

Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan. reference Information

Territory: 2.7 million sq. km.
Population (2014): 17.3 million
Capital: Astana.
Government structure: presidential republic; Since April 24, 1990, the president of the country has been Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev.
GDP (2014): $76.139 billion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 6.04%.
Exports (2015): mineral products, including oil and gas condensate (71.6%), metals and products made from them (13.1%), products chemical industry (7,1%).
Imports (2015): machinery and equipment (40.6%), chemical products (14.9%), metals and products made from them (13.2%).
Main foreign economic partners (2015): for export - Italy, China, the Netherlands, Russia; for imports - Russia, China and Germany.

Continuation

Kazakhstan participates in all areas of SCO activities. Representatives of the republic have repeatedly come up with various initiatives. In 2011, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan Karim Masimov proposed to the SCO countries to create an interstate reserve bank. On December 6, 2013, Kazakhstan signed a memorandum on the creation of the SCO Energy Club. On September 12, 2014, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev at the SCO summit in Dushanbe announced the need to create an SCO Coordination Council, which will replace the existing mechanism of meetings of national coordinators with representatives of observer countries during the organization. On March 15, 2016, Kazakhstan ratified the Agreement on cooperation and interaction of member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on border issues.

Kyrgyz Republic

The country is the founder of the SCO. It is one of the states that signed the declaration on the creation of the organization on June 15, 2001. Previously, since 1996, it was a member of the Shanghai Five, and since 2000 - of the Shanghai Forum.

Today we can confidently say that the SCO is significant and influential international association, which sets itself the task of developing effective mechanisms of interaction, maintaining peace and stability in the region, strengthening trade, economic, cultural and humanitarian cooperation

Almazbek Atambayev, President of Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan. reference Information

Territory: 191.8 thousand square meters. km.
Population (2014): 5.84 million
Capital: Bishkek.
State structure: parliamentary-presidential republic; Since December 1, 2011, the president of the country is Almazbek Sharshenovich Atambayev.
GDP (2014): $7.404 billion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 4%.
Export (2015): gold (50%), food products and tobacco products (11.5%), machinery and transport equipment (11.4%).
Import (2015): industrial goods for various purposes(32%), mineral products (20%), machinery and equipment (19%).
Main foreign economic partners (2015): for export - Switzerland, Kazakhstan, Russia; for imports - Russia, China, Kazakhstan.

Continuation

The main areas of cooperation within the SCO for the republic are the security and economic spheres, primarily attracting investments in the transport industry and hydropower. Kyrgyzstan came up with the idea of creating a Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure (RATS) within the SCO. Currently, the republic is discussing with its SCO partners the possibility of implementing a number of large economic projects. One of these projects is the construction of a railway that should connect the north and south of Kyrgyzstan. On June 1, 2016, the Kyrgyz Parliament ratified an agreement on cooperation and interaction between SCO member states on border issues.

People's Republic of China

The country is the founder of the SCO. It is one of the states that signed the declaration on the creation of the organization on June 15, 2001. Previously, since 1996, China was a member of the Shanghai Five, and since 2000 - of the Shanghai Forum.

The “Shanghai Spirit”, which permeated the entire development process of the organization, has become a valuable asset that ensures the development and strengthening of the organization... Now our planet is going through a period of great development, great changes and great transformations, all countries are faced with unprecedented chances and challenges... We are ready, adhering to the "Shanghai spirit", to take advantage of opportunities together and meet challenges together, to act in the same direction, carrying out development and innovation, to build a new model of regional cooperation

Hu Jintao, Chairman of the People's Republic of China in 2003-2013.

China. reference Information

Territory: 9.563 million sq. km.
Population (2014): 1.364 billion people.
Capital: Beijing.
State structure: socialist republic; Since March 14, 2013, the Chairman of the People's Republic of China (head of state) has been Xi Jinping.
GDP (2014): $10.354 trillion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 8.6%.
Exports (2015): machinery and transport equipment (50.2%), textile and knitwear products (8.4%), chemical products (8.1%).
Imports (2015): machinery and transport equipment (46.6%), mineral fuels (11.9%), chemical products (9.5%).
Main foreign economic partners (2015): for export - USA, Hong Kong, Japan; for import - USA, Taiwan, Japan.

Continuation

China takes part in all formats of cooperation within the organization. Pays special attention to security issues. He advocates the creation of a center for responding to security challenges and threats on the basis of the SCO Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure. On December 6, 2013, China signed a memorandum on the creation of the SCO Energy Club. In December 2015, Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China Li Keqiang said that the SCO member countries would work on the issue of creating a free trade zone.

Russian Federation

The country is the founder of the SCO. It is one of the states that signed the declaration on the creation of the organization on June 15, 2001. Previously, since 1996, Russia was a member of the Shanghai Five, and since 2000 - of the Shanghai Forum.

Our organization is based on clear and precise principles. Among them are mutual trust, open discussion of any problems, resolution of issues without any pressure, but through consultations... Now, when allegations about supposedly insurmountable cultural and civilizational differences between states are being revived, the Organization demonstrates an excellent example of equal partnership in the Eurasian space. Partnerships, the strategic goal of which is to strengthen regional security and stability, promote the economic process and integration processes while preserving the national and cultural identity of each state

Vladimir Putin, President of the Russian Federation

Article "SCO - new model successful international cooperation", " Russian newspaper", June 14, 2006

Russia. reference Information

Territory: 17.125 million sq. km.
Population (2015): 146.267 million
Moscow the capital.
Government system: presidential republic; since May 7, 2012, the president of the country is Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (served as president in 2000-2008).
GDP (2014): $1.86 trillion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 2.86%.
Exports (2014): mineral products (70.5%), metals, gems and products made from them (10.6%), chemical industry products (5.9%).
Import (2014): machinery, equipment and vehicles(47.6%), chemical products, rubber (16.2%), foodstuffs and agricultural raw materials (13.9%).
Main foreign economic partners (2014): for export - the Netherlands, Germany, China; for import - China, Germany, USA.

Continuation

Russia takes part in all formats of cooperation within the organization. Cooperation within the SCO is one of the main directions of Russian foreign policy in the Asia-Pacific region. Within the SCO, the Russian Federation's priorities are the political consolidation of the organization, the development of common approaches to current international problems, and the expansion of practical interaction with leading multilateral organizations and associations, primarily the UN. In 2006, the President of the Russian Federation took the initiative to create the SCO Energy Club (the corresponding memorandum was signed on December 6, 2013). In 2015, Vladimir Putin proposed organizing, on the basis of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) of the SCO, a Center for countering threats and challenges to the security of member states of the organization.

The Republic of Tajikistan

The country is the founder of the SCO. It is one of the states that signed the declaration on the creation of the organization on June 15, 2001. Previously, since 1996, Tajikistan was a member of the Shanghai Five, and since 2000 - of the Shanghai Forum.

The potential of the SCO is great. Our common task- to reveal it fully in the interests of the peoples of the participating states

Emomali Rahmon, President of Tajikistan

Tajikistan. reference Information

Territory: 139.96 thousand square meters. km.
Population (2014): 8.3 million
Capital: Dushanbe.
Government system: presidential republic; Since November 16, 1994, Emomali Rahmon has been the country's president.
GDP (2014): $9.242 billion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 7.1%.
Exports (2015): base metals and products made from them (26.1%), precious and semi-precious stones and metals and products from them (23.3%), mineral products (22.9%).
Imports (2015): machinery, equipment and vehicles (21.7%), mineral products (16.6%), plant products (11.2%).
Main foreign economic partners (2015): for export - Turkey, Switzerland, Kazakhstan; for imports - Russia, China, Kazakhstan.

Continuation

The main areas of cooperation within the SCO for the republic are the security sphere and the economy. On December 6, 2013, Tajikistan signed a memorandum on the creation of the SCO Energy Club. In May 2014, the Center for Strategic Studies under the President of Tajikistan organized scientific and practical conference on the topic "Shanghai Cooperation Organization in Ensuring Regional Security: Problems and Prospects." The forum brought together leaders and representatives of the relevant research institutes member states, observer states and dialogue partners of the SCO.

The Republic of Uzbekistan

At the summit in Shanghai on June 14, 2001, she joined the Shanghai Forum association. It is the founding country of the SCO. Uzbekistan was among the states that signed the declaration on the creation of the organization on June 15, 2001.

Shanghai Cooperation Organization for relatively short period has become an influential international structure playing a prominent role in world politics

Islam Karimov, President of Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan. reference Information

Territory: 425.4 thousand square meters. km.
Population (2014): 30.76 million
Capital: Tashkent.
Government system: presidential republic; Since March 24, 1990, Islam Abduganievich Karimov has been the president of the country.
GDP (2014): $62.644 billion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 8.2%.
Exports (2015): energy resources and petroleum products (25.9%), food products (10.2%), ferrous and non-ferrous metals (6.4%), cotton (5.7%).
Imports (2015): machinery and equipment (40.5%), chemical products (17%), food products (12.8%).
Main foreign economic partners (2015): Russia, China, Kazakhstan, South Korea(official data on the main exporters/importers has not been published).

Continuation

The priority areas of cooperation within the SCO are maintaining regional stability and developing economic and investment cooperation. After the summit in Ufa in July 2015, the presidency of the SCO in 2015-2016. passed to Uzbekistan.

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Received the status of an observer state with the SCO in 2012. The corresponding decision was made by the heads of member states of the organization on June 6-7, 2012 at the summit in Beijing.

Afghanistan. reference Information

Territory: 1.629 million sq. km.
Population (2014): 31.6 million people.
Capital: Kabul.
State structure: Islamic republic; Since September 29, 2014, Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai has been the country's president.
GDP (2014): $20.03 billion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 6.4%.
Exports (2014): carpets (45%), dried fruits (31%), medicinal plants (12%).
Imports (2014): petroleum products (33%), machinery and transport equipment (15%), food products (14%).
Main foreign economic partners (2014): for export - Pakistan, India, Russia; for import - Pakistan, Russia, Uzbekistan.

Continuation

As an observer, Afghanistan is present at meetings of heads of state and government, ministerial events, meetings of secretaries of security councils that take place within the SCO, as well as at the Peace Mission military exercises held within the SCO.

Since its formation, the SCO has been paying priority attention to the development of the situation in Afghanistan, instability on whose territory threatens all member states of this association. In addition, within the SCO there is an active fight against drug trafficking from Afghanistan. On November 4, 2005, a protocol on the creation of the SCO-Afghanistan contact group was signed in Beijing.

On December 6, 2013, Afghanistan signed a memorandum on the creation of the SCO Energy Club. On May 27, 2015, the SCO Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure (SCO RATS) and the Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs signed a protocol of intent on cooperation in the field of security.

At the SCO summit in Ufa on July 8-10, 2015, Afghanistan applied to become a full member of the organization.

Republic of Belarus

Received the status of an observer state with the SCO in 2015. The corresponding decision was made by the heads of member states of the organization on July 10, 2015 at the summit in Ufa. Prior to this, the republic had been a dialogue partner for five years (memorandum dated April 28, 2010).

Belarus. reference Information

Territory: 202.91 thousand square meters. km.
Population (2014): 9.47 million
Capital: Minsk.
Government structure: presidential republic; Since July 20, 1994, the president of the country is Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko.
GDP (2014): $76.139 billion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 3.5%.
Exports (2015): mineral products (29.9%), chemical products, rubber (21.3%), food products and agricultural raw materials (16.3%).
Imports (2015): mineral products (31.1%), machinery, equipment and vehicles (23.4%), food products and agricultural raw materials (14.6%).
Main foreign economic partners (2015): for export - Russia, Great Britain, Ukraine, the Netherlands; for imports - Russia, China, Germany, Poland.

Continuation

The Memorandum on granting Belarus the status of a dialogue partner dated April 28, 2010 set out the main areas of cooperation: creating favorable conditions for trade and investment, intensifying interaction in customs affairs, partnership in matters of regional and global security, and developing dialogue on foreign policy issues.

With the support of the SCO Business Council, Belarus participated on equal terms in the project to create prototype the first multi-purpose marine unmanned complex(the Belarusian side developed the software). Also, interaction within the SCO made it possible to create a high-tech park in Belarus, offering high-quality software and IT services. The project of the Chinese-Belarusian industrial park "Great Stone" is under development, which is focused on the development of mechanical engineering, fine chemistry, biomedicine, production household appliances and electronics.

Republic of India

India. reference Information

Territory: 3.287 million sq. km.
Population (2014): 1.295 billion people.
Capital: New Delhi.
State structure: parliamentary republic; Since July 25, 2012, the country's president has been Pranab Kumar Mukherjee.
GDP (2014): $2.049 trillion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 7.2%.
Exports (April 2015 - February 2016): precious and semi-precious stones and metals (15%), mineral fuels and products (11%), land transport and equipment (5.4%).
Imports (April 2015 - February 2016): mineral fuels and products (25.7%), precious and semi-precious stones and metals (15%), electrical machines and equipment (9%).
Main foreign economic partners (April 2015 - February 2016): for export - USA, UAE, China; for imports - China, USA, Saudi Arabia.

Continuation

Representatives of India are present at meetings of heads of state and government, ministerial events, meetings of secretaries of the security councils of SCO member countries, as well as at the Peace Mission military exercises held within the SCO. On July 25, 2008, India signed a protocol on the transfer of data on terrorists to the SCO anti-terrorism center. On December 6, 2013, the country signed a memorandum on the creation of the SCO Energy Club. In September 2014, India applied for membership. During the summit in Ufa on July 8-10, 2015, a procedure was launched to grant the country the status of a full member of the organization.

Islamic Republic of Iran

Received the status of an observer state at the SCO in 2005. The corresponding decision was made by the heads of member states of the organization on July 5, 2005 at the summit in Astana.

Iran. reference Information

Territory: 1.629 million sq. km.
Population (2014): 78.1 million people.
Capital: Tehran.
State structure: Islamic republic; since June 4, 1989, the leader of Iran (head of state) is Ali Khamenei; since August 3, 2013 president (chapter executive power, represents the country at SCO summits) is Hassan Rouhani.
GDP (2014): $425.3 billion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 1.2%.
Exports (2014): oil and gas (82%), plastics (5%), chemical products (3.6%).
Import (2014): machinery and transport equipment (26%); iron and steel (14%), chemical products (11%).
Main foreign economic partners (2014): for export - China, Japan, Turkey; for imports - UAE and China.

Continuation

As an observer, Iran is present at meetings of heads of state and government, ministerial events, meetings of secretaries of security councils that take place within the SCO, as well as at the Peace Mission military exercises held within the SCO. On July 25, 2008, Iran signed a protocol on the transfer of data on terrorists to the SCO anti-terrorism center. On September 19, 2014, at a meeting of the SCO RATS Council, documents regulating the interaction of RATS with the competent authorities of Iran were approved. In March 2008, Iran applied for membership in the SCO.

Mongolia

Received the status of an observer state with the SCO in 2004. The corresponding decision was made by the heads of member states of the organization on June 17, 2004 at a summit in Tashkent.

Mongolia. reference Information

Territory: 1.564 million sq. km.
Population (2014): 2.9 million people.
Capital: Ulaanbaatar.
State structure: parliamentary republic; Since June 18, 2009, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj has been the country's president.
GDP (2014): $12.016 billion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 11.1%.
Exports (2015): copper concentrate (49%), coal (12%), gold (9%).
Imports (2015): machinery and transport equipment (45%), mineral fuels (19%), food products (13%).
Main foreign economic partners (2015): for export - China, Great Britain, Russia; for import - China, Russia, Japan.

Continuation

As an observer, Mongolia is present at meetings of heads of state and government, ministerial events, meetings of secretaries of security councils that take place within the SCO, as well as at the Peace Mission military exercises held within the SCO. On December 6, 2013, Mongolia signed a memorandum on the creation of the SCO Energy Club.

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Received the status of an observer state at the SCO in 2005. The corresponding decision was made by the heads of member states of the organization on July 5, 2005 at the summit in Astana.

Pakistan. reference Information

Territory: 796.1 thousand square meters. km.
Population (2014): 185 million people.
Capital: Islamabad.
State structure: parliamentary republic; Since September 9, 2013, the country's president is Mamnoon Hussein.
GDP (2014): $243.6 billion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 3.4%.
Exports (FY 2014-2015): textiles and products (52%), food products (16%), machinery and transport equipment (11.6%).
Imports (FY 2014-2015): mineral fuels and products (26%), machinery and transport equipment (22%), chemical products (16.5%).
Main foreign economic partners (fiscal year 2014-2015): for export - USA, China, Afghanistan; for import - China, UAE, Saudi Arabia.

Continuation

As an observer, Pakistan participates in meetings of heads of state and government, ministerial events, meetings of secretaries of security councils that take place within the SCO, as well as in the Peace Mission military exercises held within the SCO. On July 25, 2008, Pakistan signed a protocol on the transfer of data on terrorists to the SCO anti-terrorism center. In September 2014, Pakistan applied to join the SCO. During the organization’s summit in Ufa on July 8-10, 2015, the procedure was launched to grant the country the status of a full member.

The Republic of Azerbaijan

Has the status of a dialogue partner of the SCO. The decision was made on July 10, 2015 at the summit in Ufa, the memorandum on granting status was signed on March 14, 2016.

Azerbaijan. reference Information

Territory: 82.7 thousand square meters. km.
Population (2014): 9.54 million
Capital: Baku.
Government system: presidential republic; Since October 31, 2003, the country's president has been Ilham Aliyev.
GDP (2014): $75.198 billion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 3%.
Exports (2015): oil (76.7%), petroleum products (6.6%), natural gas (2.5%), fruits and vegetables (1.02%).
Imports (2015): vehicles (23.6%), machinery and equipment (21.1%), ferrous metals and products made from them (16.3%).
Main foreign economic partners (2015): for export - Italy, Germany, France; for import - Russia, USA, Türkiye.

Continuation

Azerbaijan’s dialogue with the SCO began in 2012, when the country’s President Ilham Aliyev sent official letter SCO on granting SCO observer status to Azerbaijan. Currently, Azerbaijan is involved in the implementation of important regional communication projects, such as the New Silk Road transport corridor with the participation of China, and the North-South transport corridor with the participation of the Russian Federation. The Azerbaijani side also shows interest in interaction with SCO member countries in the energy sector, the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism.

On March 14, 2016, at a meeting between the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan Elmar Mammadyarov and Secretary General SCO Rashid Alimov agreed on the main areas of cooperation: the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism, strengthening regional peace and security, transport and energy projects.

Republic of Armenia

Has the status of a dialogue partner of the SCO. The decision was made on July 10, 2015 at the summit in Ufa, the memorandum on granting status was signed on April 16, 2016.

Armenia. reference Information

Territory: 28.47 thousand square meters. km.
Population (2014): 3 million
Capital: Yerevan.
Government system: presidential republic; Since April 9, 2008, the president of the country is Serzh Azatovich Sargsyan.
GDP (2014): $11.644 billion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 4.2%.
Exports (2015): mineral products (28.7%), food products (20.7%), base metals and products made from them (15.4%), precious and semi-precious stones and metals and products from them (13.9%) .
Imports (2015): mineral products (19.8%), machinery and equipment (12.5%), food products (10%), chemical products (9.2%).
Main foreign economic partners (2015): for export - Russia, China, Germany, Iraq; for imports - Russia, China, Germany, Iran.

Continuation

Armenia applied for observer status in the SCO in 2012. In July 2015, at a summit in Ufa, the President of the Republic Serzh Sargsyan said that cooperation with the SCO should “ensure in the future that the implementation of large infrastructure and transport projects will reach a new level, such as construction of the Iran-Armenia railway." This Railway will provide a way out EAEU countries across the Persian Gulf to Indian Ocean. Armenia also considers the priority areas of cooperation with the SCO to be “attracting investments, using transit opportunities, opening new transport communications and entering Asian markets.”

Kingdom of Cambodia

Has the status of a dialogue partner of the SCO. The decision was made on July 10, 2015 at the summit in Ufa, the memorandum on granting status was signed on September 24, 2015.

Cambodia. reference Information

Territory: 181 thousand square meters. km.
Population (2014): 15.33 million people.
Capital: Phnom Penh.
State structure: constitutional monarchy; Since October 29, 2004, the head of state (king) is Norodom Sihamoni.
GDP (2014): $16.78 billion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 7%.
Exports (2014): textile materials and products (68%), footwear, hats and parts thereof (9.8%), food products (4.9%).
Imports (2014): textile materials and products (23%), mineral fuels and products (15%), machinery and vehicles (13%).
Population (2014): 28.17 million people.
Capital: Kathmandu.
State structure: parliamentary republic; Since October 29, 2015, the country's president has been Bidhya Devi Bhandari.
GDP (2014): $19.77 billion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 4.5%.
Exports (2014): textile materials and products (36%), food products (16%), base metals and products made from them (13%).
Imports (2014): mineral fuels and products (20%), electrical machinery and equipment (12%), base metals and products made from them (11%).
Main foreign economic partners (2014): for export - India, USA, Germany; for import - India, China, Hong Kong.

Continuation

On September 16, 2015, representatives of Nepal took part in a meeting of ministers of the SCO member states responsible for foreign economic and foreign trade activities.

Turkish Republic

Has the status of a dialogue partner of the SCO. The decision was made on June 7, 2012 at the summit in Beijing, the memorandum on granting status was signed on April 26, 2013.

Türkiye. reference Information

Territory: 783.6 thousand square meters. km.
Population (2014): 75.8 million people.
Capital: Ankara.
State structure: presidential-parliamentary republic; Since August 28, 2014, the country's president has been Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
GDP (2014): $799.5 billion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 5.4%.
Exports (2015): machinery and vehicles (27%), manufacturing products (19%), livestock products (9%).
Imports (2015): machinery and transport equipment (31.5%), mineral fuels (18.2%), chemical products (13.9%).
Main foreign economic partners (2015): for export - Germany, Great Britain, Iraq; for import - China, Germany, Russia.

Continuation

In 2011, the SCO became an active participant in the Istanbul Process initiated by Turkey, the goal of which is to strengthen regional security and cooperation for the stable development of Afghanistan. On December 6, 2013, Türkiye signed a memorandum on the creation of the SCO Energy Club.

Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

Has the status of a dialogue partner of the SCO. The decision was made on June 16, 2009 at the summit in Yekaterinburg, the memorandum on granting status was signed on May 6, 2010.

Sri Lanka. reference Information

Territory: 65.6 thousand square meters. km.
Population (2014): 20.77 million people.
Capital: Colombo.
State structure: parliamentary-presidential republic; Since January 9, 2015, Maithripala Sirisena has been the country's president.
GDP (2014): $78.82 billion.
Average GDP growth (2010-2014): 6.9%.
Exports (2014): textile materials and products (48%), food products (24%), including tea (17%, the largest exporter of tea in the world), plastics and products made from them (9.6%).
Imports (2014): mineral fuels and products (22%), aircrafts, land transport means and equipment (19%), electrical machinery and equipment (11%).
Main foreign economic partners (2014): for export - USA, UK, India; for import - India, China, UAE.

Continuation

On December 6, 2013, Sri Lanka signed a memorandum on the creation of the SCO Energy Club. Representatives of the republic have repeatedly taken part in meetings within the SCO, including a meeting of ministers of agriculture on October 9, 2014, a meeting of the expert working group on the development of cooperation in the field of tourism on March 24, 2015, etc.

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