The periodic table is one of greatest discoveries humanity, which made it possible to organize knowledge about the world around us and discover new chemical elements. It is necessary for schoolchildren, as well as for anyone interested in chemistry. Besides, this scheme is indispensable in other areas of science.
This diagram contains everything known to man elements, and they are grouped depending on atomic mass and serial number. These characteristics affect the properties of the elements. In total, there are 8 groups in the short version of the table; the elements included in one group have very similar properties. The first group contains hydrogen, lithium, potassium, copper, whose Latin pronunciation in Russian is cuprum. And also argentum - silver, cesium, gold - aurum and francium. The second group contains beryllium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, followed by strontium, cadmium, barium, and the group ends with mercury and radium.
The third group includes boron, aluminum, scandium, gallium, followed by yttrium, indium, lanthanum, and the group ends with thallium and actinium. The fourth group begins with carbon, silicon, titanium, continues with germanium, zirconium, tin and ends with hafnium, lead and rutherfordium. The fifth group contains elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, vanadium, below are arsenic, niobium, antimony, then comes tantalum, bismuth and completes the group with dubnium. The sixth begins with oxygen, followed by sulfur, chromium, selenium, then molybdenum, tellurium, then tungsten, polonium and seaborgium.
In the seventh group, the first element is fluorine, followed by chlorine, manganese, bromine, technetium, followed by iodine, then rhenium, astatine and bohrium. The last group is the most numerous. It includes gases such as helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon. This group also includes metals iron, cobalt, nickel, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. Next come hannium and meitnerium. The elements that form the actinide series and lanthanide series. They have similar properties to lanthanum and actinium.
This scheme includes all types of elements that are divided into 2 large groups – metals and non-metals, having different properties. How to determine whether an element belongs to one group or another will be helped by a conventional line that must be drawn from boron to astatine. It should be remembered that such a line can only be drawn in full version tables. All elements that are above this line and are located in the main subgroups are considered non-metals. And those below, in the main subgroups, are metals. Metals are also substances found in side subgroups. There are special pictures and photos in which you can familiarize yourself in detail with the position of these elements. It is worth noting that those elements that are on this line exhibit the same properties of both metals and non-metals.
A separate list is made up of amphoteric elements, which have dual properties and can form 2 types of compounds as a result of reactions. At the same time, they manifest both basic and acid properties. The predominance of certain properties depends on the reaction conditions and substances with which the amphoteric element reacts.
It is worth noting that this scheme, in its traditional design of good quality, is colored. Wherein different colors for ease of orientation are indicated main and secondary subgroups. Elements are also grouped depending on the similarity of their properties.
However, nowadays, along with the color scheme, it is very common periodic table Mendeleev black and white. This type is used for black and white printing. Despite its apparent complexity, working with it is just as convenient if you take into account some of the nuances. So, in this case, you can distinguish the main subgroup from the secondary one by differences in shades that are clearly visible. In addition, in the color version, elements with the presence of electrons on different layers are designated different colors.
It is worth noting that in a single-color design it is not very difficult to navigate the scheme. For this purpose, the information indicated in each individual cell of the element will be sufficient.
The Unified State Exam today is the main type of test at the end of school, which means that special attention must be paid to preparing for it. Therefore, when choosing final exam in chemistry, you need to pay attention to materials that can help you pass it. As a rule, schoolchildren are allowed to use some tables during the exam, in particular, the periodic table in good quality. Therefore, in order for it to bring only benefits during testing, attention should be paid in advance to its structure and the study of the properties of the elements, as well as their sequence. You also need to learn use the black and white version of the table so as not to encounter some difficulties in the exam.
In addition to the main table characterizing the properties of elements and their dependence on atomic mass, there are other diagrams that can help in the study of chemistry. For example, there are tables of solubility and electronegativity of substances. The first can be used to determine how soluble a particular compound is in water at normal temperature. In this case, anions are located horizontally - negatively charged ions, and cations - that is, positively charged ions - are located vertically. To find out degree of solubility of one or another compound, it is necessary to find its components using the table. And at the place of their intersection there will be the necessary designation.
If it is the letter “p”, then the substance is completely soluble in water under normal conditions. If the letter “m” is present, the substance is slightly soluble, and if the letter “n” is present, it is almost insoluble. If there is a “+” sign, the compound does not form a precipitate and reacts with the solvent without residue. If a "-" sign is present, it means that such a substance does not exist. Sometimes you can also see the “?” sign in the table, then this means that the degree of solubility of this compound is not known for certain. Electronegativity of elements can vary from 1 to 8; there is also a special table to determine this parameter.
Another one useful table– activity series of metals. All metals are located in it according to increasing degrees of electrochemical potential. The series of metal voltages begins with lithium and ends with gold. It is believed that the further to the left a metal occupies a place in a given row, the more active it is in chemical reactions. Thus, the most active metal Lithium is considered an alkaline metal. The list of elements also contains hydrogen towards the end. It is believed that the metals located after it are practically inactive. These include elements such as copper, mercury, silver, platinum and gold.
Periodic table pictures in good quality
This scheme is one of the largest achievements in the field of chemistry. Wherein there are many types of this table – short version, long, as well as extra-long. The most common is the short table, but the long version of the diagram is also common. It is worth noting that the short version of the circuit is not currently recommended for use by IUPAC.
In total there were More than a hundred types of tables have been developed, differing in presentation, form and graphical representation. They are used in different fields of science, or are not used at all. Currently, new circuit configurations continue to be developed by researchers. The main option is either a short or long circuit in excellent quality.
If you find the periodic table difficult to understand, you are not alone! Although it can be difficult to understand its principles, knowing how to use it will help you learn natural sciences. First, study the structure of the table and what information you can learn from it about each chemical element. Then you can begin to study the properties of each element. And finally, using the periodic table, you can determine the number of neutrons in an atom of a particular chemical element.
Steps
Part 1
Table structure- For example, the first row of the table contains hydrogen, which has atomic number 1, and helium, which has atomic number 2. However, they are located on opposite edges because they belong to different groups.
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Learn about groups that contain elements with similar physical and chemical properties. The elements of each group are located in the corresponding vertical column. They are typically identified by the same color, which helps identify elements with similar physical and chemical properties and predict their behavior. All elements of a particular group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.
- Hydrogen can be classified as both alkali metals and halogens. In some tables it is indicated in both groups.
- In most cases, the groups are numbered from 1 to 18, and the numbers are placed at the top or bottom of the table. Numbers can be specified in Roman (eg IA) or Arabic (eg 1A or 1) numerals.
- When moving along a column from top to bottom, you are said to be “browsing a group.”
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Find out why there are empty cells in the table. Elements are ordered not only according to their atomic number, but also by group (elements in the same group have similar physical and chemical properties). Thanks to this, it is easier to understand how a particular element behaves. However, as the atomic number increases, elements that fall into the corresponding group are not always found, so there are empty cells in the table.
- For example, the first 3 rows have empty cells because transition metals are only found from atomic number 21.
- Elements with atomic numbers 57 to 102 are classified as rare earth elements, and are usually placed in their own subgroup in the lower right corner of the table.
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Each row of the table represents a period. All elements of the same period have the same number of atomic orbitals in which the electrons in the atoms are located. The number of orbitals corresponds to the period number. The table contains 7 rows, that is, 7 periods.
- For example, atoms of elements of the first period have one orbital, and atoms of elements of the seventh period have 7 orbitals.
- As a rule, periods are designated by numbers from 1 to 7 on the left of the table.
- As you move along a line from left to right, you are said to be “scanning the period.”
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Learn to distinguish between metals, metalloids and non-metals. You will better understand the properties of an element if you can determine what type it is. For convenience, in most tables metals, metalloids, and nonmetals are designated by different colors. Metals are on the left and non-metals are on the right side of the table. Metalloids are located between them.
Part 2
Element designations-
Each element is designated by one or two Latin letters. Typically, the element symbol is given in large letters in the center of the corresponding cell. A symbol is a shortened name for an element that is the same in most languages. When conducting experiments and working with chemical equations element symbols are commonly used, so it is useful to remember them.
- Usually the element symbols are abbreviations of their Latin names, although for some, especially recently open elements, they are derived from the common name. For example, helium is represented by the symbol He, which is close to the common name in most languages. At the same time, iron is designated as Fe, which is an abbreviation of its Latin name.
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Pay attention to the full name of the element if it is given in the table. This element "name" is used in regular texts. For example, "helium" and "carbon" are names of elements. Usually, although not always, full names elements are indicated by their chemical symbol.
- Sometimes the table does not indicate the names of the elements and only gives their chemical symbols.
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Find the atomic number. Typically, the atomic number of an element is located at the top of the corresponding cell, in the middle or in the corner. It may also appear under the element's symbol or name. Elements have atomic numbers from 1 to 118.
- The atomic number is always an integer.
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Remember that the atomic number corresponds to the number of protons in an atom. All atoms of an element contain the same number of protons. Unlike electrons, the number of protons in the atoms of an element remains constant. Otherwise, you would get a different chemical element!
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The periodic table, or periodic table of chemical elements, begins in the upper left corner and ends at the end of the last row of the table (lower right corner).
The elements in the table are arranged from left to right in increasing order of their atomic number. The atomic number shows how many protons are contained in one atom. In addition, as the atomic number increases, the atomic mass also increases. Thus, by the location of an element in the periodic table, its atomic mass can be determined. As you can see, each subsequent element contains one more proton than the element preceding it.
Ether in the periodic table
The periodic table of chemical elements officially taught in schools and universities is a falsification. Mendeleev himself, in his work entitled “An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether,” gave a slightly different table (Polytechnic Museum, Moscow):
The last time the real Periodic Table was published in an undistorted form was in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, VIII edition). The differences are visible: the zero group has been moved to the 8th, and the element lighter than hydrogen, with which the table should begin and which is conventionally called Newtonium (ether), is completely excluded.
The same table was immortalized by the “bloody tyrant” Comrade. Stalin in St. Petersburg, Moskovsky Avenue. 19. VNIIM im. D. I. Mendeleeva (All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology)
Monument-table Periodic table chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev made mosaics under the guidance of Professor of the Academy of Arts V.A. Frolov (architectural design by Krichevsky). The monument is based on a table from the last lifetime 8th edition (1906) of Fundamentals of Chemistry by D.I. Mendeleev. Elements discovered during the life of D.I. Mendeleev are indicated in red. Elements discovered from 1907 to 1934 , indicated in blue. The height of the monument-table is 9 m. total area 69 sq. m
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Why and how did it happen that they lie to us so openly?
The place and role of the world ether in the true table of D.I. Mendeleev
1. Suprema lex – salus populi
Many have heard about Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev and about the “Periodic Law of Changes in the Properties of Chemical Elements in Groups and Series” that he discovered in the 19th century (1869) (the author’s name for the table is “Periodic System of Elements in Groups and Series”).
Many have also heard that D.I. Mendeleev was the organizer and permanent leader (1869-1905) of the Russian public scientific association under the name “Russian Chemical Society” (since 1872 - “Russian Physico-Chemical Society”), which published the world-famous journal ZhRFKhO throughout its existence, until the liquidation of both the Society and its journal by the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1930.
But few people know that D.I. Mendeleev was one of the last world-famous Russian scientists of the late 19th century who defended in world science the idea of ether as a universal substantial entity, who gave it fundamental scientific and applied significance in revealing the secrets of Being and for improving the economic life of people.
There are even fewer who know that after the sudden (!!?) death of D.I. Mendeleev (01/27/1907), then recognized as an outstanding scientist by all scientific communities around the world except the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, his main discovery - the “Periodic Law” - was deliberately and widely falsified by world academic science.
And there are very few who know that all of the above is connected together by the thread of sacrificial service of the best representatives and bearers of the immortal Russian Physical Thought for the good of the people, the public benefit, despite the growing wave of irresponsibility in the highest strata of society of that time.
In fact, comprehensive development This dissertation is devoted to the last thesis, because in true science any neglect of essential factors always leads to false results. So, the question is: why do scientists lie?
2. Psy-faktor: ni foi, ni loi
It is only now, since the end of the 20th century, that society is beginning to understand (and even then timidly) the practical examples that an outstanding and highly qualified, but irresponsible, cynical, immoral scientist with a “world name” is no less dangerous for people than an outstanding, but immoral politician, military man, lawyer or best case scenario- an “outstanding” highway bandit.
Society was instilled with the idea that the world's academic scientific community is a caste of celestials, monks, holy fathers who care day and night about the welfare of the people. And mere mortals must simply look their benefactors in the mouth, meekly financing and implementing all their “scientific” projects, forecasts and instructions for reorganizing their public and private lives.
In fact, the criminal element in the world scientific community is no less than among the same politicians. In addition, criminal, anti-social acts of politicians are most often visible immediately, but the criminal and harmful, but “scientifically based” activities of “prominent” and “authoritative” scientists are not recognized by society immediately, but after years, or even decades , in his own “public skin”.
Let us continue our study of this extremely interesting (and secret!) psychophysiological factor scientific activity(let’s call it the psi factor), which results in an unexpected (?!) negative result a posteriori: “we wanted what was best for people, but it turned out as always, i.e. to the detriment." Indeed, in science, a negative result is also a result that certainly requires comprehensive scientific understanding.
Considering the correlation between the psi factor and the main objective function (BTF) of the state funding body, we come to an interesting conclusion: the so-called pure, big science of past centuries has by now degenerated into a caste of untouchables, i.e. into a closed box of court healers who have brilliantly mastered the science of deception, brilliantly mastered the science of persecuting dissidents and the science of subservience to their powerful financiers.
It is necessary to keep in mind that, firstly, in all so-called “civilized countries” their so-called. “national academies of sciences” formally have the status government organizations with the rights of the leading scientific expert body of the relevant government. Secondly, all these national academies of sciences are united among themselves into a single rigid hierarchical structure(the real name of which the world does not know), developing a unified strategy for behavior in the world for all national academies of sciences and a unified so-called. a scientific paradigm, the core of which is not the revelation of the laws of existence, but the psi factor: by carrying out the so-called “scientific” cover (for the sake of credibility) as “court healers” of all the unseemly acts of those in power in the eyes of society, to gain the glory of priests and prophets, influencing, like a demiurge, the very course of human history.
Everything stated above in this section, including the term “psi factor” that we introduced, was predicted with great accuracy and justification by D.I. Mendeleev more than 100 years ago (see, for example, his analytical article of 1882 “What kind of Academy is needed in Russia?”, in which Dmitry Ivanovich actually gives a detailed description of the psi factor and in which they proposed a program for the radical reorganization of a closed scientific corporation of members Russian Academy Sciences who viewed the Academy solely as a feeding trough to satisfy their selfish interests.
In one of his letters 100 years ago to Kyiv University professor P.P. Alekseev D.I. Mendeleev openly admitted that “he’s ready to even incense himself in order to smoke the devil out, in other words, in order to transform the foundations of the academy into something new, Russian, his own, suitable for everyone in general and, in particular, for scientific movement in Russia".
As we see, a truly great scientist, citizen and patriot of his homeland is capable of even the most complex long-term scientific forecasts. Let us now consider the historical aspect of the change in this psi factor discovered by D.I. Mendeleev at the end of the 19th century.
3. Fin de siècle
Since the second half of the 19th century in Europe, on the wave of “liberalism,” there has been a rapid numerical growth of the intelligentsia, scientific and technical personnel and a quantitative increase in the theories, ideas and scientific and technical projects offered by these personnel to society.
By the end of the 19th century, competition for “a place in the sun” sharply intensified among them, i.e. for titles, honors and awards, and as a consequence of this competition, the polarization of scientific personnel according to moral criteria has increased. This contributed to the explosive activation of the psi factor.
The revolutionary fervor of young, ambitious and unprincipled scientists and intellectuals, intoxicated by their quick learning and impatient desire to become famous at any cost in scientific world, paralyzed not only representatives of a more responsible and more honest circle of scientists, but also the entire scientific community as a whole, with its infrastructure and established traditions that previously counteracted the unbridled growth of the psi factor.
Revolutionary intellectuals of the 19th century, overthrowers of thrones and government systems in European countries, spread the bandit methods of their ideological and political struggle with the “old order” with the help of bombs, revolvers, poisons and conspiracies) also in the field of scientific and technical activities. In student classrooms, laboratories and scientific symposiums, they ridiculed supposedly outdated common sense, supposedly outdated concepts formal logic- consistency of judgments, their validity. Thus, at the beginning of the 20th century, instead of the method of persuasion, the method of total suppression of one’s opponents, through mental, physical and moral violence against them, entered the fashion of scientific debates (or rather, burst in with a squeal and roar). At the same time, naturally, the value of the psi factor reached extremely high level, having experienced its extreme in the 30s.
As a result, at the beginning of the 20th century, the “enlightened” intelligentsia, in fact, violently, i.e. revolutionary, in a way that replaced the truly scientific paradigm of humanism, enlightenment and social benefit in natural science with its own paradigm of permanent relativism, giving it the pseudoscientific form of the theory of universal relativity (cynicism!).
The first paradigm relied on experience and its comprehensive assessment for the search for truth, the search for and understanding of the objective laws of nature. The second paradigm emphasized hypocrisy and unscrupulousness; and not to search for objective laws of nature, but for the sake of their own selfish group interests to the detriment of society. The first paradigm worked on public benefit, while the second one did not expect this.
From the 1930s to the present, the psi factor has stabilized, remaining an order of magnitude higher than its value in the early and mid-19th century.
For a more objective and clear assessment of the real, and not mythical, contribution of the activities of the world scientific community (represented by all national academies of sciences) to the public and privacy people, let us introduce the concept of normalized psi factor.
The normalized value of the psi factor equal to one corresponds to a one hundred percent probability of obtaining such negative result(i.e., such social harm) from the introduction into practice of scientific developments that declared a priori a positive result (i.e., a certain social benefit) for a single historical period of time (change of one generation of people, about 25 years), during which all of humanity is completely dies or degenerates no more than 25 years from the moment of implementation of a certain block of scientific programs.
4. Kill with kindness
The cruel and dirty victory of relativism and militant atheism in the mentality of the global scientific community at the beginning of the 20th century - main reason all human troubles in this “atomic”, “space” age of so-called “scientific and technological progress”. Let's look back - what more evidence do we need today to understand the obvious: in the 20th century there was not a single socially beneficial act of the worldwide brotherhood of scientists in the field of natural and social sciences that would strengthen the population of Homo sapiens, phylogenetically and morally. But there is just the opposite: merciless mutilation, destruction and destruction of the psycho-somatic nature of man, healthy image his life and his habitat under various plausible pretexts.
At the very beginning of the 20th century, all key academic positions in managing the progress of research, topics, financing of scientific and technical activities, etc. were occupied by a “brotherhood of like-minded people” professing a dual religion of cynicism and selfishness. This is the drama of our time.
It was militant atheism and cynical relativism, through the efforts of its adherents, that entangled the consciousness of all, without exception, senior statesmen on our Planet. It was this two-headed fetish of anthropocentrism that gave birth to and introduced into the consciousness of millions the so-called scientific concept of the “universal principle of degradation of matter-energy,” i.e. the universal disintegration of previously emerged - no one knows how - objects in nature. In place of the absolute fundamental essence (the universal substantial environment), a pseudoscientific chimera of the universal principle of energy degradation, with its mythical attribute - “entropy”, was put.
5. Littera contra littere
According to the ideas of such luminaries of the past as Leibniz, Newton, Torricelli, Lavoisier, Lomonosov, Ostrogradsky, Faraday, Maxwell, Mendeleev, Umov, J. Thomson, Kelvin, G. Hertz, Pirogov, Timiryazev, Pavlov, Bekhterev and many, many others - World Environment– this is the absolute fundamental essence (= substance of the world = world ether = all matter of the Universe = “quintessence” of Aristotle), which fills isotropically and without remainder the entire infinite world space and is the Source and Carrier of all types of energy in nature - indestructible “forces of motion”, "forces of action".
In contrast to this, according to the currently dominant view in world science, the mathematical fiction “entropy” is proclaimed to be an absolute fundamental essence, and also some “information”, which the world’s academic luminaries, in all seriousness, recently proclaimed so-called. “Universal fundamental essence”, without bothering to give this new term a detailed definition.
According to the scientific paradigm of the former, harmony and order of the eternal life of the Universe reigns in the world, through constant local updates (a series of deaths and births) of individual material formations of different scales.
According to the pseudoscientific paradigm of the latter, the world, once created in an incomprehensible way, is moving into the abyss of general degradation, equalization of temperatures towards general, universal death under the vigilant control of a certain World supercomputer, which owns and disposes of some “information”.
Some see around them the triumph of eternal life, while others see around them decay and death, controlled by a certain World Information Bank.
The struggle of these two diametrically opposed worldview concepts for dominance in the minds of millions of people is the central point of the biography of humanity. And the stakes in this struggle are of the highest degree.
And it is absolutely no coincidence that the entire 20th century world scientific establishment is busy introducing (supposedly as the only possible and promising) fuel energy, theories of explosives, synthetic poisons and drugs, toxic substances, genetic engineering with the cloning of biorobots, with the degeneration of the human race to the level of primitive oligophrenics, downs and psychopaths. And these programs and plans are now not even hidden from the public.
The truth of life is this: the most prosperous and globally powerful spheres of human activity created in the 20th century by last word scientific thought, steel: porn, drug, pharmaceutical business, arms trade, including global information and psychotronic technologies. Their share in the global volume of all financial flows significantly exceeds 50%.
Further. Having disfigured nature on Earth for 1.5 centuries, the world academic fraternity is now in a hurry to “colonize” and “conquer” the near-Earth space, having intentions and scientific projects of turning this space into a garbage dump for their “high” technologies. These gentlemen academicians are literally bursting with the coveted satanic idea of managing the circumsolar space, and not just on Earth.
Thus, at the foundation of the paradigm of the world academic fraternity of free masons, a stone was laid extremely subjective idealism(anthropocentrism), and the very building of their so-called. scientific paradigm is based on permanent and cynical relativism and militant atheism.
But the pace of true progress is inexorable. And, just as all life on Earth reaches out to the Sun, so the mind of a certain part of modern scientists and natural scientists, not burdened by the clan interests of the universal brotherhood, reaches out to the sun of eternal Life, eternal movement in the Universe, through knowledge of the fundamental truths of Existence and the search for the main goal function existence and evolution of the species xomo sapiens. Now, having considered the nature of the psi factor, let’s take a look at Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev’s Table.
6. Argumentum ad rem
What is now presented in schools and universities under the title “Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D.I. Mendeleev” is an outright fake.
The last time the real Periodic Table was published in an undistorted form was in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, VIII edition).
And only after 96 years of oblivion, the original Periodic Table rises for the first time from the ashes thanks to the publication of this dissertation in the journal ZhRFM of the Russian Physical Society. Genuine, unfalsified Table D.I. Mendeleev “Periodic table of elements by groups and series” (D. I. Mendeleev. Fundamentals of Chemistry. VIII edition, St. Petersburg, 1906)
After the sudden death of D.I. Mendeleev and the passing of his faithful scientific colleagues in the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, for the first time he raised his hand to Mendeleev’s immortal creation - the son of his friend and colleague D.I. Mendeleev's Society - Boris Nikolaevich Menshutkin. Of course, that Boris Nikolaevich also did not act alone - he only carried out the order. After all, the new paradigm of relativism required the abandonment of the idea of a world ether; and therefore this requirement was elevated to the rank of dogma, and the work of D.I. Mendeleev was falsified.
The main distortion of the Table is the transfer of the “zero group”. The tables are at the end, to the right, and the introduction of the so-called. "periods". We emphasize that such (only at first glance, harmless) manipulation is logically explainable only as a conscious elimination of the main methodological link in Mendeleev’s discovery: the periodic system of elements at its beginning, source, i.e. in the upper left corner of the Table, must have a zero group and a zero row, where the element “X” is located (according to Mendeleev - “Newtonium”), i.e. world broadcast.
Moreover, being the only system-forming element of the entire Table of Derived Elements, this element “X” is the argument of the entire Periodic Table. The transfer of the zero group of the Table to its end destroys the very idea of this fundamental principle of the entire system of elements according to Mendeleev.
To confirm the above, we will give the floor to D.I. Mendeleev himself.
“...If argon analogues do not give compounds at all, then it is obvious that it is impossible to include any of the groups of previously known elements, and for them a special zero group should be opened... This position of argon analogues in the zero group is a strictly logical consequence of the understanding periodic law, and therefore (the placement in group VIII is clearly incorrect) was accepted not only by me, but also by Braizner, Piccini and others...
Now, when it has become beyond the slightest doubt that before that group I, in which hydrogen must be placed, there exists a zero group, the representatives of which have atomic weights less than those of the elements of group I, it seems to me impossible to deny the existence of elements lighter than hydrogen.
Of these, let us first pay attention to the element of the first row of the 1st group. We denote it by “y”. It will obviously have the fundamental properties of argon gases... “Coronium”, with a density of about 0.2 relative to hydrogen; and it cannot in any way be the world ether. This element “y”, however, is necessary in order to mentally get close to that most important, and therefore most rapidly moving element “x”, which, in my understanding, can be considered ether. I would like to tentatively call it “Newtonium” - in honor of the immortal Newton... The problem of gravitation and the problem of all energy (!!!) cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances. A real understanding of the ether cannot be achieved by ignoring its chemistry and not considering it an elementary substance” (“An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether.” 1905, p. 27).
“These elements, according to the magnitude of their atomic weights, took an exact place between the halides and alkali metals, as Ramsay showed in 1900. From these elements it is necessary to form a special zero group, which was first recognized by Errere in Belgium in 1900. I consider it useful to add here that, directly judging by the inability to combine elements of group zero, analogues of argon should be placed earlier (!!!) than elements of group 1 and, in the spirit of the periodic system, expect a lower atomic weight for them than for alkali metals.
This is exactly what it turned out to be. And if so, then this circumstance, on the one hand, serves as confirmation of the correctness of the periodic principles, and on the other hand, clearly shows the relationship of argon analogs to other previously known elements. As a result, it is possible to apply the analyzed principles even more widely than before, and expect elements of the zero series with atomic weights much lower than those of hydrogen.
Thus, it can be shown that in the first row, first before hydrogen, there is an element of the zero group with an atomic weight of 0.4 (perhaps this is Yong’s coronium), and in the zero row, in the zero group, there is a limiting element with an negligibly small atomic weight, not capable of chemical interactions and therefore possessing extremely fast partial (gas) movement of its own.
These properties, perhaps, should be attributed to the atoms of the all-pervading (!!!) world ether. I indicated this idea in the preface to this publication and in a Russian journal article of 1902...” (“Fundamentals of Chemistry.” VIII ed., 1906, p. 613 et seq.).
7. Punctum soliens
The following clearly follows from these quotes.
- Elements of the zero group begin each row of other elements, located on the left side of the Table, “... which is a strictly logical consequence of understanding the periodic law” - Mendeleev.
- A particularly important and even exclusive place in the sense of the periodic law belongs to the element “x” - “Newtonium” - the world ether. And this special element should be located at the very beginning of the entire Table, in the so-called “zero group of the zero row”. Moreover, being a system-forming element (more precisely, a system-forming essence) of all elements of the Periodic Table, the world ether is a substantial argument for the entire diversity of elements of the Periodic Table. The Table itself, in this regard, acts as a closed functional of this very argument.
Now let's turn to the works of the first falsifiers of the Periodic Table.
8. Corpus delicti
In order to erase from the consciousness of all subsequent generations of scientists the idea of the exclusive role of the world ether (and this was precisely what the new paradigm of relativism required), the elements of the zero group were specially transferred from the left side of the Periodic Table to the right side, shifting the corresponding elements a row lower and combining the zero group with the so-called "eighth". Of course, there was no place left for either element “y” or element “x” in the falsified table.
But even this was not enough for the relativist brotherhood. Exactly the opposite, the fundamental thought of D.I. is distorted. Mendeleev about especially important role world broadcast. In particular, in the preface to the first falsified version of the Periodic Law by D.I. Mendeleev, without any embarrassment, B.M. Menshutkin states that Mendeleev allegedly always opposed the special role of the world ether in natural processes. Here is an excerpt from an article by B.N., unparalleled in its cynicism. Menshutkina:
“Thus (?!) we return again to that view, against which (?!) always (?!!!) D. I. Mendeleev opposed, which from the most ancient times existed among philosophers who considered all visible and known substances and bodies composed of the same primary substance of the Greek philosophers (“proteule” of the Greek philosophers, prima materia of the Romans). This hypothesis has always found adherents due to its simplicity and in the teachings of philosophers it was called the hypothesis of the unity of matter or the hypothesis of unitary matter" (B.N. Menshutkin. “D.I. Mendeleev. Periodic Law.” Edited and with an article on the current situation of the periodic law by B.N. Menshutkin. State Publishing House, M-L., 1926).
9. In rerum nature
Assessing the views of D.I. Mendeleev and his unscrupulous opponents, it is necessary to note the following.
Most likely, Mendeleev unwittingly made a mistake in the fact that the “world ether” is an “elementary substance” (i.e., a “chemical element” - in the modern sense of the term). Most likely, the “world ether” is a true substance; and as such, in the strict sense, is not a “substance”; and it does not possess “elementary chemistry” i.e. does not have “extremely low atomic weight” with “extremely fast intrinsic partial motion.”
Let D.I. Mendeleev was mistaken about the “materiality” and “chemistry” of the ether. In the end, this is a terminological miscalculation of a great scientist; and in his time this is excusable, because at that time these terms were still quite vague, just entering scientific circulation. But something else is completely clear: Dmitry Ivanovich was absolutely right in that the “world ether” is an all-forming essence - the quintessence, the substance from which the entire world of things (the material world) consists and in which all material formations reside. Dmitry Ivanovich is also right that this substance transmits energy over distances and does not have any chemical activity. The latter circumstance only confirms our idea that D.I. Mendeleev deliberately singled out the element “x” as an exceptional entity.
So, “world ether”, i.e. the substance of the Universe is isotropic, has no partial structure, but is the absolute (i.e., the ultimate, fundamental, fundamental universal) essence of the Universe, the Universe. And precisely because, as D.I. correctly noted. Mendeleev, - the world ether is “not capable of chemical interactions”, and therefore is not a “chemical element”, i.e. “elementary substance” - in the modern sense of these terms.
Dmitry Ivanovich was also right that the world ether is a carrier of energy over distances. Let's say more: the world ether, as the substance of the World, is not only a carrier, but also a “guardian” and “carrier” of all types of energy (“forces of action”) in nature.
From time immemorial D.I. Mendeleev is echoed by another outstanding scientist, Torricelli (1608 - 1647): “Energy is the quintessence of such a subtle nature that it cannot be contained in any other vessel except in the innermost substance of material things.”
So, according to Mendeleev and Torricelli world broadcast is the innermost substance of material things. That is why Mendeleev’s “Newtonium” is not just in the zero row of the zero group of his periodic system, but this is a kind of “crown” of his entire table of chemical elements. The crown, which forms all the chemical elements in the world, i.e. all matter. This Crown (“Mother”, “Matter-Substance” of every substance) is Natural environment, set in motion and encouraged to change - according to our calculations - by another (second) absolute entity, which we called the “Substantial flow of primary fundamental information about the forms and methods of movement of Matter in the Universe.” More details about this can be found in the journal “Russian Thought”, 1-8, 1997, pp. 28-31.
We chose “O”, zero, as the mathematical symbol of the world ether, and “womb” as the semantic symbol. In turn, we chose “1”, one, as the mathematical symbol of the Substance Flow, and “one” as the semantic symbol. Thus, based on the above symbolism, it becomes possible to succinctly express in one mathematical expression the totality of all possible forms and methods of movement of matter in nature:
This expression mathematically defines the so-called. an open interval of intersection of two sets - set “O” and set “1”, while the semantic definition of this expression is “one in the bosom” or otherwise: The substantial flow of primary fundamental information about the forms and methods of movement of Matter-substance completely permeates this Matter-substance, i.e. world broadcast.
In religious doctrines this “open interval” is clothed in figurative form The universal act of creation by God of all matter in the World from Matter-substance, with Which He continuously remains in a state of fruitful copulation.
The author of this article is aware that this mathematical construction was once inspired by him, again, strange as it may seem, by the ideas of the unforgettable D.I. Mendeleev, expressed by him in his works (see, for example, the article “An attempt at a chemical understanding of the world ether”). Now it is time to summarize our research outlined in this dissertation.
10. Errata: ferro et igni
The categorical and cynical disregard by world science of the place and role of the world ether in natural processes (and in the Periodic Table!) has precisely given rise to the whole gamut of problems for humanity in our technocratic age.
The main one of these problems is fuel and energy.
It is precisely ignoring the role of the world ether that allows scientists to make a false (and at the same time crafty) conclusion that a person can only produce useful energy for his daily needs by burning, i.e. irreversibly destroying the substance (fuel). Hence the false thesis that the current fuel energy industry has no real alternative. And if so, then, supposedly, there is only one thing left: to produce nuclear (ecologically the dirtiest!) energy and gas-oil-coal production, littering and poisoning immeasurably our own habitat.
It is precisely ignoring the role of the world ether that pushes all modern nuclear scientists to a crafty search for “salvation” in the splitting of atoms and elementary particles on special expensive synchrotron accelerators. In the course of these monstrous and extremely dangerous experiments, they want to discover and subsequently use the so-called “for the good”. “quark-gluon plasma”, according to their false ideas - as if “pre-matter” (the term of the nuclear scientists themselves), according to their false cosmological theory of the so-called. " big bang Universe."
It is worthy of note, according to our calculations, that if this so-called. “the most secret dream of all modern nuclear physicists” is inadvertently achieved, then this will most likely be a man-made end of all life on earth and the end of planet earth itself - truly a “Big Bang” on a global scale, but not just for fun, but for real.
Therefore, it is necessary to stop as quickly as possible this crazy experimentation of world academic science, which is struck from head to toe by the poison of the psi factor and which, it seems, does not even imagine the possible catastrophic consequences of these crazy parascientific undertakings.
D.I. Mendeleev turned out to be right: “The problem of gravity and the problems of all energy cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances.”
D.I. Mendeleev was also right in that “someday they will realize that entrusting the affairs of a given industry to the people who live in it does not lead to the best results, although it is useful to listen to such persons.”
“The main meaning of what has been said is that general, eternal and lasting interests often do not coincide with personal and temporary ones, they even often contradict one another, and, in my opinion, one should prefer - if it is no longer possible to reconcile - the first rather than the second. This is the drama of our time.” D. I. Mendeleev. “Thoughts for the knowledge of Russia.” 1906
So, the world ether is the substance of every chemical element and, therefore, of every substance, it is the Absolute true matter as the Universal element-forming Essence.
The world ether is the source and crown of the entire genuine Periodic Table, its beginning and end - alpha and omega of the Periodic Table of Elements of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.
He relied on the works of Robert Boyle and Antoine Lavuzier. The first scientist advocated the search for indecomposable chemical elements. Boyle listed 15 of these back in 1668.
Lavouzier added 13 more to them, but a century later. The search dragged on because there was no coherent theory of the connection between the elements. Finally, Dmitry Mendeleev entered the “game”. He decided that there was a connection between the atomic mass of substances and their place in the system.
This theory allowed the scientist to discover dozens of elements without discovering them in practice, but in nature. This was placed on the shoulders of descendants. But now it’s not about them. Let's dedicate the article to the great Russian scientist and his table.
The history of the creation of the periodic table
Mendeleev table began with the book “Relationship of properties with the atomic weight of elements.” The work was published in the 1870s. At the same time, the Russian scientist spoke before the country’s chemical society and sent out the first version of the table to colleagues from abroad.
Before Mendeleev, 63 elements were discovered by various scientists. Our compatriot began by comparing their properties. First of all, I worked with potassium and chlorine. Then, I took up the group of metals of the alkali group.
The chemist acquired a special table and element cards to play them like solitaire, looking for the necessary matches and combinations. As a result, an insight came: - the properties of components depend on the mass of their atoms. So, elements of the periodic table lined up.
The chemistry maestro's discovery was the decision to leave empty spaces in these rows. The periodicity of the difference between atomic masses forced the scientist to assume that not all elements are known to humanity. The weight gaps between some of the “neighbors” were too large.
That's why, periodic table became like a chess field, with an abundance of “white” cells. Time has shown that they were indeed waiting for their “guests”. For example, they became inert gases. Helium, neon, argon, krypton, radioactivity and xenon were discovered only in the 30s of the 20th century.
Now about the myths. It is widely believed that chemical table Mendeleev appeared to him in a dream. These are the machinations of university teachers, or rather, one of them - Alexander Inostrantsev. This is a Russian geologist who lectured at the St. Petersburg University of Mining.
Inostrantsev knew Mendeleev and visited him. One day, exhausted from the search, Dmitry fell asleep right in front of Alexander. He waited until the chemist woke up and saw Mendeleev grab a piece of paper and write down the final version of the table.
In fact, the scientist simply did not have time to do this before Morpheus captured him. However, Inostrantsev wanted to amuse his students. Based on what he saw, the geologist came up with a story, which grateful listeners quickly spread to the masses.
Features of the periodic table
Since the first version in 1969 periodic table has been modified more than once. Thus, with the discovery of noble gases in the 1930s, it was possible to derive a new dependence of elements - on their atomic numbers, and not on mass, as the author of the system stated.
The concept of “atomic weight” was replaced by “atomic number”. It was possible to study the number of protons in the nuclei of atoms. This figure is the serial number of the element.
20th century scientists studied and electronic structure atoms. It also affects the periodicity of elements and is reflected in later editions Periodic tables. Photo The list shows that the substances in it are arranged as their atomic weight increases.
They did not change the fundamental principle. The mass increases from left to right. At the same time, the table is not single, but divided into 7 periods. Hence the name of the list. The period is a horizontal row. Its beginning is typical metals, its end is elements with non-metallic properties. The decrease is gradual.
There are large and small periods. The first ones are at the beginning of the table, there are 3 of them. A period of 2 elements opens the list. Next come two columns, each containing 8 items. The remaining 4 periods are large. The 6th is the longest, with 32 elements. In the 4th and 5th there are 18 of them, and in the 7th - 24.
You can count how many elements are in the table Mendeleev. There are 112 titles in total. Namely names. There are 118 cells, and there are variations of the list with 126 fields. There are still empty cells for undiscovered elements that do not have names.
Not all periods fit on one line. Large periods consist of 2 rows. The amount of metals in them outweighs. Therefore, the bottom lines are completely dedicated to them. A gradual decrease from metals to inert substances is observed in the upper rows.
Pictures of the periodic table divided and vertical. This groups in the periodic table, there are 8 of them. Elements similar in chemical properties. They are divided into main and secondary subgroups. The latter begin only from the 4th period. The main subgroups also include elements of small periods.
The essence of the periodic table
Names of elements in the periodic table– this is 112 positions. The essence of their arrangement is single list– systematization of primary elements. People began to struggle with this back in ancient times.
Aristotle was one of the first to understand what all things are made of. He took as a basis the properties of substances - cold and heat. Empidocles identified 4 fundamental elements according to the elements: water, earth, fire and air.
Metals in the periodic table, like other elements, are the same fundamental principles, but with modern point vision. The Russian chemist managed to discover most of the components of our world and suggest the existence of still unknown primary elements.
It turns out that pronunciation of the periodic table– voicing a certain model of our reality, breaking it down into its components. However, learning them is not so easy. Let's try to make the task easier by describing a couple of effective methods.
How to learn the periodic table
Let's start with modern method. Computer scientists have developed a number of flash games to help memorize Periodic List. Project participants are asked to find elements using different options, for example, name, atomic mass, or letter designation.
The player has the right to choose the field of activity - only part of the table, or all of it. It is also our choice to exclude element names and other parameters. This makes the search difficult. For the advanced, there is also a timer, that is, the training is carried out at speed.
Game conditions make learning numbers of elements in the Mendleyev table not boring, but entertaining. Excitement awakens, and it becomes easier to systematize knowledge in your head. Those who do not accept computer flash projects offer more traditional way memorizing the list.
It is divided into 8 groups, or 18 (according to the 1989 edition). For ease of memorization, it is better to create several separate tables rather than work on a whole version. Visual images matched to each of the elements also help. You should rely on your own associations.
Thus, iron in the brain can be correlated, for example, with a nail, and mercury with a thermometer. Is the element name unfamiliar? We use the method of suggestive associations. , for example, let’s make up the words “toffee” and “speaker” from the beginnings.
Characteristics of the periodic table Don't study in one sitting. Exercises of 10-20 minutes a day are recommended. It is recommended to start by remembering only the basic characteristics: the name of the element, its designation, atomic mass and serial number.
Schoolchildren prefer to hang the periodic table above their desk, or on a wall they often look at. The method is good for people with a predominance of visual memory. Data from the list is involuntarily remembered even without cramming.
Teachers also take this into account. As a rule, they do not force you to memorize the list; they allow you to look at it even during tests. Constantly looking at the table is equivalent to the effect of a printout on the wall, or writing cheat sheets before exams.
When starting to study, let us remember that Mendeleev did not immediately remember his list. Once, when a scientist was asked how he discovered the table, the answer was: “I’ve been thinking about it for maybe 20 years, but you think: I sat there and suddenly it’s ready.” Periodic table – painstaking work, which cannot be mastered in a short time.
Science does not tolerate haste, because it leads to misconceptions and annoying mistakes. So, at the same time as Mendeleev, Lothar Meyer also compiled the table. However, the German was a little flawed in his list and was not convincing in proving his point. Therefore, the public recognized the work of the Russian scientist, and not his fellow chemist from Germany.
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