Scroves Dead Sea (DSS) is a collection of scrolls found in the desert east of Jerusalem on the shores of the Dead Sea. They are the largest handwritten collections of texts of the second temple, found in the Jews area, the area known for its lack of manuscripts. About 930 texts were found in 11 caves on the hills surrounding Hirbet (\u003d Ruins) of Kumran. Texts are a product of the Esseev community, which lived in the nearby ruins of Kumran and were compiled between the 3rd century BC and the 1st century AD. They are significant because they shed a significant light on the religious and political world of Judaism of the late second temple and on the text of the Jewish Bible.
Research Manuscripts
DSS received a standard numbering system shown as follows:
Nahum has a comment (known as feces, see below). The text is numbered as 4Q169. It was the 169th manuscript found in the cave 4. All manuscripts follow this standardized number system. There are several exceptions. For example, the Great Scroll of Isaiah, one of the first manuscripts found, is numbered as 1Qisaa. Please note that the numbering of 1Q is still provided to him (which means that it was found by the cave 1).
Biblical scrolls
The term "biblical" is inappropriate when applying to DSS, because the "Bible", as we know it today, did not exist in the second temple Judaism (515 BC. E. 70. N.E.). Instead of designating a set of texts with a special level of authority, "biblical scrolls" belong to the texts found in the Bible Tana / Hebrew / Protestant Old Testament. This is a classification imposed on DSS later scientists.
Among DSS was found every book of the Jewish Bible, except Esther. However, not all books are equally witnessed. Palm trees (34 different scrolls), Deuteronomy (30), Isaiah (21) and Genesis (20) are the four most common biblical scrolls. Ecclesisters have only two different scrolls, and the ezra, uniy and the chronicles have only one scroll.
Biblical scrolls found among DSS were significant opportunity Examine the text of the standard Jewish Bible, Masorette text. For example, the version of Jeremiah, found in Septuagint (Greek translation of the Jewish Bible), one eighth in short than found in the Masorette text. It was originally assumed that the Septuagint is a bad translation. Nevertheless, Hebrew versions of both longer and shorter versions were found among DSS. Contrary to the statements of some, no manuscript of the New Testament was found among DSS.
Targumim
Targumim ( plural Tarumov) are special Aramaic translations and interpretations (Tarum in Hebrew for translation). Among DSS was found fragmented Targun Levit and two Tarumima Job (one, 11Q10, is one of the most complete manuscripts). These findings are significant, because they paraphrassed the discussion about how early tagrumimians were recorded. Until 1947, we did not have evidence of Tarum recorded to the general era.
Apocryphah and pseudoepigraphic scrolls
Like "biblical", this classification is anachronic but useful. It means works that were not biblical in the sense of becoming part of the Jewish Bible and are not unique to the Kumran community. This group of texts includes such things as Psalm 151, Psalm, which appears only in Greek until it is discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls (11QSA), the Jewish Apocalyptic (for the apocalyptism, see Definition on Cumran Essees), such as 1 Enoch and Anniversary (both of which are superior to individual biblical scrolls).
Feathers (Multiple Peshrov) are special comments on various prophetic texts and the psalms of the Jewish Bible. Unlike Tarumimov, these comments are written in Hebrew and are aimed specifically on the community Kumran and written in Hebrew.
Thematic comments
While Peshanov has comments, these comments are based on various texts of the Jewish Bible and are focused on a specific topic or topics, especially at the end of this age.
Paraphrase
A number of paraphrase was found among DSS, mainly on the Torah (for example, 4Q127, Greek pereprasing of outcome) and historical books (for example, 4Q382, paraphrase kings).
Legal scrolls
DSS has found several legal texts. They are among the most important texts to understand not only the Kumran community, but also the Jewish legal interpretation of the period of the second temple as a whole. Some texts (for example, "Scroll of Temple", and the community rule) specifically for the Kumran community. Others are intended not only for the sectarian community, but also for Esseev living in the cities and cities of Jews (for example, Damascus document).
Scrolls for use in Worship
While books, such as Psalms, functioned as the resources used in worship, a number of original works, some of which were clearly designed to resemble Psalms.
ESChatological scrolls
Kumran's Essei were an eschatological community. Briefly described that eschatology is faith, and the end of this age is close. ESChatological communities will order their beliefs and practices. In addition to popular Jewish eschatological texts, like 1 Enoch and anniversary, the Kumran community made a number of works on last days. Some work focusing the other day ending to the end (for example, "scrolling of war"). Others are concerned about the new age, especially with the new Jerusalem and the recently restored temple (for example, 1Q32, 2Q24, 4Q232, 4Q554).
Scrolls of wisdom
A number of work resembles the works of canonical wisdom, such as psalms and parables. Although these works are closely related to literature wisdom, they are still eschatological in their nature, paying special attention to the final times and right actions for the community.
Copper Scroll (3Q15)
This last scroll is a mystery. No scientist is sure that it is what it means or how it functions in the community. First of all, it is engraved on copper, assuming that it was originally intended as a scroll. Secondly, although it was found in the three cave, it was found separately from the other scrolls, assuming that it could be a separate deposit in the cave. Thirdly, after he was finally unfolded and translated, the text was a map of treasures written in Hebrew, but with random greek lettersplaced around the text. John Marco Allegro, a scientist of early scrolls, believed that this is a literal map of treasure, and tried to find what, in his opinion, was the hidden wealth of the Kumran community. However, due to the fact that a number of seats in the text unknown, he was not crowned with success. Some scientists continue to argue that this is still a literal treasure map. Others believe that this is a work fiction. The copper scroll remains a mystery that does not have a consensus regarding its interpretation or function in the Kumran community.
Discovery.
Opening scrolls is sophisticated storywhich must be presented here very briefly.
At the end of 1946 or in 1947 N. E. Three Bedouins (nomadic Arab Ethnic Group), wandering in the desert along the North-West shores dead The sea along Wadi Kumran, stumbled upon a cave containing ten cans. All but two were empty. One of them contained dirt, and the other contained that later turned out to be the great prophet Isaiah, the book of the rules of the "Discipline Guide" (or the "Community Rule") and the comment on the biblical book of Avvakum. Later, four other scrolls were found by Bedouins. Almost a year passed before the scientist of the world was aware of the existence of these seven manuscripts, although the initial seven would remain in two separate collections until 1954 AD.
When Bedouins understood the value of manuscripts, they began combing the hills around Hirbet-Kumran in search of other caves. The next cave was not found until February 1952 (Cave 2). Archaeologists found their first cave in March (Cave3). The most impressive find occurred in September 1952, when two archaeologists, following the tip of some Bedouins, started the cave 4. In the cave 4, about 100 different manuscripts were collected. After the cave 4, seven more caves were found. The last cave (Cave 11) was found in 1956. Subsequent attempts of archaeologists to find more caves containing manuscripts, but nowhere was found.
With fluffy discoveries, a number of findings belonging to the rebellion of the Kochba Bar (132-136 AD) were included, it is quite natural that there was interest in ruins near the caves. Six seasons of excavations took place in Hirbet-Kumran in the period between 1951 and 1958 AD.
Most of the Sweet Sea Scrolls are religious works that are divided into two types on our website: "Bible" and "nonbibal". "Temples and Mesuz" are highlighted in a separate category. Documents of a non-leaturated nature mainly, papyrus found in the Cumran caves, and in other places, grouped into the "Documents" and "letters" sections, and in a separate small group "Exercises in the letter". There is also a separate group "Unidentified texts", which includes many fragments in the deplorable state, which scientists failed to attribute to one of the existing categories. As a rule, the name of one or another manuscript refers to one text. However, in some cases, one name was assigned to several essays. Sometimes the reason for this may be the fact that the scroll was used again - that is, on top of the old, blurred or pricked text, a new one was written (t. Palimpside). In other cases, one text was written on the front side of the scroll, and on the revolving - the other. The cause of such a classification may also be errors or disagreements of scientists who have not come to a single opinion on the classification of the studied fragments.
Left: Mas 1O Facial Side Scroll (Reco) - Text, Migrating Muzimm
Right: MAC 1O Rolver Side Scroll (Verso) - Unidentified text
Photo:
Shai Alevi
Sometimes researchers mistakenly believed that individual fragments relate to one manuscript. But sometimes it was excerpts of one work - for example, the Biblical book of Levit, however, different copies of it. In some cases, letters are added to the names or numbers of the scrolls to distinguish between different copies of the same work. In the case of the above-mentioned book, Levite is: 4Q26, 4Q26A, 4Q26B, 4Q26c.
Types of writings
As a rule, researchers classify literary works accommodation in the number of satellites of the Dead Sea in accordance with their content or genre. Scientists have different opinions about some specific categories, and the terms we used are selected only in order to facilitate the user journey through the site, and not to contribute to the already confusing discusions. Moreover, the same text can be attributed to several categories.
Biblical texts
Scripture (מקרא) -copies of books belonging to the Jewish Bible. Among the scrolls of the Dead Sea were discovered all the books of the Jewish Bible, except for the Esphyr's book (Esther). These are the oldest biblical texts that have reached us.
Scriptures (תרגום המקרא) -translations of biblical texts on Aramaic and Greek languages.
Tfillin and Mesuza
Tfillin (phylacteria) and mezuz contain excerpts from the Torah, and are used in the Jewish ritual in accordance with the announced in the Book of Deuteronomy, 6: 6-9:
"Yes, these words, which I command you today, in your heart ... And enjoy them in your hand on your hand, and they will be drawing between your eyes. And write them on your houses at your home and your goal. "
Tfillin (תפילין) -twisted pieces, placed in special boxes and intended to be "familiar to hand" and "drawing between eyes". More than two dozen leaflets of parchment with text for tfillins were found in the Cumran Caves, and several more TsFillins were found in the Marbabat Gorlas, Hever and Zeelim.
Left: cases for temples from the Kumran Cave No. 4,
1 cm for 2-3 cm
Right: 4Q135 4Q PHYLACTERY H - Text of Tfillin,
2.5 cm for 4 cm
Photo:
Shai Alevi
They are identified by biblical quotes that they contain, and according to some features of writing, in particular on a fine font. These texts are identical to those that require the law established by the Rabbi, respected in Jewish religious practice to this day. However, some of the specified instances contain and additional quotes from the Bible. Since Tfillins from Kumran are the only samples available we have the period of the second temple, we are unknown, whether they reflect them specific traits The tradition of one specific community, or the tradition is widespread in the people.
Mesuz (מזוזה) -parchment Ki sheet with text from the Jewish Bible, placed in special capsules and attached to the door jambs. Eight Mesuz was found in the Kumran caves and a few more in Wadi Mrabarabat. Biblical quotes written on these mesuzes are identical to the texts that are placed on the door shoals of Jewish houses today.
Non-biblical writings
Nebibleous writings are called texts that have not become part of the Jewish Bible. At the same time, some of them could well be recognized as sacred as their authors and readers of that time.
Apocrypha (אפוקריפה) -this term is indicated by specific works, which are part of the Catholic and Orthodox Old Testament, but are not part of the Jewish Bible and the Protestant Old Testament. Three similar apocryphs were found among the deaths of the Dead Sea: Ben-Sira (known as the wisdom of Jesus, Son Syrahov or Sirah), Tovita's book, and the message of Jeremiah.
Calendar texts (חיבורים קלנדריים) -calendar calculations found in Kumran caves and predominantly focused on the sunny, and not on the lunar cycle. These calendars are an important source of information about the holidays and the so-called priests (משמרות). Some of them are made by secret font (unusual for Hebrew by writing a way), since the information may have been a secret and esoteric. These manuscripts are especially valuable for their streamlining and systematic transfer of days and months, thanks to which scientists recreated the missing parts of the calendar. The most common of these calendars includes 364 days, divided into four seasons for 13 weeks each.
Exegetic texts (חיבורים פרשניים) -works analyzing and interpreting specific biblical works. The most famous of these texts are the so-called "Pesharia" (see below); as well as "Galachic Midrash" and interpretation of the Book of Genesis.
Peshers (פשר) -a separate type of commentator's literature, very narrowly interpretative biblical prophecies, as a particular Kumran community-related history. Pesham is particularly focused on the eschatological idea of \u200b\u200bthe "recent days". These comments are very easily recognized by the frequency use of the word "paws", which links quotes from the Bible and interpreting their sectarian explanations.
Historical writings (חיבורים היסטוריים) -texts dedicated to those or other modes, and sometimes even commenting on these events from the point of view of morality or theology. These fragments mention historical characters, such as Tsaritsa Salome (Sullage) or Greek kings, and many of the events described in them occur in the midst of wars and rebellions.
Galachic texts (חיבורים הלכתיים) -texts are mainly dedicated to Galage (term used in later rabbinite literature), i.e., discussing Jewish religious laws. The Jewish Bible contains a wide range of halakhic texts discussing a wide variety of questions: civil relations, ritual requirements and commandments (for example, on the observance of holidays), the temple service, ritual purity and uncleanness, behavior within the prescribed ethics, etc. Many kumran texts Interpret and expand the traditional biblical look at these laws. And there are among them and such as, for example, the Charter of the community or the Galachic parts of the Damascus document (also known as a scroll of the Damascus Testament), which are devoted to the specific rules and settings of the sectarians. Some essays, the most significant of which are Mixat Mausa Ha Torah (MMT, also known as a galachic letter) are devoted to controversy with opponents of the sect.
The accumulable texts (חיבורים על המקרא) -writings in new retelling ScripturesExpanding or embellishing biblical narrative or galachic texts with new details. This category belongs, for example, apocrypha to the Book of Genesis, Book Enoch and Temple Scroll. Some of the accumulating texts, for example, such as the Book of Jubileev or the Aramaic Levi Document, could probably have a sacred status among some ancient religious groups.
Poeturgy and liturgical texts (חיבורים שיריים וליטורגיים) -most of the poetic essays detected among the dead sea scrolls and the praise hymns are closely related to biblical poetry. Many texts use topics and expressions inherent to more late period, and first of all it refers to sectarian works - such, for example, like thankful hymns. Some of these texts could be drawn up for personal learning and reflection, others - for the formal liturgical service: for example, daily prayers, festive prayers, and Sabbore's songs.
Instructive texts (חיבורים חכמתיים) -some of the Kumranian scrolls continue the traditions of instructive or philosophical literature, such biblical books, as parables, Jobs, Ecclesiaste and apocryphic writings, like the wisdom of Jesus Son Syrahov and Solomon's wisdom. In these works, practical advice on everyday life Arranged with deep reflections on the nature of things and the fate of humanity. Such works as instruction and secrets combine pragmatic and philosophical topics with apocalyptic and galachic issues.
Sectarian works (חיבורים כיתתיים) -writings using special terminology and describing specific theology, worldview and history of a separate religious group, called "Yakhad" ("together", "community"). The central group of these texts describes the community charters with a special emphasis on anticipation of the end of the world, which seems to members of this group inevitable and relatives. Previously, scientists attributed all the deaths of the Dead Sea community of Esseev - one of the three leading Jewish sects of the period of the second temple. Today, most researchers believe that in their totality, these texts rather reflect several related religious communities at different stages of formation and development, rather than one-sole sect. And even the texts classified as "sectarian" were most likely compiled by representatives of different groups that are included or not included in the Jakhad community. Three of the first seven scrolls found in the cave number 1 were the most significant in identifying sectarian texts and are still the most famous manuscripts. This is the charter of the community, the war of the Sons of Light against the sons of darkness and comment on the Book of the Prophet Avakkum (Peshric Xavakkuk).
Documents and letters
Letters of Bar Cohba (איגרות בר כוכבא) -fifteen military messages that have survived in the leather fur in the cave No. 5/6 in the haser gorge, also known as the Poscent Cave. All letters in this bundle were compiled by a person from the nearest environment of the leader of the uprising against the Romans Shimon Bar Kohba and most of them are written on behalf of the latter.
Archive of Babatha (ארכיון בבתא) -personal archive of a woman, which, apparently, was looking for refuge in the Jewish desert during the rebellion of the Bar-Kochba. These documents were also found in the cave No. 5/6 in the hever gorge (the so-called message cave) and are thirty-five financial documents, including marriage contract, Land acts, trading contracts. All documents were packed in a bundle and are laid in a leather bag, which was then hidden in the hidden creving of the cave. Apparently, a careful selection of shelter was made on the use of these documents in the future. Documents are very well preserved and contained in them. exact dates from 94 to 132 n. e. The archive includes texts in Aramaic, Nabatie and Greek.
Archive of Eleazar Ben Shmuel (ארכיון אלעזר בן מואל) -in addition to the archives of the Bar-Kochba and the climbing cave, another small set of interesting documents was discovered - five contracts belonging to the Son Son of Shmuel, a peasant from Ein Gedi. They were found inside a leather bag in the same secret seasus of the cave as the bay archive. Another papyrus belonged to Elazara was hidden in the cane.
Presumably kumran texts (תעודות לכאורה ממערות קומראן) -finally, there are some documents sold by Bedouins Museum of Rockefeller in Jerusalem as an allegedly Kumranian manuscriptsBut it is possible that in fact they were found elsewhere. At a minimum, in one of these cases, affiliation to the cumranical scrolls is very likely. Another fragment is a financial account in Greek, presumably written on the turnover of the original scroll of Kumran.
They contain fragments of records from Messias, Exodus, Leviticus, Deuteronomy, Ruth, Kings, Michea, Nehemia, Samuel, Iermemia, Joel, Navina, Judges, Proverbs, Numbers, Psalms, Ezekiel and Ions. Manuscripts found in the Cumran cave, where and the first scrolls of the Dead Sea. Up to this point, it was known only about the mention of the book of Nehemiah. If it is confirmed that the fragments found really contain these texts and their authenticity will be established, then such a source will be the first.
Scientists expressed concern that the Scriptures are probably fake.
25 fragments are only part of a valuable historical artifact. There are information that 70 fragments appeared on the "black market" in 2002. Representatives of the antiquities of Israel (IAA) tend to believe that part of the scrolls found in the caves are in private collections, and there is still nothing to be known about Services and wide scientific circles.
Dead Sea Scrolls: Find History
Parts of the artifacts were found from 1947 to 1956 during the excavations in 11 caves on Kumran in the Jewish desert near the Dead Sea. During this period, Bedouin found about 900 manuscripts. Some of them were passioned by smuggling and sold in Bethlehem through the antiques of Khalil's antiques, a ferrison of Shahin, known under the name "Cando". He died in 1993, and his business and real estate began to dispose of Son William.
Dead Sea Scrolls: Book It is assumed that the scrolls were hidden in the caves of Kumran Jews in about 70 AD. Under the uprising against the occupation of Rome. They could be written by the Jewish sect, known as Essei.
Cumran with its caves is located on the West Bank. The territory took the territory of Jordan Israel during the six-day war (1967), and the first state for a long time Presented rights to artifacts.
The term "dead sea scrolls", for the most part, apply to letters found in Kumran. But there are manuscripts that were in the Jewish desert, which is accepted so called.
Scrolls of the Dead Sea: Collections
In the period from 2009 to 2014 Steve Green, the owner of the network of art art stores, bought 13 manuscripts. They were not free of charge along with other artifacts. The opening of the institution is expected in Washington, DC, in the fall of 2017.
Scrolls of the Dead Sea: Content
Martin Schoyen, a collector from Norway, has another part of the scrolls. The books of the manuscript were visited by the book "Cups from the cave: Scrolls of the Dead Sea and some items from the Soyuen collection" (Bloomsbury, 2016).
Dead Sea Scrolls: Content Schoyen began to collect a collection in 1986. The main goal for him was to search and acquire scrolls of the Dead Sea. Part of them they found them from private individuals in Zurich, the other was acquired from collectors, other purchased at the Shahin Antiques store in Bethlehem in the 50s of the last century. He also bought out some of the copies of students working in the Cumran caves in 1948 and received them as gifts from the bishop, which contributes to the excavation.
Scrolls of the Dead Sea Nehemia
An important part of the collection of the museum is a fragment of the book of Nehemia. It describes a person named Nehemiah, who lived in V c. BC. Jerusalem destroyed the Babylonian army in 586 BC. Persia captured the territory of Babylon, and the Jews were forced to leave and they were allowed to return home.
Scientists argue that the Names of Nehemium's writings in Kumran did not have information, therefore, as a fragment in America fell and its origin, unknown.
In the collection of Schuyen there is also a fragment from the book of Levit. It tells about the fact that God promised a reward for the people of Israel if Saturday and the Ten Commandments are observed. The collector published a note from William Cando that Levit's scroll once belonged to his father. He bought the artifact from Bedouins from 1952 to 1953.
Scrolls of the Dead Sea: Video
News Archeology
The interest in the Scrolls of the Dead Sea arose at me by chance, when I looked at the next inequate creation from Discovery. I have not understood anything, I decided to deal in more detail with this question. And what I read, I was very impressed with me. I'll try briefly simple language, describe the situation around the Cumranian manuscripts, as well as about incredible conclusions, which are suggested when studying these documents. In the review, I rely mainly on the book by Michael Bagenta and Richard Lee "Scrolls of the Dead Sea" (M.: Eksmo, 2007). To a greater extent, my opus is short retelling books. Therefore, many moments relating to the evidence of alleged theories omitted by me - you can read about them yourself, both in the mentioned book and in other sources on this topic.
I recommend this article for reading only those who at least once leafed the Bible and is familiar with its main characters. Orthodox and other believers read with caution and supervision of spiritual persons - otherwise you can inadvertently lose faith and become an immoral unconscious atheist-otchenz.
1. About the scrolls themselves.
In 1947, caves were found in Palestine, caves were found, and there were some vintage jugs with no less old documents. Naturally, the Nakhodka caused a rabid excitement, and before scientists got access to these scrolls, a lot happened detective storiesassociated with the turnover of finds in the black artifact market. This can be found separately in books and articles telling: who and how they wanted these manuscripts. Quite interesting, by the way.
But over time, most of the documents were in the hands of a group of scientists who call themselves the International Group on the Study of Dead Sea Scrolls. And for more than 60 years, the documents are being studied by this group.
As it turned out, scientists belonging to the international group are not world luminaries of archeology or history, but are directly related to catholic church. Namely - to the Order of the Dominicans. This, by the way, the same zealous Order, whose task to defend faith by any ways (no wonder their name is translated as "Psi of the Lord"). Further, for simplicity and convenience, I will call the scientists of the International Group - Dominicans.
Moreover, the specified international group is associated with the so-called Congregation on the creeds created in the Catholic Church in the Vatican. It's funny, but until 1965, this congregation was called the Holy Chamber, and even earlier - until 1542 - the name of the organization was very famous - the Holy Inquisition.
It would seem why scrolls that contain religious information, not to study church scientists? After all, they are competent specialists in biblical and other divine disciplines. But as practice has shown, now the texts of the scrolls have not been published to the end. In addition, the international group does not allow anyone to the scrolls, and those independent scientists who are trying to get access to them are rigidly ridiculed as amateurants, and even sometimes pursued. The Dominicans themselves argue that the translation is a very time-consuming occupation and takes time and effort. But already passed more than half a century. And now the whole of the current situation causes very strong suspicions that with these scrolls and scientists, in whose hands the scrolls are unclean.
Scrolls of the Dead Sea are copies of the Old Testament texts that someone and somehow hid in the caves not far from the town of Kumran, where the ancient settlement is located. However, besides the Old Testament texts, there are still a number of manuscripts, of which we learn about the life and activities of those who seem to live in Kumran. So, for example, among the manuscripts, the charter of the community, various interpretations of religious texts, as well as the so-called copper scroll, which indicates the location of the treasure treasures.
The official statement of the international group (those of the most Dominicans) is: the scrolls belong to a small peace sect of the Jews, who lived in Kumran about 150 years before AD. They lived, did not touch anyone, they made rites and drove friendship with the Romans. Then they did not share something with Roman legion meters and threw Kumran. Catholic scientists, referring to the famous historian-contemporary of Christ Flavia, suggested that this sect was called "Sect Yesseev". In fact, about this sect is mentioned in many sources of that time.
2. Danity of dating.
And everything would be fine, but in the texts of the scrolls there are such places that make you shudder any little, familiar with the Bible. Some phrases are almost literally quoted in the christian major book. The question arises: is it possible?
Dominican researchers very carefully bypass these facts very carefully and say that there are no coincidences, moreover, it was found that they specifically translate some words from the scrolls are not as they are in fact, thereby weathered the similarity of biblical and kumran.
Slowly it becomes clear why they do not show the scrolls for so long, and why Dominicans are not allowed to study the scrolls.
Quote by book: Since the opening of the Dead Sea scroll, the imagination of many excuses the same question causing confusion, anxiety and even irritation. Can these texts that are so close to the "primary source" and which (in contrast to the texts of the New Testament) were never published and did not enjoy wide fame, shed significantly new light on the origins of Christianity, on the so-called "early" church in Jerusalem And perhaps the identity of Jesus himself? Do they contain anything scandalous, able to challenge and even disprove the established church traditions?
That's the problem. Scrolls may contain something that can greatly undermine the usual view of Christianity. Let's try to figure out.
The main claim of the scientist world to the international group is a question of dating scrolls. There are too many facts telling that manuscripts were written in the period plus-minus 50 years from the Nativity of Christ.
And if it is proved that manuscripts are written before or after the birth of Jesus, christian world Waiting for two versions of trouble.
Option 1. If manuscripts are created before the birth of Christ.
According to the simplified concept of Christians, there were stupid Jews who fought their stupid law, observed complex rituals and waited for the Messiah. And suddenly, God himself came to Earth and began the rapid activity, the result of which was not only the salvation of humanity, but also the record of his words in such a sacral literary monument, like the Bible. That is, everything that has been said in the Bible did not come up with the Jews, but is recorded from the words of God himself, who in the Pooh and the dust criticized the lifestyle and faith of Jews, in particular, stating that their religion was outdated and was only a preparation for the true New Testament .
And here on you - in the documents of Kumran we meet the premises new religion. Moreover, documents belong to some sect of the Jews. Is Christianity really have roots in the religious system of hated Jews, and besides the sectarians? It would be unpleasant. By the way, members of the International Group (Dominicans) were frankly recognized in anti-Semitism, and their head of Father De in openly declared the inadmissibility of the Jews to study the scrolls. He understood that the Jews would be very happy to learn about such an opening.
Option 2.. If manuscripts are written after the Nativity of Christ.
It is absolutely precisely proved that Kumran was empty in about 60-70x years. During the Jewish war, the apogee of which was the siege of the Romans of the Massad Fortress 50 km from Kumran. It is very likely that the inhabitants of Kumran went to defend the fortress and died there. Before this manuscript was reliably hidden in the caves nearby. It is known what happened in a massand in 74. N.E.: When the defenders of the fortress realized that the Romans were about to burst, they committed an act of mass suicide
Men betrayed the death of their wives and children. Then there were placed ten warriors who were ordered to kill their associates. When everyone was killed, the remaining decades decided to throw lots to determine the warrior who had to kill the nine surviving. He gave his comrades, set up the surviving structures in the fortress and committed suicide. A total of 1,000 men, women and children were killed. And when the next morning, the Romans, breaking through the gate, broke into the fortress, they found only the corpses lying among the smoking ruins.
It must be assumed that none of the defenders returned to Kumran, and the documents were dust in the caves for almost 2000 years.
So, if the documents date after the birth of Christ, then this means that they were written during the life of Jesus or in the next 30 years after his death. But there are no mention of the great events occurring in the 1930s in the texts. There is not a word about something divine, there are no hints of miracles.
In the documents describing the life of the community, there is a place in which the conflict of some kind of good righteous is told with a traitor's liar and a wicked priest (about them below). But even this good righteous does not call himself God, and no one considers him. And the good righteous himself is apparently a member of the community, if not the leader.
And the most curious thing is: members of the community call each other "Sons of God." This is how people call each other by comrades, or gentlemen, or citizens. But Christianity claims that only one creature could be called and called himself the Son of God. All others are slaves.
It can be argued that the sect was located in a secluded place and simply could not know what miracles occur in Jerusalem. Well, you take from crazy hermits? However, the facts show that the sectarians were not at all herds. For example, the above copper scroll contains a list of treasures that, apparently, were in the Jerusalem temple - a sacred place for the Jews. According to calculations in the scroll, treasures are described on 25 tons of gold and 65 tons of silver. Such values \u200b\u200bcould only be in the temple. And since the scrolls are indicated in the scroll, where gold and silver are hidden, it becomes clear that the treasures were covered with Jews after in 66 N. e. During the uprising in Jerusalem, the Romans destroyed the temple. The question of dating copper scroll at all could be removed. However, Dominicans are unconvincingly trying to prove that the text of the copper scroll is either Fantasy Esseev, or a report on other treasures - you never know what wealth has been among the ancient Jews.
Nevertheless, the question arises where the information about the treasures of the temple has a peaceful sect. It doesn't seem that members of the community did not know anything about events in the country and Jerusalem. In addition to the copper scroll of the community politicization and its active participation in the events of the time indicates a number of other facts that can be found in the relevant studies.
Thus, the dating of scrolls throws a huge shadow on the origins of Christianity. But if the problem was only in this ...
3. Religious fundamentalists.
For a long time in scientific circles, where the Bible is studying impartially and scrupulously, there is a theory that the origins of Christianity should be sought in the views and customs of another Jewish sect, which are known to us as Zlotto. Even the Bible definitely indicates us that among the apostles was Simon Zvytot. And the nickname "Iskariot" can mean not at all "from the city of Cariot", but to be educated from the word "Sikari" (Kinzhalshchik) - in modern researchers of that era there is a great suspicion that the Sikarev group is the same in the same inventory.
By the way, in Cumranches, we see that the members of the community call themselves the "Guardians of Light", which is pronounced in Jewish as " eco-brit". As far as I understand, these words in Greek transcription sound like" nazori". Arabs called Christians" nazran"A. And Jesus Christ is mentioned in the Bible as Jesus Nazareyanin; This is the opinion of Church that he is from the city of Nazareth. However, there are archaeological confirmations that at the time of Christ the city of Nazareth has not yet been built. And Jesus Nazori means completely different - Jesus Noesri. Jesus from the Light Guardes Community.
So, scientists studying the Cumran and his scrolls there are weighty grounds to believe that these very normaries are Zlots. And Kumran is by no means a quiet place, near the old monastery, and the most real fortress, the headquarters of the sectors.
In general, we know about zilodes from the works of historians of that time (for example, Flavia). They are represented as rather aggressive, jealous group of EUVERS, defending the purity of its faith by methods up to terrorism.
And indeed in the scrolls of the Dead Sea is given detailed description serving the law and the punishment for the retreat from it. The position of Jews-Zilotov was as follows: the Holy Land is under the authority of the Romans, the high priests of the Temple - sold and false. The Romans force the Jews to recognize her emperor by God that for the pious Jew, the scratched sin (do not coordinate the idol). Therefore, the believers of Jews go underground, and a powerful movement against the Roman occupiers and their servants are gradually formed, whose peak fell at the beginning of the Jewish War (first half 1B. N. E.). Movement It was a militant, nationalist, revolutionary, shortfall and a messianistic character (Quote. On the book). Yes, I must say that in the historical context of the Zlotnota were not even a sect, but a real military-political movement.
And here the Kumranian manuscripts allow us to say that the very zlots hid in Kumran, where there were the heart of their movement, where important information was kept, including the treasures of the temple, and where Zilot went to her last fight to the fortress of the Massada, leaving the manuscript on Storage time.
The members of the International Group initially tried to make funid about the assumption that the Kumran community was the secret headquarters of Zilot, but over time, even the Dominicans themselves agree that the theory of zilites is more like the truth than the bikes about peace-loving Essees.
The facts that Zilot were sitting in Kumran, and in their documents a lot of common with the Bible leads us to even more shocking conclusions.
4.Apostle Paul.
Next, I will describe the theory of the appearance of Christianity, which was suggested by the researcher, Dr. Eisenman, on the basis of a detailed comparison of the texts of the Bible and manuscripts. I omit all the evidence of his theory, since I want to significantly limit the article. All those wishing to check the findings of the scientist, I advise you to turn both to his books and that book, a short retell of which I make. Only conclusions.
So, having studied what is written in the manuscripts, researchers really wanted to know who the same key figures mentioned in the scrolls. And further research and reflections made to draw the attention of scientists to the less well-known part of the Bible as the "Acts of Apostles" and "Letters of the Apostle Paul." The acts were written in the period from 60 to 80 years. 1 in. n. e. And this means that manuscripts are created either at the same time either before.
Surprisingly, many phrases from the scroll sound in the mouth of the main character of the acts, and this means one thing - the Apostle Paul was familiar with the charter of the community. Moreover, some oddity arises: at least Paul and quotes phrases from the Kumranian texts, but he invests in them another meaning, and sometimes it distorts him at all. Why this may be - I will write below.
Let me remind you the story of the Apostle Paul. He was not an apostle in the literal sense of the word. That is, in the number of 12 it was not entered. It is not known whether he saw Christ in general, but it did not preach him to preach Christian ideas.
However, before his confusion, Jesus Paul was known under his real name - Sawl from Tars. He was Jew, and with Roman citizenship. Very educated, understood in pagan religions and had a good ability of the speaker. And in those years he was engaged in having pursued sectors. That is, he worked on the Jewish priests configured by the Romans friendly. In his task, just a search and destruction of members of the so-called "early church" - an organization that later became world famous christian church.
It is clear that this "early church" did not differ in peacefulness, otherwise it would be why Paul was impatient to go to Damascus with armed guards. From the acts it seems that the early church often resorted to terrorism.
In the way, Saul had a vision - Jesus appeared to him, asked why Sawl pursues him, and then, when Sawl was upset, Jesus ordered Savlu to go to one place where people would be waiting for him.
Thus, Sawl fell to his former enemies and became a member of the "early church." He took the name Paul, which means "smaller" and began to prove everyone that he believed and generally burns the desire to preach.
The reader probably already guessed himself that the very "early church" and the sect of Zilots had an incredibly much common. Both were underground and brutally pursued by the authorities, both demanded observance of the commandments of faith, and the Apostle Paul speaks of his sermons by phrases from the Charter of the Kumran community.
However, it is necessary to keep in mind the fundamental difference in the religious doctrines of Zilotov and Christians. Again, roughly speaking, Zlots, like Zerra, believed that the condition of salvation of the Orthodox Jew had to comply with the law of ancestors. Law of Moses. PTI of the law and sternly follow him, and then you will go to heaven.
Christians have a fundamentally different position: believe in Christ and then save. The main thing is faith.
Again the question: if Paul was Zerilot, then why does his teaching from the teachings of Zilots differ so? Moreover, in the second part of the acts, we read that Paul had serious conflicts With the "early church." Would this conflict occurred on matters?
5. Good righteous and liar.
And the randering may be this. In the Acts of Apostles the main character - Pavel Sawl, all the action takes place around him, and sometimes the story goes even from the first person. It should be understood that the assessment of all events in acts is carried out from the point of view of the apostle. That is, we have Christianity with the eyes of Paul, and it is believed that this is the right Christianity.
But for objectivity, we would not have prevented any other look at what is happening. And such a look gives us just a scroll of the Dead Sea.
This look at the events of 1 c. n. e. The eyes of Zilots, members of the Kumran community. According to Acts, the very early church headed none other than Jacob, Brother Jesus Christ. It is significant unknown, whether he really was his blood brother. There are versions that he was a brother cousin, or a consolidated brother from the first marriage of his father, or brother in the sense of relations between community members. It is clear only one thing that, unlike Pavel Jacob, Iiusus knew well in reality.
In other words, in Acts, Paul always acts as the "Hero", and anyone who opposes him, whether other authoritative apostles or even Jacob himself automatically appear enemies and villains.
What is there, damn it, happened?
So, Jacob was the head or noticeable member of the movement of Zilots. This is evidenced by the text not only by the acts themselves, but also other historical books, such as Clemetica or the Labor of Eusevia. At the same Eusevia, for example, Jacob is shown to us as a very righteous person. And there are serious grounds to believe that the kind of righteous, mentioned in Kumran Scrims there is no other as Jacob.
Then, who is such a liar or the traitor described in the manuscripts? In the second message to the Corinthians (2 Cor. 11, 3-4), Paul directly declares that members of the Jerusalem community are preached " of another Jesus" What does another Jesus mean? What were the divergence of interlor Pavlom and Zilites in relation to the personality of Christ?
I quote an excerpt from the book: ... It is necessary to emphasize that Paul, in fact, became the first "Christian" heretic and that his teaching, who later became the theological foundation for later Christianity, is a clear and undoubted evasion of "initial", or "clean", the exercise that he adhered to Community Leaders ... Jesus, strictly adhered to the Jewish law, for sure, would certainly consider the creation of a cult and reverence of any mortal man, including him. He clearly speaks about it in the Gospel, who heard his students, followers and listeners to honor God alone.
Paul, on the contrary, as if he moves God to the background and for the first time, it sets the reverence of Jesus himself, and Jesus becomes a Jewish analogue of Adonis, Attis, Tammuz and other dying and resurrection deities that were so popular in the Middle East in that era. To have chances to compete with these gods, Jesus had to meet the ideas about them, what is called, the Word for Word, a miracle in a miracle. It was during this period that many wonderful moments began to be associated with the biography of Jesus, including its wonderful birth from the Virgin and the Resurrection from the dead. These parts, naturally, are the inventions of Paul himself, diametrically opposed to "pure" teachings, whose preachers acupunted Jacob, brother of the Lord, and other members of the Jerusalem community. Thus, it is not surprising that Jacobs and his like-minded people were extremely surprised, learning that Paul preaches.
Speaking briefly, Paul, who sent missionary (in the sense of recruiting new Zerotov members), began to carry "backward". Paul was a good speaker and remarkably understood in the mythologies of the surrounding states (after all, the position of the sectobore was obliged to this). Paul understood that he wants to hear a crowd, religious propaganda - an ancient invention. And he began to attribute to Jesus Christ of various kinds of wonders to Jesus Christ, and then he elevated him into the rank of God. Of course, the people ate him by opening his mouth.
Members of the community for which such speeches were gross violation of the charter and the law, were, to put it mildly, shocked. And even tried to arrange an attempt on Paul, which, by the way, is described in Acts.
It is logical that members of the community could completely declare Paul Liaz and a traitor. This is reflected in the Kumran chronicles.
Thus, "Christianity", which will subsequently connect primarily with the name Paul, broke with its roots and began to preach not the personality of Jesus himself, but the image of Jesus in the presentation of Paul.
These findings are obtained from the attentive study of the Kumranian manuscripts. Clear thing that Dominicans cannot allow such an interpretation of the events of the New Testament. Most likely, they really believe that such a thing can not, because the faith of the blind, and any facts that do not fit into convictions are rigidly ignored by believers. Perhaps members of the international group without rear thoughts drive their theories under faith. But the fact remains a fact - access to the scrolls them is limited.
6. Special services of the times of Christ.
The famous paleontologist and writer Kirill Evykova has a wonderful work of the "Gospel of Afran", which I advise you to read everything interested in alternative versions of biblical events. The essence of his work in the interpretation of gospel facts without contradictions. As a result, Eskov displays a brilliant version that Jesus Christ was a victim of the political games of Romans, Synedrin and Terrorists-Sikariev. According to the story of the book, the Roman special services tried to put a new bloodless peace-loving religion in Judea, for which the Specialagent Judas Iskariot was introduced into the group of a wandering preacher, who, being a treasurer, could receive financial support from customers. But in the end, Judas from greed failed the operation and happened what happened - Christ became key figure In a chess game of politicians.
The most interesting thing is that the acts and the apostle Paul in the light of the Kumranian manuscripts becomes a very suspicious figure. The authors of the study on the pages of the book flashes a curious version that Paul could be the same in the Romans, and to plant the seed of discord among the Jews he managed much more successful than Jesus Christ. In addition, we find a lot of moments in the deeds when the Romans are patronage to Pavlu. And at the end of the acts, Paul floats in Rome.
However, there is another, no less unexpected and amazing opportunity. Intended and mysterious unrest in Jerusalem, intervention - at the very last moment - Roman legionnaires, sending Paul under massive protection from the city, it, to put it mildly, preferred accommodation conditions in Caesarea, his mysterious and strange disappearance from the pages of history ...
On this I finish review. The most important question remains. What about Jesus? There are still no answers. Who was this man, about which many Gospels are written, but there are no valid documentary evidence (see more about it. Jesus Christ in stories. -Spb., 2001 ed. B. G. Rusty). And in the end, this is a completely different story.
Scrolls of the Dead Sea are striking scientists in the preservation of the modern Bible. In 1947, one Bedouin accidentally stumbled upon ancient cumen scrolls hidden among stones in clay jugs in one of the caves. From 1947 to 1956, in the eleven Cumran caves along the northeoth of the ancient manuscripts, along the northeast coast of the Dead Sea. Archaeologists investigated an eight-kilometer stretch of rocks to the north and south of the ruins. Five caves were opened by Bedouins, and six-archaeologists. More than two hundred dead sea scrolls were excerpts from the Bible dated from 250 years BC. 68 AT. Among these scrolls, all the books of the Old Testament were presented, except for the Esfir book.
The main material of the Kumranian manuscripts is a parchment, less often papyrus. For two millennia, many scrolls crumbled into small fragments. 70 years old researchers from different science areas worked on the restoration and connection of tiny details of the giant "puzzle". Until now, scientists had to do this manually, which took the incredible amount of time and strength, and in the course there was a risk of damaging fragile fragments. Kumranian manuscripts were created more than 2,000 years ago, it is not surprising that many words are already impossible to read with normal lighting. But infrared light returns them to life. This project literally allows us to see the ancient texts in the new world, "said Pnot Shore. You need these ancient scrolls are dead Seas are like great value For us today?
Kumranian manuscripts and the formation of the Old Testament
Christians and Jews traditionally believe that the Old Testament was written around from 1400 to AD. 400 BC BC. And at the time of writing was considered inspired by God's word. However, many modern scientists argue that these are words of ordinary people recorded much later, and that these records were collected only by the 90s of AD. Cumran text, dating from about 150th year BC, is the most ancient of the existing documents in which we are talking About the canon of the Old Testament, consisting of three parts. He confirms the words of Jesus Christ, spoken in the Gospel of Luke 24:44, where he calls the Old Testament "by the Law of Moiseev, Prophets and Psalms." This text confirms the words of Joseph Flavia, the Jewish historian of the first century, that with the time of the ezr (425 BC) there was no new book to Scripture.
Cumran manuscripts and the preservation of the Old Testament
Is it preserved in today's Bible all that it was written in initially? Before the discoveries made from 1947 to 1956, the earliest of the dilapidated banks who came to us were dated about 900 years of AD. The Kumranian Bible Manuscripts dates about the 250th year BC - 68 AD, that is, they are one thousand years older. Some of the scientists questioned the ancient dates of the deaths of the Dead Sea, installed with the help of paleography - science examining the change in writing ancient letters over time. However, doubts disappeared when in the 1990s several kumran scrolls were tested using radiocarbon dating. And the results of this study confirmed the ancient dates established by the help of paleographic studies. Of particular interest is the Great Kumranian Scroll of the Prophet Isaiah - the only full bible book found in the Cumran caves, dated 125th BC. (which is confirmed by the results of two independent research). Thus, the ancient age of the Dead Sea Scrolls seems to be a reliable fact.
Features of writing many of these ancient scrolls of the Dead Sea corresponds to the Masoretian tradition, on which modern translation of the Bible in Hebrew, as well as on english language. And this again confirms the fact that the text of the Old Testament throughout all these centuries was conscientious. Moreover, these cumran manuscripts shed light on the techniques used by the scribes during the second temple, demonstrating how they prepared, wrote, copied and made corrections, while maintaining these ancient texts of the measured sea. Thus, the Kumranian manuscripts fill a huge space in the history of the biblical text and help us see the care of God in ensuring the preservation of the Old Testament.
Kumranian manuscripts and the transition of the Old Testament
Scrolls of the Dead Sea shed light to another question regarding the confidence of the Bible. In the New Testament, the quotes of the Greek translation of the Old Testament, called "Septuaginta", are often given, and not text in Hebrew. Some scientists questioned the fact that the Septuaginta is genuine translation Original text in Hebrew. Some biblical scrolls of the Dead Sea, found in Kumran, testify to the existence of another text tradition in Hebrew, underlying the Greek Translation. And this proves that the Septuaginta is a genuine translation of the existing text on Hebrew. These finds open the doors to new opportunities for studying the history and significance of existing translations.
Cumran manuscripts and interpretation of the Old Testament
Or maybe the light of an old time to illuminate and modern issues of interpretation of texts? The Kumranian manuscripts contain the most ancient from the interpretation of the Flood described in the Book of Genesis. In the removals of the Dead Sea of \u200b\u200bthe 1st century BC. It is said about the Flood and confirmed that the modern understanding of the World Catastrophic Flood, which happened in the days of Noah is a reliable historical interpretation of 6-9 Heads of Book of Being. In these Kumranian manuscripts, also demonstrated how the ancient Jews tried to understand complex issues of interpretation, such as the interpretation of the chronology of the Flood events day after day. In the Kumran Scrolls contain comments on the books of the Old Testament, as well as retells. Thus, these scrolls of the Dead Sea have a special value for us if we are trying to better understand the details of the Bible. They open up with us a unique understanding of ancient interpretations and shed an ancient light into modern questions, which helps us to properly interpret God's Word.
These continued treasure time prove that the Bedouin stone broke not only clay jugs into dust, but also a lot of false attacks on Scripture. Cumran manuscripts confirm that we can trust God's Word. As you learn these scrolls of the Dead Sea further, we will get more and more about the place of the Bible and its interpretation in general history, and we can expect that there are many new, incredible discoveries in front.
View to the Jewish community of New Testament in Kumranian manuscripts
In the Kumran caves there were no books of the New Testament, and no mention of Christianity, despite the fact that Jews lived in these places during the New Testament (right up to the fall of the Roman Empire in 68 AD). However, among kumran Svitkov Unknown Donyn Judean religious letters that help us better understand the features of Judaism of the New Testament period. For example, Kumranian manuscripts open up before us all the variety of Jewish religious groups, beliefs, traditions and policies that form a context for the perception of the New Testament. Thus, these scrolls of the Dead Sea give us the most valuable basic information, opening the veil in front of modern readers. ancient Mirain which was written New Testament. Moreover, a comparison of the teachings of the Kumran Scrolls with the teachings of the New Testament deepens our understanding of the New Testament Scriptures in the context of the history of the first century of our era. Numerous analogies between the teachings of the New Testament and the Kumranian texts of an earlier period also reinforce our confidence in the Jewish basics of Christianity.
Jeremy D. Lyon is a professor in the field of studies of the Old Testament at the seminary in Southern California. He developed a program on apologetics and reads courses on the history of the Old Testament, Creation / Evolution. In the process of writing his doctoral dissertation, he spent several months in Israel, studying the scrolls of the Dead Sea. "Cumranian manuscripts, Kumran Scrolls, Dead Sea Scrolls - Witnesses of the Bible Significance" - Jeremy D. Lyon
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