Flora is a collection of plant species growing in a certain area.
The flora of vascular plants of the reserve has been studied quite well, which makes it possible to assess the environmental significance of the reserve and biosphere reserve in the regional floristic aspect.
In botanical and geographical terms, the flora of the reserve and biosphere reserve is typical for the zone deciduous forests of Eastern Europe. Species with wide ranges predominate. Actually boreal species are rare and few in number. Among them are creeping goodwort, northern linnaea, Lapland willow, swamp myrtle, globose sedge, etc. The same applies to typically nemoral species characteristic of deciduous forests Western Europe. These include bear's onion, bulbous cathode, quaking sedge, corydalis, etc.
The flora of vascular plants of the Bryansk Forest Nature Reserve as of the end of 2012 includes 786 species. Despite its small area, the Bryansk Forest reserve (0.3% of the region’s territory) has great value to preserve the biological diversity of the region: 55% of the natural flora of the Bryansk region is protected on its territory.
The species richness of the reserve's flora among the departments of vascular plants is distributed as follows: lycophytes - 5, horsetails - 6, pteridophytes - 14, gymnosperms - 5, angiosperms - 756 species.
The data given refers to plant species that grow in nature. At the same time, among them there are many plants, the distribution of which is, in one way or another, connected with humans (adventive species). The proportion of adventive species in the composition of natural floras is an important indicator of their condition: the lower the proportion of adventive species, the better the state of the flora, and vice versa. The number of adventive species in the reserve is 36, which is 4% of the flora of vascular plants. While in the Bryansk region, for example, the share of adventive species is 19%.
Moss-moss are represented in the flora of the reserve by all 5 species from the same family that live in the region, i.e. 100% of the area's species diversity. These are the common moss, clubmoss, annual, flattened and swamp.
Horsetails are represented in the flora of the reserve by 6 species from the same family, which accounts for 60% of the species richness in the region. These are marsh, branched, wintering, forest, meadow, field and riverine horsetails. In the flora of the reserve and biosphere reserve there are no extremely rare and possibly already extinct species in the region - reed, large and variegated horsetails.
Ferns are represented in the flora of the reserve quite fully - 14 species from six families, which accounts for 78% of the species richness in the region. In the reserve and the biosphere reserve, common horned grass, female kelp, common bracken, virginian, multifidus and crescent, common ostrich, common grasshopper, crested scale, Carthusius, male and prostrate, phaegopteris linking, marsh telipteris grow. In the biosphere reserve, floating salvinia and brittle bladder are noted.
Gymnosperms are fully represented in the flora of the reserve and biosphere reserve - 3 species. They exhaust the local conifer flora. These are Scots pine, Scots spruce and Scots juniper. Two more species - Banks pine and European larch - are introduced. They are represented by single specimens on the territory of the reserve.
Angiosperms are represented in the flora of the reserve by 746 species, which is 54% of the species richness in the region. The flora of the reserve is characterized mainly by forest, swamp and meadow species. There are no forest-steppe, many dry-meadow and a number of aquatic plant species, as well as most adventive species characteristic of anthropogenic habitats.
Extensive department angiosperms characterizes the spectrum of families richest in species. For the flora of the reserve these are: Asteraceae - 86 species, Poa (grasses) - 69, Sedges - 50, Rosaceae - 43, Leguminosae - 35, Dianthus - 32, Lamiaceae - 32, Norica - 27, Umbelliferae - 23, Cruciferae - 22, Ranunculaceae - 21, orchids - 19, buckwheat - 19, lilies - 16, willows - 16 species, borage - 13, violets - 12, madder - 12, fireweed - 11 and rush - 10 species.
The flora is distributed as follows among the ecological and phytocenotic formations: dry meadow - 199, broad-leaved - 99, wet meadow - 95, edge-broad-leaved - 63, marsh-grass - 57, black alder - 36, dark coniferous - 35, adventitious - 33, alluvial - 28, upland - 27, aquatic - 26, edge-black-alder - 24, coastal-aquatic - 20, sphagnum - 17, hypnum (swamp-spring) - 13 species.
According to the longitudinal types of habitats in the flora, European-Asian species predominate - 203, then in descending order there are: circumpolar - 191, European - 176, European-West Asian - 175, American - 13, European-American - 9 and East Asian - 2 species.
According to the latitudinal types of habitats, the flora is co-dominated by 2 groups of geoelements. The first group is plants whose habitats extend from taiga to forest-steppe (143 species), the second group is plants whose habitats extend from the zone of mixed and deciduous forests to forest-steppes and steppes (141 species). There is a fairly large group of plants whose habitats lie within the forest zone in its broad sense (taiga, mixed and deciduous forests) - 128 species. The group of species whose habitats are located mainly within the zone of mixed and deciduous forests includes 61 species. In the group of “northern” plants, whose habitats are located mainly in the taiga zone, forest-tundra and tundra, there are 14 species. The group of “southern” plants, whose habitats are located mainly within the steppe and subtropical zones, includes 4 species.
Parameters of the flora of vascular plants of the Bryansk Forest Nature Reserve
Lichens of the Bryansk Forest Nature Reserve
The annotated list of lichens registered on the territory of the Bryansk Forest reserve was compiled according to data placed in one of the volumes of the Chronicle of Nature of the reserve (Chronicle, 1991), which were later published with some changes and additions in the article by S.I. Chabanenko, A.A. Taran Lichens of the Bryansk Forest Nature Reserve (1995). This list contains information on 116 species of lichens from 36 genera and 16 families according to the classification of J. Poelt (1973).
Studies have shown that Hypogymnia physodes and Parmelia sulcata are the most common species in epiphytic lichens. Background species also include Pleurosticta acetabulum, Melanelia laetevirens, Evernia furfuracea, E. mesomorpha, E. prunastry, Anaptychia ciliaris, Physcia aipolia, P. stellaris, Physconia distorta, P. enteroxantha and a number of others. Among the ground species in pine forests, Cladonia ciliata, C. mitis, C. furcata, C. fibriata, C. gracilis, C. scabriuscula, and C. crispata dominate.
Rare for the territory of the reserve are Peltigera horisontalis, P. polydactyla, P. polydactyloides, P. rufescens, P. scabrosa, P. venosa, Hypogymnia tubulosa, Cetraria sepincola, Parmeliopsis ambigua, Platismatia glauca, Bryoria implexa, B. nadvornikiana, Heterodermia speciosa. Since Platismatia glauca, Usnea subfloridana, as well as species of the genera Bryoria, Evernia, Romalina, are sensitive to air pollution (Trass, 1985; Liiv, 1985), they can be used as species indicators of the state of the environment in a given area.
In 2006-2008 Specialists from Bryansk State University conducted additional studies of the lichen flora (Anishchenko, 2008).
The list of lichen flora of the reserve currently includes 121 species. It can be considered medium-rich in the series of lichen floras. The taxonomic composition of lichen flora is represented by 16 families and 37 genera.
The leading families in terms of the number of species are Cladoniaceae, Parmeliaceae, Physciaceae, and Lecanoraceae. The leading families comprise 84 species (69.4% of the lichen flora as a whole).
The family Cladoniaceae comprises mainly ground species, rarely facultative epixyls and geoplastic species. The families Parmeliaceae, Physciaceae, Lecanoraceae are represented by a significant number of epiphytic lichens.
Geographic analysis of lichen flora showed that lichens belong to 6 geographical elements. Against the general background of the predominance of lichens of the multiregional element (75 species, 61.9%), the second place is occupied by species of the boreal element (22 species, 18.2%), the third place is occupied by the nemoral element (18 species, 14.9%). As a result of arealological analysis, the predominance of lichens with boreal (36 species, 29.8%), panboreal (21 species, 17.4%), cosmopolitan (15 species, 12.4%), pannemoral (13 species, 10.7%) was established. ) habitat.
The highest occurrence and coverage in stem synusia is characteristic of lichens of the boreal element - Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia sulcata, Usnea hirta, U. subfloridana, Evernia mesomorpha. Among nemoral lichens, the most widespread are epiphytic Evernia prunastry, species of the genus Melanelia, Lecanora allophana, Physcia aipolia.
Biomorphological analysis of lichen flora revealed the predominance of plagiotropic life forms (79 species), among which leafy and scale forms predominate. A fairly significant portion of lichens belong to plagioorthotropic forms (29 species).
Based on their association with the substrate, lichen flora species were divided into 6 groups.
“Side” groups that connect the wood with other substrates of the reserve have also been identified. The most numerous group (predominant epiphytes) combines wood (in the form of dead wood, inclined dead trunks, stumps, dead wood, processed wood (forest buildings, cordons, quarter posts) with the bark of living trees. These are mainly lichens of the families Parrneliaceae, Lecanoraceae. Fewer in the number of species the group of predominant epigeids connecting wood and soil consists almost entirely of lichens of the family Cladoniaceae.
Bryophyte reserves "Bryansk Forest"
The brioflora of the Bryansk Forest Nature Reserve has been studied by many authors (Evstigneev, 1999; Morozova, 1999; Popov, 1988; Fedotov, 1999). The list of bryophyte flora of the reserve, established by the authors, has so far included 99 species. Researchers have established that 19 species of sphagnum and 18 species of green mosses are associated with certain types of wetland and forest communities (Fedotov, Evstigneev, 1997). All presented materials on bryoflora were incidental in nature and identified only dominant species.
In the seasons of 1998...2006, research was carried out on the bryoflora of the reserve by employees of Bryansk State University (Anishchenko L.N.).
The composition of the bryoflora of the Non-Russo-Desnyansky Polesie includes 74 genera, 146 species, 1 variety of two classes: Bryopsida - 139 and Hepaticopsida - 7. This accounts for 85.9% of the identified species of bryoflora of the Bryansk region (Anishchenko, 2006, 2007). Bryophytes belong to 34 families. The most multispecies is the genus Sphagnum, which includes 21 species. The genus Dicranum and Plagiomnium - 7 species each, the genus Bryum - 6 species, Brachythecium - 5 species, Polytrichum, Plagiothecium, Sciurohypnum - 4 species each, which allows us to classify the studied bryoflora as forest.
In the cenoses of the Bryansk Forest Nature Reserve, 67 genera, 121 species and 1 variety of bryophytes of two classes were noted: Bryopsida - 118 and Hepaticopsida - 3. This accounts for 75.8% of the identified species of bryoflora of the Bryansk region (Anishchenko, 2006, 2007). The genus Sphagnum includes 21 species, Dicranum and Plagiomnium - 6 species each, the genus Brachythecium and Dicranum - 5 species each, Polytrichum and Plagiothecium - 4 species each.
Floristic characteristics of bryoflora
The leading families in the number of species in the bryophyte flora of the Nerusso-Desnyansky Polesie are Sphagnaceae, Brachytheciaceae, Mniaceae, Calliergonaceae, which confirms its flat nature.
The 10 leading families contain 99 species or 71.2% of the total, which is a characteristic feature of the bryophyte floras of the Northern Hemisphere.
The bryoflora consists of 14 families with one species (41.2%), 17 families with one genus (50.0%). The average number of species in a genus is 1.9, the average number of species in a family is 4.1, the average number of genera in a family is 2.2. One of the features of the systematic structure of bryoflora is a significant proportion in the general spectrum of families and genera that have 1-2 species.
Ecological-geographical analysis. The bryoflora of the Non-Russo-Desnyansky Polesye includes boreal, nemoral, cosmopolitan, arctic, mountainous, arid, hypoarctic and hypoarctic geographical elements. The main part of the mosses in the study area are species whose distribution range lies only within the Holarctic - circumpolar species (88 species or 63.3%). 45 species (32.4%) have a bipolar distribution. This emphasizes the very low specificity of the reserve’s bryoflora. At the same time, the predominance of circumpolar species is characteristic of many floras higher plants Northern Hemisphere (Tolmachev, 1974). The boreal element plays biggest role in the flora: the core of the bryoflora is formed by boreal species, making up 68.3% (95 species). 38 boreal species are characterized only by a bipolar type of habitat, 57 species - by a circumpolar one. The nemoral element takes second place - 25 species (18.0%). 3 nemoral species have a bipolar range, 22 species have a circumpolar range. Among them, epiphytes predominate, widespread in various types of forest communities. Hypoarctic (3 species) and hypoarctic (4 species) elements are represented in swamp habitats and in waterlogged areas. These are the species Sphagnum jensenii, Helodium blandowii, Drepanocladus polygamum, Hamatocaulis vernicosus (hypoarctic element), Philonotis caespitosa, Tomenthypnum nitens, Campylium stellatum (hypoarctic element). The low percentage of participation of these elements in the composition of moss floras is indicated for northern bryofloras (Belkina et al., 1991; Shubina and Zheleznova, 2002). Species of the mountain element combine Fontinalis antipyretica, Abietinella abietina with a circumpolar range and Cratoneurum filicinum with a bipolar range. The Arctomontane element is represented by Hygrohypnum luridum with a circumpolar range. Seven cosmopolitan species occur with high persistence: Funaria hygrometrica, Ceratodon purpureus, Bryum argenteum, Bryum caespiticium, Bryum capillare, Physcomitrium pyriforme, Leptobryum pyriforme. Five cosmopolitan species have been registered in the bryoflora of the reserve. The arid element is represented by 1 species - Syntrichia ruralis with a bipolar habitat. The predominance of the boreal and nemoral elements indicates the mixed nature of the bryoflora of the Nerusso-Desnyansky Polesye.
Among the ecobiomorphs of bryophytes, the first place is occupied by mesomorphs - 60 species (43.2%), the second place is occupied by hygrophytes - 27 species (19.4%). The percentage of participation in the formation of the ecological structure of bryoflora by hydrophytes (16 species, 11.5%), hygromesophytes 14 species (10.1%) and xeromesophytes - 13 (9.4%) remains quite high. Mesophytes, hygrophytes, hygromesophytes, and hydrophytes dominate forest and swamp communities. Xeromesophytes as epiphytic forms form independent communities on trunks tree species. A small number of species represent the ecological groups of mesoxerophytes and mesohygrophytes.
The greatest taxonomic diversity of bryophytes was noted in the reserve in forest habitats - 66 species, marsh species - 24. The least diverse group of meadow habitats is 10 species. The epiphytic flora is formed by bryophytes closely associated with deciduous forests: Anomodon longifolius, A. viticulosus Neckera pennat, Dicranum viride, Hypnum cupressiforme, Homalia trichomanoides, Orthotrichum obtusifolium, O. speciosum and others. Boreal species make up a significant part of the ground cover of pine, spruce forests and their derivatives. Among them, the most typical are Dicranum scoparium, D. polysetum, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, Ptilium crista - castrensis, Callicladium haldanianum and others. A significant part of the mosses of forest habitats grows on the soil, which is a distinctive feature of bryofloras in other regions.
On the territory of Polesie, the species Neckera pennata, Herzogiella turfacea, Buxbaumia aphylla, Dicranum viride, Stereodon pallescens were found, which are protected in many European countries (Red Data Book ..., 1995). The infrequent detection of other bryophytes is also due to natural reasons - the rarity of ecotopes in which the species are recorded. The distribution of stenotopic Sphagnum balticum, S. jensenii is associated with oligotrophic and meso-oligotrophic bogs, and with large mesotrophic bogs - Polytrichum longisetum, Dicranum bonjeanii. Stenotopy and confinement to certain types of substrates determined the rare occurrence of Cratoneuron filicinum, Brachythecium albicans, Fontinalis antipyretica. Species - Leucobryum glaucum, Buxbaumia aphylla, Tomenthypnum nitens - are located on the border of their distribution area.
Of particular interest are also species associated with zonal plant communities of the Bryansk region: Dicranumviride, Homaliatrichomanoides, NeckerapennataHedw. In practical geobotany, these species are used as indicators of old-growth broad-leaved forests of the Querco-Fagetea class, the order Fagetalia sylvaticae, and the Querco roboris-Tilion cordatae union. No endemic mosses were identified.
Rare plants
The reserve contains 57 species of vascular plants that have federal or regional conservation status. Among them are 5 species listed in the Red Book of Russia (2008). These are the true slipper (Cypripedium calceolus), the leafless mullet (Epipogium aphyllum), the Baltic palmroot (Dactylorhiza longifolia), the Traunsteiner palmroot (D. traunsteineri), and the red pollenhead (Cephalanthera rubra).
Status of populations of plant species included in the Red Book of Russia in the territory of the Bryansk Forest Nature Reserve as of the end of 2010
| Plant names | Number of populations | State of populations |
|
True slipper - Cypripedium calceolus L. |
3 | Stable, with a low number of individuals in populations. In 2010, 76 plants were noted, including 20 flowering ones. |
|
Leafless epipogium aphyllum Sw. |
1 | Threatening, with a low number of individuals in the population. In 2010, no vegetative or flowering specimens were recorded. |
|
Baltic fingerroot - Dactylorhisa longifolia (L. Neum.) Aver. |
3 | Stable, with a high number of individuals in populations - from tens to hundreds of individuals. |
|
Traunsteiner's fingerroot - Dactylorhiza traunsteineri (Saut.) Soo |
1 | Threatening, with a low number of individuals in the population. Single plants. |
|
Red pollenhead - Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich. |
1 | Threatening, with extremely low numbers. Single plants. In 2010, no vegetative or flowering specimens were recorded. |
Below is a list of rare species of vascular plants of the Bryansk Forest Nature Reserve. Plant species listed in the Red Book of Russia are highlighted in bold.
- Real lady's slipper
- Leafless mugwort
- Baltic fingerroot
- Traunsteiner's fingerroot
- Pollenhead red
- Chamomile aster
- Common ram
- Common barberry
- Birch squat
- Anemone oak forest
- Forest anemone
- Common wolfberry
- Lush carnation
- Common nester
- Virginian rosewort
- Multipartite grosgrain
- Crescentus
- goodyer repens
- Elecampane tall
- Dremlik marsh
- Dremlik broadleaf
- German gorse
- Lapland willow
- Blueberry willow
- Siberian iris
- Kozelets purple
- Long-horned Kokushnik
- Water lily pure white
- Three-cut rook
- Lily saranka
- Linnea northern
- Bear onion
- Lyubka bifolia
- Lyubka green-flowered
- Myrtle bog
- Common juniper
- Tall fescue
- Uniflorum uniflora
- Sedge dioecious
- Marsh sedge
- Bloody fingerroot
- Red fingerroot
- Spotted palmate root
- Fuchs' fingerroot
- Moss oblates
- Moss moss
- Opened lumbago
- Sundew rotundifolia
- Sunflower coinifolia
- Common ostrich
- Oval cache
- Heart-shaped cache
- Common grasshopper
- Phegopteris binding
- Chilim (water chestnut)
- Scheichzeria marsh
- Skewer tiled
Macromycete mushrooms of the reserve
306 taxa (300 species and 6 forms) of macromycete fungi have been registered on the territory of the reserve.
Marsupial mushrooms or Ascomycetes (ASCOMYCETES) make up about 10% of the diversity of macromycete fungi. They are represented in the reserve by 32 species from 4 orders and 19 genera. Among them are the well-known morels and lines.
Basidial fungi or Basidiomycetes (BASIDIOMYCETES) make up 90% of the diversity of macromycete fungi. They are represented in the reserve by 268 species from 12 orders and 96 genera. Among them, the most extensive group is Lamellar mushrooms or Agariaceae (about 200 species). Of the Lamellar mushrooms, the largest number of species was noted in the following families: Rowaceae - 46, Russulaceae - 33, Cobwebaceae - 27 and Boletaceae - 16 species. Most of the species known to mushroom pickers belong to these families. These are talker mushrooms, row mushrooms, honey mushrooms, russula, milk mushrooms, milk mushrooms, as well as porcini mushrooms, boletus mushrooms, boletus mushrooms, boletus mushrooms, etc.
Of the noted mushrooms, about 170 species are edible, about 80 species are inedible, 20 species are poisonous, and 30 species of mushrooms whose properties are unknown.
Typically, 15-20 of the most famous and common species are used for food. These are: porcini mushroom, boletus, boletus, butterdish, chanterelle, greenfinch, honey fungus, saffron milk cap, milk mushrooms, russula and some others. Lesser-known edible mushrooms include yellow-brown butterdish, Polish mushroom, late hygrophorus, etc.
Inedible mushrooms have hard and tough fruiting bodies, or a very unpleasant taste and smell. For example, gall fungus and most types of polypores.
From poisonous mushrooms Particularly dangerous are the pale toadstool, stinking fly agaric, panther fly agaric, sulfur-yellow false honey fungus, tin entoloma and earthen fiber.
If information about the edibility of mushrooms is contradictory, then eating them is very dangerous. Such mushrooms include ordinary string, giant string, thin svinushka, thick svinushka, etc.
During the period of work on the inventory of macromycete fungi of the biosphere reserve “Nerusso-Desnyanskoye Polesie”, 9 rare species of fungi were registered. Of these, 4 species are included in the Red Book Russian Federation (2008): griffola umbellata– Grifola umbellata, griffola curly– G. frondosa, vaulted starburst– Geastrum fornicatum and varnished tinder fungus– Ganoderma lucidum, and 5 species are included in the Red Book of the Bryansk Region (2004): chestnut gyroporus – Gyroporus castaneus, blue gyroporus – G. cyanescens, maiden umbrella mushroom – Macrolepiota puellaris, purple spiderwort – Cortinarius violaceus, dog mutinus – Mutinus caninus.
On the territory of the reserve, 6 rare species of mushrooms were noted (from the list above). Of these, 1 species is included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation - vaulted starburst.
Grifola umbellata, branched tinder fungus – G. umbellata. One of the types of tinder fungi with white legs that branch repeatedly from a single base, with numerous central caps. 3 habitats were noted. All registered habitats of the species are confined to spruce-broad-leaved forests and floodplain oak forests. Fruiting bodies grow on the soil (possibly on oak roots), usually singly. Myceliums bear fruit once every few years. It is very rare in the region.
Curly Grifola, ram mushroom – Grifola frondosa. One of the types of polypores with a multilayered fruiting body, reaching impressive sizes (more than 0.5 m in diameter and weight up to 10 kg). 4 habitats were noted, which are confined to different types of forest. Fruiting bodies grow on living trunks of Norway maple, usually singly and can reach significant sizes (over 50 cm). In general, it is very rare in the region.
Arched starweed – Geastrum fornicatum. The young fruiting body on the soil resembles a small starfish. Known from a single find in the floodplain oak grove of the reserve. It is very rare in the region.
Varnished tinder fungus – Ganoderma lucidum. The stem and upper side of the cap are covered with shiny brown coating. 3 habitats were noted. All registered habitats of the species are confined to coniferous-deciduous forests with significant participation spruce or pine. Fruit bodies grow on dead spruce and oak wood singly and in small (2-3 specimens) groups. Myceliums can bear fruit both annually and once every 2-3 years. It is very rare in the region.
Chestnut gyroporus – Gyroporus castaneus. It is similar to the Polish mushroom, differing in that the flesh of the cap and stem does not change color when cut or broken. More than 20 habitats have been registered on the territory of Nerusso-Desnyansky Polesie. The main biotopes are pine and mixed (with pine) forests over 50 years old. It usually grows in July-September on the soil singly and in small groups. It is found sporadically in the region, does not bear fruit abundantly and is not a widespread species.
Blue gyroporus – G. cyanescens. When cut or broken, the flesh immediately turns bright blue. Most common among rare species. More than 50 habitats have been registered on the territory of the NDP. The main biotopes are dry pine and mixed (with pine) forests over 30 years old. It grows on the soil singly and in small groups, often near forest roads, mineralized firebreaks and in other places with disturbed soil cover. It is quite common in the region, bears fruit almost every year, although it is not a widespread species.
Maiden umbrella mushroom – Macrolepiota puellaris. It is similar to the variegated umbrella mushroom, from which it differs in color and arrangement of scales on the cap. A total of 7 habitats are registered in the region. The registered habitats are confined to various forest biotopes. Found sporadically in mixed forests. It is rare in the region.
Purple web spider – Cortinarius violaceus. The cap and leg are dark purple. A total of 8 habitats are registered in the region. All registered habitats are confined to mixed forests with a significant participation of spruce or pine. Not found every year in wet mixed forests near streams and swamps. Fruiting bodies grow on the soil singly and in groups, sometimes quite large (over 10 specimens). Myceliums can bear fruit both annually and once every 2-3 years. It is rare in the region.
Canine mutinus – Mutinus caninus. In total, 2 habitats are registered in the region, which are confined to moist mixed forest.
Over the past few years, the reserve’s staff has been monitoring the fruiting of myceliums of rare species of mushrooms: Gryfola parasolidae, Lacquered tinder fungus, Blue gyroporus and Violet cobweb.
The first list of mushrooms of the reserve included about 50 of the most widespread and common species (Petrochenko, 1988). As a result of work carried out in 2001-2007 by the reserve’s researcher S.A. Kruglikov, the list was expanded to 306 taxa (300 species and 6 forms) of macromycete fungi (Kruglikov, 2005; 2006). In total, the presence of about 450 species of macromycete fungi can be assumed on the territory of the Nerusso-Desnyansky forest. Thus, on the territory of the Starogutsky forest massif (Ukraine), which is the southernmost part of the physical-geographical region of the Nerusso-Desnyansky Polesye, about 300 species of fungi have been recorded (Karpenko, 2003; Litopis..., 2005), but only about 200 of them coincide with ours list. About 100 species of mushrooms found in the Starogut forests are not recorded in the Bryansk region and about 100 species from our list are not registered in this adjacent region of Ukraine.
All wildlife Lands can be divided into two halves that constantly interact with each other. This is the world of plants and animals, which in the scientific world are called flora and fauna.
Flora
Flora– these are all types of plants that appeared in a certain territory during historical development. It is closely related to the natural conditions and geological past of this territory.
The term flora refers to all the plants of a given territory, but in practice it unites only fern-like and seed-bearing plants. Other plants are usually named according to the department: bryophyte flora - Bryoflora, algae flora - Algoflora, and others.
The term "Flora" arose from the name of the ancient Roman goddess Flora - the goddess of fertility, flowers, youth and spring blossoms. It was first used in 1656 by the Polish botanist Michal Piotr Boym in his work “Flora of China”.
In botany there is a section on the study of flora and is called floristry.
The inventory and correlation of plant groups in a certain territory is taken as the basis of a system that divides the Earth into natural floristic units:
- Kingdoms,
- Regions
- Provinces,
- Districts,
- floristic areas,
- areas of specific floras.
Fauna
Fauna— The community of all species of animals in a given territory, which developed in the process of historical development.
The term received its name in honor of the ancient Roman good goddess Fawnia, the goddess of health, fertility and patroness of women.
The entire fauna is divided depending on geographical location and taxonomy. By geographic location, you can determine the fauna of Europe, the fauna of the island of Madagascar, etc. According to systematic groups, this will be the fauna of mammals, the fauna of amphibians, and so on.
Study of flora and fauna
The study of flora and fauna begins with the study of their species and generic composition. The term that characterizes this activity is called inventory.
Also, regarding geographical origin, flora and fauna are divided into native and adventive species.
Native species are those species that live in a given area for a long time. In turn, adventive species unite those species that were recently brought into the territory with the help of humans or natural forces.
One of the most important indicators when studying flora and fauna is the proportion of endemics - animals or plants that live only in a given territory. She talks about the age and degree of isolation of the flora and fauna. Australia and South America are good examples of endemic faunas.
A distinctive feature of any flora and fauna is its adaptability to the natural conditions of its species. For example, among the fauna in the steppe regions, burrowing and running species predominate, hibernating and feeding on tough grass and cereals, which are mainly represented by the flora of the steppe.
Flora and fauna are inseparable connected system. Changes in their system are directly related to the ecological situation and natural conditions in the territory they occupy.
- The concept of flora…………………………………………………………….3-8
Contribution of flora to overall biodiversity………………………..9-10
Characteristics of the flora of Bashkortostan……………………….11-39
Protection of biological diversity and flora
- as its component…………………………………………. 39-47
- Conclusion…………………………………………………………….….48
- Conclusions…………………………………………………………………….49
Introduction.
Preserving biodiversity is one of the key problems in building a society with sustainable development.The most important component of biodiversity is flora as a set of plant species growing in a certain area. Flora serves as the basis for the formation of not only vegetation, but also ecosystems. In accordance with the well-known ecological principle “diversity begets diversity,” flora predetermines the composition of heterotrophic components of ecosystems. For this reason, the study of flora, its rational use and protection are the most important components of a broad program for the conservation of biodiversity as an exhaustible resource.
There is undeniable progress in protecting biodiversity around the world. A number of important international documents have been adopted and are being implemented, such as the “Concept on the Protection of Biological Diversity” (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), the “Pan-European Strategy for the Protection of Biological Diversity” (1996), etc. International cooperation in environmental issues is expanding and intensifying activities of international organizations - UNESCO, World Conservation Union (IUCN), World Wildlife Fund (WWF). The WWF office operates in the Republic of Bashkortostan and makes a significant contribution to the protection of flora.
In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the protection of biodiversity in Russia and Bashkortostan. The need to preserve biodiversity is reflected in such documents as the “Concept of the Russian Federation’s transition to sustainable development” (1996), the federal law “On environmental protection (2002), the “Ecological Doctrine of Russia” (2002), the law “On specially protected natural territories of the Republic of Bashkortostan" (1995), republican comprehensive program "Ecology and Natural resources of the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2004-2010”, “Concept for the development of a system of protected natural areas in the Republic of Bashkortostan” (2003).
Purpose of the work: to talk about the uniqueness of the flora as a hotbed of biodiversity of global significance, economic value, state of use and protection; characterize the flora of Bashkortostan.
I. The concept of flora.
Flora
(in botany, lat. flora) - a historically established set of plant species distributed in a certain territory at the present time or in past geological eras. Houseplants, plants in greenhouses, etc. are not included in the flora.
The name of the term comes from the name of the Roman goddess of flowers and spring blossoms, Flora (lat. Flora).
In practice, the expression “Flora of a certain territory” often means not all plants of a given territory, but only vascular plants (Tracheophyta).
Flora should be distinguished from vegetation– a collection of different plant communities. For example, in the flora of the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, species of the families of willows, sedges, grasses, ranunculaceae, and Asteraceae are richly represented; from conifers - pine and cypress; and in vegetation - plant communities of tundra, taiga, steppe, etc.
Historically, the development of flora is directly determined by the processes of speciation, the displacement of some plant species by others, plant migrations, their extinction, etc.
Each flora has specific properties– diversity of its constituent species (richness of flora), age, degree of autochthony, endemism. Differences between the floras of certain territories are explained primarily by the geological history of each region, as well as differences in orographic, soil, and especially climatic conditions.
Flora analysis methods:
- geographical analysis
- division of flora by geographical distribution; identification of the proportion of endemics;
genetic analysis (from the Greek genesis “origin, emergence”) - division of flora according to the criteria of geographical origin and history of settlement;
botanical-geographical analysis - establishing connections between a given flora and other floras;
ecological and phytocenological analysis - division of flora by growing conditions, by types of vegetation;
age analysis - division of the flora into progressive (young in time of appearance), conservative and relict elements;
systematic structure analysis - comparative analysis of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of various systematic groups that make up the given flora.
Flora typification
Flora of specialized groups
Collections of plant taxa, covering specialized groups of plants, have corresponding specialized names:
Algoflora- algae flora.
Bryoflora- moss flora.
Dendroflora, or arboriflora- flora of woody plants.
Three more terms appeared before these groups of organisms were no longer classified as plants:
Lichen flora- lichen flora.
Mycoflora- mushroom flora.
Mixoflora- flora of myxomycetes (slime molds)
Flora of the territories
From the point of view of the nature of the territories under consideration, they are distinguished:
Flora of the Earth as a whole
Flora of continents and their parts
Flora of individual natural formations(islands, peninsulas, mountain systems)
Flora of countries, regions, states and other administrative entities
Flora according to external conditions
According to the criterion of external conditions, the territories under consideration are distinguished:
Flora of chernozem and other soil types
Flora of swamps and other special areas of the earth's surface
Flora of rivers, lakes and other fresh water bodies
Flora of the seas and oceans
Basic approaches to the study of floras.
Flora as a set of species of a certain territory is formed under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. For this reason, studying its composition is one of the tasks of environmental monitoring.
Regional floras.
Most often, regional floras are studied within the boundaries of administrative units (republic, administrative district, city or rural settlement). This is the most traditional type of floristic research, the most important task that allows for one of the options for biomonitoring - monitoring the state of biological diversity of plants in the region.
The result of the study of regional flora is a complete list of plant species with an assessment of their distribution. This makes it possible to identify rare species and compile the “Red Book”. With periodic repeated examinations, a tendency for changes in the flora under the influence of humans is revealed, primarily adventization, i.e. an increase in the proportion of alien species and a decrease in floristic diversity.
The study of regional floras is necessary for the geobotanical study of vegetation, the assessment of botanical resources and the development of a system for the protection of plant biodiversity in the region.
Specific floras.
Unlike regional floras, which are identified for any territory, regardless of the diversity of environmental conditions (they may include different natural zones, plains and mountains, etc.), specific floras are identified for ecologically homogeneous territories (with one type of climate, one type of geomorphological structure of the surface, one type of predominant vegetation). For example, the flora of the Baymak or Abzelilovsky district, which include lowland and mountainous territories, cannot be considered as specific floras. The flora of the steppe part of the Bashkir Trans-Urals, the flora of the southern part of the mountain forest zone of Bashkortostan, etc. can be considered as specific.
The identification of specific floras is carried out over a fairly large area, within which the influence of the natural complex and human activity on the composition of plant species is fully manifested. This value can vary from 100 km? in the Arctic up to 1000 km? in the tropics.
Partial floras.
The concept of “partial flora” was proposed by B.A. Yurtsev within the framework of the method of specific floras, but this concept is also used in the study of regional floras. Partial flora is understood as the flora of a certain type of habitat and, accordingly, a certain type of plant community associated with it (in this case, the partial flora is called coenoflora). Thus, partial floras of reservoirs and coastal-aquatic habitats, lowland, transitional and raised swamps, southern steppe rocky slopes, post-forest meadows, wastelands, and fields are distinguished. When studying the floras of populated areas, partial floras of vegetable gardens, courtyards, trampled habitats, ditches, dung heaps, etc. are identified.
Assessing gamma diversity.
Gamma diversity is a form of biological diversity, defined as the number of plant species in a landscape or geographic area. It is synonymous with regional flora.
Gamma diversity depends on the area of the study area and is formed as a result of the interaction of two forms of diversity:
Alpha - diversity - species diversity of communities;
Beta diversity - diversity of communities.
These two indicators are related nonlinearly, because In different communities, species richness is different, however, it is obvious that the richer the community is in species and the higher the diversity of these communities, the higher the gamma diversity. Naturally, both components of gamma diversity depend on the characteristics of climate and topography. On the flat territory of the desert zone, the values of alpha and beta diversity and, accordingly, gamma diversity will be minimal. In the temperate zone, with a complex topography that combines species-rich communities of steppes, meadows, forests, and, in addition, there are coastal-aquatic and aquatic communities and ruderal and segetal communities associated with human influence, gamma diversity will be high.
Analysis of flora composition.
Any flora (regional, specific, partial) consists of species that differ in a significant number of parameters: systematic affiliation, life form, geographical characteristics, biological characteristics. For this reason, a qualitative analysis of the composition of the flora (compilation of various spectra) is one of the mandatory sections of any floristic study.
Flora analysis includes compiling spectra based on the following parameters.
Systematic composition.
The representation of different families is analyzed, special attention is paid to the first 10 families, which are called leading. The degree of their participation in the flora and the complex of soil-climatic factors, and the history and current state of the flora under human influence. Thus, for the natural flora of the temperate zone, to which Bashkortostan belongs, the leading families (Table 1) are characterized by the participation of Asteraceae, grasses, roses, sedges, legumes, cruciferous plants, cloves, noricaceae, etc. With increasing human influence (synanthropization and adventivization flora) the proportion of species from the families Chenopodiaceae and Cruciferae is increasing.
When analyzing the systematic composition of the flora, such indicators as the average number of species in a genus, the average number of genera in a family, the average number of species in a family that can receive an evolutionary interpretation are used (the more genera in families, the older they are; the more species in genera , on the contrary, they reflect later stages of evolution).
Spectrum of life forms.
This spectrum also reflects the diversity of environmental conditions in which the studied flora was formed. Thus, phanerophytes predominate in tropical rainforests; temperate zone, to which Bashkortostan belongs, despite the fact that phanerophytes dominate, hemicryptophytes predominate in the flora. In the steppes and meadows there are few phanerophytes and the predominance of hemicryptophytes is more complete. Therophytes predominate in deserts. The significant participation of therophytes indicates synanthropization of the environment.
Synanthropicity of the flora.
Assessing the replenishment of flora by adventitious plants is an informative method of biomonitoring, because the proportion of alien plants is directly related to the intensity of vegetation transformation by humans.
This version of the analysis includes the compilation of spectra for the proportional participation of different groups of synanthropic species from among local species that have adapted to intense human influence, as well as adventive species.
Phytosociological spectrum.
The most promising way to compare floras (especially specific ones) is to evaluate the modern ecological structure of the flora and the degree of its adventivization.
By comparing the share of species of different orders or classes of vegetation, one can obtain the most integrated information about geography, ecology and anthropogenic disturbance studied flora.
- Contribution of flora to overall biodiversity.
Let's consider the connections between plants and wildlife in the forest, between flora and fauna. The forest is inhabited by many different living creatures - from the smallest insects to large animals. They differ not only in their size, but in their lifestyle, type of nutrition, and many other characteristics. They all play a certain role in the life of the forest as a whole. This is an obligatory component of the forest biogeocenosis.
The relationship between representatives of the flora and fauna in the forest comes down to the fact that the flora affects the fauna, which, in turn, has the opposite effect. In other words, the impact goes in two mutually opposite directions.
Let's consider the influence of flora on fauna. Plants play an important role in the life of the animal population of the forest, providing it with food, providing an opportunity for settlement, shelter from enemies, reproduction, etc. There are many examples that can be given. Take food resources, for example. The living mass of forest plants provides food for a variety of forest inhabitants - all kinds of herbivorous insects, birds, and animals. Among insects, these are, for example, butterfly caterpillars, the larvae of some beetles, and the beetles themselves. Plant food plays a large role in the diet of grouse birds, wood mice, squirrels, not to mention deer, roe deer, wild boars, moose... Leaves, shoots, buds, needles, etc. are eaten. The fruits of forest plants are also important food resource. They feed primarily on various birds and four-legged animals. The role of juicy fruits is especially great. Of greatest importance for animals and birds are the juicy fruits of mass plants, which usually form thickets in the forest - blueberries, lingonberries, raspberries. The succulent fruits of rowan, bird cherry, elderberry, buckthorn, honeysuckle, euonymus, viburnum, etc. are of significant nutritional value. Birds especially readily eat them. Dry fruits also serve as food for forest fauna. Hazel nuts are eaten in large quantities by squirrels, oak acorns by wood mice, etc.
Living creatures living in the forest use not only the green mass of plants and their fruits for food, they also take other “tribute” from plants. Insects, for example, collect pollen and nectar from flowers. The caterpillars of some butterflies and the larvae of certain species of beetles feed on living tissues of ovaries and unripe fruits (for example, caterpillars of the acorn moth, larvae of the acorn weevil, etc.). Aphids and scale insects use special devices to suck out the “juices” of plants. Moles, mice, and shrews feed on living underground parts of plants, especially succulent ones. In short, plants serve as suppliers of a wide variety of food products for fauna.
However, forest inhabitants use not only living parts of plants for food. Many also feed on dead plant debris, primarily those that fall to the ground. They also contain many consumers - earthworms, various soil insects, their larvae, etc. All these living creatures in one way or another process dead plant matter, which contributes to its faster decomposition.
Other examples of the connection between plants and animal life can be given. In particular, the role of plants as a place of shelter for all kinds of living creatures is very important. Some forest birds nest in dense thickets of bushes in the forest. Hollows in the trunks of large old trees serve as a refuge for forest bees; owls and eagle owls need them to raise their chicks. Woodpeckers make nests in aspen trunks.
The role of plants in the life of animals also lies in the fact that they serve as suppliers of building material for homes, nests, etc. Plant material is used, for example, to build the nests of some forest birds. Do you remember what beavers build their dams from? And here we cannot do without building materials borrowed from plants. The example of ants is no less familiar. These forest orderlies build their homes from plant debris - dry needles, twigs, leaves, etc.
So, in the forest the role of plants in the life of animals is very significant and this is manifested in many ways. It is important to note one thing: the animal world is highly dependent on plants. Flora serves as the basis for the formation of not only vegetation, but also ecosystems. In accordance with the well-known ecological principle “diversity begets diversity,” flora predetermines the composition of heterotrophic components of ecosystems.
- Characteristics of the flora of Bashkortostan.
According to the latest data, the flora of vascular plants of Bashkortostan includes 1730 species, bryoflora - 405 species, lichen biota - 400 species. The floristic diversity of different regions of Bashkortostan varies. Areas with a high concentration of species are the Iremel and Yaman-Tau mountains; shikhans (mountains - outliers) Tratau, Yuraktau, Tastuba, Balkantau, Yaryshtau, Susaktau; ridges Mashak, Zigalga, Irendyk, Krykty, Kraka, Shaitan - Tau; valleys of the rivers Belaya, Inzer, Ural, Sakmara, Zilim, Nugush, Uryuk, B. and M. Ik, Zilair, Fortress Zilair, Tanalyk; lakes Yakty - Kul, Urgun, Talkas, Karagaily; swamps Tyulyukskoye, Tygynskoye, Zhuravlinoe, Septinskoye, Arkaulovskoye, Lagerevskoye, etc.
The formation of high floristic diversity is associated with the influence of a number of natural, historical and anthropogenic factors.
- Relief.
The Southern Urals mountain system is located on the territory of Bashkortostan. Due to the vertical zonation, mountainous terrain allows different biomes to be combined in a limited area - from mountain tundras and boreal forests to deciduous forests and steppes.
- History of flora.
The enrichment of the flora contributed complicated story territory of Bashkortostan, especially its mountainous part. It contains many relics that reflect the history of the region over the past 1.5 million years, when climate cooling and warming alternated in the Pleistocene and Holocene.
The thermal maximum of the Middle Holocene is associated with a significant penetration of steppe groups deep into the Southern Urals.
Endemic species that were formed during the transformation of local conditions in the pre-glacial and Pleistocene periods make their contribution to the flora of Bashkortostan.
- Geographical location: the junction of Europe and Asia.
The position of Bashkortostan at the junction of Europe and Asia has led to the combination of Siberian and European species in communities (the formation of an ecotone effect on a geographic scale). Thus, in the forests of the Southern Urals, typical European species are combined, such as amazing violet, lungwort, woodland grass, foxglove grandiflora, fragrant bedstraw, and species of the Siberian range - Siberian adonis, northern aconite, Gmelin's rank, unripe lance-shaped, etc.
- Latitudinal zone.
The location at the junction of forest and steppe zones gave rise to widespread hemiboreal forests with pine dominating the tree layer (with the participation of birch, larch and aspen). These are the richest forests in the Southern Urals, which is also due to the ecotone effect. With the undeniable dominance of boreal species in the herbage (reed grass, northern aconite, lily-leaved bellweed), nemoral and subnemoral species are common in these forests: male shield grass, spreading boron, stiff-leaved chickweed, common gooseberry, amazing violet, etc. A significant role is played by meadow, meadow- steppe and steppe species, such as: steppe cherry, chiliga, Russian broom, oregano, etc.
The dense network of habitat boundaries creates special problems for the protection of BRs, since species near the boundaries of their distribution form populations with reduced resistance to the influence of anthropogenic factors.
- Human influence.
During the period of sustainable environmental management, characteristic of the Bashkirs before the reform of 1861, anthropogenic factors did not cause significant damage to BR and other renewable resources. Moreover, some forms of human influence were a factor that increased BR. Thus, it was thanks to humans that species-rich communities of lowland and mountain post-forest meadows were formed. After the disappearance of natural large steppe phytophages (saiga, tarpan), it was the school horse breeding of the Bashkirs that was the main factor in the preservation of the steppe biome. Schools of horses constantly moved across the steppe landscapes, ensuring uniform grazing of phytomass. In addition, horses have the least detrimental effect on steppe communities: hoof pressure is minimal, and a wide diet contributes to uniform consumption of grass.
Over the last century, the area of forests has decreased significantly, especially in the foothills of the Urals. In addition, in some of the populated areas there was an undesirable change from species such as pine, spruce and oak to low-value ones - birch, linden, and aspen. As a result, a shortage of coniferous wood arose in the region and a significant amount of overmature wood from birch forests accumulated. The resources of secondary forest use - medicinal raw materials - have been depleted.
Significant damage to renewable resources was caused by the process of urbanization, which is particularly active in the conditions of the Southern Urals and currently more than 70% of the population lives in cities. Cities in the region are constantly increasing their area, which reduces the share of natural, primarily forest, ecosystems. In addition, the urban population has a strong recreational impact on natural ecosystems within a radius of tens of kilometers.
A significant part of the territory of the Southern Urals is occupied by solid industrial waste storage facilities - waste rock from mining, ash dumps, industrial waste dumps, etc. In vast areas around industrial enterprises and transport highways, as a result of atmospheric emissions, soils are contaminated with heavy metals and other environmentally hazardous substances. Huge quantities of untreated or under-treated industrial and municipal wastewater are discharged into aquatic ecosystems, primarily rivers, which cause colossal damage to the BD of these ecosystems.
Habitats disturbed by humans have become a haven for dozens of alien species that occupy the niches of local plant species, thereby adversely affecting the native BR. In recent years, dangerous alien species of the North American genera Ambrosia and Cyclachaena have become naturalized in the Republic of Belarus.
This combined influence of negative anthropogenic factors has created high risks for many species of the flora of Bashkortostan. Thus, currently more than 150 species of plants are threatened, including: 40 steppe, 27 forest, 22 swamp, 20 mountain-tundra, 14 meadow, 13 meadow-steppe, 12 rocky.
- Systematic composition of the flora.
Flowering plants are represented by 1680 species and 107 families (natural 103, cultivated 4). Including dicotyledons - 86 families (445 genera, 1279 species), monocotyledons - 21 families (121 genera, 401 species).
The distribution of species by family is shown in Tables 1 and 2.
There are 4 species each in the following families: Asclepiadaceae, Fumariaceae, Hypericaceae, Lemnaceae, Lythraceae, Nymphaeaceae, Papaveraceae, Polygalaceae, Solanaceae. .
The families contain 3 species each: Aceraceae (Maple), Cannabaceae (Hemp), Cucurbitaceae (Pumpkin), Elatiniaceae (Gumaceae), Hydrocharitaceae (Hydrocharitaceae), Illecebraceae (Cartilaginous), Lentibulariaceae (Bubblewort), Polemoniaceae (Santalaceae), Santalaceae (Santalaceae) , Thyphaceae (Cataceae), Ulmaceae (Elm).
- Table 1. Representation of families of higher spores and gymnosperms in the flora of Bashkortostan.
| Family | Number of births | Number of species |
| Division Equisetophyta (Equisetaceae) | ||
| Equisetaceae (Equisetaceae) | 1 | 8 |
| Division Lycopodiophyta (Lycopophyta) | ||
| Lycopodiaceae (Mossaceae) | 2 | 3 |
| Huperziaceae | 1 | 1 |
| Division Polypodiophyta (Ferns) | ||
| Onocleaceae | 1 | 1 |
| Athyriaceae | 6 | 9 |
| Woodsiaceae | 1 | 2 |
| Dryopteridaceae | 2 | 5 |
| Thelypteridaceae | 2 | 2 |
| Aspleniaceae | 1 | 4 |
| Polypodiaceae (Centipedes) | 1 | 1 |
| Hypolepidaceae (Hypolepisaceae) | 1 | 1 |
| Ophioglossaceae | 1 | 1 |
| Botrychiaceae | 1 | 3 |
| Salviniaceae (Salviniaceae) | 1 | 1 |
| Division Pinophyta (Gymnosperms) | ||
| Pinaceae (Pine) | 4 | 4 |
| Cupressaceae (Cypressaceae) | 1 | 3 |
| Ephedraceae | 1 | 1 |
Table 2. Representation of the main flowering families in the flora of Bashkortostan.
| Family | Number of species | |
| absolute | % | |
| Asteraceae (Asteraceae, Compositae) | 207 | 11,97 |
| Poaceae (Poaceae, Grasses) | 163 | 9,43 |
| Rozaceae (Pink) | 108 | 6,25 |
| Cyperaceae (Sedges) | 100 | 5,78 |
| Fabaceae | 96 | 5,55 |
| Brassicaceae (Brassaceae, Cruciferous) | 79 | 4,54 |
| Caryophyllaceae (Cloves) | 77 | 4,45 |
| Scrophulariaceae | 76 | 4,40 |
| Lamiaceae (Lamiaceae, Lamiaceae) | 55 | 3,18 |
| Apiaceae (Celery, Apiaceae) | 51 | 2,95 |
| Ranunculaceae (Ranunculaceae) | 51 | 2,95 |
| Chenopodiaceae (Chenopodiaceae) | 47 | 2,72 |
| Polygonaceae (Buckwheat) | 38 | 2,20 |
| Orchidaceae (Orchids) | 36 | 2,08 |
| Boraginaceae (Borage) | 30 | 1,74 |
| Salicaceae (Willows) | 26 | 1,51 |
| Rubiaceae (Madiaceae) | 20 | 1,16 |
| Liliaceae | 19 | 1,10 |
| Juncaceae (Russia) | 17 | 0,99 |
| Potamogetonaceae (Potamogetonaceae) | 17 | 0,99 |
| Violaceae (Violaceae) | 16 | 0,93 |
| Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae) | 16 | 0,93 |
| Alliaceae (Alliums) | 16 | 0,93 |
| Primulaceae (Primroses) | 15 | 0,87 |
| Campanulaceae (Campanulaceae) | 12 | 0,70 |
| Geraniaceae (Geraniaceae) | 12 | 0,70 |
| Gentianaceae (Gentianaceae) | 12 | 0,70 |
| Orobanchaceae (Barrapaceae) | 11 | 0,64 |
| Onagraceae (Willowweed) | 10 | 0,58 |
| Ericaceae (Ericaceae) | 10 | 0,58 |
| Plantaginaceae (Plantainaceae) | 9 | 0,52 |
| Cuscutaceae (Dodder) | 8 | 0,47 |
| Betulaceae (Birch) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Crassulaceae (Crassulaceae) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Limoniaceae (Cermeceae) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Pyrolaceae (Wintergreens) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Caprifoliacea (Honeysuckle) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Linaceae (Flax) | 7 | 0,41 |
| Dipsacaceae (Teaseleaceae) | 6 | 0,35 |
| Malvaceae (Malvaceae) | 6 | 0,35 |
| Amaranthaceae (Shchiritsa) | 5 | 0,29 |
| Iridaceae | 5 | 0,29 |
| Alismataceae | 5 | 0,29 |
| Grossulariaceae (Gooseberries) | 5 | 0,29 |
| Saxifragaceae (Saxifragaceae) | 5 | 0,29 |
| Sparganiaceae (Hedgeheads) | 5 | 0,29 |
| Urticaceae (Nettles) | 5 | 0,29 |
| Valerianaceae (Valerianaceae) | 5 | 0,29 |
2 species each contain families: Aristolochiaceae (Cistaceae), Asparagaceae (Asparagus), Balsaminaceae (Balsamaceae), Callitrichaceae (Swampaceae), Cepatophyllaceae (Hornworts), Cistaceae (Cistaceae), Convolvulaceae (Convolvulaceae), Droseraceae (Dundewaceae), Frankeniaaceae (Frankeniaceae) . .
The families contain 1 species each: Adoxaceae, Araceae, Berberidaceae, Butomaceae, Celastraceae, Cornaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Empetraceae, Fagaceae. . , Tiliaceae (Linden), Trapaceae (Waternut), Zannichelliaceae (Zanichelliaceae).
Resource characteristic
Let's consider the main groups of useful plants of the flora of Bashkortostan: forage, medicinal, melliferous, food, as well as “anti-useful” plants - poisonous, many of which, however, are used as medicines.
Forage plants
Forage plants form the basis of hayfields and pastures. Their number in Bashkortostan is at least 500 species. Forage plants are divided into agrobotanical groups: cereals, legumes, forbs, sedges, wormwood. In turn, these groups can be divided into steppe and meadow.
Cereals
Steppe: Agropyron pectinatum (crested wheat grass), Festuca pseudovina (false fescue), F. Valesiaca (Welsh grass), Koeleria cristata (crested grass), Poa transbaicalica (steppe bluegrass), Stipa capillata (feather grass), S. Lessingiana ( K. Lessing), S. Pennata (K. pinnate), S. Sareptana (K. Sarepta), S. Tirsa (K. angustifolia), S. Zalesskii (K. Zalesski).
Meadow: Agrostis gigantean (giant bentgrass), A. Stolonifera (shoot-forming species), Alopecurus pratensis (meadow foxtail), Bromopsis inermis (awnless brome), Calamagrostis epigeios (ground reed grass), Dactylis glomerata (urchin grass), Elytrigia repens (wheatgrass) creeping), Festuca pratensis (meadow fescue), Phalaroides arundinacea (reed grass), Phleum pratensis (meadow timothy grass), Poa angustifolia (angustifolia bluegrass), P. pratensis (meadow grass).
Legumes
Steppe: Astragalus danicus (Danish astragalus), Medicago romanica (Romanian alfalfa), Melilotus albus (white sweet clover), M. Officinalis (officinalis), Onobrychis arenaria (sandy sainfoin), Trifolium montanum (mountain clover), Vicia tenuifolia (pea narrow-leaved).
Meadow: Lathyrus pratensis (meadow chin), Medicago lupulina (hop alfalfa), Trifolium hybridum (hybrid clover), T. pratense (meadow pea), T. repens (creeping pea), Vicia cracca (mouse pea).
Forbs
Steppe: Achillea millefolium (common yarrow), Centaurea scabiosa (cornflower), Filipendula vulgaris (meadowsweet), Galium verum (bedstraw), S. stepposa (steppe sage), Serratula coronata (crowned cornflower), Thalictrum minus (small cornflower ).
Meadow: Achillea millefolium (common yarrow), Carum carvi (common cumin), Filipendula ulmaria (meadowsweet), Fragaria viridis (green strawberry), Geranium pratensis (meadow geranium), Heracleum sibiricum (Siberian hogweed), Leucanthemum vulgare (common cornflower) , Pimpinella saxifrage (saxifrage), Plantago maior (great plantain), P. media (medium), Polygonum aviculare (bird knotweed), P. bistorta (snake), Potentilla anserina (cinquefoil), Prunella vulgaris ( common blackhead), Ranunculus polyanthemos (multifloral buttercup), Rumex confertus (horse sorrel), R. thyrsiflorus (pyramidal sorrel), Sanguisorba officinalis (burnet), Tanacetum vulgare (common tansy), Taraxacum officinale (dandelion), Tragopogon orientalis ( eastern salsify).
Meadow-marsh: Caltha palustris (marsh marigold), Lythrum salicaria (willow loosestrife), Symphytun officinale (comfrey), Trollius europaeus (European bathhouse).
Sedges
The main part of sedge species is associated with wet and swampy meadows. Sedges are poorly eaten on pastures, and sedge hay is considered of little value. The feed value of sedge forage increases when it is ensiled.
The most common in Bashkortostan on waterlogged soils are Carex acuta (sharp sedge), C. Acutiformis (pointed sedge), C. cespitosa (turfy sedge), C. juncella (sedge sedge). C. pediformis (stop-shaped), C. Praecox (early), C. muricata (spiny) and others are common in steppe meadows and steppes.
Among the saline species, C. asparatilis (rough) and C. distans (distanced) are of greatest nutritional importance.
Wormwood
Artemisia (genus Artemisia) form the basis of semi-desert communities, which do not exist in Bashkortostan. However, some species of wormwood are found in disturbed meadow and ruderal communities (A. Absinthium - wormwood, sieversiana - Siversa village, A. vulgaris - common wormwood), however, most of the wormwood is associated with steppe grass stands, with a special role played by Austrian wormwood ( A. austriaca), dominant in the steppes with heavy grazing. All wormwoods are poorly eaten in pastures and hay.
Medicinal plants
The great medieval physician Paracelsus said that “the whole world is a pharmacy, and the Almighty is a pharmacist.” Currently, the flora of Bashkortostan includes about 120 species used in scientific medicine, and more than 200 species used in folk medicine. List medicinal plants flora of Bashkortostan used in scientific medicine:
Achillea millefolium (common yarrow)
Adonis vernalis (Spring adonis)
Alnus incana (Grey Alder)
Althaea officinalis (Althaea officinalis)
Angelica archangelica (Angelica officinalis)
Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood)
Betula pendula (Warty birch)
Bidens tripartita (Tripartite series)
Bupleurum aureum
Capsella bursa – pastoris (Shepherd's purse)
Carum carvi (Cumin)
Centaurea cyanus (Blue Cornflower)
Centaurium erythraea (Common centaury)
Chamerion angustifolium (Ivan - narrow-leaved tea)
Chamomilla recutita (Chamomile)
Chamomilla suaveolens (Chamomile)
Chelidonium majus (Great celandine)
Convallaria majalis (May lily of the valley)
Crataegus sanguinea (Blood red hawthorn)
Datura stramonium (Datura stramonium)
Delphinium elatum (Tall Larkspur)
Digitalis grandiflora (Foxglove grandiflora)
Dryopteris filix – mas (Male fern)
Echinops sphaerocephalus (Echinops sphaerocephalus)
Elytrigia repens (Creeping wheatgrass)
Erysimum diffusum (Erysimum diffusum)
Equisetum arvense (Horsetail)
Fragaria vesca (Wild strawberry)
Frangula alnus (Break buckthorn)
Glycyrrhiza korshinskyi (Korzhinsky's licorice; the species is included in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus)
Gnaphalium rossicum (Russian dryweed)
Humulus lupulus (Common hop)
Huperzia selago (Common sheep)
Hyoscyamus niger (Black henbane)
Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort)
Inula helenium (Elecampane)
Juniperus communis (Common juniper)
Leonurus quinquelobatus (Moonwort five-lobed)
Lycopodium clavatum (Moss moss)
Melilotus officinalis (Melilot officinalis)
Menyanthes trifoliate (Trifoliate watch)
Nuphar lutea (Yellow egg pod)
Origanum vulgare (Oregano)
Oxycoccus palustris (Swamp cranberry)
Padus avium (Bird cherry)
Plantago major
Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine)
Polemonium caeruleum (Blue cyanosis)
Polygonum aviculare (Knotweed)
Polygonum bistorta (Snake knotweed)
Polygonum hydropiper (Water pepper)
Polygonum persicaria (Knotweed)
Potentilla erecta (Potentilla erecta)
Quercus robur (English oak)
Rhamnus cathartica (Gester laxative)
Ribes nigrum (Black currant)
Rosa majalis (May rosehip)
Rubus idaeus (Common raspberry)
Rumex confertus (Horse sorrel)
Sanguisorba officinalis (Burnet)
Sorbus aucuparia (Rowan)
Tanacetum vulgare (Common tansy)
Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion)
Thermopsis lanceolata (Thermopsis lanceolata)
Thymus serpyllum (Creeping thyme)
Tilia cordata (Little Leaf Linden)
Tussilago farfara (Mother and stepmother)
Urtica dioica (Nettle)
Vaccinium vitis – idaea (Lingonberry)
Valeriana officinalis (Valerian officinalis)
Veratrum lobelianum (Lobel's hellebore)
Viburnum opulus (Viburnum)
Honey plants
Beekeeping is a traditional branch of the Bashkir economy, and the main food supply for bees consists of plants of wild flora, which determines the high commercial quality of Bashkir honey. Honey plants include plants from which bees collect nectar and pollen. Bees get sugar (carbohydrates) from nectar, and protein and fat from pollen.
All plants, including nectar bearers, provide pollen, but wind-pollinated plants are especially rich in it. Among them: tree and shrub species from the genera Alnus (alder), Betula (birch), Corylus (hazel), Populus (poplar), Salix (willow), Quercus (oak), Ulmus (elm); herbs – Cannabis ruderalis (hemp), Humulus lupulus (hops), species of the genera Amaranthus (sorrel), Artemisia (wormwood), Bidens (chain), Chenopodium (pigweed), Rumex (sorrel), Typha (cattail) and others.
- E.N. Klobukova - Alisova identifies the following groups of honey plants.
Summer honey plants: Centaurea cyanus (blue cornflower), Echium vulgare (common cornflower), Melilotus albus (white sweet clover), Rubus idaeus (common raspberry), Tilia cordata (small-leaved linden), Capsella bursa – pastoris (shepherd's purse), Centaurea jacea (meadow cornflower ), Cichorium intybus (common chicory), Origanum vulgare (oregano), Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), Rubus caesius (gray blackberry), Trifolium medium (medium clover), Viscaria vulgaris (common gum).
Autumn supporting honey plants: these include many summer species with an extended flowering period: Achillea millefolium (common yarrow), Arctium lappa (large burdock), Bidens tripartita (tripartite), drooping thistle, Chamerion angustifolium (Ivan - tea), Delphinium elatum (larkspur high), Echium vulgare (common bruise), Medicago falcata (yellow alfalfa), Trifolium repens (creeping clover).
Food wild plants
Currently, their role in the nutrition of the population of the republic is small, however, they contribute to the diversity of food and are sources of vitamins and many microelements necessary for the human body.
The most important food plants include: Adenophora liliifolia, Aegopodium podagraria, Allium angulosum, Arctium lappa, Artemisia absinthium, Bunias orientalis, Capsella bursa – pastoris (shepherd's purse), Carum carvi (cumin), Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry), Humulus lupulus (common hop), Hupericum perforatum (St. John's wort), Origanum vulgare (oregano), Oxycoccus palustris (swamp cranberry; the species is listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus), Padus avium (common bird cherry), Pimpinella saxifraga (saxifrage), Pteridium aquilinum (common bracken), Ribes nigrum (black currant), Rosa majalis (May rose hip), Rubus caesius (gray blackberry), R. idaeus (common raspberry), Rumex acetosa (common sorrel), Scirpus lacustris (lake reed), Sorbus aucuparia (common mountain ash), Taraxacum officinale (dandelion), Tilia cordata (small-leaved linden), Urtica dioica (nettle), Viburnum opulus (common viburnum).
Poisonous plants
Some of the flora of Bashkortostan is represented by poisonous plants, and many of them plant poisons in low doses they are used as medicines. The most important poisonous plants are the following: Aconitum septentrionale (tall fighter), Actaea spicata (spike-shaped crowberry), Adonis vernalis (spring adonis), Anemonoides altaica (Altai anemone), A. ranunculoides (buttercup), Chelidonium majus (greater celandine), Cicuta virosa (poisonous plant, this is the most poisonous plant), Conium maculatum (spotted hemlock), Convallaria majalis (May lily of the valley), Daphne mezereum (wolf's bast), Equisetum palustre (swamp horsetail), E. pratense (meadow horsetail), E fluviatile (x. river), E. sylvaticum (x. forest), Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane), Juniperus Sabina (Cossack juniper), Paris quadrifolia (four-leaved crow's eye)
Brief description of natural areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan
BASHKIR CIS-URALS
1. Kama-Tanypsky region of broad-leaved, broad-leaved-dark-coniferous and pine forests
The undulating plain between the rivers. Kama, Belaya and Bystry Tanyp. The climate is moderately warm, well-humidified. Gray and light gray forest, soddy-podzolic and floodplain soils predominate.
Human influence. The area is heavily developed and densely populated. Factors of threat to biodiversity and deterioration of the ecological situation: cutting down the last fragments of indigenous forest types and replacing them with artificial plantings; air pollution from industrial emissions and acid rain; pollution (soil, atmosphere, water) during oil production; soil erosion; overgrazing; destruction of natural vegetation during the preparation of the bed of the Nizhnekamsk reservoir; unregulated recreation in coniferous forests (Nikolo-Berezovskoe district); anthropogenic swamping of forests, etc.
Vegetation, flora. In the past, broad-leaved-dark coniferous (linden-fir-spruce, oak-fir-spruce), broad-leaved (linden-birch, linden-oak, etc.) and, along the sandy river terraces, broad-leaved pine forests dominated, which, at present , were mostly replaced by secondary forests, meadows, artificial plantings and farmland. The main forest-forming species: spruce, fir, pine, birch, linden, oak, aspen. The vast swamp areas that existed in the past (Katay, Cherlak-Saz, etc.) in the Pribelskaya Lowland have been destroyed or severely disturbed by land reclamation. The flora is mixed, boreal-nemoral, relatively poor. Relict and endemic species are almost absent.
Objectives of biodiversity protection. Key areas with rich biodiversity: river valleys and their terraces (the Kama, Belaya, Bystry Tanyp, Piz, Bui, etc. rivers), the Karmanovskoye reservoir, the green zone of Neftekamsk, restricted forest strips along river banks, preserved and restored island indigenous types of forests and swamps. The level of protection is low: 1 reserve and 6 natural monuments.
Main objects of protection: standard and rare types of forests (broad-leaved-dark-coniferous and pine, southern taiga pine forests, green moss and lichen, pine-larch-linden - on sandy soils, spruce-white moss forests, etc.), preserved and potentially restored swamps (sphagnum pine, sedge-hypnum, etc. .), rare species of plants (Siberian iris, sandy astragalus, perennial forest grass, wild rosemary, marsh cranberry, grasshopper, etc.). Species requiring reintroduction or restoration of habitats: narrow-cupped carnation, anomalous peony, slender cotton grass.
2. Zabelsky region of broad-leaved forests
General characteristics of the natural complex. Gently undulating and hilly plains of Pribelye. Karst landforms are widely represented. The climate is moderately warm, well-humidified. To one degree or another, podzolized gray forest soils predominate.
Human influence. The area is heavily developed and densely populated. Factors that threaten biodiversity and deteriorate the ecological situation: logging of indigenous forests, overgrazing, soil erosion, river pollution. White industrial wastewater, air pollution, destruction of swamps, unregulated recreation around cities, poaching, urbanization, etc.
Vegetation, flora. In the past, broad-leaved forests (oak, linden, maple, elm) dominated, which have now largely given way to secondary forests (linden, birch, aspen) and farmland. In the north of the region, minor fragments of broad-leaved and dark-coniferous forests have been preserved. On the slopes in small areas there are steppe meadows and meadow steppes. Along the banks of the Belaya and Sim rivers, small fragments of pine forests have been preserved. The flora is mixed, relatively poor.
Security tasks. Key areas with rich biodiversity: valley natural complexes (the Belaya, Sim, Bir, Bystry Tanyp rivers, etc.), restricted forest strips along river banks, numerous sphagnum swamps in karst depressions, old-growth forests, relict island pine forests along the Belaya and Sim. The level of protection is low: 20 small natural monuments and 2 zoological reserves.
Main objects of protection: rare species of plants (salvinia floating, ephedra bispica, rusty schenus, yellow iris, oblique onion, swamp cranberry, water chestnut, blue-blue, etc.).
Species requiring reintroduction or habitat restoration: beautiful feather grass, wood apple tree.
3. Region of deciduous-dark coniferous forests of the Ufa Plateau
General characteristics of the natural complex. A flat hill deeply dissected by river valleys with absolute heights of 450-500m. Karst landforms are widely represented. The climate is moderately warm, well-humidified. Mountain gray forest soils predominate. There are unique frozen soils under green moss forests.
Human influence. The area is heavily developed (long-term logging) and sparsely populated. Factors that threaten biodiversity and deteriorate the ecological situation: logging of the last fragments of indigenous forests (including in restricted areas), air pollution from industrial emissions and acid rain, forest fires, unregulated recreation around the Pavlovsk reservoir, poaching.
Vegetation, flora. In the past, linden-dark coniferous and dark coniferous (spruce, fir) forests predominated. In addition, oak forests were widespread in the western part, and pine and broad-leaved pine forests were widespread in the northern and eastern parts. At present, indigenous forests, disturbed to one degree or another, are preserved mainly only in restricted strips along the Ufa, Yuryuzan, and Ai rivers. The rest of the territory is dominated by secondary birch, aspen and linden forests. Areas of steppe meadows and sphagnum bogs are rare. The flora is mixed boreal-nemoral, enriched with relict Siberian species (Siberian zygadenus, Siberian adonis, bitter bitter, etc.). An endemic species of the Ufa Plateau, the Ural moth, has been described.
etc.................
In ancient Rome, Flora stood out among the host of gods and goddesses. She was responsible for the flowering of plants in the spring and was considered the patroness of all flowers. Today the name of this entity is used in botany, biology, and very often in everyday communication. flora in the modern sense?
Traditionally, this word means a collection of all kinds of plants that historically grew in a certain area. So, they usually say “flora of the Earth”, “flora of Africa”. This may be a current state of affairs or a previously existing one. But if we clarify more specifically what flora is, then modern botanists by this word mean only vascular plants located in the territory. Other species are not considered in this collection. Interestingly, the local flora does not include those flowers that grow in houses on windowsills, as well as those found in greenhouses, winter gardens or greenhouses - that is, in places where climatic conditions are created by man.
There is a separate science that clearly explains what the flora of each specific region is. She studies each plant individually, as well as the entire landscape symbiosis located within certain territorial boundaries. This science is called “floristry”. Specialists in this industry are engaged in making notes - lists of plants and their brief descriptions for each individual area.
Historically, this term was first used in the 17th century by the botanist Mikhail Boym. And then the famous scientist Carl Linnaeus picked up the baton from him, who created an extensive work devoted to the flora of Lapland. But this book described not only flowers. Flora in Linnaeus's understanding also included mushrooms, and not just plants. In total, as many as 534 species were described in the scientist’s monumental work.
But besides the obvious and remarkable part flora, this term also covers the inconspicuous part of it. Photos of flora invisible to the naked human eye can be found on the pages of any microbiology textbook. This term is often used to describe the totality of all microorganisms inhabiting a body. For example, the expression “intestinal flora” is not uncommon in medicine and dietetics.
From the point of view of classification, the entire set of plants can be distributed according to several characteristics. So, from the point of view of origin, native and adventive flora are distinguished. From the name it becomes clear that the first of them implies a collection of those plants that inhabited the region for a long time. What is adventitious flora in this case? These are those plants that were introduced, cultivated, or accidentally transferred to the territory of a given region not so long ago.
Based on the totality of plant taxa, this term is also divided into:
- algal flora (algae);
- dendroflora (trees);
- bryoflora (mosses);
- lichen flora (lichens);
- mycoflora (mushrooms).
Thus, it becomes clear that this term is not limited to flowers alone, like its ancestor-goddess, it is significantly broader and involves the study of the entire plant world, rich and diverse.
Loading...
