Know the temperature of your body, the air outside the window, the water filling the bath or pool, and many other phenomena and objects around modern man, has become commonplace, and the measurement process is simple and accessible to everyone. If you ask the question of what temperature someone or something has, it is unlikely that the numbers given in response will cause confusion, being absolutely uncharacteristic.
The reason for this is the widespread measurement of this physical quantity on the Celsius scale. However, in the United States, Canada, England and a number of other countries, it is common to determine the temperature in the Fahrenheit system in everyday life. To understand each other, it is enough to understand the range of each scale and their ratio in Fahrenheit and Celsius.
Measurement object, or what is temperature?
The term comes from the word temperature (translated from Latin - "normal state / displacement"). From the point of view of physics, this is a quantity that characterizes the mobility of molecules of a substance, its internal energy... The faster the particles move, the more they collide with each other, the higher the temperature value. Hence and common knowledge that when heated, the volume of bodies and substances increases. But temperature and heat are not identical concepts. Bodies heated to the same temperature indicators have a different ability to heat third-party objects (for example, the difference in the speed of boiling a kettle on a small and a large burner).
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit's invention
The Dutch physicist, born in 1686 in the Polish city of Gdansk, began early scientific activity... He personally assembled measuring instruments and at the age of 23 invented and 5 years later - mercury. In 1724, Fahrenheit introduced his temperature measurement system to the scientific community. Later she underwent some changes. The scientist's goal was to create a scale without a negative value, so he took the lowest temperature known at that time for zero - the melting of a mixture of ice, water and ammonia. To determine one division on a thermometer - a degree - the physicist used the range between the indicator of melting ice and boiling water, dividing it into 180 equal parts.
Andres Celsius system
The 1701 Swedish astronomer, geologist and meteorologist proposed his scale in 1742. Initially, the boiling point of water was used as zero, and beyond 100 degrees - its melting. The direction of the most widespread scale in the world today was changed by a contemporary of Celsius, Carl Linnaeus, in the year of the death of its author - 1744. Thus, it acquired its current form. Temperatures lower than the ice melting point are measured in the same way as high temperatures, but have negative meaning.
Fahrenheit to Celsius ratio
Indicative for comparing the two systems will be the well-known temperature standards - boiling water, melting ice, the norm for a healthy human body.
The numbers will be as follows - 100 °, 0 ° and an approximate average value in the range from 36 to 37 ° on the Celsius scale. Fahrenheit ratios will be 212 °, 32 ° and approximately 98 °. One of key concepts in temperature measurement, it is absolute zero - a theoretical value that is the starting point and reference for any use of the systems. This value is characterized by the absence of motion of matter particles. In the ratio of Celsius and Fahrenheit, these indicators are equal to -273.15 and -459.67 degrees.
It is quite simple to translate the values of one system into another. For such an arithmetic conversion, there is a formula used in two directions (depending on the original exponent). The ratio and Celsius is 1: 5/9.
Thus, to convert the readings of the Fahrenheit thermometer to the Celsius system, subtract 32 from the original value and multiply by 5/9.
Accordingly, the inverse conversion is carried out according to the formula in which the data of the Celsius scale is multiplied by 5/9 and added by 32.
To understand both systems and use them in everyday life, it is not at all necessary to apply mathematical calculations every time. If the use of an unfamiliar system is necessary - just a little practice, and the approximate value of the data in the ratio of Fahrenheit and Celsius will be easy to determine "by ear".
Humanity learned to measure temperature about 400 years ago. But the first devices, reminiscent of today's thermometers, appeared only in the 10th-5th century. The inventor of the first thermometer was the scientist Gabriel Fahrenheit. In total, several different temperature scales were invented in the world, some of them were more popular and are still used today, while others gradually fell out of use.
Temperature scales are systems of temperature values that can be compared with each other. Since the temperature does not belong to the quantities subject to direct measurement, its value is associated with a change in the temperature state of a substance (for example, water). On all temperature scales, as a rule, two points are fixed, corresponding to the transition temperatures of the selected thermometric substance into different phases. These are the so-called reference points. Examples are the boiling point of water, the hardening point of gold, etc. One of the points is taken as the origin. The interval between them is divided into a certain number of equal single segments. One degree is universally accepted as a unit.
The most popular and most widely used temperature scales in the world are the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales. However, let's take a look at the available scales in order and try to compare them in terms of usability and practical benefits. The most famous scales are five:
1. The Fahrenheit scale was invented by Fahrenheit, a German scientist. Into one of the cold winter days In 1709, the mercury in the scientist's thermometer dropped to a very low temperature, which he proposed to take as zero on the new scale. Another reference point is the temperature of the human body. The freezing point of water on its scale is + 32 °, and the boiling point is + 212 °. The Fahrenheit scale is not particularly thoughtful or convenient. Previously, it was widely used nowadays - practically only in the USA.
2. According to the Réaumur scale, invented by the French scientist Rene de Réaumur in 1731, the freezing point of water serves as the lower reference point. The scale is based on the use of alcohol, which expands when heated; a thousandth of the volume of alcohol in the tank and tube at zero was taken as a degree. Now this scale is out of use.
3. On the Celsius scale (proposed by the Swede in 1742), the temperature of the mixture of ice and water (the temperature at which the ice melts) is taken as zero, the other main point is the temperature at which the water boils. It was decided to divide the interval between them into 100 parts, and one part was taken as a unit of measurement - degree Celsius. more rational than the Fahrenheit scale and Reaumur scale, and is now used everywhere.
4. The Kelvin scale was invented in 1848 by Lord Kelvin (English scientist W. Thomson). On it zero point corresponded to the lowest possible temperature, at which the movement of the molecules of the substance stops. This value was theoretically calculated by studying the properties of gases. On the Celsius scale, this value corresponds to approximately - 273 ° C, that is, zero Celsius is equal to 273 K. The unit of measurement of the new scale is one kelvin (originally called "degree Kelvin").
5. (by the name of the Scottish physicist W. Rankin) has the same principle as the Kelvin scale, and the dimension is the same as the Fahrenheit scale. This system is practically not widespread.
The temperatures given by the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales can be easily converted to each other. When translating "mentally" (that is, quickly, without using special tables) values from Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius, you need to reduce the original figure by 32 units and multiply by 5/9. On the contrary (from the Celsius to Fahrenheit scale) - multiply the original value by 9/5 and add 32. For comparison: the temperature in Celsius is 273.15 °, Fahrenheit is 459.67 °.
Not only scientists in scientific works, but also ordinary people planning to go out and not knowing which clothes to wear. V different countries there are more popular measurement systems. Russian people are familiar with the Celsius scale; in America, the development of Fahrenheit is more common.
Measurement in Celsius
In Russia and most European countries, when talking about temperature indicators, people mean the measurement in Celsius. The temperature scale was invented in 1742 by Alexander Celsius. He was an outstanding person who created a textbook on arithmetic, took part in a 4-year journey and visited famous astronomical institutions. Nevertheless, the name of the Swedish scientist does not leave our lips thanks to his famous scale, which has 100 divisions and was developed by analyzing the possible states of water. 
The theory is based on features of water modification... Water freezes at values below zero. Temperature indicators corresponding to the process of transformation of water into ice are called negative. The process of boiling water is possible at a mark of 100% (Linnaeus gave the usual appearance to the scale, as planned by Celsius, the water boiled at 0 degrees, and melted at a 100-degree indicator). The indicated polar marks gave the scientist the opportunity to calculate an indicator equal to 1 degree.
Then the Kelvin scale came into use, taking into account minimum temperature which is 0 degrees. These scales have been adjusted. To name the temperature indicator of a substance, calculated in Celsius, you need to add to the temperature mark on the scale developed by Kelvin 273,15 .
Fahrenheit temperature
Measurement on this scale is common. Often, foreign medical devices and meteorological developments measure temperature on the Fahrenheit scale. We owe this system of temperature measurements to the Dutch scientist Fahrenheit; Among his developments are alcohol and mercury thermometers.
In the 20s of the XVIII century. the physicist presented his own temperature scale to the Royal Society of London. V initial version the temperature of the brine solution (water, ice and ammonium chloride in equal parts) was taken as the base point. Stable indicators could be achieved at zero mark (-17.78 degrees Celsius). At the mark indicated by Fahrenheit as 32 degrees, the mixture began to melt. The third indicator indicated optimal temperature a person equal to 96 degrees.
How to explain the presence of fractional indicators? Perhaps they were obtained due to the fact that the zero point was chosen in the winter in the city of Gdansk. Subsequently, the Dutch scientist had to practice to obtain a well reproducible value; then brine was used. The scientist did not have the opportunity to obtain a high-quality saline solution for work. These shortcomings could not prevent the popularity of the temperature scale.
The Fahrenheit scale was especially fond of in the middle of the last century among English-speaking scientists, it was used by industry and medicine. Then the Europeans began to give preference to the system developed by Celsius. Until now, Americans measure temperature in Fahrenheit; it is clear for them that it is better to adhere to the temperature in the room 68 ° F.
British publications in meteorological reports take this approach: they indicate the indicators in Celsius and give a translation for the Fahrenheit scale. This allows people to independently choose a frame of reference for degrees and lean towards the development of one of the pundits of past centuries.
How temperatures compare on different scales
There are convenient formulas that allow you to quickly translate indicators. To understand what value on the Fahrenheit scale is the temperature mark in Celsius, it is worth applying special formulas. The Celsius temperature can be calculated as follows - the Fahrenheit scale mark is 32 times the resulting value by 5/9. So, 120 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to 48.9 in the Celsius system.
How to calculate Fahrenheit temperature from available data from Celsius? We perform the following mathematical operation: the value of the Celsius scale * 9/5 add 32.20 degrees European system temperature measurements are 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
Those who have been to the United States at least once, or have just watched American films carefully, must have noticed that Fahrenheit is used to indicate the temperature in the States. Unfortunately, although Americans have heard of Celsius, in real life they don't use it. Why did it happen?
The Fahrenheit scale (Fahrenheit | ˈfærənhaɪt |) was "born" before the Celsius scale (Celsius | ˈselsiəs |) by almost 20 years. The Fahrenheit system was invented by the German scientist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1724, and Celsius was invented by the Swedish scientist Anders Celsius in 1742.
Fahrenheit was the first in the world to manufacture two thermometers that showed the same temperature. Encouraged by the success, the scientist decided at the same time to invent a temperature scale. Fahrenheit decided that zero should be at the lowest temperature. At that time, the low temperature he got it when measuring the temperature of water with salt. And later he learned that the freezing point of water was 32 degrees, the boiling point was 212 degrees, and the temperature of the human body was 96 degrees. All these studies so delighted the British that they invited Fahrenheit to the Royal Society and began to actively use the Fahrenheit temperature scale.
As we all remember from history, the United States was originally an English colony. Like all colonies, the United States began to use this temperature measurement system. But around 1790, the Celsius scale shocked the whole world with its simplicity and countries gradually began to switch from Fahrenheit to Celsius. Even Britain made such a change in 1965. Gradually, all the former colonies switched to the measurement through Celsius, and "at the same time" adopted the entire metric system. Everything. Except for the USA.
In truth, the US has honestly tried to follow the rest of the world. In 1975, they even passed a law requiring the country to start converting to the metric system. This law is called the “Metric Conversion Act”. But nothing came of it. The transition to the metric system had to be voluntary, and ordinary Americans did not want this. Indeed, why do they need the metric system, if they have only two real "neighbors" - Canada and Mexico. And they, at the very least, understand American system measurements. So in 1982, President Reagan dissolved the Metric Commission. And everything remained the same.
Ordinary Americans are happy with everything. Native Fahrenheit seems to them simple and logical. By the way, in addition to Americans, Fahrenheit is also used in the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, the Republic of Palau and the state of Belize. Not a bad company, isn't it?
Let's see what words we need to memorize in order to show off our knowledge of the Fahrenheit scale to ordinary Americans?
Wrap yourself on your mustache
Fahrenheit- Fahrenheit | ˈfærənhaɪt |
Celsius- Celsius | ˈselsiəs |
The colony- colony
Thermometer- thermometer
Scale- scale
Freezing point- freezing point
Boiling point of water- boiling point
Temperature environment
- ambient point
Air temperature- air temperature
Temperature above normal- above-normal temperature
Measure the temperature to the patient- to take a patient temperature
Heat- high temperature
Metric system- metric system
Instructions
To convert the temperature specified in degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit, multiply the number of degrees Celsius by 9/5 (or 1.8) and add 32 to the resulting product. In the form of a formula, this rule will look like this:
Tf = 9/5 * Tts + 32, or
Tf = 1.8 * Tts + 32, where:
Тц - the number of degrees Celsius,
Tf is the number of degrees Fahrenheit.
For example, convert the human body temperature to Fahrenheit. The generally accepted healthy temperature is 36.6 degrees Celsius. Substitute 36.6 in the formula, you get: 1.8 * 36.6 + 32 = 97.88 ...
To convert degrees from Celsius to Fahrenheit, take any or run a standard calculator operating system... If you don't have a calculator, take a pencil and do the calculations by hand.
If you have a computer nearby with Internet access, go to an online service that offers degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit.
For example, type in the address bar:
http://2mb.ru/konverter-velichin/temperatura/
and enter the number of degrees Celsius in the window that appears. Then, click on the "Calculate" button. Select Fahrenheit from the list of temperatures that appears.
The advantage of online converters is the automatic calculation of the result and the ability to convert degrees Celsius to degrees on other temperature scales (Kelvin, Reaumur, Rankin, Delisle, Newton, Roemer).
note
If you try to ask Yandex: "how to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit", then in the zero line of the output you will receive the answer: 1 Celsius = 33.8 Fahrenheit. This wise statement can be easily misleading as it only refers to one degree Celsius (i.e. thermometer reading, not scale divisions).
Sources:
- temperature in fahrenheit
Temperature is measured in degrees. However, there are two scales most commonly used to measure temperature - these are the scales Fahrenheit and . In almost all countries, people often use only the second scale. But if you are going to the United States of America, then you should know that the scale is widely used in this country. Fahrenheit... And the formula for converting degrees from
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