Where Griboyedov studied. Griboyedov - a short biography. Memorable dates of Griboyedov

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Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov(January 4, Moscow - January 30 [February 11], Tehran) - Russian diplomat, poet, playwright, pianist and composer, nobleman. State Councilor (1828).

Griboyedov is known as homo unius libri- the writer of one book, a brilliantly rhymed play "Woe from Wit", which is still one of the most frequently staged in Russian theaters, as well as the source of numerous catchphrases.

Biography

Origins and early years

Griboyedov was born in Moscow into a wealthy noble family. His ancestor, Jan Grzybowski (Polish. Jan Grzybowski), at the beginning of the 17th century he moved from Poland to Russia. The author's surname Griboyedov is nothing more than a kind of translation of the Grzybowski surname. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich he was a rank clerk and one of the five compilers of the Cathedral Code of 1649 was Fyodor Akimovich Griboyedov.

The writer's father is a retired Major Seconds Sergei Ivanovich Griboyedov (1761-1814). Mother - Anastasia Fedorovna (1768-1839), nee also Griboyedova.

According to the testimony of relatives, in childhood Alexander was very focused and unusually developed.

War

But as soon as they began to form, the enemy entered Moscow. This regiment was ordered to go to Kazan, and after the expulsion of the enemies, at the end of the same year, it was ordered to follow to Brest-Litovsk, join the defeated Irkutsk dragoon regiment and take the name of the Irkutsk hussar.

On September 8, 1812, the cornet Griboyedov fell ill and remained in Vladimir, and, presumably, until November 1, 1813, due to illness, did not appear in the regiment's disposition. Arriving at the duty station, he got into the company "Young cornets from the best noble families"- Prince Golitsyn, Count Efimovsky, Count Tolstoy, Alyabyev, Sheremetev, Lanskoy, the Shatilov brothers. With some of them Griboyedov was related. Subsequently, he wrote in a letter to Begichev: “I have been in this squad for only 4 months, and now it’s 4 years since I can’t get on the right path.

Until 1815, Griboyedov served with the rank of cornet under the command of General of the Cavalry A.S.Kologrivov. The first literary experiments of Griboyedov - "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher", feature article "On cavalry reserves" and comedy "Young spouses"(translation of the French comedy "Le secr" - refer to 1814 in the article "On cavalry reserves" Griboyedov acted as a historical publicist.

The enthusiastic lyrical "Letter ..." from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher of the "Vestnik Evropy" was written by him after awarding Kologrivov in 1814 with the "Order of St. reserves on this matter.

In the capital

In 1815 Griboyedov arrived in St. Petersburg, where he met with the publisher of the journal "Son of the Fatherland" NI Grech and the famous playwright NI Khmelnitsky.

In the spring of 1816, the aspiring writer left military service, and in the summer he published an article “On the analysis of a free translation of the Burgher ballad“ Lenora ”- a response to the critical remarks of NI Gnedich about PA Katenin's ballad“ Olga ”. At the same time, the name of Griboyedov appears in the lists of full members of the Masonic lodge "Les Amis Reunis" ("United Friends").

At the beginning of 1817 Griboyedov became one of the founders of the Du Bien Masonic lodge. In the summer he entered the diplomatic service, taking the post of provincial secretary (since winter - translator) of the College of Foreign Affairs. This period of the life of the writer also includes his acquaintances with A.S. Pushkin and V.K.Kyukhelbecker, work on the poem "Lubochny Theater" (a response to the criticism of M.N. [(together with P. A. Katenin), "Feigned Infidelity" (together with A. A. Zhandre), "One's Family, or a Married Bride" (co-authored with A. A. Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky).

Duel

In 1817, the famous "quadruple duel" of Zavadovsky-Sheremetev and Griboyedov-Yakubovich took place in St. Petersburg. It was Griboyedov who gave the reason for the duel, bringing the ballerina Istomin to the apartment of his friend Count Zavadovsky (Griboyedov was 22 at the time). Cavalier Sheremetev, Istomina's lover, summoned Zavadovsky. Griboyedov became Zavadovsky's second, Yakubovich, the cornet of the Life-Uhlan regiment of Sheremeteva.

Griboyedov lived with Zavadovsky and, being a friend of Istomina, after the performance brought her to his house, naturally, to Zavadovsky's house, where she lived for two days. Sheremetev was at odds with Istomina and was away, but when he returned, instigated by AI Yakubovich, he challenged Zavadovsky to a duel. Yakubovich and Griboyedov also promised to fight.

The first to reach the barrier were Zavadovsky and Sheremetev. Zavadovsky, an excellent marksman, mortally wounded Sheremetev in the stomach. Since Sheremetev had to be taken to the city immediately, Yakubovich and Griboyedov postponed their duel. It took place next year, in 1818, in Georgia. Yakubovich was transferred to Tiflis on duty, and Griboyedov also found himself passing through there, heading for a diplomatic mission to Persia.

Griboyedov was wounded in the left hand. It was for this injury that it was possible to subsequently identify the disfigured corpse of Griboyedov, who was killed by religious fanatics during the defeat of the Russian embassy in Tehran.

In the east

In 1818, Griboyedov, having given up the post of an official of the Russian mission in the United States, was appointed secretary to the tsar's chargé d'affaires of Persia. Before leaving for Tehran, he completed work on the "Interlude Samples". I went to my place of service at the end of August, two months later (with short stops in Novgorod, Moscow, Tula and Voronezh) I arrived in Mozdok, on the way to Tiflis I made a detailed diary describing my travels.

At the beginning of 1819, Griboyedov completed work on the ironic "Letter to the publisher from Tiflis on January 21" and, probably, the poem "Forgive me, Fatherland!" On the way to Tehran via Tabriz (January - March) continued to carry travel notes launched last year. In August he returned to Tabriz, where he began to plead for the fate of Russian soldiers who were in Iranian captivity. In September, at the head of a detachment of prisoners and fugitives, he set out from Tabriz to Tiflis, where he arrived the next month. Some events of this trip are described on the pages of Griboyedov's diaries (for July and August / September), as well as in the narrative fragments "Vagin's Tale" and "Ananur quarantine".

In January 1820, Griboyedov again went to Tabriz, adding new entries to the travel diary journal. Here, burdened with office chores, he spent more than a year and a half. The stay in Persia was incredibly burdensome for the writer-diplomat, and in the fall of the following year, 1821, due to health reasons (due to a broken arm), he finally managed to move closer to his homeland - to Georgia. In Tiflis, he became close to Küchelbecker, who had arrived here to serve, and began work on the draft manuscripts of the first edition of Woe from Wit.

From February 1822, Griboyedov was secretary for diplomatic affairs under General A.P. Ermolov, who commanded the Russian troops in Tiflis. The author's work on the drama "Year 1812" (apparently timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of Russia's victory in the war with Napoleonic France) is often dated the same year.

At the beginning of 1823, Griboyedov left the service for a while and returned to his homeland, for more than two years he lived in Moscow, in the village. Dmitrovsky (Lakottsy) of the Tula province, in St. Petersburg. Here the author continued the work begun in the Caucasus with the text "Woe from Wit", by the end of the year he wrote the poem "David", a dramatic scene in the verses "Youth of the Prophetic", a vaudeville "Who is a brother, who is a sister, or Deception behind deception" (in cooperation with P.A. Vyazemsky) and the first edition of the famous waltz "E-moll". It is customary to attribute the appearance of the first records of his "Desiderata", a journal of notes on controversial issues of Russian history, geography and literature, to the same period of Griboyedov's life.

The next year, 1824, is the date of the writer's epigrams to M. A. Dmitriev and A. I. Pisarev ("And they write lies! And they translate - they lie! .." uncles ", the essay" Special cases of the St. Petersburg flood "and the poem" Teleshova ". At the end of the same year (December 15), Griboyedov became a full member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

On South

At the end of May 1825, due to the urgent need to return to his place of service, the writer abandoned his intention to visit Europe and left for the Caucasus. On the eve of this trip, he completed work on a free translation of "Prologue in the Theater" from the tragedy "Faust", at the request of F.V. archive "for 1825. On the way to Georgia, he visited Kiev, where he met prominent figures of the revolutionary underground (M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, A.Z. Muravyov, S.I. visiting the estate of his longtime friend A.P. Zavadovsky. On the peninsula, Griboyedov developed a plan for a magnificent tragedy about the Baptism of the ancient Russians and kept a detailed diary of travel notes, published only three decades after the death of the author. According to the opinion established in science, it was under the influence of the southern trip that he wrote the scene "Dialogue of Polovtsian Men".

Arrest

Upon his return to the Caucasus, Griboyedov, inspired by the participation of General AA Velyaminov in the expedition, wrote the famous poem "Predators on Chegem." In January 1826 he was arrested in the Groznaya fortress on suspicion of belonging to the Decembrists; Griboyedov was brought to St. Petersburg, but the investigation could not find evidence of Griboyedov's belonging to a secret society. With the exception of A. F. Brigen, E. P. Obolensky, N. N. Orzhitsky and S. P. Trubetskoy, none of the suspects gave evidence to the detriment of Griboyedov.

Return to service

In September 1826 he returned to Tiflis and continued his diplomatic activity; took part in the conclusion of the Turkmanchay peace treaty (1828), which was beneficial for Russia, and delivered its text to St. Petersburg. Appointed as Resident Minister (Ambassador) to Iran; On the way to his destination, he again spent several months in Tiflis and married there on August 22 (September 3) of the year to Princess Nina Chavchavadze, with whom he had only a few weeks to live.

Death in Persia

Foreign embassies were located not in the capital, but in Tabriz, at the court of Prince Abbas Mirza, but soon after arriving in Persia, the mission went to present itself to Feth Ali Shah in Tehran. During this visit, Griboyedov died: on January 30, 1829 (6 Sha'ban, 1244 AH), a crowd of thousands of rebellious Persians killed everyone in the embassy, ​​except for the secretary Maltsov.

The circumstances of the defeat of the Russian mission are described in different ways, but Maltsov was an eyewitness to the events, and he does not mention the death of Griboyedov, only writes that about 15 people defended themselves at the door of the envoy's room. Maltsov writes that 37 people were killed at the embassy (all except him alone) and 19 Tehran residents. He himself hid in another room and, in fact, could only describe what he heard. All those who fought died, and there were no direct witnesses.

Riza-Kuli writes that Griboyedov with 37 comrades was killed, and 80 people were killed from the crowd. His body was so disfigured that he was identified only by the trace on his left hand, obtained in the famous duel with Yakubovich.

Griboyedov's body was taken to Tiflis and buried on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David.

The Persian Shah sent his grandson to St. Petersburg to settle the diplomatic scandal. In compensation for the shed blood, he brought rich gifts to Nicholas I, including the Shah diamond. Once this magnificent diamond, framed with many rubies and emeralds, adorned the throne of the Great Mughals. Now it shines in the collection of the Moscow Kremlin's Diamond Fund.

At the grave, Griboyedov's widow Nina Chavchavadze erected a monument to him with the inscription: "Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why has my love survived you?".

Yuri Tynyanov dedicated his novel The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar (1928) to the last years of AS Griboyedov's life.

Creation

According to his literary position, Griboyedov belongs (according to the classification of Yu. N. Tynyanov) to the so-called "younger archaists": his closest literary allies are P. A. Katenin and V. K. Kyukhelbeker; however, he was also appreciated by the "Arzamas" people, for example, Pushkin and Vyazemsky, and among his friends were such different people as P. Ya. Chaadaev and FV Bulgarin.

Even during his studies at Moscow University () Griboyedov writes poems (only mentions have come down to us), creates a parody of Ozerov's work "Dmitry Donskoy" - "Dmitry Dryanskoy". In the "Vestnik Evropy" two of his correspondences are published: "On cavalry reserves" and "Letter to the editor". In 1815 he published the comedy Young Spouses, a parody of the French comedies that made up the Russian comedy repertoire at the time. The author uses a very popular genre of "secular comedy" - works with a small number of characters and an installation for wit. In line with the polemic with Zhukovsky and Gnedich about the Russian ballad, Griboyedov writes an article "On the analysis of the free translation of Lenora" ().

Parodying techniques: the introduction of texts into the everyday context, the exaggerated use of peripherality (all concepts in comedy are given descriptively, nothing is named directly). In the center of the work is the bearer of the classicist consciousness (Benevolsky). All knowledge about life is gleaned by him from books, all events are perceived through the experience of reading. Saying “I saw it, I know it” means “I read it”. The hero seeks to play out book stories, life seems uninteresting to him. Griboyedov would later repeat the deprivation of a real sense of reality in Woe From Wit — this is Chatsky's trait.

"Woe from Wit"

The comedy "Woe from Wit" is the pinnacle of Russian drama and poetry. A bright aphoristic style contributed to the fact that she was all "sold out on quotes."

“Never has a single people been so scourged, never a country has been dragged so much in the mud, never thrown so much harsh abuse in the face of the public, and, however, a fuller success has never been achieved” (P. Chaadaev. “Apology of a Madman” ).

• Griboyedov owned 3 foreign languages at the age of 6. He was fluent in French, English, German and Italian, understood Latin and Ancient Greek. Later, while in the Caucasus, he learned Arabic, Georgian, Persian and Turkish.

Memory

• In Moscow there is an institute named after A.S. Griboyedov - IMPE them. Griboyedov
• In the center of Yerevan there is a monument to A.S. Griboyedov (by Hovhannes Bedzhanyan, 1974), and in 1995 a postage stamp of Armenia dedicated to Griboyedov was issued.
• In Alushta, a monument to A.S. Griboyedov was erected in 2002, to the 100th anniversary of the city.
• Memorial plaques (on the facade of the building of the former tavern "Athens", where the playwright supposedly stayed in 1825) remind about A. S. Griboyedov's stay in Simferopol.
• There is a theater named after A.S. Griboyedov in Tbilisi, a monument (by M.K. Merabishvili)
• There are Griboyedov streets in Bryansk, Yekaterinburg, Krasnoyarsk, Ryazan, Irkutsk, and a number of other cities and settlements in Russia and Ukraine. And also in Yerevan (Google Maps), Sevan, Minsk, Vitebsk (), Simferopol, Tbilisi, Vinnitsa, Khmelnitsky, Irpen, Belaya Tserkov.
• Griboyedov Canal (until 1923 - Ekaterininsky Canal) - a canal in St. Petersburg
• The bust of Griboyedov is installed on the facade of the Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

In philately

In numismatics

Addresses in St. Petersburg

• 11.1816 - 08.1818 - I. Walha's tenement house - 104, Catherine Canal embankment;
• 01.06. - 07.1824 - Demut Hotel - 40 Moika River Embankment;
• 08. - 11.1824 - A.I. Odoevsky's apartment in tenement house Pogodina - Torgovaya street, 5;
• 11.1824 - 01.1825 - P. N. Chebyshev's apartment in the Usov tenement house - Nikolayevskaya embankment, 13;
• 01. - 09.1825 - A.I. Odoevsky's apartment in Bulatov's apartment building - Isaakievskaya Square, 7;
• 06.1826 - the apartment of A.A.Zhandra in the house of Yegerman - 82 Moika River Embankment;
• 03. - 05.1828 - Demut Hotel - Moika River Embankment, 40;
• 05. - 06.06.1828 - the house of A.I.Kosikovsky - Nevsky prospect, 15.

Awards

Editions of essays

• Full composition of writings. T. 1-3. - P., 1911-1917.
• Compositions. - M., 1956.
• Woe from wit. The publication was prepared by N.K.Piksanov. - M .: Science, 1969. (Literary monuments).
• Woe from wit. The publication was prepared by N.K.Piksanov with the participation of A.L. Grishunin. - M .: Nauka, 1987 .-- 479 p. (Second edition, supplemented.) (Literary monuments).
• Writings in verse. Compiled, prepared. text and notes. D. M. Klimova. - L .: Sov. writer, 1987 .-- 512 p. (Library of the poet. Large series. Third edition).
• Complete Works: In 3 volumes / Ed. S. A. Fomicheva and others - SPb., 1995-2006.

Museums

• "Khmelita" - State Historical, Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve of A.S. Griboyedov

see also

• La biografía de Aleksandr Griboiédov y el texto completo de El mal de la razón en español en el siguiente enlace: http://olegshatrov.wordpress.com/letra/. Traducción, prólogo y notas de Oleg Shatrov. Madrid, 2009.

Notes (edit)

1. Griboyedov's date of birth is a special issue. Options:,,,, 1795. The year 1795 is indicated in the first form list (autobiography upon admission to the post), this year is indicated by the widow of A.S. Griboyedov Nina Chavchavadze, some friends. In the second formulary list, Griboyedov indicates already 1794. Bulgarin and Senkovsky indicate 1792, respectively. The year 1790 is in the official papers after 1818, in the papers of the investigation into the uprising on December 14, 1825. At the same time, it is known that a sister was born in 1792, a brother in 1795. From this, the researchers conclude that the versions or 1794 are solid. It should be noted that Griboyedov could deliberately hide the date of birth, if it refers to 1790 - in this case, he was born before the marriage of his parents. In 1818 he received the rank giving the right to hereditary nobility, and he could already make public the year of birth, this did not deprive him of his privileges.
2. "Personality of Griboyedov" S. A. Fomichev. (Retrieved July 4, 2009)
3. Unbegaun B.O.Russian surnames. - M.: Progress, 1989 .-- S. 340
4. FEB: Nikolaev et al. From the history of the Griboyedov family. - 1989 (text).
5. See also Field Lokots, where Griboyedov visited Begichev in 1823
6. http://bib.eduhmao.ru/http:/libres.bib.eduhmao.ru:81/http:/az.lib.ru/g/griboedow_a_s/text_0060.shtml S. N. Begichev “Note about A. S . Griboyedov "
7. FEB: Sverdlin. During the war years. - 1989
8. Minchik S. S. Griboyedov and the Crimea. - Simferopol: Business-Inform, 2011 .-- S. 94-96.
9. // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
10. Minchik S. S. Griboyedov and the Crimea. - Simferopol: Business-Inform, 2011 .-- S. 115-189.
11. Series: Outstanding Personalities of Russia
12. Alexander Griboyedov and Nina Chavchavadze
13. Alexander Griboyedov. His life and literary activity (chapter 6)
14. Alexander Griboyedov. His life and literary activity - A. M. Skabichevsky

Literature

• A. S. Griboyedov in the memoirs of his contemporaries. - M., 1929.
• A. S. Griboyedov in the memoirs of his contemporaries. - M., 1980.
• A. S. Griboyedov in Russian criticism. - M., 1958.
• A. S. Griboyedov as a phenomenon of history and culture. - M., 2009.
• A.S. Griboyedov, 1795-1829. - M., 1946.
• A. S. Griboyedov: His life and death in the memoirs of his contemporaries. - L., 1929.
• A. S. Griboyedov: Materials for the biography. - L., 1989.
• A.S. Griboyedov. - M., 1946 .-- (Literary heritage; T. 47/48).
• A.S. Griboyedov. Life and creation. Album. - M., 1994.
• A.S. Griboyedov. Creation. Biography. Traditions. - L., 1977.
• Balayan BP Blood on the "Shah" diamond: the tragedy of A. S. Griboyedov. - Yerevan, 1983.
• Veselovsky A. N. A. S. Griboyedov (biography). - M., 1918.
• Griboyedov: an encyclopedia. - SPb., 2007.
• Griboyedov places. - M., 2007.
• Griboyedov Readings. - Issue. 1. - Yerevan, 2009.
• Dubrovin A. A. A. S. Griboyedov and art culture his time. - M., 1993.
• Enikolopov I.K. Griboyedov in Georgia. - Tbilisi, 1954.
• Kireev D. I. A. S. Griboyedov. Life and literary activity. - M.-L., 1929.
• Kogan P. S. A. S. Griboyedov. - M.-L., 1929.
• Lebedev A.A.Griboyedov. Facts and hypotheses. - M., 1980.
• Chronicle of the life and work of A.S. Griboyedov, 1791-1829. - M., 2000.
• Face and genius. Foreign Russia and Griboyedov. - M., 2001.
• Meshcheryakov V. P. A. S. Griboyedov: literary environment and perception (XIX - early XX century). - L., 1983.
• Meshcheryakov V.P. Life and deeds of Alexander Griboyedov. - M., 1989.
• Minchik S. S. Griboyedov and the Crimea. - Simferopol, 2011.
• Myasoedova N. About Griboyedov and Pushkin: (Articles and notes). - SPb., 1997.
• "On a way…". Crimean notes and letters of A.S. Griboyedov. Year 1825 .-- SPb., 2005.
• Nechkina M. V. A. S. Griboyedov and the Decembrists. - 3rd ed. - M., 1977.
• Nechkina M.V. Investigative case of A.S. Griboyedov. - M., 1982.
• Orlov V.N. Griboyedov. - L., 1967.
• Petrov S. M. A. S. Griboyedov. - 2nd ed. - M., 1954.
• Piksanov N.K. Griboyedov. Research and characteristics. - L., 1934.
• Popova O. I. A. S. Griboyedov in Persia, 1818-1823 - M.,.
• Popova O. I. Griboyedov - diplomat. - M., 1964.
• Problems of creativity A. S. Griboyedov. - Smolensk, 1994.
• Pypin A. N. A. S. Griboyedov. - Ptg., 1919.
• Skabichevsky A. M. A. S. Griboyedov, his life and literary activity. - SPb., 1893.
• Stepanov L.A. Aesthetic and artistic thinking of A.S. Griboyedov. - Krasnodar, 2001.
• "Where the Alazan winds ...". - Tbilisi, 1977.
• Tunyan V. G. A. S. Griboyedov and Armenia. - Yerevan, 1995.
• Tynyanov Yu.N. Death of Vazir-Mukhtar. - M., 2007.
• "Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory." On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the birth of A.S. Griboyedov. - SPb., 1995.
• Filippova A. A. A. S. Griboyedov and the Russian estate. - Smolensk, 2011.
• Fomichev S.A.Alexander Griboyedov. Biography. - SPb., 2012.
• Fomichev S.A. Griboyedov in St. Petersburg. - L., 1982.
• Khechinov Yu. E. Life and death of Alexander Griboyedov. - M., 2003.
• Khmelitsky collection. - A.S. Griboyedov. - Smolensk, 1998.
• Khmelitsky collection. - Issue. 2. Griboyedov and Pushkin. - Smolensk, 2000.
• Khmelitsky collection. - Issue. 9.A.S. Griboyedov. - Smolensk, 2008.
• Khmelitsky collection. - Issue. 10.A.S. Griboyedov. - Smolensk, 2010.
• Tsimbaeva E. N. Griboyedov. - 2nd ed. - M., 2011.
• Shostakovich S.V. Diplomatic activities A.S. Griboyedov. - M., 1960.
• Eristov D.G. Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov. (1795-1829). - Tiflis, 1879.
• Bonamour J. A. S. Griboedov et la vie litteraire de son temps. - Paris, 1965.
• Hobson M. Aleksandr Griboedov "s Woe from Wit: A Commentary and Translation. - London, 2005.
• Kelly L. Diplomacy and murder in Tehran: Alexander Griboyedov and Imperial Russia’s Mission to the Shah of Persia. - London, 2002.
• Kosny W. A. ​​S. Griboedov - Poet und Minister: Die Zeitgenossische Rezeption seiner Komödie "Gore ot uma" (1824-1832). - Berlin, 1985.
• Lembcke H. A. S. Griboedov in Deutschland. Studie zur rezeption A. S. Griboedovs und der Ubersetzung seiner Komodie "Gore ot uma" in Deutschland im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. - Stockholm, 2003.

Links

	Griboyedov, Alexander Sergeevich in Wikiquote
	in Wikisource
	Griboyedov, Alexander Sergeevich at Wikimedia Commons

• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov in the video project "Club under 40".
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov in the video project "Secrets of the Century".
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov in the project "A. Griboyedov and the Crimea".
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov in the Moshkov Library project.
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov in the project "Vladimirskie vedomosti".
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov in the "Fundamental Electronic Library" project.
• Ashrafi Rad M. Life and work of A. S. Griboyedov as a semiotic object of research. Moscow, 2011.
• Vasiliev S. A. Christian motives in the comedy by A. S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".
• Led by the genius of Griboyedov // Crimean truth. 2012. No. 102, p. 3
• Vilk E. A. Pushkin's summary of Karamzin's "History" and the plan of the tragedy about the Polovtsy Griboyedov // Pushkin and his contemporaries. Issue 3 (42). 2002. S. 255-263.

Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich is one of the most educated, talented and noble men of the 19th century. An experienced politician, a descendant of an ancient noble family. The scope of it creative activity extensive. He was not only an excellent playwright and poet, the author of the famous "Woe from Wit", but also a talented composer, polyglot, fluent in ten languages.

Alexander Sergeevich was born on January 15, 1795 in Moscow. His parents gave him an excellent education at home. Since 1803 he was a pupil of a boarding school at Moscow University. At the age of 11 he is a student of the same university. The most educated person of his era, while still a student, mastered nine languages, six European and three Eastern. As a true patriot of his homeland, he volunteered for the war with Napoleon. From 1815 he served in the reserve cavalry regiment with the rank of cornet. This is the time when he begins to write articles, his first play "Young Couples". After retiring in the winter of 1816, he lives in St. Petersburg, where he works in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A circle of theater-goers and writers enters here, gets acquainted with Pushkin and other poets.

Creation

His first attempts at writing in literary work date back to 1817. These are the co-authored plays "Student" (co-author PA Katenin) and "Own family" (wrote the beginning of the second act), joint work with A.A. Shakhovsky and N.I. Khmelnitsky. The comedy "Feigned Infidelity", co-authored with AA Gendr, was staged on the stage of Moscow and St. Petersburg throughout 1818. At the same time, he was appointed secretary of the tsarist attorney of the Russian mission in Tehran. This event changed a lot in his life. Friends considered the appointment of a punishment for participating as a second in a duel between officer V.N. Sheremetev and Count A.P. Zavadovsky because of the ballerina A.I. Istomina. The winter of 1822 was marked by the appointment to a new place of service and the post of secretary for diplomatic affairs under the command of General A.P. Ermolov. Here, in Georgia, the first two acts of "Woe from Wit" were born.

In the spring of 1823, Alexander Sergeevich received leave and left for Russia, where he stayed until the end of 1825. The time spent in Russia for Griboyedov was a time of active participation in literary life... Thanks to cooperation with P.A. Vyazemsky, the vaudeville "Who is the brother, who is the sister, or deceit after deception" was created. In 1824, in St. Petersburg, work on the comedy "Woe from Wit" was completed. However, her path turned out to be difficult. The censorship did not pass the play and it was sold in manuscript. Some parts of the comedy have been published. But it has already been received high mark works of A.S. Pushkin. The planned trip to Europe in 1825 was postponed due to a call to Tiflis. And at the beginning of the winter of 1826 he was detained in the case of the uprising in Senate Square... The reason was the friendship with K.F. Ryleev and A.A. Bestuzhev, publishers of the anthology "Polar Star". However, his guilt was not proven, he was released and in the fall of 1826 he began service.

Last appointment and love

In 1828 he took part in the signing of the beneficial Turkmanchay peace treaty. The merits of the talented diplomat were noted by his appointment as Russia's ambassador to Persia. However, he himself was inclined to view this appointment as a link. In addition, with this appointment, the set of creative plans simply collapsed. Nevertheless, in June 1828 he had to leave Petersburg. On the way to Persia he lived for several months in Tiflis, where he married 16-year-old Georgian princess Nina Chavchavadze. Their relationship, full of romanticism and love, was imprinted for centuries in her words, engraved on the tombstone of Alexander Sergeevich: "Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did you survive, my love?" They lived only a few months in marriage, but this woman carried her loyalty to her husband through the rest of her life.

Doom

In Persia, British diplomacy, which was against the strengthening of Russia's positions in the East, in every possible way provoked hostility towards Russia. On January 30, 1829, the Russian embassy in Tehran was attacked by a brutal mob of religious fanatics. A dozen Cossacks, led by Griboyedov, who defended the embassy, ​​were brutally killed. But this death once again showed the nobility and courage of this man. The formal reason for the crowd's attack on the embassy was the following event. On the eve of the Sultan's harem, two captured Armenian Christian girls escaped, in the Russian embassy they sought salvation and were accepted. A crowd of Muslims demanded to hand them over for reprisals. Griboyedov, as the head of the mission, refused to hand them over and accepted with a dozen Cossacks unequal fight protecting the sisters of faith. All defenders of the mission were killed, including Griboyedov. The coffin with the body was taken to Tiflis, where he was buried in a grotto at the church of St. David.

A.S. lived only 34 years. Griboyedov. He managed to create only one literary work and two waltzes. But they glorified his name throughout the civilized world.

Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich (1795 - 1829), playwright, poet.

Born on January 4 (15th NS) in Moscow in the family of an officer of the Russian guard, a nobleman. Received a versatile education at home. For seven years he was sent to the Moscow University Boarding School. At the age of eleven, Griboyedov is a student at Moscow University. After graduating from the verbal department of the Faculty of Philosophy, he entered the law department and received. second diploma - the candidate is right. In 1810 he studied at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, which was unusual for the young nobility. Since childhood, knowing French, English, German and Italian, during his studies at the university he studied Greek and Latin, and later - Persian, Arabic and Turkish. He was also musically gifted: he played the piano, flute, composed music himself.

V student years communicated with the future Decembrists: the Muravyov brothers, Yakushkin. Subsequently, he was close to P. Chaadaev. Griboyedov's poetic abilities are also manifested at the university.

The outbreak of war with Napoleon changes Griboyedov's plans: he volunteered for the army as a cornet (junior officer rank in the Russian cavalry) in the hussar regiment. He did not have to participate in hostilities. After the end of the war, he retires, settles in St. Petersburg, enters the service in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, where Pushkin, Kuchelbecker and many Decembrists serve at that time, gets to know them. In addition, he is a member of the circle of people involved in the theater, collaborates in magazines, writes plays.

In 1818 he was sent as the secretary of the Russian mission to Persia, where he spent over two years, traveling a lot around the country and leading travel notes and a diary. Upon his return from Persia in November 1821, he served as a diplomatic secretary to the commander of the Russian troops in the Caucasus, General A. Ermolov, surrounded by many members of the Decembrist societies. Lives in Tiflis, works on the first two acts of Woe from Wit. However, this work requires more privacy, more freedom from service, and therefore asks Yermolov for a long vacation. Having received a vacation, he spends it first in the Tula province, then in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

On the estate of his friend Begichev writes the last two acts of comedy, in Moscow he continues to finish "Woe from Wit", in St. Petersburg in 1824 the work was completed.

All attempts to print the comedy were unsuccessful, and its staging in the theater turned out to be impossible. The reactionary camp took the comedy with hostility. The language of "Woe from Wit" was called harsh and incorrect. The Decembrists enthusiastically greeted the comedy, seeing in it an artistic generalization of their ideas and feelings.

At the end of September 1825, Griboyedov again arrived in the Caucasus, and at the end of January 1826 he was arrested in the case of the Decembrists by a courier specially sent from St. Petersburg. Ermolov warned him about the impending arrest, and the writer managed to destroy the papers dangerous for him. During the investigation, Griboyedov adhered to a complete denial of his participation in the conspiracy. The tsarist commission of inquiry failed to prove anything, and he was released.

After returning to the Caucasus in 1826, Griboyedov acts as a diplomat. In 1827 he was ordered to be in charge of diplomatic relations with Turkey and Persia. In 1828 he took part in the preparation of the Turkmanchay peace treaty concluded with Persia. He then receives an appointment as minister plenipotentiary to Persia, viewing this appointment as "political exile."

In August 1828, in Tiflis, Griboyedov married Nina Chavchavadze, the daughter of his friend, the famous poet A. Chavchavadze. Leaving his wife in Tabriz, he left with the embassy to Tehran. Here he became the victim of a conspiracy and was killed by a mob of Persian fanatics. Griboyedov's body was transported to Tiflis and buried on Mount St. David.

Start creative biography Griboyedov

The famous Russian playwright, author of Woe from Wit, Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was born on January 4, 1795 (the year of birth, however, is controversial) into a Moscow noble family. His father, a retired Major Seconds Sergei Ivanovich, a man of small education and modest origin, rarely visited the family, preferring to live in the village or give himself up. card game that drained his funds. Mother, Nastasya Fyodorovna, who came from another branch of the Griboyedovs, richer and more noble, was a powerful, impetuous woman, known in Moscow for her intelligence and sharpness of tone. She loved her son and daughter, Maria Sergeevna (two years younger than her brother), surrounded them with all sorts of cares, gave them an excellent home education.

Portrait of Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov. Artist I. Kramskoy, 1875

Maria Sergeevna was famous in Moscow and far beyond its borders as a pianist (she also played the harp perfectly). Since childhood, Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov spoke French, German, English and Italian and played the piano perfectly. Prominent teachers were chosen as his educators: first Petrozilius, compiler of catalogs of the Moscow University library, later Bogdan Ivanovich Ion, a student of the University of Gottingen, then studied in Moscow and was the first to receive a Doctor of Laws degree at Kazan University. Further upbringing and education of Griboyedov, at home, school and university, went under the general guidance of the famous professor philosopher and philologist I. T. Bule. WITH early childhood the poet moved in a very cultured environment; Together with his mother and sister, he often spent the summer with his rich uncle, Alexei Fedorovich Griboyedov in the famous Khmelity estate in the Smolensk province, where he could meet with the families of the Yakushkins, Pestels and other well-known later public figures... In Moscow, the Griboyedovs were related by kinship with the Odoevsky, Paskevich, Rimsky-Korsakov, Naryshkins and were familiar with a huge circle of the capital's nobility.

In 1802 or 1803, Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov entered the Moscow University Noble Boarding School; On December 22, 1803, he received “one prize” there at a “younger age”. Three years later, on January 30, 1806, Griboyedov was admitted to Moscow University at the age of about eleven. On June 3, 1808, he was already promoted to candidate of verbal sciences and continued his education at the Faculty of Law; June 15, 1810 received the degree of candidate of law. Later he still studied mathematics and natural sciences and in 1812 was already "ready for the test for admission to the rank of doctor." Patriotism attracted the poet to military service, and the field of science was forever abandoned.

On July 26, 1812, Griboyedov was enlisted as a cornet in the Moscow hussar regiment of Count PI Saltykov. However, the regiment did not get into active army; all autumn and December 1812 he stood in the Kazan province; in December, Count Saltykov died, and the Moscow regiment was annexed to the Irkutsk hussar regiment as a cavalry reserve under the command of General Kologrivov. For some time in 1813 Griboyedov lived on vacation in Vladimir, then he came to the service and became an adjutant to Kologrivov himself. In this rank, he took part in the acquisition of reserves in Belarus, about which he published an article in Vestnik Evropy in 1814. In Belarus, Griboyedov became friends — for life — with Stepan Nikitich Begichev, also Kologrivov's adjutant.

Not having been in a single battle and bored with service in the provinces, Griboyedov filed a letter of resignation on December 20, 1815 "to be assigned to state affairs"; On March 20, 1816, he received it, and on June 9, 1817, he was accepted into the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs, where he was listed along with Pushkin and Küchelbecker. He arrived in St. Petersburg back in 1815 and here quickly entered the social, literary and theatrical circles. Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov moved among the members of the nascent secret organizations, participated in two Masonic lodges ("United Friends" and "Good"), got acquainted with many writers, for example, Buckwheat, Khmelnitsky, Katenin, actors and actresses, for example, Sosnitsky, Semyonovs, Walberkhovs and others. Soon Griboyedov spoke in journalism (epigram "From Apollo" and anti-criticism against N. I. Gnedich in defense of Katenin), and in dramatic literature - the plays "Young spouses" (1815), "Own family" (1817; in collaboration with Shakhovsky and Khmelnitsky), "Feigned infidelity" (1818), "Interlude trial" (1818).

Theatrical hobbies and intrigues involved Griboyedov in a difficult story. Because of the dancer Istomina, a quarrel arose and then a duel between V. A. Sheremetev and gr. A.P. Zavadovsky, which ended in the death of Sheremetev. Griboyedov was closely involved in this case, he was even accused as the instigator, and A.I. Yakubovich, a friend of Sheremetev, challenged him to a duel, which did not take place then only because Yakubovich was exiled to the Caucasus. Sheremetev's death had a strong effect on Griboyedov; He wrote to Begichev that "a terrible melancholy came over him, he sees incessantly before Sheremetev's eyes, and his stay in Petersburg has become unbearable for him."

Griboyedov in the Caucasus

It happened that about the same time, the funds of Griboyedov's mother were greatly shaken, and he had to seriously think about the service. At the beginning of 1818, a Russian representation at the Persian court was organized at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. SI Mazarovich was appointed Russian attorney under the Shah, Griboyedov was his secretary, and Amburger was a clerk. At first, Griboyedov hesitated and refused, but then accepted the appointment. Immediately, with his characteristic energy, he began to study Persian and Arabic from prof. Demange and sat down to study literature about the East. At the very end of August 1818, Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov left Petersburg; on the way, he stopped in Moscow to say goodbye to his mother and sister.

Griboyedov and Amburger arrived in Tiflis on October 21st, and here Yakubovich immediately challenged Griboyedov to a duel again. It took place on the morning of the 23rd; the seconds were Amburger and H. H. Ants, a famous Caucasian figure. Yakubovich was the first to shoot and wounded Griboyedov in the left hand; then Griboyedov shot and missed. The opponents were immediately reconciled; Griboyedov got off the fight safely, but Yakubovich was expelled from the city. The diplomatic mission stayed in Tiflis until the end of January 1819, and during this time Griboyedov became very close to A.P. Ermolov. Conversations with the "proconsul of the Caucasus" left a deep impression in the soul of Griboyedov, and Ermolov himself fell in love with the poet.

In mid-February, Mazarovich with his retinue was already in Tabriz, the residence of the heir to the throne, Abbas-Mirza. Here Griboyedov first became acquainted with the British diplomatic mission, with which he was then always on friendly terms. Around March 8, the Russian mission arrived in Tehran and was solemnly received by Feth Ali Shah. In August of the same 1819 she returned to Tabriz, her permanent residence. Here Griboyedov continued his studies of oriental languages ​​and history and here for the first time put on paper the first plans of "Woe from Wit". According to the Gulistan treatise of 1813, the Russian mission had the right to demand from the Persian government the return to Russia of Russian soldiers - prisoners and deserters who served in the Persian troops. Griboyedov enthusiastically took up this business, found up to 70 such soldiers (sarbazov) and decided to take them out into Russian borders. The Persians were angry about this, in every possible way prevented Griboyedov, but he insisted on his own and in the fall of 1819 led his detachment to Tiflis. Ermolov greeted him affectionately and presented him for a reward.

In Tiflis, Griboyedov spent Christmastide and on January 10, 1820 set off on the return journey. Having visited Echmiadzin on the way, he established friendly relations with the Armenian clergy there; in early February he returned to Tabriz. At the end of 1821, a war broke out between Persia and Turkey. Griboyedov was sent by Mazarovich to Ermolov with a report on Persian affairs and broke his arm on the way. Referring to the need for long-term treatment in Tiflis, he asked his ministry through Yermolov to appoint him secretary for foreign affairs under Alexei Petrovich, and the request was respected. From November 1821 to February 1823 Griboyedov lived in Tiflis, often traveling with Ermolov across the Caucasus. With N.N. Muravyov, Griboyedov studied oriental languages, and shared his poetic experiences with V.K. they were gradually created.

Return of Griboyedov to Russia

After Kuchelbecker's departure for Russia, Griboyedov greatly yearned for his homeland and, through Ermolov, sought a vacation to Moscow and St. Petersburg. At the end of March 1823 he was already in Moscow, in family... Here he met SN Begichev and read to him the first two acts of Woe from Wit, written in the Caucasus. The second two acts were written in the summer of 1823 in the Begichev estate, in the Tula province, where a friend invited Griboyedov to stay. In September, Griboyedov returned to Moscow with Begichev and lived in his house until the next summer. Here he continued to work on the text of the comedy, but already read it in literary circles... Together with the book. P. A. Vyazemsky Griboyedov wrote the vaudeville "Who is a brother, who is a sister, or deception after deception", with music by A. N. Verstovsky.

From Moscow, Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov moved to St. Petersburg (at the beginning of June 1824) in order to obtain censorship permission for "Woe from Wit". In the northern capital, Griboyedov received a brilliant reception. He met here with ministers Lansky and Shishkov, a member of the State Council, Count Mordvinov, Governor-General Earl Miloradovich, Paskevich, was introduced to the Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich. In literary and artistic circles, he read his comedy, and soon the author and the play became the center of everyone's attention. It was not possible to bring the play to the stage, despite influential connections and troubles. In the press, the censorship allowed only excerpts (7-10 phenomena of the first act and the third act, with large abbreviations). But when they appeared in the almanac F. V. Bulgarina"Russian Talia for 1825", this caused a stream of critical articles in St. Petersburg and Moscow magazines.

The bright success of the comedy gave Griboyedov a lot of joy; here was also joined by the passion for the dancer Teleshova. But on the whole the poet was sullen; he was visited by bouts of melancholy, and then everything seemed to him in a gloomy light. To get rid of this mood, Griboyedov decided to go on a trip. Going abroad, as he thought at first, was impossible: the official leave was already overdue; then Griboyedov went to Kiev and Crimea to return to the Caucasus from there. At the end of May 1825 Griboyedov arrived in Kiev. Here he eagerly studied antiquity and admired nature; from friends met with members of the secret Decembrist society: Prince Trubetskoy, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Sergey and Artamon Muravyov. Among them the idea arose to attract Griboyedov to a secret society, but the poet was then too far from political interests and hobbies. After Kiev, Griboyedov went to the Crimea. For three months, he traveled the entire peninsula, enjoying the beauty of the valleys and mountains and studying the historical sights.

Griboedov and the Decembrists

The gloomy mood, however, did not leave him. At the end of September, Griboyedov drove through Kerch and Taman to the Caucasus. Here he joined the detachment of the gene. Velyaminov. In the fortification Kamenny Most, on the Malka River, he wrote the poem "Predators on Chegem", inspired by the recent attack of the mountaineers on the village of Soldiers. By the end of January 1826 in the fortress Grozny (now - Grozny) with different ends gathered: Ermolov, Velyaminov, Griboyedov, Mazarovich. Here Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was arrested. In the commission of inquiry on the case of the Decembrists, Prince. Trubetskoy showed on December 23: “I know from the words Ryleeva that he received Griboyedov, who is under General Ermolov "; then book. Obolensky named him on the list of members of the secret society. Courier Uklonsky was sent for Griboyedov; he arrived in Groznaya on January 22 and presented Yermolov with an order for the arrest of Griboyedov. They say that Ermolov warned Griboyedov so that he could destroy some papers in a timely manner.

On January 23, Uklonsky and Griboyedov left Grozny; on February 7 or 8, they were in Moscow, where Griboyedov managed to see Begichev (they tried to hide the zearerest from his mother). On February 11, Griboyedov was already in the guardhouse of the General Staff in St. Petersburg, along with Zavalishin, the Raevsky brothers and others. And during the preliminary interrogation with General Levashov, and then in the Investigative Commission, Griboyedov resolutely denied his belonging to a secret society and even assured that he knew absolutely nothing about the plans of the Decembrists. Ryleev's testimony, A. A. Bestuzheva, Pestel and others were in favor of the poet, and the commission decided to release him. On June 4, 1826, Griboyedov was released from arrest, then received a "cleansing certificate" and money (to return to Georgia) and was promoted to court counselor.

Thinking about the fate of the homeland also constantly worried Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov. During the investigation, he denied that he belonged to secret societies, and indeed, knowing him, it is difficult to admit this. But he was close to many and the most prominent Decembrists, undoubtedly, he knew perfectly the organization secret societies, their composition, action plans and projects of state reforms. Ryleev testified during the investigation: "I had several general conversations with Griboyedov about the situation in Russia and made hints to him about the existence of a society that aims to change the mode of government in Russia and introduce a constitutional monarchy"; Bestuzhev wrote the same thing, and Griboyedov himself said about the Decembrists: "in their conversations I saw often bold judgments about the government, in which I myself took part: I condemned what seemed harmful and wished for the best." Griboyedov spoke out for freedom of printing, for a public court, against administrative arbitrariness, abuses of serfdom, reactionary measures in the field of education, and in such views he coincided with the Decembrists. But it is difficult to say how far these coincidences went, and we do not know exactly how Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov felt about the constitutional projects of the Decembrists. There is no doubt, however, that he was skeptical about the feasibility of the conspiratorial movement and saw in Decembrism a lot weaknesses... In this, however, he agreed with many others, even among the Decembrists themselves.

Note also that Griboyedov was strongly inclined towards nationalism. He loved Russian folk life, customs, language, poetry, even dress. When asked by the Investigative Commission about this, he replied: "I wanted a Russian dress because it is more beautiful and quieter than dress coats and uniforms, and at the same time I thought that it would again bring us closer to the simplicity of Russian customs, which are extremely dear to my heart." Thus, Chatsky's philippics against imitation in customs and against the European costume are the cherished thoughts of Griboyedov himself. At the same time, Griboyedov showed a constant dislike for the Germans and the French, and in this he became close to the shishkovists. But, in general, he was closer to the group of the Decembrists; Chatsky is a typical representative of the then progressive youth; It was not for nothing that the Decembrists actively disseminated the lists "Woe from Wit".

Griboyedov in the Russian-Persian war 1826-1828

June and July 1826 Griboyedov still lived in Petersburg, at Bulgarin's dacha. It was a very difficult time for him. The joy of liberation faded at the thought of friends and acquaintances executed or exiled to Siberia. To this was also added anxiety for his talent, from which the poet demanded new high inspirations, but they, however, did not come. By the end of July, Griboyedov arrived in Moscow, where the entire court and troops had already gathered for the coronation of the new emperor; I.F.Paskevich, a relative of Griboyedov, was also here. Suddenly, news came here that the Persians had violated the peace and attacked the Russian border post. Nicholas I was extremely angry at this, blamed Ermolov for inaction and, in belittling his power, sent Paskevich to the Caucasus (with great powers). When Paskevich arrived in the Caucasus and took command of the troops, Griboyedov's position turned out to be extremely difficult between the two warring generals. Ermolov was not formally removed, but he felt the sovereign's disfavor in everything, constantly clashed with Paskevich and, finally, resigned, and Griboyedov was forced to go into the service of Paskevich (which his mother asked him to do in Moscow). Physical malaise was added to the troubles of his official position: with his return to Tiflis, Griboyedov began to have frequent fevers and nervous seizures.

Having assumed control of the Caucasus, Paskevich entrusted Griboyedov with foreign relations with Turkey and Persia, and Griboyedov was drawn into all the worries and difficulties of the Persian campaign of 1826-1828. He carried on a huge correspondence with Paskevich, participated in the development of military operations, endured all the hardships of his marching life, and most importantly, he took upon himself the actual conduct of diplomatic negotiations with Persia in Deikargan and Turkmanchai. When, after the victories of Paskevich, the capture of Erivan and the occupation of Tabriz, the Turkmanchay peace treaty was concluded (February 10, 1828), which was very beneficial for Russia, Paskevich sent Griboyedov to present the treatise to the emperor in St. Petersburg, where he arrived on March 14. The next day, Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was received by Nicholas I in an audience; Paskevich received the title of Count of Erivansky and a million rubles of awards, and Griboyedov received the rank of state councilor, an order and four thousand gold pieces.

Griboyedov in Persia. Death of Griboyedov

Again Griboyedov lived in St. Petersburg for three months, moving in government, social and literary circles. He complained to his friends of severe fatigue, dreamed of rest and office studies, and was about to retire. Fate decided otherwise. With the departure of Griboyedov for St. Petersburg, there was no Russian diplomatic representative left in Persia; meanwhile, Russia was at war with Turkey, and an energetic and experienced diplomat was needed in the East. There was no choice: of course, Griboyedov had to go. He tried to refuse, but this did not work, and on April 25, 1828, by the highest decree, Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was appointed resident minister to Persia, while Amburger was appointed consul general in Tabriz.

From the moment of his appointment as envoy, Griboyedov became gloomy and experienced heavy forebodings of death. He constantly repeated to his friends: “There is my grave. I feel that I will not see Russia again ”. June 6 Griboyedov left Petersburg forever; a month later he arrived in Tiflis. An important event happened in his life here: he married Princess Nina Alexandrovna Chavchavadze, whom he knew as a girl, gave her music lessons, followed her education. The wedding took place in the Zion Cathedral on August 22, 1828, and on September 9, the departure of the Russian mission to Persia took place. The young wife accompanied Griboyedov, and the poet wrote enthusiastic letters about her to his friends from the road.

The mission arrived in Tabriz on October 7, and heavy worries immediately fell on Griboyedov. Of these, two were the main ones: first, Griboyedov had to insist on the payment of an indemnity for the previous campaign; secondly, to search for and send to Russia Russian subjects who fell into the hands of the Persians. Both were extremely difficult and caused anger in the same way among the people and in the Persian government. To settle matters, Griboyedov went to the Shah in Tehran. Griboyedov arrived in Tehran with his retinue for the New Year, was well received by the Shah, and at first everything went well. But soon clashes over the prisoners began again. Two Armenian women from the harem of the Shah's son-in-law, Alayar Khan, who wanted to return to the Caucasus, turned to the patronage of the Russian mission. Griboyedov took them to the mission building, and this excited the people; then Mirza Yakub, the eunuch of the shah's harem, was admitted to the mission at his insistence, which overflowed the cup. The mob, kindled by the Muslim clergy and agents of Alayar Khan and the government itself, attacked the embassy on January 30, 1829 and killed Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov, along with many others ...

Monument to Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov on Chistoprudny Boulevard, Moscow

The personality of A.S. Griboyedov

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov lived a short but rich life. From a passion for science at Moscow University, he moved on to a carefree burning of his life on military service and then in Petersburg; Sheremetev's death caused an acute crisis in his soul and prompted him, according to Pushkin, to a "sharp turn", and in the East he leaned towards self-deepening and isolation; when he returned from there to Russia in 1823, he was already a mature man, strict with himself and people, and a great skeptic, even a pessimist. The social drama of December 14, bitter reflections on people and homeland, as well as anxiety for his talent caused a new mental crisis in Griboyedov, which threatened to be resolved by suicide. But late love brightened the last days life of the poet.

Many facts testify how he could love dearly - his wife, mother, sister, friends, how rich he was strong will, courage, hot temperament. AA Bestuzhev describes him in 1824 as follows: “a man of noble appearance, of average height, in a black tailcoat, with glasses in front of his eyes entered ... good society, but without any pretense, without any formality; one can even say that his movements were somehow strange and abrupt and, with all that, decent, as much as possible ... Possessing all the secular benefits, Griboyedov did not like light, did not like empty visits or ceremonial dinners, nor the brilliant holidays of the so-called better society... The bonds of insignificant decency were intolerable to him, even because they were bonds. He could not and did not want to hide mockery of the gilded and self-righteous stupidity, neither contempt for low seeking, nor indignation at the sight of a happy vice. The blood of his heart was always playing in his face. No one will boast of his flattery, no one dares to say that they have heard a lie from him. He could deceive himself, but never deceive. " Contemporaries mention his impetuosity, harshness in handling, acrimony along with softness and tenderness and a special gift to please. Even people who were prejudiced against him succumbed to Griboyedov's charm. His friends loved him selflessly, just as he knew how to love them ardently. When the Decembrists were in trouble, he tried in every possible way to alleviate the fate of whoever he could: Prince. A. I. Odoevsky, A. A. Bestuzhev, Dobrinsky.

Literary creativity of Griboyedov. "Woe from Wit"

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov began to publish in 1814 and since then did not leave literary studies until the end of his life. However, his artistic legacy is small. There is absolutely no epic in it, and almost no lyrics. Most of all in the work of Griboyedov are dramatic works, but all of them, with the exception of the famous comedy, are of low dignity. The early plays are interesting only because they gradually developed the language and verse of Griboyedov. In form, they are completely ordinary, like hundreds of plays of that time in the genre of light comedy and vaudeville. In terms of content, the plays written after "Woe from Wit" are much more significant, such as "1812", "Radamist and Zenobia", "Georgian Night". But they have come down to us only in plans and in fragments, by which it is difficult to judge the whole; it is only noticeable that the dignity of verse in them is greatly reduced and that their scripts are too complex and extensive to fit into the framework of a harmonious stage play.

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov entered the history of literature only with Woe from Wit; he was a literary one-thinker, homo unius libri ("man of one book"), and in his comedy he put "all the best dreams, all the daring aspirations" of his work. But he worked on it for several years. The play was roughly finished in the village of Begichev in 1823. Before leaving for St. Petersburg, Griboyedov presented Begichev with a manuscript of the comedy, a precious autograph, which was later Historical Museum in Moscow ("Museum Autograph"). In St. Petersburg, the poet again altered the play, for example, inserted a scene of Molchalin's flirting with Lisa in the fourth act. A new copy, corrected by Griboyedov's hand, was presented to him in 1824 by A. A. Zhandru ("Zhandrovskaya manuscript"). In 1825, fragments of the comedy were published in Bulgarin's "Russian Talia", and in 1828 Griboyedov presented Bulgarin new list"Woe from Wit", revised again ("Bulgarin List"). These four texts form the chain of the poet's creative efforts.

Their comparative study shows that especially many changes were made by Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov in the text in 1823 - 1824, in the Museum autograph and the Zhandrovskaya manuscript; only minor changes were made to later texts. In the first two manuscripts we observe, first, a stubborn and happy struggle with the difficulties of language and verse; secondly, the author has shortened the text on several occasions; for example, Sophia's story about a dream in Act I, which occupied 42 verses in the Museum's autograph, was then reduced to 22 verses and benefited greatly from this; abbreviated monologues by Chatsky, Repetilov, description of Tatyana Yurievna. There are fewer inserts, but among them - such an important one as the dialogue between Molchalin and Lisa in the 4th act. As for the composition actors and their characters, they remained the same in all four texts (according to legend, Griboyedov first wanted to bring out several more persons, including Famusov's wife, a sentimental fashionista and a Moscow aristocrat). The ideological content of the comedy also remained unchanged, and this is very remarkable: all elements of social satire were already in the text of the play before Griboyedov got acquainted with social movement Petersburg in 1825 - such was the maturity of the poet's thought.

Ever since Woe From Wit appeared on stage and in print, a story began for him in posterity. For many decades it exerted its strong influence on Russian drama, literary criticism and stage figures; but until now it remains the only play where everyday pictures were harmoniously combined with public satire.

Alexander Griboyedov

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov (1795-1829) - poet, playwright, pianist, composer, diplomat.

Gifted with many talents and did not develop any of them, Griboyedov remained for us the author of the only play "Woe from Wit".

Life portrait of Griboyedov by P.A. Karatygin was published in 1858. More precisely, not the portrait itself, but a lithograph of Munster from a drawing by P.F. Borel. The second reliable portrait of Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov is considered to be a portrait painted in colored pencil in 1824 by the artist M.I. Terebenyov (1795-1864). An engraving by N.I. Utkin.

Alexander Griboyedov, 1858 Artist P.A. Karatygin

Alexander Griboyedov, 1829 Engraving by N.I. Utkin

The most famous portrait of A.S. Griboyedov was written in 1873 by I.N. Kramskoy commissioned by P.M. Tretyakov for his art gallery.

The history of its creation was left to us by a close friend of Kramskoy, the publisher of the magazine "Russian Starina" MI. Semevsky: “Guided by the oral story of P.A. showed the portrait still on the easel to some people who personally knew Griboyedov, and all of them were struck by the amazing resemblance and the expression of intelligence and grace that breathed Griboyedov's features. "