Animal biology. The musculoskeletal system of animals illustrated material. What animals have an exoskeleton. Animal skeleton: general characteristics and photos

Question 1. What underlies the evolutionary changes in the musculoskeletal system?

The basis of evolutionary changes in the musculoskeletal system lies, first of all, in the transition of animals from aquatic environment habitats in the ground and air. The new environment required greater strength from the musculoskeletal system and the ability to carry out more complex and varied movements. An example is the appearance of compound paired limbs with movable (articular) joints of parts and complex muscles in representatives of the class of amphibians - the first land vertebrates.

Question 2. Which animals have an exoskeleton?

All representatives of the phylum Arthropods have an exoskeleton: insects have a chitinous shell, arachnids and crustaceans have integuments impregnated with lime.

Question 3. Which vertebrates do not have a bony skeleton?

Representatives of the classes of cyclostomes and cartilaginous fish do not have a bony skeleton.

Question 4. What does the similar structure of the skeletons of different vertebrates indicate?

Overall plan the structure of the skeletons of different vertebrates indicates a common origin, evolutionary relationship. And the presence of similar private formations means that animals lead a similar lifestyle in similar environmental conditions. For example, both flying birds and bats have a bony ridge (keel) on the sternum.

Question 5. What conclusion can be drawn after getting acquainted with general functions musculoskeletal system in animal organisms?

Despite significant differences in the structure of musculoskeletal structures in different animals, their skeletons perform similar functions: supporting the body, protecting internal organs, moving the body in space.

37. Musculoskeletal system

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What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?

The musculoskeletal system performs the functions of support, maintaining a certain shape, protecting organs from damage, and movement.

Why does the body need a musculoskeletal system?

The musculoskeletal system is necessary for the body to maintain vital functions. It is responsible for maintaining shape and protecting the body. The most important role of the musculoskeletal system is movement. Movement helps the body in choosing habitats, searching for food and shelter. All functions of this system are vital for living organisms.

Questions

1. What underlies the evolutionary changes in the musculoskeletal system?

Changes in the musculoskeletal system had to fully ensure all evolutionary changes in the body. Evolution has changed the appearance of animals. In order to survive, it was necessary to search for food more actively, to hide or defend better from enemies, and to move faster.

2. Which animals have an exoskeleton?

The exoskeleton is characteristic of arthropods.

3. Which vertebrates do not have a bony skeleton?

Lancelets and cartilaginous fish do not have a bony skeleton.

4. What does the similar structure of the skeletons of different vertebrates indicate?

The similar structure of the skeletons of different vertebrates indicates the unity of origin of living organisms and confirms the evolutionary theory.

5. What conclusion can be drawn after becoming familiar with the general functions of the musculoskeletal system in all animal organisms?

The musculoskeletal system in all animal organisms performs three main functions - supporting, protective, and motor.

6. What changes in the structure of protozoa led to an increase in the speed of their movement?

The first supporting structure of animals - the cell membrane - allowed the body to increase the speed of movement due to flagella and cilia (outgrowths on the membrane)

Tasks

Prove that the complication of the amphibian skeleton is associated with changes in the habitat.

The skeleton of amphibians, like other vertebrates, consists of the following sections: the skeleton of the head, torso, limb girdles and free limbs. Amphibians have significantly fewer bones than fish: many bones are fused, and in some places cartilage is preserved. The skeleton is lighter than that of fish, which is important for terrestrial existence. The wide flat skull and upper jaws are a single formation. The lower jaw is very mobile. The skull is movably articulated to the spine, which plays important role during terrestrial food production. The spine of amphibians has more sections than that of fish. It consists of the cervical (one vertebra), trunk (seven vertebrae), sacral (one vertebra) and caudal sections. The tail of a frog consists of a single tail bone, while that of tailed amphibians consists of separate vertebrae. The skeleton of the free limbs of amphibians, unlike fish, is complex. The skeleton of the forelimb consists of the shoulder, forearm, wrist, metacarpus and phalanges of the fingers; hind limb - thigh, tibia, tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges. The complex structure of the limbs allows amphibians to move both in water and in terrestrial environment.

In the section on the question of which animals have an external skeleton asked by the author Yoalim Dzhigunov the best answer is Exoskeleton - external type skeleton in some invertebrate animals.
The exoskeleton is characteristic of most invertebrates, in which it is presented in the form of a shell (many protozoa, mollusks) or a cuticle (the chitinous shell of arthropods). Characteristic feature These formations are that they do not contain cellular elements.
Which animals have an external skeleton?

Many small animals have very hard skin called an exoskeleton. It performs the same functions as the internal skeleton, that is, it protects the body and maintains its shape.
In insects, spiders, scorpions and centipedes, the skeleton is not inside, but outside.
Lobsters, crabs, and some beetles have very hard exoskeletons. This hard shell protects against predatory enemies.
Growing up, an invertebrate animal sheds its old exoskeleton and grows a new, larger one.

Which representatives of the fauna have a skeleton on the outside?

Phylum Arthropod the most numerous, numbering about 1 million species. Being the pinnacle of the evolution of invertebrate animals, arthropods have gone through a long development path: the first of them lived in the seas Cambrian period. They came to land in the Silurian period. The first land animals that could breathe atmospheric air, were arachnids. The further evolution of terrestrial arthropods consisted of improvement exoskeleton and organs of movement.

The type includes: insects, crustaceans, arachnids.

Crustaceans. In aquatic animals, the head and abdominal sections merge to form the cephalothorax; the chitinous skeleton is strong, thick, and impregnated with calcium salts. The body of crustaceans begins with the head jaw and ends with the anal lobe. Each body segment bears a pair of limbs. The growth of cancer, like all arthropods, occurs due to molting. In this case, the single-layer integumentary epithelium secretes enzymes that peel off the chitinous cuticle. After this, the cancer crawls out of the skeleton. After being released from the old skeleton, the cancer cells begin to divide rapidly and within a few hours the cancer doubles in size. Then the epithelial covers secrete chitin, which hardens when interacting with water, a new one is formed the exoskeleton protects it but limits its growth.

The resolution reached is already very good, and wide application, especially in the area computer games and the film industry probably won't have to wait long. It is capable of selectively cutting or pasting gene sequences with single base precision. This method makes it possible to genetically manipulate animals, plants and, of course, people. Perhaps someday people with certain characteristics will be genetically engineered. It could be eye color or height, but perhaps also a person's intelligence or immune strength.

In all likelihood, the inventors of the method will be awarded Nobel Prize for this in the next few years. All these inventions and technologies will probably sooner or later be used to improve the quality of life of people. Whether we will even redefine ourselves as a species is already being debated. It uses gene manipulation and therapy, as well as robot science and human enhancement.

Arachnids. Almost all are arachnoid forms. The head and abdomen merge to form the cephalothorax. The last segments of the thoracic region form a sharp transition to the abdominal region. The abdominal segments are poorly visible, the border is slightly pronounced. There are no antennae oral apparatus sucking type. On the cephalothorax, 4 pairs of walking legs are formed. Integument: In arachnids, they bear a relatively thin chitinous cuticle, under which lies the hypodermis and basement membrane. The cuticle protects the body from loss of moisture through evaporation, which is why arachnids inhabited the driest areas globe. The strength of the cuticle is given by proteins encrusting chitin.

However, as with any invention, they can be used for both noble purposes and evil intentions. They have human-like arms and legs, but their facial features are reptilian-like. Many legends and stories concern lizards, snake gods, or strange creatures with a reptilian appearance. Ancient archaeological finds and artifacts indicate that there may be some creatures on Earth that are some kind of reptilian human hybrid. But do they really exist or exist?

Even today, many eyewitnesses report encounters with strange lizards that are tall, green and muscular. Additionally, there are legends about snake gods who are said to live in underground caves. Even today, it is believed that there are underground tunnel systems on earth in which these mysterious creatures live.

Insects. A class of invertebrate six-legged arthropods with greatest variety among all other animals on Earth and includes, for example, butterflies, beetles, flies, ants, bees, etc. About 1 million species of insects are known. Body dimensions 0.2 - 330 mm (in modern representatives), usually within the range of 1 - 50 mm. Covering body The cuticle is part of the skin, forming a tough outer shell, or exoskeleton, but in some cases it is soft and thin. The outer cuticle is divided into separate shields - sclerites, and due to its density is favorable for the development of various formations on it - depressions, grooves, tubercles, ribs, small hairs - chaetoids, etc. Movable skin hairs are also attached to the cuticle - chaetae, which have sometimes the character of bristles or scales.

The Strange Encounter of Christopher Davis

The 17-year-old crashed his car and changed a tire at 2 a.m. on a deserted road near a weapons swamp. When he has finished, he hears a sound behind him. David gets into the car and is about to start the engine when the creature stands outside the door, trying to rip it off. Davis manages to force the door shut again and gives full throttle. But the creature catches up with him and jumps onto the roof. He tries to get rid of the creature, which has three fingers with large black claws and green skin, thanks to sharp steering maneuvers.

Finally, strange creature escapes. It leaves long scratches on the roof and curls the side mirror. Davis leaves in horror. He drives straight home and is so scared and upset that his parents contact the police directly. The boy must take a polygraph test, which he passes without any problems. He tells the officials about the "lizard".

Individual survey Question 1. What underlies the evolutionary changes in the musculoskeletal system? The basis of evolutionary changes in the musculoskeletal system lies, first of all, in the transition of animals from an aquatic habitat to a land-air habitat. New environment required greater strength from the musculoskeletal system and the ability to carry out more complex and varied movements. An example is the appearance of compound paired limbs with movable (articular) joints of parts and complex muscles in representatives of the class of amphibians - the first land vertebrates. Question 2. Which animals have an exoskeleton? All representatives of the phylum Arthropods have an exoskeleton: insects have a chitinous shell, arachnids and crustaceans have integuments impregnated with lime. Question 3. What does the similar structure of the skeletons of different vertebrates indicate? The general plan of the structure of the skeletons of different vertebrates indicates a common origin and evolutionary relationship. And the presence of similar private formations means that animals lead a similar lifestyle in similar environmental conditions. For example, both flying birds and bats have a bony ridge (keel) on the sternum. Question 4. What conclusion can be drawn after becoming familiar with the general functions of the musculoskeletal system in animal organisms? Despite significant differences in the structure of musculoskeletal structures in different animals, their skeletons perform similar functions: supporting the body, protecting internal organs, moving the body in space. Grading (commenting) Teacher. Let's read how animals move. Carefully read the text of the educational article on p. 199-200 “Methods of movement of animals” Teacher. What is movement? Student. Movement is the main property of living organisms. (1 slide) Teacher. Name the 3 main groups of methods of animal movement. Student. The methods of movement of animals are divided into three groups: 1. Amoeboid movement is inherent in rhizomes (amoebas), as well as in blood cells and leukocytes. This movement occurs due to outgrowths of the cytoplasm. (2 slide) 2. Movement with the help of flagella and cilia is observed in the simplest animals. (3 slide) 3. Movement with the help of muscles in most animals. (4 slide) Teacher. Now we will look at the movement of various animals. Longitudinal and transverse muscles annelids . .(6 slide) The Mediterranean eyelash worm Prosteceraeus is very beautiful. (7 slide) When the worm glides smoothly along the bottom, muscles do not participate in its movement. It occurs only as a result of the work of eyelashes. But a worm can also swim, like its relatives. Crayfish, the basis of which is a spine of several hundred vertebrae. (Slide 13) In mammals, the legs support the body from below, this allows you to stand for a long time and run quickly. (Slide 14) In pinnipeds, both pairs of limbs turned into flippers. They swim very well in water, but have difficulty moving on land. In whales and dolphins, the front pair of limbs turned into flippers, the back ones disappeared, and the tail acquired a fin. They do not go onto land at all. (Slide 15) Instead of throwing back a stream of water, jellyfish create ring vortex flows of a very complex shape in the water. with the help of which they move their body forward. (Slide 16) Conclusions (students say) 1. Movements are characteristic of all living organisms. Movements are carried out using devices: flagella, cilia and muscles. 2. There are active movements: movement in space and passive 3. Movements in different environments Habitats: land, water, air are divided into types: walking, crawling, swimming, running, jumping. 4. Each organism is adapted to a certain type of movement. What is a body cavity? performs the most important function - gas exchange, without which life is impossible, because the conversion of energy in the body occurs as a result of the oxidative breakdown of nutrients with the participation of oxygen. Functions of the respiratory system Supplying the body with oxygen Removing carbon dioxide Providing the body with energy (Slide 19) Depending on the habitat, the respiratory organs are gills, gill slits, lungs. Teacher. Name the main respiratory organ in the aquatic environment. (Slide 20) Student. gills. The respiratory organs of crustaceans are also gills. They are located under the cephalothorax shield and are thin-walled outgrowths of the skin. The gills of fish are the most complex. They consist of gill arches with gill filaments pierced by tiny blood vessels . Water swallowed by animals ends up in oral cavity , passes through the gill filaments, washes them and supplies the blood with oxygen. (Slide 23) Other respiratory organs appear in the terrestrial habitat Lung sacs– have gastropods 4. Carbon dioxide is removed from the body Question No. 2 Gas exchange in unicellular animals occurs: 1. Thanks to special organs 2. Thanks to the cytoplasm 3. Thanks to the nucleus 4. Through the entire surface of the body Question No. 4 Double breathing is typical for: 1. Amphibians 2. Reptiles 3 .Birds 4.Mammals Question No. 5 Find the correct statement: 1. Movement with the help of muscles is carried out in unicellular animals 2. The movement of all vertebrates with an internal skeleton is carried out with the help of muscles 3. Leeches have mastered walking movements and move thanks to wave-like contractions running through along the sole of the foot Question No. 6 The reactive method of locomotion is characteristic of: 1. Cephalopods and some arthropods 2. Arthropods and chordates 3. Gastropods and echinoderms 4. Crustaceans and sponges

Question 1.
Skeleton performs the following functions:
1) supporting - for all other systems and organs;
2) motor - ensures the movement of the body and its parts in space;
3) protective - protects the thoracic and abdominal cavity, brain, nerves, blood vessels.

Question 2.
Distinguish two types of skeleton– external and internal. Some protozoa, many mollusks, arthropods have an exoskeleton - these are the shells of snails, mussels, oysters, the hard shells of crayfish, crabs, and the light but durable chitinous coverings of insects. Invertebrate radiolarians have an internal skeleton, cephalopods and vertebrates.

Question 3.
The body of mollusks is usually enclosed in a shell. The sink may consist of two doors or be of another shape in the form of a cap, curl, spiral, etc. The shell is formed by two layers - the outer, organic, and the inner, made of calcium carbonate. The calcareous layer is divided into two layers: behind the organic layer lies a porcelain-like layer formed by prismatic crystals of calcium carbonate, and below it is a mother-of-pearl layer, the crystals of which have the shape of thin plates on which light interference occurs.
The shell is an external hard skeleton.

Question 4.
The body and limbs of insects have a chitinized cover - the cuticle, which is the exoskeleton. The cuticle of many insects is equipped big amount hairs that perform the function of touch.

Question 5.
Protozoa can form external skeletons in the form of shells or shells (foraminifera, radiolarians, armored flagellates), as well as internal skeletons of various shapes. The main function of the protozoan skeleton is protective.

Question 6.
The presence of hard covers in arthropods prevents the continuous growth of animals. Therefore, the growth and development of arthropods is accompanied by periodic molting. The old cuticle is shed, and until the new one hardens, the animal grows.

Question 7.
Vertebrates have an internal skeleton, the main axial element of which is the notochord. In vertebrates, the internal skeleton consists of three sections - the skeleton of the head, the skeleton of the trunk and the skeleton of the limbs. Vertebrates (amphibian fish, reptiles, birds, mammals) have an internal skeleton.

Question 8.
Plants then they also have supporting structures with the help of which they carry the leaves towards the sun and support them in such a position that the leaf blades are illuminated as best as possible sunlight. U woody plants serves as the main support mechanical fabric. There are three types of mechanical fabrics:
1) collenchyma is formed from living cells of various shapes. They are found in young plant stems and leaves;
2) the fibers are represented by dead elongated cells with uniformly thickened membranes. Fibers are part of wood and bast. An example of non-lignified bast fibers is flax;
3) stony cells have irregular shape and highly thickened lignified shells. These cells form nut shells, stones of drupes, etc. Stony cells are found in the pulp of pear and quince fruits.
In combination with other tissues, mechanical tissue forms a kind of “skeleton” of the plant, especially developed in the stem. Here it often forms a kind of cylinder running inside the stem, or is located along it in separate strands, providing bending strength to the stem. In the root, on the contrary, the mechanical tissue is concentrated in the center, increasing the root's tensile strength. Wood also plays a mechanical role; even after dying, wood cells continue to perform a supporting function.