Thinking about the specifics social And humanitarian knowledge, we note the following (see Table No. 1).
Table No. 1. Specifics of social and humanitarian knowledge
|
Humanitarian knowledge |
|
|
Peculiarities: clarification of patterns that determine stability and changes in sociocultural life, analysis of factors influencing people’s behavior |
Peculiarities: distinguishing between scientific humanitarian knowledge and esoteric knowledge based on feeling, intuition, faith |
|
An object: society |
An object: Human |
|
Item: social connections and interactions, features of the functioning of social groups |
Item: unique, inimitable, in connection with the concept of personality; problems of the inner world of man, the life of his spirit. |
|
Science: sociology, political science, law, political economy, economics |
Science: philology, art history, history, cultural anthropology, psychology, etc. |
|
- built on an empirical and rational methodological foundation, social facts are considered as “things” (E. Durkheim); - gains character applied research; - includes the development of models, projects, programs for regional sociocultural development. |
Leading cognitive orientation: - reflects on sociocultural meaning this fact; - considers as a text any sign-symbolic system that has a sociocultural meaning; - assumes dialog. |
The subject of humanities is the unique, inimitable, which is most often associated with the concept of personality, when it (the individual) stands out from the environment and is capable of making a choice. These are problems inner world man, the life of his spirit. Part of this knowledge falls within the competence of science, meeting all the criteria of the subject of scientific knowledge. There is, however, another part that is associated with the concepts of feeling, intuition, faith, or, for example, esoteric knowledge. Therefore, the concept of humanitarian knowledge is broader than that of humanities, since it can include areas that, in the strict sense, are not scientific knowledge. Appeal to such concepts as “being”, “love”, “life”, “death”, “truth”, “beauty”, etc. presupposes polysemy, since categories of this kind do not and cannot have “by definition” the only true meaning.
For social science, the main thing is to clarify the patterns that determine stability and changes in sociocultural life, to analyze the deep structures that influence people’s behavior when the motivation for this behavior is not obvious to them.
From this point of view sociology, economy, political science, right, political Economy- social sciences, but not the humanities, but philology, art history, history - classical examples of humanitarian knowledge (although they now use precise research methods). While this statement is unlikely to be disputed by anyone, regarding cultural studies, disputes of this kind are quite common in the professional community. There are at least two reasons for this: firstly, in Russian society formation is underway new area knowledge, the boundaries of which are not yet clearly defined, and, secondly, this is due to the polysemy of the concept of culture: the choice of one or another basic position dictates the corresponding research procedure. In our opinion, cultural studies belongs to interdisciplinary sciences and has both of these layers.
The originality of humanitarian knowledge, however, is derived not only from the subject of research and, perhaps, not so much from it, but from the leading cognitive orientation.
For the humanitarian type of knowledge, the text is important as the basis for reflections Regarding the sociocultural meaning of this fact, the researcher tries to find out not only what history says about itself, but also what it is silent about, encrypted in its texts. The humanities and the social are related in the same way as nature and natural science.
In particular, social science must be built on an empirical and rational methodological foundation. In addition, for current state In the social sciences, there is a pronounced tendency to transition to their new quality, when they increasingly acquire the character of applied research, including in their methodological arsenal not only analytical procedures, but also the development of models, projects, and programs for regional sociocultural development.
Of course, the areas of interest to us interact with each other and complement each other. At one time, the separation of sociology as an independent discipline was preceded by the separation psychology from philosophy And physiology.
In the second half of the twentieth century, a tendency towards a comprehensive study of man and social systems, cultural objects and processes during life together and activities. The term “socio-humanitarian knowledge” appears. Let's compare natural science and sociology humanitarian knowledge(cm. Table No. 2).
Table No. 2. Specifics of natural science and socio-humanitarian knowledge
|
Natural science knowledge |
Socio-humanitarian knowledge |
|
Object of knowledge: nature |
Object of knowledge: Human |
|
Subject of knowledge: Human |
Subject of knowledge: Human |
|
"Objective" character |
Evaluative nature |
|
Methods of cognition: quantitative and experimental |
Methods of cognition: historical-descriptive, historical-comparative, functional, etc., involve the author’s interpretation |
|
Setting in methodology: analysis |
Setting in methodology: synthesis |
In the sphere of social and humanitarian knowledge, a special place belongs to philosophical methods.
Phenomenological method directs the scientist to identify the meanings and meanings that are attached to social phenomena by participants in social actions.
General scientific methods: observations, social experiment, methods of description and comparison, historical-comparative method, methods of idealization, modeling, thought experiment.
3) Private scientific methods– these are special methods that operate either only within a single or in several industries social and humanitarian knowledge. Among the specific methods of social sciences and humanities, the most significant can be identified:
A survey is a method of collecting primary information by asking questions to a specific group of people; distinguish between written surveys (questioning) and oral surveys (interviewing);
The monographic method is a method of studying a single case; comprehensive long-term analysis of a single object considered as typical for a given class of phenomena;
Biographical method - research method subjective side the social life of an individual, based on personal documents, which, in addition to describing a certain social situation, also contains the personal view of the writer;
The idiographic method is a method that consists in describing an object in its unique uniqueness, interpreting social facts on the basis of their attribution to a particular value.
Today, the classification of social sciences and humanities is poorly developed due to the vastness and heterogeneity of their field of application, as well as the close interconnection of spheres of public life. For example, history can be classified as both a science and a social science.
All three classification methods divide these sciences into social and humanities.
Classification by subject of study:
In the humanities there is a culture-centric program. In this program, culture is seen as a reality separated from nature. The researcher himself can simultaneously be the subject and object of study, study, analyze and describe the subject, descending to the individual, to his worldview, values, in contrast to the naturalistic program, where concepts are described in general.
The study of man in general and society in particular, which is implied by philosophical science, presupposes the fragmentation of social systems into spheres of life of society and man. Social is one of four such areas and has one of the most important values for philosophy.
What does the social sphere include?
Along with the economic, political and spiritual spheres, the social sphere implies:
- characteristic appearance human activity(this could be educational activities, political, etc.);
- existence of the system social institutions(work collective, school, family, church, political party);
- relationships formed as a result of interaction between people (for example, relationships between parents and children, between friends, between enemies, between a teacher and a student).
It should be noted that a person exists and interacts in all spheres at the same time, not only in the social one. For example, if you sell a TV to your relative, you are simultaneously in at least two spheres - social and economic. And if at the same time you are politician, and your relative is religious, then in all four at once.
How is human existence interpreted through the social sphere?
Philosophy calls social that sphere of social life in which all kinds of communities arise, interacting with each other at the level social relations. Thus, a person in society can perform a number of social roles: boss or subordinate, city dweller or peasant, father of the family, son, brother. Actually, even such a fact as gender, imposes certain social rights and responsibilities - the behavior of men and women in any society is different. Based social communities, which a person enters, and the social roles that he has to fulfill, it is possible to build a philosophical portrait of both an individual person and the “average” member of society, as well as the whole society as a whole. Research social sphere are usually carried out in the form. Most important points that need to be taken into account when drawing up a sociological picture are the following:
Demographic structure (this may include men and women, single and married, older people);
- ethnic structure (determined by nationality);
- professional structure (salesmen, economists, doctors, teachers, janitors, etc.);
- educational structure (people with higher education, students, schoolchildren);
- settlement structure (urban or rural resident);
- class structure(here it matters social status, the origin of the individual, as well as all kinds of castes, classes and estates, if they are accepted in given society).
The desire to penetrate into the essence of the thoughts of other people in a way unnoticed by them excites the minds of millions of people. In my time famous psychologist Wolf Messing even performed in public with numbers where he guessed tasks written by someone on a piece of paper and hidden from him. The ability to read minds is often shrouded in mystery and is considered to be occult sciences or parapsychology. This is a misconception because psychologists “read minds” by observing visible behavioral reactions.
You will need
- To develop your ability to see through people, you will need observation and patience, as well as a little knowledge of how to interpret various gestures and behavioral responses.
Instructions
Develop your powers of observation and analyze what you see. It’s not for nothing that there is a saying, “Psychologists have fun watching.” Boring conferences, uninteresting events and parties, leisurely walks in the park, movies... Life gives you so many opportunities to develop your powers of observation! Watch, try to understand their reactions, try to unravel their life and image
Social and humanitarian knowledge are interpenetrated. Without a person there is no society. But a person cannot exist without society.
Features of humanitarian knowledge: understanding; access to texts of letters and public speaking, diaries and policy statements, works of art and critical reviews, etc.; the impossibility of reducing knowledge to unambiguous, universally accepted definitions.
Humanitarian knowledge is designed to influence a person, spiritualize, transform his moral, ideological, ideological guidelines, and contribute to the development of his human qualities.
Social and humanitarian knowledge is the result of social cognition.
Social cognition is the process of acquiring and developing knowledge about a person and society.
Knowledge of society and the processes occurring in it has, along with those common to all cognitive activity features, also significant differences from the knowledge of nature.
Features of social cognition
1. The subject and object of knowledge coincide. Social life is permeated by the consciousness and will of man; it is essentially subject-objective, representing a generally subjective reality. It turns out that the subject here cognizes the subject (cognition turns out to be self-knowledge).
2. The resulting social knowledge is always associated with interests of individual subjects of knowledge. Social cognition directly affects people's interests.
3. Social knowledge is always loaded with evaluation; it is value knowledge. Natural science is instrumental through and through, while social science is the service of truth as a value, as truth; natural science - “truths of the mind”, social science - “truths of the heart”.
4. The complexity of the object of knowledge is society, which has a variety of different structures and is in constant development. Therefore, the establishment of social patterns is difficult, and open social laws are probabilistic in nature. Unlike natural science, social science makes predictions impossible (or very limited).
5. Because the public life changes very quickly, then in the process of social cognition we can talk about establishing only relative truths.
6. The possibility of using this method is limited scientific knowledge like an experiment. The most common method of social research is scientific abstraction; in social cognition the role of thinking is extremely important.
Describe and understand social phenomena allows the correct approach to them. This means that social cognition must be based on the following principles:
Consider social reality in development;
Study social phenomena in their diverse connections, in interdependence;
Identify the general (historical patterns) and the specific in social phenomena.
Any knowledge of society by a person begins with the perception of real facts of economic, social, political, spiritual life - the basis of knowledge about society and people’s activities.
For a fact to become scientific, it must be interpreted (Latin interpretatio - interpretation, explanation). First of all, the fact is brought under some scientific concept. Next, all the essential facts that make up the event are studied, as well as the situation (setting) in which it occurred, and the diverse connections of the fact being studied with other facts are traced.
Thus, the interpretation of a social fact is a complex multi-stage procedure for its interpretation, generalization, and explanation. Only an interpreted fact is truly scientific fact. A fact presented only in the description of its characteristics is just raw material
WITH scientific explanation fact is also related to its assessment, which depends on the following factors:
Properties of the object being studied (event, fact);
Correlating the object being studied with others of the same order, or with an ideal;
The cognitive tasks set by the researcher
Personal position of the researcher (or just a person);
Interests social group, to which the research
Read the text and complete tasks C1-C4.
“The specificity of cognition of social phenomena, the specificity of social science is determined by many factors. And, perhaps, the main one among them is society itself (man) as an object of knowledge. Strictly speaking, this is not an object (in the natural scientific sense of the word). The fact is that social life is thoroughly permeated with the consciousness and will of man; it is, in essence, subject-objective, representing a generally subjective reality. It turns out that the subject here cognizes the subject (cognition turns out to be self-knowledge). However, this cannot be done using natural scientific methods. Natural science embraces and can master the world only in an objective (as an object-thing) way. It really deals with situations where the object and the subject are, as it were, on opposite sides of the barricades and therefore so distinguishable. Natural science turns the subject into an object. But what does it mean to turn a subject (a person, after all, in the final analysis) into an object? This means killing the most important thing in him - his soul, making him into some kind of lifeless scheme, a lifeless structure.<...>The subject cannot become an object without ceasing to be itself. The subject can only be known in a subjective way - through understanding (and not an abstract general explanation), feeling, survival, empathy, as if from the inside (and not detachment, from the outside, as in the case of an object),
What is specific in social science is not only the object ( subject-object), but also a subject. Everywhere, in any science, passions are in full swing; without passions, emotions and feelings there is no and cannot be a human search for truth. But in social science their intensity is perhaps the highest” (Grechko P.K. Society about knowledge: for those entering universities. Part I. Society. History. Civilization. M., 1997. P. 80-81.).
[C1. | Based on the text, indicate main factor, which determines the specifics of cognition of social phenomena. What, according to the author, are the features of this factor? Answer: The main factor that determines the specifics of knowledge of social phenomena is its object - society itself. The characteristics of the object of cognition are associated with the uniqueness of society, which is permeated with the consciousness and will of the individual, which makes it a subjective reality: the subject cognizes the subject, i.e. cognition turns out to be self-knowledge.
Answer: According to the aptor, the difference between social science and natural science lies in the difference in the objects of knowledge and its methods. Thus, in social science, the object and subject of knowledge coincide, but in natural science they are either divorced or significantly different; natural science is a monological form of knowledge: the intellect contemplates a thing and speaks out about it; social science is a dialogical form of knowledge: the subject as such cannot be perceived and be studied as a thing, because as a subject it cannot, while remaining a subject, become voiceless; in social science, knowledge is carried out as if from within, in natural science - from the outside, detached, with the help of abstract general explanations.
passions, emotions and feelings is the highest? Give your explanation and, based on knowledge of the social science course and the facts of social life, give three examples of the “emotionality” of cognition of social phenomena. Answer: The author believes that in social science the intensity of passions, emotions and feelings is the highest, since here there is always a personal attitude of the subject to the object, a vital interest in what is being learned. As examples of the * emotionality" of knowledge of social phenomena, the following can be cited: supporters of the republic, studying the forms of the state, will seek confirmation of the advantages of the republican system over the monarchical one; monarchists will pay special attention to proving the shortcomings of the republican form of government and the merits of the monarchical one; The world-historical process has been considered in our country for a long time from the point of view of the class approach, etc.
| C4. | The specificity of social cognition, as the author notes, is characterized by a number of features, two of which are revealed in the text. Based on your knowledge of the social science course, indicate any three features of social cognition that are not reflected in the fragment.
Answer: The following can be cited as examples of the features of social cognition: the object of cognition, which is society, is complex in its structure and is in constant development, which makes it difficult to establish social laws, and open social laws are probabilistic in nature; in social cognition the possibility of using such a method is limited scientific research, as an experiment; in social cognition the role of thinking, its principles and methods (for example, scientific abstraction) is extremely important; Since social life changes quite quickly, in the process of social cognition we can talk about establishing only relative truths, etc.
Section 5. Policy
Reflecting on the specifics of social and humanitarian knowledge, we note the following (see Table No. 1).
Table No. 1. Specifics of social and humanitarian knowledge
| Social knowledge | Humanitarian knowledge |
| Features: elucidation of patterns that determine stability and changes in sociocultural life, analysis of factors influencing people’s behavior | Features: separation of scientific humanitarian knowledge and esoteric knowledge based on feeling, intuition, faith |
| Object: society | Object: person |
| Subject: social connections and interactions, features of the functioning of social groups | Subject: unique, inimitable, in connection with the concept of personality; problems of the inner world of man, the life of his spirit. |
| Sciences: sociology, political science, law, political economy, economics | Sciences: philology, art history, history, cultural anthropology, psychology, etc. |
| Leading cognitive orientation: - is built on an empirical and rational methodological foundation, social facts are considered as “things” (E. Durkheim); - acquires the character of applied research; - includes the development of models, projects, programs for regional sociocultural development. | Leading cognitive orientation: - reflects on the sociocultural meaning of a given fact; - considers as a text any sign-symbolic system that has a sociocultural meaning; - assumes dialog. |
The subject of humanities is the unique, inimitable, which is most often associated with the concept of personality, when it (the individual) stands out from the environment and is capable of making a choice. These are problems of a person’s inner world, the life of his spirit. Part of this knowledge falls within the competence of science, meeting all the criteria of the subject of scientific knowledge. There is, however, another part that is associated with the concepts of feeling, intuition, faith, or, for example, esoteric knowledge. Therefore, the concept of humanitarian knowledge is broader than humanities, since it can include areas that in the strict sense scientific knowledge are not. Appeal to such concepts as “being”, “love”, “life”, “death”, “truth”, “beauty”, etc. presupposes polysemy, since categories of this kind do not and cannot have “by definition” the only true meaning.
For social science, the main thing is to clarify the patterns that determine stability and changes in sociocultural life, to analyze the deep structures that influence people’s behavior when the motivation for this behavior is not obvious to them.
From this point of view, sociology, economics, political science, law, political economy are social sciences, but not humanitarian areas, and philology, art history, and history are classic examples of humanitarian knowledge (although they now use precise research methods). While this statement is unlikely to be disputed by anyone, regarding cultural studies, disputes of this kind are quite common in the professional community. There are at least two reasons for this: firstly, in Russian society a new field of knowledge is emerging, the boundaries of which are not yet clearly defined, and secondly, this is due to the polysemy of the concept of culture: the choice of one or another basic position dictates appropriate research procedure. In our opinion, cultural studies belongs to interdisciplinary sciences and has both of these layers.
The originality of humanitarian knowledge, however, is derived not only from the subject of research and, perhaps, not so much from it, but from the leading cognitive orientation.
For the humanitarian type of cognition, the text is important as the basis for reflection on the sociocultural meaning of a given fact; the researcher tries to find out not only what history says about itself, but what it is silent about, encrypted in its texts. The humanities and the social are related in the same way as nature and natural science.
In particular, social science must be built on an empirical and rational methodological foundation. Moreover, for the current state social sciences there is a pronounced tendency to transition to their new quality, when they increasingly acquire the character of applied research, including in their methodological arsenal not only analytical procedures, but also the development of models, projects, and programs for regional sociocultural development.
Of course, the areas of interest to us interact with each other and complement each other. At one time, the separation of sociology as an independent discipline was preceded by the separation of psychology from philosophy and physiology.
In the second half of the twentieth century, a tendency towards a comprehensive study of man and social systems, cultural objects and processes in the course of joint life and activity began to appear. The term “socio-humanitarian knowledge” appears. Let's compare natural science and socio-humanitarian knowledge (see Table No. 2).
Table No. 2. Specifics of natural science and socio-humanitarian knowledge
1) In the sphere of social and humanitarian knowledge, a special place belongs to philosophical methods.
2) Phenomenological method directs the scientist to identify the meanings and meanings that are attached to social phenomena by participants in social actions.
3) General scientific methods: observations, social experiment, methods of description and comparison, historical-comparative method, methods of idealization, modeling, thought experiment.
3) Private scientific methods– these are special methods that operate either only within a single or in several industries social and humanitarian knowledge. Among the specific methods of social sciences and humanities, the most significant can be identified:
A survey is a method of collecting primary information by asking questions to certain group of people; distinguish between written surveys (questioning) and oral surveys (interviewing);
Monographic method - study method individual case; comprehensive long-term analysis of a single object considered as typical for a given class of phenomena;
The biographical method is a method for studying the subjective side of an individual’s social life, based on personal documents, which, in addition to describing a certain social situation, also contains the personal view of the writer;
The idiographic method is a method that consists in describing an object in its unique uniqueness, interpreting social facts on the basis of their attribution to a particular value.
The question of the uniqueness of social knowledge is a subject of debate in the history of philosophical thought.
Social phenomena are subject to laws common to all reality. In their knowledge one can use precise methods of social research. Sociology as a science must be free from parallels with ideology, which requires separation of real facts from subjective assessments in the course of a specific study
Social phenomena should be understood in relation to goals, ideas and motives realistically acting people. Therefore, the focus of the study is the person himself and his perception of the world.
Social Sciences
Study of facts, laws, dependencies of the socio-historical process
Study of the goals and motives of human activity, his spiritual values, personal perception of the world
Research result
Social knowledge is analysis social processes and identifying regular, repeating phenomena in them.
Humanitarian knowledge is an analysis of the goals, motives, orientation of a person and an understanding of his thoughts, motives, and intentions.
Social and humanitarian knowledge are interpenetrated. Without a person there is no society. But a person cannot exist without society.
Features of humanitarian knowledge: understanding; referring to the texts of letters and public speeches, diaries and policy statements, works of art and critical reviews, etc.; the impossibility of reducing knowledge to unambiguous, universally accepted definitions.
Humanitarian knowledge is designed to influence a person, spiritualize, transform his moral, ideological, ideological guidelines, and contribute to the development of his human qualities.
Social and humanitarian knowledge is the result of social cognition.
Social cognition is the process of acquiring and developing knowledge about a person and society.
The knowledge of society and the processes occurring in it, along with features common to all cognitive activity, also has significant differences from the knowledge of nature.
Features of social cognition
1. The subject and object of knowledge coincide. Social life is permeated by the consciousness and will of man; it is essentially subject-objective, representing a generally subjective reality. It turns out that the subject here cognizes the subject (cognition turns out to be self-knowledge).
2. The resulting social knowledge is always associated with the interests of individual subjects of knowledge. Social cognition directly affects people's interests.
3. Social knowledge is always loaded with evaluation; it is value knowledge. Natural science is instrumental through and through, while social science is the service of truth as a value, as truth; natural sciences are “truths of the mind,” social sciences are “truths of the heart.”
4. The complexity of the object of knowledge - society, which has a variety of different structures and is in constant development. Therefore, the establishment of social laws is difficult, and open social laws are probabilistic in nature. Unlike natural science, social science makes predictions impossible (or very limited).
5. Since social life changes very quickly, in the process of social cognition we can talk about establishing only relative truths.
6. The possibility of using such a method of scientific knowledge as experiment is limited. The most common method of social research is scientific abstraction; the role of thinking is extremely important in social cognition.
The correct approach to them allows us to describe and understand social phenomena. This means that social cognition must be based on the following principles:
- consider social reality in development;
- study social phenomena in their diverse connections and interdependence;
- identify the general (historical patterns) and the specific in social phenomena.
Any knowledge of society by a person begins with the perception of real facts of economic, social, political, spiritual life - the basis of knowledge about society and people’s activities.
Science distinguishes the following types social facts:
1) actions, actions of people, individuals or large social groups;
2) products of human activity (material and spiritual);
3) verbal (verbal) actions: opinions, judgments, assessments.
For a fact to become scientific, it must be interpreted (Latin interpretatio - interpretation, explanation). First of all, the fact is brought under some kind of scientific concept. Next, all the essential facts that make up the event are studied, as well as the situation (setting) in which it occurred, and the diverse connections of the fact being studied with other facts are traced.
Thus, the interpretation of a social fact is a complex multi-stage procedure for its interpretation, generalization, and explanation. Only an interpreted fact is a truly scientific fact. A fact presented only in the description of its characteristics is just raw material for scientific conclusions.
The scientific explanation of the fact is also associated with its assessment, which depends on the following factors:
- properties of the object being studied (event, fact);
- correlation of the object being studied with others, of the same order, or with an ideal;
- cognitive tasks set by the researcher;
- personal position of the researcher (or just a person);
- interests of the social group to which the researcher belongs.
Loading...
