Evaluative properties of words. Emotional-evaluative vocabulary and context

In order to talk about the elements of evaluative vocabulary, we need to understand what vocabulary is.

In the Explanatory Dictionary by S.I. Ozhegov we find the following definition: “Vocabulary is the vocabulary of a language, its style, sphere, as well as individual works.”

Vocabulary is divided into the following types: high, low, emotional, bookish, colloquial, colloquial.

A characteristic feature of the expression of evaluation is the possibility of strengthening or weakening the sign “good” or the sign “bad”.

In fact, a person knows the world through assessment, and almost all objects can become objects of assessment. The assessment is recognized as one of the most important aspects human intellectual activity and, undoubtedly, is reflected in language. For the first time, the range of problems associated with the study of assessment was outlined by Aristotle. Subsequently, these issues were illuminated from the point of view of various research approaches.

Considering the assessment from the point of view of language, all components of its structure can be divided into mandatory and optional. The main elements of evaluation are its subject (the one who evaluates), the object (what is evaluated), as well as the evaluative element itself.

Emotionally and expressively colored words are distinguished as part of the evaluative vocabulary. Expression- means expressiveness (from Latin expressio - expression). Expressive vocabulary includes words that enhance the expressiveness of speech. Words that convey the speaker's attitude to their meaning belong to emotional vocabulary. Emotional vocabulary expresses various feelings. There are quite a few words in the Russian language that have a bright emotional coloring. This is easy to verify by comparing words with similar meanings: blond, fair-haired, whitish, little white, white-haired, lily-haired; handsome, charming. Charming, delightful, cute; eloquent, talkative; proclaim, blurt out, blurt out, etc. By comparing them, we try to choose the most expressive words that can convey our thoughts more convincingly. For example, you could say I do not like, but you can find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I disgust. In these cases lexical meaning words are complicated by special expression.

Evaluative vocabulary requires careful attention. Inappropriate use of emotionally and expressively charged words can give speech a comical sound. Which often happens in student essays.

Combining words that are similar in expression into lexical groups, we can highlight:

1) words expressing a positive assessment of the named concepts;

2) words expressing their negative assessment.

The first group will include words that are lofty, affectionate, and partly humorous; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc. The emotional and expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when comparing synonyms:

The development of emotionally expressive shades in a word is facilitated by its metaphorization. Thus, stylistically neutral words receive vivid expression: burn(At work), fall(from fatigue) choke(V unfavorable conditions), flaming(look), blue(dream), flying(gait), etc. The context ultimately determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; high vocabulary in other conditions it takes on a mockingly ironic tone; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and an affectionate word can sound contemptuous. The appearance of additional expressive shades in a word, depending on the context, significantly expands the visual possibilities of vocabulary.

The study of emotional-evaluative and expressive vocabulary turns us to highlighting various types speech depending on the nature of the speaker’s influence on the listeners, the situation of their communication, their relationship to each other and a number of other factors. “It’s enough to imagine,” wrote A.N. Gvozdev, “that the speaker wants to make people laugh or touch, to arouse the listeners’ affection or their negative attitude towards the subject of speech, so that it becomes clear how different linguistic means will be selected, mainly creating different expressive colors.” With this approach to selection linguistic means Several types of speech can be outlined: solemn(rhetorical), official(cold), intimate and affectionate, playful. They are opposed to speech neutral, using linguistic means devoid of any stylistic coloring. This classification of speech types, dating back to the “poeticists” of ancient antiquity, is not rejected by modern stylists.

The emotional and expressive coloring of the word, layered on the functional, complements its stylistic characteristics. Words that are neutral in an emotionally expressive sense usually belong to commonly used vocabulary (although this is not necessary: ​​terms, for example, in an emotionally expressive sense, are usually neutral, but have a clear functional definition). Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

Thus, we came to the conclusion that:

1. The ability to divide everything in the world into “good” - “bad”, “beautiful” - “ugly”, i.e. to give an assessment is instilled in us from childhood. But it is very important not only to be able to evaluate things, actions, deeds, etc., but you also need to know how to do it correctly, to enrich your vocabulary.

2. Emotionally expressive vocabulary is not so well studied, there are difficulties in typing it, in many ways perception occurs at the subconscious level, at the level of emotions, therefore this vocabulary is used to a greater extent in oral speech, where not only the speech apparatus is involved, but also facial expressions , gestures.

3. I would like to note once again what a fine line lies when using expressively colored vocabulary between good joke and evil, offensive ridicule and how important it is to always feel this line so as not to violate the basic principle of verbal communication - the principle of politeness.

Expression in Russian means “emotionality.” Consequently, expressive vocabulary is an emotionally charged set of expressions aimed at conveying internal state a person who speaks or writes. It concerns exclusively the artistic style of speech, which is very close to the colloquial style in oral statements. But at the same time art style has several significant limitations compared to The author can say a lot, but not everything, if he wants to remain within the framework of literary norms.

Expressive coloring of speech

Many concepts contained in the Russian language mean not only the material or spiritual object itself, but also its assessment from the speaker’s position. For example, the word “Armenian” is simply a fact that indicates a person’s nationality. But if it is replaced with the word “khach”, then a predominantly negative assessment of a person of this nationality will be expressed. This word is not only expressive, but also colloquial; it does not correspond to literary norms.

The difference between colloquial expressions and expressive ones

Colloquial expressions are for the most part characteristic of people who live in a certain territory, have common hobbies, and may also be in the same age group. This is somewhat similar to dialects, although they are characteristic not of a specific ethnic group, but of a subcultural one. For the most part, colloquial expressions are expressive, but cannot be reduced to them.

The same word "khach" is colloquial. But it also has an expressive coloring. However, even an ordinary word can be emotional in context. For example, if the ordinary word “Armenian” is used in a negative context, then it becomes synonymous with the word “khach”, although more literary. Colloquial expressions are very often a subtype of expressive vocabulary. But, for example, the word “blond” is quite literary, although it refers to emotionally charged expressions.

Are emotional and evaluative vocabulary the same thing?

In general, these are synonyms. Because expressive vocabulary always expresses a certain attitude of the speaker towards something. But in some cases, emotional words do not contain evaluation due to their contextuality. For example, people say “ah” both when something good and bad has happened in their life.

It also does not include words whose lexical meaning already contains an evaluation. The use of expressive vocabulary is the use of words that have an emotional component, and not containing only emotion. So, we need to draw one conclusion. A word becomes evaluative when an emotional component is superimposed on it by creating a certain context. At the same time, independence is preserved.

Using expressive vocabulary in life

In life, a person uses a lot of value judgments, the main links of which are emotional expressions. Expressive vocabulary is used in all areas of life, even in business. Examples - statements by Russian diplomats regarding other countries. Even the President recently used an expressive expression, which, after all, is also colloquial, at a recent conference.

Any word can be made expressive if you choose the right context for it. For example, take the sentence: “these citizens, if you can call them that, did not choose the best power.” If we take the word “citizens” out of context, this is the most common expression of a person’s belonging to a particular country. But here's the expressive coloring this concept in the above sentence it adds the part “if you can call them that.” The author immediately expresses his assessment regarding the actions of people living in a certain country. Now we should give a small classification of emotionally charged expressions.

Unambiguous words with a clear evaluative meaning

In some terms, the emotional connotation is so pronounced that whatever the context, it will still be clear what assessment the one who writes or speaks wants to give. It is incredibly difficult to use such words in any other meaning. For example, how can you say the word "henpecked" in a positive or neutral context. As a rule, such expressions are used only if a person wants to express negative attitude. Otherwise, more will apply soft words and phrases like " good husband" and others.

“Henpecked” is a characteristic word. There are also terms containing an assessment of the action. Such are, for example, the words “to disgrace”, “to cheat”. The first means a person who made another feel shame, and the second implies deception. This word, by the way, also has a predominantly negative connotation.

Polysemantic words that take on emotional overtones when used as metaphors

It happens that only when a word is used as a metaphor, expressive vocabulary is formed. Examples - nag your husband (reference to the previous word), sing to your boss, miss the bus. In general, the word “sawing” means dividing wood into several parts using a special tool. But if you use it as a metaphor, then literally it will turn out to be something like “divide your husband into several parts.” That is, even with a literal interpretation of this metaphor, it is unlikely that anything positive will be found. So here's an example of a clearly expressive expression.

The use of expressive vocabulary creates the opportunity to express one’s attitude to certain phenomena or events. True, recognizing the expressive component of such metaphors requires the slightest intellectual effort if a person has not encountered such expressions before.

Words with emotional evaluation suffixes

This type of expression is very interesting because it can have different shades, which depend on the context. Expressively colored vocabulary of this type can have both a positive assessment (neatly), a negative assessment (baby), and a contextual assessment (buddy). For example, the latter can mean both tender feelings for a friend and an ironic statement towards an enemy.

What do suffixes have to do with it? But because with their help you can give a word a different assessment. For example, take the common word "table". If you add the suffix “ik” to it, you get “table”, and this is a positive assessment. If you add the suffix “isch”, you get “capital”, which carries a predominantly negative connotation.

conclusions

Expressive-emotional vocabulary occupies a fairly serious position in our speech. If it did not exist, it would be impossible to fully express a person’s feelings. And in the technologies of creation artificial intelligence on at this stage learned to make robots convey emotions only through emotionally charged expressions.

Also, expressive vocabulary allows you to better express your own thoughts during online correspondence, when there is only the possibility and non-verbal language is not read. Of course, the latter plays an incredibly serious role in communication, but without the use of expressive vocabulary, even the most artistic nature would not show anything.

Lexical unit that includes an evaluation element: rain, white and so on. Words with emotional connotations can include various shades: ironic, disapproving, contemptuous, affectionate, solemnly elated, etc. This coloring is usually stable, since it arises as a result of the fact that the very meaning of the word contains an element of evaluation: the name of an object or phenomenon, action, sign is complicated by evaluativeness, the attitude of the speaker to the called phenomenon ( lip-slapper, slob, idle talker). Words with a figurative meaning can be evaluative (for example, they say about a person: bear, crow, eagle). Evaluativeness can be achieved using suffixes: granny, sunshine, flower. There are lexical units to which evaluativeness is traditionally assigned: orbit(speaker), broadcast(speak, proclaim) cry(address), etc.

Emotional-evaluative vocabulary is divided into two large categories:

1) words with positive characteristics;

2) words with negative (negative) characteristics.

Emotional-evaluative vocabulary is used in artistic and colloquial speech in connection with the creation of emotionality, in journalistic style- to express passion. In style: Emotionally evaluative words reflect the emotionally expressed pragmatics of the language [from Greek. πραγμα äthing, action], that is, the speaker’s attitude to reality, content or addressee of the message. There are three groups of emotional-evaluative words:

1) the very meaning of the word contains an element of evaluation ( glorify, daring);

2) the assessment is contained in the figurative meaning of the word (about a person: eagle, boil);

3) subjective assessment is expressed by suffixes ( granny, little man). Stylistic marks for emotional-evaluative words: polite, vulgar, rude, ironic, endearing, disapproving, playful and etc.

"emotional-evaluative word" in books

EMOTIONALLY INSPIRED SPEAKER

From book Living word author Mitrov

AN EMOTIONALLY INSPIRED SPEAKER Impressionable people put into their words not only thoughts, but also feelings. They are capable of inspiration, which, involuntarily transmitted to the listeners, inspires them too. Such, for example, is the hero of Turgenev’s novel “Rudin”. "He said

Emotionally unstable marriage

From the book Quadrant cash flow author Kiyosaki Robert Tohru

Emotionally unstable marriage In the most emotionally unstable married couple Of all the women I have ever seen, the wife was a hardcore E quadrant and believed that financial security came from a stable job, and the husband considered himself extraordinary

Message Development Research and Evaluation Research

From the book Advertising. Principles and Practice by William Wells

Emotionally poor communication

From the book Internet Marketing. A complete collection of practical tools author Virin Fedor Yurievich

Emotionally poor communication Text is not only difficult to understand, it is also very poorly suited for conveying emotions. Of course, you can bring feelings into any text; in general, this is not a trick. There’s just one problem: will everyone understand this text? No! And then the whole charge

15.2.2.2 Emotional-sensory distortions

From the book Leadership Technologies [About Gods, Heroes and Leaders] author Rysev Nikolay Yurievich

15.2.2.2 Emotional and sensory distortions From the point of view of the emotional and sensory sphere, if the degree of collision increases, then several phases of emotional distortion can be distinguished. Increased sensitivity to any actions opposite side. IN

Emotional-sensual projection

author Kempinsky Anton

Emotional-sensory projection Just as in a cell with a damaged shell, substances from the outside begin to penetrate inside, and from the inside - outside, so in a patient the internal content passes outside and becomes real world, and vice versa, external world becomes

Emotional-sensual introjection

From the book Psychology of Schizophrenia author Kempinsky Anton

Emotional-sensual introjection Emotional-sensual states can have the opposite direction - from the environment to the patient. Other people's mental states seem to penetrate into inner world sick. He may feel that some people from his social

Emotional-sensual stereotypes

From the book Psychology of Schizophrenia author Kempinsky Anton

Emotional-sensual stereotypes Stabilization of emotional-sensual life, which opposes its natural variability, contributes to the formation already in early period life of emotional stereotypes, i.e. the basic scheme of emotional-sensory connections

From the book Psychoenergetics author Boyko Viktor Vasilievich

Emotional and energetic impact

Emotional-volitional relaxation

From the book Harmonious Childbirth – Healthy Children author Baranova Svetlana Vasilievna

Emotional-volitional relaxation Intensity and tension modern life require the development of methods for quick rest and self-healing. Pregnancy against the backdrop of a strict work schedule and various disharmonies gives rise to excessive tension, which

Emotional-personal sphere

author

Emotional and personal sphere Methodology “Drawing a Person” (K. Machover) General characteristics of the methodology Initially, the “Draw a Person” test was developed by F. Goodenough to diagnose the level of intelligence. However, in the process of work it was obtained a large number of

Emotional-personal sphere

From the book Individual psychological diagnostics child 5-7 years old. A manual for psychologists and teachers author Veraksa Alexander Nikolaevich

Emotional-personal sphere Methodology “Drawing of a Person” We present those points of analysis of the drawing (see Fig. 47) that seem to us the most significant in this case. Rice. 47 Drawing analysis form Style aspect: pressure: strong; type of lines: curved,

The third type is emotionally changeable

From the book Don't let yourself be deceived! [Body language: what Paul Ekman didn’t say] by Vem Alexander

The third type is emotionally changeable. These are lively and cheerful, but easily vulnerable people. They respond passionately to what is happening and strive to enjoy life. They don't like promiscuity. They often make impulsive decisions and rush towards things with enthusiasm.

Emotionally distant spouses

From the book The Secret Meaning of Money author Madanes Claudio

Emotionally Disengaged Spouses When spouses decide to take on complementary responsibilities—for example, the wife takes care of the children while the husband works—they become accustomed to their roles over time and may go to extremes in them. The wife often refuses to talk about anything

7.5. How objective is a value judgment about volitional qualities?

From the book Psychology of Will author Ilyin Evgeniy Pavlovich

7.5. How objective is the value judgment about strong-willed qualities ah Among psychologists in general and especially among sports psychologists, a common method is to identify the level of development of will and volitional qualities through observation and introspection and assessing this level in points.

Today we are again talking about the stylistics of the Russian language, and the topic of our conversation will be emotionally expressive coloring of speech. It's no secret that style works of art very different from others language styles(colloquial, journalistic, official business). Its differences lie not only in the range of lexemes used, but also in the categories of quantity/quality of emotionally charged words. In terms of the number of such words, artistic speech is close to colloquial speech, but in no case can they be equated: what is permissible in oral communication is not always applicable on the pages of a book. Let's just say that the author is allowed a lot, but not everything.

Therefore, in order to master competent and skillful artistic speech, the author must understand many subtleties, which undoubtedly include the use of emotional and evaluative vocabulary. We'll talk about it today.

Emotionally expressive coloring of speech.

As you know, many words in the Russian language not only name concepts, but also reflect the speaker’s attitude towards them. For example, admiring the beauty white flower, the author can call it snow-white or lily. The positive evaluation contained in adjectives differs from the stylistically neutral word “ white" This is what makes them emotionally charged. Of course, a negative assessment is also possible: white - blond. A writer, using this or that word in context, expresses his attitude, his assessment of an object, action or attribute.

For this reason, emotional vocabulary is often called evaluative or emotional-evaluative. However, it is important to understand that emotional words themselves may not contain evaluation. For example, interjections oh, oh and others do not value anything. And on the contrary, words where evaluation is the essence of their lexical meaning may not relate to emotional vocabulary ( good, bad, please, scold). In the second case, the assessment is not emotional, but rather intellectual, logical.

Home distinctive feature emotional-evaluative vocabulary is still a fact imposing emotional coloring on the independent lexical meaning of a word. Simply put, this vocabulary expresses the attitude of the speaker himself to the named phenomenon.

  1. Unambiguous words with a clear evaluative meaning. The assessment contained in them is so clearly and definitely expressed that the word simply cannot be used in any other meaning. These include the so-called characteristic words ( grabber, windbag, henpecked, slob, etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of an action, phenomenon or sign ( destiny, deception, charming, irresponsible, antediluvian, inspire, disgrace).
  2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in basic meaning, but acquiring a strong emotional connotation when used as a metaphor. For example, the following contexts for the use of verbs: nag your husband, miss the bus, sing to your boss, etc. In this case, the word, initially neutral, becomes emotionally evaluative solely due to the corresponding context.
  3. Words with subjective evaluation suffixes that convey different shades of feelings. They can broadcast as a positive assessment - buddy, grass, neat, and negative – kulachishche, fellow, bureaucrat, etc.. The evaluative result here is determined not so much by the primary meaning of the word, but by the word formation itself: the same word can be given both a positive and a negative assessment - table, little table, table.

Expressiveness.

The concept is often used in relation to emotional-evaluative vocabulary expressive. What does this mean?

Expressiveness(from Latin expressio - expression) - means expressiveness. In practice, this most often means adding special stylistic shades and special expression to the nominal meaning of a word. For example, instead of the word bad you can use words bad, negative, unfaithful. In this case, the usual lexical meaning of the word is complicated expression. And as we can notice, in artistic speech the number of expressive words sometimes exceeds the proportion of neutral words.

It should be remembered that one neutral word can have several expressive synonyms at once, varying in the degree of emotional stress ( misfortune - grief - calamity - catastrophe). It happens that expressive coloring is already inherent in some words: solemn ( unforgettable, herald, accomplishments), poetic ( azure, chant, incessant), ironic ( faithful, deign, Don Juan), familiar ( cute, mumble, whisper), disapproving ( pretentious, arrogant), dismissive ( paint, petty), contemptuous ( gossip, servility, sycophant), derogatory ( skirt, wimp, tarantas), vulgar ( grabber, lucky) and, of course, abusive ( fool, boor). As you can see, expressively colored words can be divided into words expressing a positive assessment and words with a negative assessment. A similar division can be seen in the example synonymous series: to be afraid - to be cowardly - to be afraid; face - muzzle - face, etc.

Expressive coloring is constantly layered on the emotional-evaluative meaning of the word, and in some cases expression predominates, and in others - emotional coloring. Therefore, in practice, it is not possible to strictly distinguish between emotional and expressive vocabulary.

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is, of course, influenced by its meaning. Such words as fascism, terrorism, corruption, mafia. Behind the words legality, law and order, equality a positive coloration was established.

It is known that metaphorization contributes to the development of emotionally expressive shades of a particular word. In this case, stylistically neutral words used as metaphors are endowed with strong expression: to burn at work, collapse from fatigue, flaming eyes, flying gait, etc.. The author must remember that the main factor in determining the expressive coloring of a word is the context in which it is used. It is he who introduces additional shades of feelings, and sometimes is able to completely reverse its meaning (for example, making something solemn ironic).

The main thing for a writer.

From all of the above it follows that the author, working on the text, can change its emotional coloring, thereby influencing the emotional state of the reader. For this purpose, he uses emotional and evaluative vocabulary. Thus, if a writer wants to make you laugh or touch, cause inspiration or, conversely, form a negative attitude towards the subject, he is free in each case to choose a separate set of linguistic tools. With this approach, it is possible to outline several options for speech in advance, even within the same text: for example, rhetorically solemn, cold official, intimately affectionate, playful, etc. In contrast to them, neutral speech is used, which is based on words and expressions devoid of strong stylistic overtones.

The moment of using emotionally expressive speech is one of the most important in the formation of the author's style. I believe that the ability to use these techniques competently and in a timely manner largely distinguishes novice authors, who do not feel the mood and context, from professionals.

Continuing the topic, read the article " " on the blog "Literary Workshop".

That's all for today. This time we dealt with theoretical basis the use of emotionally charged vocabulary, but the practice of application is in one of the upcoming blog articles. Follow the updates, leave your questions and comments. See you soon!

Pustovar E.A.

Functioning of emotional-evaluative vocabulary in a political text

Political communication is a social and information field of politics. It has its own language called political discourse. Political language is part of the lexical subsystem of a language, which is characterized by extreme mobility. The main reason changes occurring in the language of politics are extralinguistic factors. The present period of time in the life of Ukraine is saturated with various types of political events and is generally a consequence of political instability, which is reflected in the language. We have already become accustomed to the idea that a politician’s speech, a political text, is an integral part of public life. It can inspire and suppress, unite and divide. Through political text, politicians are able to purposefully modify the value system, opinions and behavior of the electorate. Despite the fact that political texts refer to formal business style, which should not have any evaluative vocabulary, political discourse, on the contrary, is characterized by such a feature as emotional-evaluative words.

Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the speaker’s attitude towards them. Such words are said to be emotionally charged. According to N.A. Lukyanov, evaluativeness and emotionality constitute one component of knowledge. A positive assessment of the author can only be conveyed through a positive emotion, and a negative assessment can only be conveyed through a negative one. IN explanatory dictionary D.N. Ushakov, you can find the following definition of the word “assessment”: “Evaluation, and, g. 1. units only Action according to verb. Evaluate-evaluate. Appraise the property. 2. Appointed or defined by someone. cost price. High o. 3. An opinion, a judgment expressed about the qualities of someone. Correct o. someone's actions."

Depending on the object of evaluation, all evaluative statements are divided into general evaluative and private evaluative:

  • General evaluative utterances attribute an evaluative modality to the entire utterance;
  • Private evaluative statements contain an axiological qualification of any object that is an element of the situation.

The object of assessment can also be actions, states, events and facts.

In fact, any word, when certain conditions are created, can acquire certain emotional, expressive and evaluative meanings. In other words, every word potentially has emotionally expressive meanings (or at least shades).

An emotional-evaluative word is a lexical unit that includes an element of evaluation: rain, little white, etc. Words with emotional connotations can include a variety of shades: ironic, disapproving, contemptuous, affectionate, solemnly elated, etc.

The following three varieties are distinguished as part of emotional vocabulary.

  1. Words with a clear evaluative meaning are usually unambiguous. These include words-characteristics (wanton, grumbler, sycophant, etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, order, action (purpose, destiny, dare, inspire, discredit, etc.)
  2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in their basic meaning, but acquiring a strong emotional connotation when used metaphorically. So, they say about a person: hat, rag, mattress, etc.; in a figurative sense they use verbs: sing, saw, gnaw, dig, etc.
  3. Words with suffixes of subjective assessment, conveying various shades of feeling: containing positive emotions - neatly, close; and negative - child, bureaucratic. Since the emotional connotation of these words is created by affixes, the evaluative meanings in such cases are determined not by the nominative properties of the word, but by word formation.

Turning to political discourse, let's try to study the speaker's assessment through lexical means.

The evaluation function can be performed by the following stylistically marked units: colloquial words, colloquialisms, jargon, swear words, neologisms.

  1. Conversational vocabulary covers a wide range of concepts Everyday life person. It is “emotionally, expressively and expressively evaluative, associated with a specific objective way of thinking.” However, any conversational element becomes a means of expressiveness and expression only when surrounded by non-conversational means. Colloquial words, giving ease to the language, are elements that reduce style in relation to the generally neutral layer of words literary language, and can serve as a certain means of stylization, which introduces the flavor of oral communication into the written language or conveys someone’s oral speech.

The use of conversational elements is determined by the intention to evaluate certain events, phenomena, express emotions, create expression in order to influence the audience, which leads to intellectual mobility and social ease of native speakers.

« Shchodnya,who is capable here, who is behind the cordon batIf you turn on and watch the Russian channel, then after 20 minutes you will definitely become an ardent “vatnik”(O. Lyashko)

“If you admire the Russian serpent every day, then you turn into a conwhyIdiot, what kind of ready-made material will be beaten into the hearth, the Ukrainian state will be torn apart"(O. Lyashko).

IN Lately In political texts, not only colloquial words, but also colloquial phraseological units are increasingly used. The main area of ​​application of such phraseological units is everyday communication, oral form dialogical speech. Components of colloquial phraseological units can be traced back to stylistically neutral words.

« I scratched my head for a long time. I said: “The devil knows, maybe somewhere, someone on the street came up?” Well, first of all, if he came up, why didn’t he look at me..."(M. Saakashvili).

« Colleagues, obviously, who today took responsibility for carrying out effective reform in terms of deregulation, the “Change Front” and the representatives of another faction, I would ask you to vote again reading room I check you on the prosthesis of the offensive reading, skin, Let’s ask the ministers again, otherwise, “what did your aunts whisper in your ear?"(O. V. Kuzhel).

Colloquial words and phraseological units in political texts are used to increase the overall expressiveness of the text and express the author’s attitude towards the phenomenon being described.

  1. Vernacular.

Colloquial vocabulary includes words that “are used mainly in oral everyday speech, as well as in literary language with the aim of imparting disdain, ironic rudeness, and a familiar assessment of the characterized objects and phenomena.”

« Yak meThe corruption of our security forces has already reached its end! Yesterday I again covered the furies on the front line of the fire - in the village of Rodina"(G. Moskal).

V. Chabanenko argues that vernaculars are “a loosely organized variety of the oral form of the national language, which occupies an intermediate position between dialect styles and oral styles of a codified literary language.”

The leading feature of all colloquial words is their pronounced expressiveness. They express expressions of irony, disdain, contempt and harsh condemnation.

The fairly frequent use of colloquial words is explained by the constant need for means of linguistic expressiveness. They have significant communicative and stylistic potential - emotionality, imagery. The desire of a politician to speak out more expressively in certain situations turns out to be stronger than public attitudes about compliance with linguistic ethical norms.

« Yakscho not wowIf we implement the Budget and the new Reform Program, then the dollar will be at 70.

This is not a scare, but an imperative to action! Enough with the demagoguery, artists and acrobats - we need to work for the country, and then we’ll complain about the difficulties"(A. Avakov).

More often, this stylistically reduced element in a political text is used as a means of giving the language such emotional and evaluative shades as contemptuous, ironic or satirical. The degree of negative stylistic connotation of a word can influence the overall perception of the speaker’s speech or written text.

  1. Jargonisms.

It is well known that jargons are words that are used by a group of people united by common interests, habits, and occupations. Jargons are formed from literary words by rethinking them, turning them into a reduced vocabulary.

Slang elements in political texts have high level negatively evaluative and are used to express appropriate emotions and feelings - indignation, anger, reproach, condemnation, horror, contempt, etc.

« And if you, if your kerivnitstvo has achieved for itself incredible benefits from the appearance of a special first deputy, its “wiretapping”, its “nar”andki", their other benefits - unfortunately, the "opera" defeated the bandits, and the generals of the UBOZ took their place"(Yu.V. Lutsenko).

A peculiar element of the presentation of emotional-evaluative vocabulary is their special design, namely the enclosure of most of them in quotation marks. Basically, words that have a negative connotation are put in quotation marks. Placing emotional-evaluative words in quotation marks, according to T.Yu. Kolyaseva, is a kind of security of the author’s language: the author seems to show that he is forced to use such words as someone else’s, “not his.”

  1. Neologisms.

The changes that occur in colloquial speech very quickly find their reflection in socio-political vocabulary. Changes in values ​​lead to the appearance of new formations. These lexical units are characterized by irregularity of use, unusualness in the process of perception, expressiveness and contextual dependence. Neologisms differ from other stylistically colored words in that:

  1. They are not widely used in the language;
  2. They are often a product of individual word formation;
  3. Created with a specific stylistic purpose;
  4. They belong to extra-systemic phenomena of speech;
  5. Retain novelty regardless of the time of creation;
  6. They have a larger content volume than its canonical synonym.

« The Presidential Administration sent people's deputy Pavel Baloga's animal supply to Transcarpathian ODA with the transfer of one personnel supply to Khustsbto whom areas. I start reading and realize that it’s not the same. It appears that the names of the President’s father are mixed up... It is necessary for such an “unschooled” deputy not to know the name of the first person of the country!"(G. Moskal).

The use of emotional and evaluative vocabulary is one of the main features of political discourse. Any political text can hardly pursue the goal of “informing” without the desire to form a positive or negative attitude of the addressee towards something or change his worldview, influence his way of thinking, therefore the function of influence in political discourse is always present. The impact can be exerted using certain linguistic means, and emotional-evaluative vocabulary is very helpful in this. But, nevertheless, we should not forget that the appeal to emotional and evaluative vocabulary in all cases is due to the peculiarities of the individual author’s manner of presentation.

Literature:

  1. Lukyanova N.A. Expressive vocabulary colloquial use: Problems of semantics. – Novosibirsk, 1986. – 230 p.
  2. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. prof. Ushakova D.N., vol. II, State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries. Moscow. 1938. 1039 p.
  3. Political communications // Fundamentals of political science: Brief dictionary terms and concepts / ed. G. A. Belova, V. P. Pugacheva. M., 1993. P. 54.
  4. Zherebilo T.V. Dictionary linguistic terms. http://www.myfilology.ru/media/user_uploads/Tutorials/Zherebilo_T_V_slovar_lingvisticheskih_terminov.pdf
  5. Rosenthal D.E. etc. Dictionary of linguistic terms
  1. Konovalenko B.O. Romovna vocabulary and phraseology in current Ukrainian language. newspapers/ B.O. Konovalenko // Onomastics and appellatives. - VIP. 17. − Dn-Sk: DNU, 2002. – p. 54-69
  2. Lyashko O. Transcript of the plenary meeting on February 12, 2015
  1. Saakashvili M. Press conference 12/15/2015
  1. Kuzhel O. V. Transcript of the plenary meeting on February 12, 2015
  1. Moskal G. Official page Facebook


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