To vocabulary writing include words that are used primarily in written varieties of the literary language: in scientific articles, textbooks, in official documents, in business papers oh, and not used in casual conversations, in everyday everyday speech.
Language fiction(prose, poetry, drama) does not apply to specifically written varieties of speech (as well as to specifically oral types of speech).
The vocabulary of fiction, based on neutral words, can include words of both oral and written speech (as well as, along with them, all varieties of popular vocabulary: dialectisms, professionalisms, jargons).
There are two types of written vocabulary:
1) Book vocabulary;
2) High vocabulary (poetic, solemn).
A functional-style stratification of book vocabulary is noted:
1) Official business;
2) Scientific;
3) Newspaper and journalistic.
Official business vocabulary is used in government documents following types:
1) Laws;
2) Regulations;
3) Charters;
4) Instructions;
5) Office and administrative papers;
6) Business letters;
7) Agreements;
8) Legal business documents;
9) International agreements;
10) Communiqué;
11) Diplomatic notes, etc. This vocabulary is characterized by:
a) isolation (there are no inclusions of other styles);
b) semantic clarity;
c) maximum unambiguity;
d) the presence of clichés, stereotypes, cliches. Basic lexical groups business style:
1) Names of business papers: application, instruction, explanatory, report, note, certificate, petition;
2) Names of documents: diploma, passport, certificate, charter;
3) Business and production-technical terminology: cargo turnover, carrying capacity, supply, recyclable materials, medical personnel, overalls, financial department;
4) Nomenclature names (names various institutions, officials and their positions): general directorate, ministry, engineer, inspector. In modern business style Abbreviations are widely used: KB - design bureau; UKS - management capital construction and etc.
For scientific vocabulary foreign style inclusions are also not typical. In the scientific style, words with abstract semantics are used. In the lexical system scientific style First of all, we can highlight general scientific vocabulary: abstraction, argumentation, research, classification, method, methodology, object, systematization, etc.
Features of the vocabulary of the scientific style include the mandatory presence of terms. Term- this is a word or phrase used to most accurately name special concepts in the field of production, science, and art.
The set of terms of a certain field or branch of knowledge forms a terminological system (terminology) called metalanguage of this science.
Each science necessarily has its own terminology (metalanguage). An example of a developed terminological sphere (developed meta-language) is linguistics: Morpheme, sentence, prefix, phrase, suffix, inflection, etc.
Main function newspaper and journalistic style is a function of influence, because main feature journalism is political sharpness, citizenship, polemical intensity.
Newspaper and journalistic vocabulary is most common in newspaper and magazine reviews, in socio-political and literary critical articles, in pamphlets, feuilletons, essays, proclamations and so on, for example: humanism, unity, neutrality, autonomy, patriotism, propaganda, event, progressive, etc.
Unlike book vocabulary, which accurately names abstract concepts, but is somewhat dry (that is, minimally emotional), vocabulary high characterized by elation, often solemnity and poetry. Words of high vocabulary belong to four parts of speech:
1) Nouns: Daring, chosen one, fatherland, accomplishment, creator;
2) Adjectives: Sovereign, daring, radiant, irreversible;
3) Adverbs: Forever, from now on;
4) Verbs: To erect, to erect, to delineate, to accomplish.
High vocabulary gives speech a solemn, upbeat or poetic sound. It is used in cases where we're talking about about significant events in the life of the country and people, when the author’s feelings are high and festive.
L. Leonov justified the need to use lofty words: “Just as it is shameful to speak about Pushkin, according to Belinsky, in humble prose, the name of Tolstoy today requires a festive verbal frame.”
For example, recalling his first meeting with L.N. Tolstoy, V.A. Gilyarovsky wrote: “This meeting with the great Lev Nikolaevich is unforgettable, it best moment of my life". In this passage, the word unforgettable sounds more sublime than unforgettable.
Vocabulary of fiction (poetry, prose, drama), which may include:
1) Neutral words;
2) Words of oral and written speech;
3) Non-national vocabulary.
From the point of view of stylistic coloring (stylistic characteristics), the vocabulary of the Russian language is divided into two large categories: 1) stylistically neutral vocabulary; 2) stylistically colored vocabulary.
Stylistically neutral vocabulary constitutes the largest circle of words not assigned to any functional style Russian literary language (official business, scientific, journalistic, artistic or colloquial) and relevant in various areas of communication: water, house, read, difficulty, white, fifty and etc.
Included stylistically colored vocabulary First of all, bookish words and colloquial, slang and colloquial words are distinguished.
Book words are characteristic of the book and written version of the national language. They are used primarily in scientific, official business, journalistic and artistic styles. Wed: oscilloscope(scientific), above-mentioned(official business) prohibited(official-business); cohesion(publ.), sacrament(artist-poet.), dreams(artist-poet.). There are also common words, for example: intelligence, erudition, law.
Spoken words- these are words inherent in the colloquial style of the Russian literary language and are used mainly in oral speech, mainly in the sphere of everyday everyday communication, for example: reader, bully, dumbass, yeller, braggart, grandpa and etc.
Colloquial words are used in casual, informal communication, so they are characterized by a certain reduction. Wed: old man(high) - old man(neutral) - old man(colloquial, descending).
Vernacular words are words that are located outside the literary language or on its periphery, but are not limited in their use either by territory (unlike dialectisms) or by boundaries social groups(as opposed to jargon). There are two types of colloquial words: a) those that violate the actual linguistic norms of literary usage (tranway instead of tram, shoes instead of shoe, quarter instead of quarter and so on.); b) violating moral and ethical norms to one degree or another. The last category includes crudely colloquial words ( head - head, drag yourself - come); rude colloquial words ( mug - face, rubbish - about a person), as well as vulgar, obscene, abusive language that offends a person’s dignity.
Phraseologisms(phraseological units) are non-free integral units that are not created in the process of communication, but are reproduced in finished form. By meaning, phraseological units can correspond to one word (the cat cried - few, Nick down - remember, seven spans in the forehead - smart) or the whole expression (fish in muddy water -
take advantage of someone's difficulties run aground - find yourself in an extremely difficult, difficult situation).
In a sentence, phraseological units act as one member of the sentence He
handyman.
In terms of origin phraseological units are divided into native Russian ones (all over Ivanovskaya, like a gulkin, out of the frying pan and into the fire), Old Slavonic (out of this world, massacre of infants, eye for an eye) and borrowed from other languages ( blue stocking - from English language, somersault - from italian language, Honeymoon- from French language).
From a stylistic point of view phraseological units are divided into the following groups:
1) neutral, or inter-style: keep your word, draw a line, put an end to it, a swan song;
2) stylistically colored, among which stand out:
A) colloquial(brew the porridge like the back of your hand, with all your might, two boots in a pair, fill your pocket);
b) vernacular(screw your brains, it's in the bag, stupid head);
V) book(finest hour, crown of thorns, apple of discord).
Colloquial and colloquial phraseological units are classified as reduced; book phraseological units - to the category of high, solemn.
In the section on the question, please tell me what high-style vocabulary means? given by the author push through the best answer is Well, was it difficult to get into Google? I quote:
The basis of the vocabulary of the language is stylistically neutral (interstyle) vocabulary (bed, sleep, big, fun, if, because). These are words that are not assigned to any particular style and can be used in any situation. Neutral vocabulary is the starting point relative to which the attribution of some words to the “high” style is determined (cf.: bed - bed, sleep - rest, large - titanic), and some - to the "low" (cf.: sleep - sleep , if - if only) .
“High style” includes words that are used primarily in written speech and in special situations that require the creation of an unusual, solemn atmosphere. High vocabulary includes bookish, high and official vocabulary. High vocabulary is characterized by solemnity, poetry, it is used mainly in oratorical and poetic speech (titanic, chosen one, creator, death). Book words are words that are not assigned to any type of written speech (unprecedented, view, declare, extremely). Official vocabulary includes words used in clerical and administrative documents (certify, complicity, as a result). Words of “high style” belong to the literary language and are placed in explanatory dictionaries with the marks “high”, “bookish” or “official”.
Lecture Questions
The concept of style in language. Functional and stylistic coloring of words.
Emotionally expressive coloring of words.
Means of artistic representation (Paths and figures).
1. The concept of style in language. Stylistic coloring of words.
Word style ambiguous. In the broadest sense, style is understood as a set of characteristic features, features inherent in something, distinguishing something 1 . This “something” can be an activity (work style, leadership style, etc.), and a method of execution (swimming style, skiing style, etc.), and a manner of behaving, dressing (he entered in her own style, she dresses in a “retro” style, etc.). In a narrower sense, style means a direction in art distinguished by special features and properties of artistic expression(styles in painting, architecture, music, etc.). There is also a very special meaning of the word style - a method of chronology (old style, new style).
However, most of all and most closely, the concept of style is connected with literature. The word itself style(Greek stylos, lat. stylus) in ancient times meant a stick pointed at one end and rounded at the other, a rod made of wood, bone or metal. The sharp end was used to write on wax tablets, and the rounded end was leveled to write again. “Turn your style around more often!” - this advice meant: correct what you wrote more often, strive for correctness, clarity, brevity, and expressiveness of presentation. It is quite natural that over time they began to say he has a bad style, he has a good style, he has a verbose style, he has a strict style, etc., meaning no longer the instrument of writing, but the qualities of what was written, the features of verbal expression. Subsequently, the writing stick completely went out of use, and in a word style in literature they began to mean manner of using language, variety of language use. This understanding of style is quite correct, but it is of a very general nature and therefore needs at least two clarifications.
Firstly, it should be noted that style – historical category. Throughout the history of the Russian language, the conditions for the formation of styles, their number and relationships have changed. For example, high, middle and low styles in the literature of classicism were determined by the genre of the work and differed from each other mainly in the ratio of the use of “Slavic” and “simple Russian” elements, and modern functional styles are determined by use (functioning) in various spheres of human activity (legal relations, science, etc.) and differ from each other by specific sets of correlative means and methods of linguistic expression. Secondly, it should be borne in mind that the concept of style is applicable to very different cases of language use. Apart from those named by G.O. Vinokur, we can talk, for example, about the styles of a particular literary movement, about the style of a separate work, about the individual style of the writer, etc.
An extensive literature is devoted to styles; many definitions of style as a phenomenon of literature have been proposed. Taking into account the above, we can accept the following: style is a historically established variety of language use, differing from other similar varieties in the features of the composition and organization of linguistic units. This and similar definitions, widespread in the specialized literature, make it possible to apply the concept of “style” to any type of language use. Meanwhile, a tradition has developed in modern philology according to which the concept of style is applied primarily (and sometimes exclusively) to varieties of literary language, although this limitation is usually absent in definitions of style. Consequently, we must take into account that although every style is a type of language use, not every type of language use is usually called a style. The concept of “varieties of language use” is applicable to more general and more specific phenomena; one variety may include other varieties of language use.
Linguistic units, in addition to their basic lexical and grammatical meaning, may also have additional meanings that relate linguistic units to certain conditions or areas of communication. For example, the word hustler not only means “business person”, but also contains an emotional negative assessment, and in terms of its scope of use it is classified as colloquial. Word overthrow does not simply mean “overthrow”, but contains an emotional connotation of sublimity, solemnity and is used in book vocabulary. Phrase construction When I pass my exams, I will go to my parents- “neutral”, and “I’ll pass the exams - I’ll go to my parents” - colloquial. These and similar characteristics of linguistic units act as stylistic coloring. 2 Stylistically colored called those words, word forms, sentences whose ability to evoke a special impression out of context is due to the fact that they contain not only subject (information about the signified object) and/or grammatical information, but also some additional information, for example, connotations of familiarity, disapproval, approval, etc. 3
There are two types of stylistic coloring: functional-stylistic and emotionally-expressive.
Functional-style fixedness of words 4
Functionally and stylistically colored words include those that are used in one or another area of communication. We feel the connection between words and terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture); highlight journalistic vocabulary (worldwide, law and order, congress, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign); We recognize words in official business style by the clerical coloring (victim, accommodation, prohibited, prescribe).
From a functional point of view, all means of the national language are divided into 3 groups: neutral (common), bookish, colloquial.
Book words associated primarily with the sphere of intellectual communication ( dissent, nihilist), a significant part of them are borrowed words ( sarcasm, phenomenon) and words of Church Slavonic origin ( exalt, reward).Book words are inappropriate in casual conversation: "On green spaces the first leaves appeared"; "We were walking in the forest array and sunbathed by the pond." Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, A trees, bushes; Not Forest, A forest; Not water, A lake).High vocabulary necessary when talking about something important and significant. This vocabulary finds application in speeches of speakers, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you to turn to a friend with a tirade on such a trivial matter: “ ABOUT my unforgettable comrade and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!»
Conversational, and even more so colloquial words, that is, those that are outside the literary norm, cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we have official relations, or in an official setting.
The use of stylistically colored words must be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.
If words with one stylistic connotation or another are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.
Even in ancient manuals on eloquence, for example in Aristotle's Rhetoric, much attention was paid to style. According to Aristotle, it “must be appropriate to the subject of speech”; O important things you should speak seriously, choosing expressions that will give your speech an elevated sound. Trifles are not spoken about solemnly; in this case, humorous, contemptuous words are used, that is, reduced vocabulary. M.V. Lomonosov also pointed out the opposition of “high” and “low” words in the theory of “three calms”. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are degraded, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, abusive.
Of course, when talking, we cannot look into the dictionary every time, clarifying the stylistic markings for this or that word, but we feel which word needs to be used in a certain situation. The choice of stylistically colored vocabulary depends on our attitude to what we are talking about. Let's give a simple example.
The two were arguing:
– “I can’t take seriously what this blond youth says,” said one.
– And in vain,” the other objected, “the arguments of this blond young man are very convincing.”
These contradictory remarks express different attitudes towards the young blond: one of the debaters chose offensive words for him, emphasizing his disdain; the other, on the contrary, tried to find words that expressed sympathy. The synonymous riches of the Russian language provide ample opportunities for stylistic choice evaluative vocabulary. Some words contain a positive assessment, others – a negative one.
However, the differentiating features of scientific, journalistic, official business vocabulary are not always perceived with sufficient certainty , and therefore, when stylistically characterized, a significant number of words are assessed as bookish, in contrast to their commonly used and colloquial synonyms. Due to semantic and stylistic differences most clearly opposedbookish and conversational(colloquial) words; compare: to invade - to get in, to get rid of - to get rid of, to get rid of, to sob - to roar; face - muzzle, mug.
The functional-style stratification of vocabulary is only partially recorded in explanatory dictionaries stylistic marks to the words. The most consistently distinguished are book words, special words, colloquial words, colloquial words, and roughly colloquial words. The corresponding marks are used in the Large and Small academic dictionaries of the Russian language. In the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov, the functional consolidation of words is indicated by stylistic marks: “abusive”, “high”, “ironic”, “bookish”, “disapproving”, “official”, “colloquial”, “colloquial”, “special”, etc. But there is no mark , which would highlight journalistic vocabulary.
IN " Explanatory dictionary Russian language" edited by D.N. Ushakov's stylistic marks are more diverse; they represent the functional stratification of vocabulary in a more differentiated way. The following labels are given here: “newspaper”, “clerical”, “folk-poetic”, “special”, “official”, “poetic”, “colloquial”, “journalistic”, etc. However, in some cases these labels are outdated. Thus, contractual, recalculation, re-register in D.N. Ushakov’s dictionary are given with the mark “official”, and in Ozhegov’s dictionary - without the mark; chauvinism – respectively: “political” and – without label. This reflects real processes of change in the functional and stylistic affiliation of words.
Unlike functionally fixed, commonvocabulary or interstyle, used in any style of speech without any restrictions. For example, the word house can be used in any context: in an official business document (House No. 7 is subject to demolition); in an article by a journalist fluent in journalistic style (This house was built according to the design of a talented Russian architect and is one of the most valuable monuments of national architecture); in a comic song for kids (Tili-bom, tili-bom, the cat’s house caught fire (Marsh). In all cases, such words will not stand out stylistically from the rest of the vocabulary.
Common vocabulary lies at the heart of the vocabulary of the Russian language. It is interstyle, neutral words that, as a rule, are the main (core) ones in synonymous rows; they constitute the most important fund of producing bases, around which various derivational connections of related words are formed.
Commonly used vocabulary is also the most frequent: we constantly refer to it both in oral and written speech, in any style, where it performs a primary function - nominative, naming vital concepts and phenomena.
The Russian language is rich in lexical synonyms, which contrast in their stylistic coloring. For example.
Modern Russian literary language does not look like a monotonous flat plain. Its “landscape” is more complex: there are mountains, hills, and descents into valleys and river floodplains. Speaking not metaphorically, but directly, the modern Russian literary language is stylistically dismembered. Some words have a high, solemn connotation, others - colloquial. Finally, many words are stylistically transparent, they have no coloring: I, you, he, be, go, think, read, work, mother, father, house, life, man, flowers, tree, face, ash, joy, thought , courage, big, blue, good, etc.
Not only words, but also syntactic constructions are stylistically differentiated. Examples: I forgot that I need to send a letter (neutral). - And I forgot that I need to send a letter (colloquial); This is inevitable, because this is the dictate of history (high). - This cannot be avoided, because history demands it (neutral). In the latter case, conjunctions for - because - syntactic device, helping to create stylistic contrast. The vast majority grammatical structures belongs to a neutral style.
“...Lomonosov’s “theory of three calms,” wrote A. A. Reformatsky, “contains a very important theoretical grain: speech styles are relative, and any style is primarily correlated with neutral, zero; other styles diverge from this neutral in opposite sides: some with a “coefficient” plus as “high”, others with a “coefficient” minus as
“low” (cf. neutral eat, high eat and low eat, etc.).
Every distinction in language has a meaning, it means something. What is the meaning of stylistic distinctions? This meaning is complex. Firstly, with the help of stylistic distinctions the speaker’s attitude towards his speech is conveyed. Perhaps this speech has universal significance (it is addressed to the people), epochal (to history) and even “universal” significance. But speech can also be unpretentious; the speaker intends it for a few people, and only for them is it interesting, only now and here.
The author of the article distributes its reprints to several of his fellow workers and says: I came to you to present my work... Both the speaker himself and his listeners realized that the speech did not correspond to the circumstances; in these conditions, more modest, more unpretentious words: you shouldn’t talk about a simple matter so solemnly and loftily. A neutral style would be appropriate: I want to give you my article... Or even a slightly reduced, conversational style: Here I wrote, whether it’s good or bad, I don’t know, read it and tell me.
Consequently, stylistic distinctions express the speaker’s attitude towards speech: he evaluates it as having great, even universal significance, or as speech of more “limited use”, for a relatively limited circle of people, not claiming to be epoch-making.
But something else follows from this distinction. The national speech is heard on days of celebrations, holidays, and on days of general rejoicing. That's why linguistic units, belonging to a high style, have, secondly, a connotation of festivity and solemnity. They reflect the very situation in which they are used. In the above example (to give...) the awkwardness lies in the fact that the speaker is sure in advance that he brought a holiday for everyone by giving the book. However, this is already the second, derivative meaning of high style. The main thing is the first. This is proven by the fact that there are words
high style (and there are even a lot of them), which are devoid of the spirit of festivity and solemnity. For example, high union because in itself it does not bring any festivity.
High style appropriate in days of sorrow; at the same time, it retains its solemnity, but, of course, not festivity.
Conversational speech is everyday speech. This doesn’t make her bad: everyday life has its own charm. In the example above (to hand...), just conversational style turned out to be good and quite appropriate, but the high style turned out to be bad and pretentious. Consequently, the colloquial style has (as a second, derivative) the meaning of everyday, non-festive speech.
Finally, thirdly, the object of naming itself can be colored differently in different styles. In the series of words: eyes (high) - eyes (neutral) - gazers (colloquial or simple) - the objects themselves seem different. The word eyes evokes different ideas about the named object than the word peepers. Eyes more beautiful than peepers. On the other hand, the eyes are not just an “organ of vision”, but a “mirror of the soul”; the mouth is not an “organ of eating”, but a “source of wise speeches.” And the example given (to give...) can be understood as follows: the remark turned out to be unsuccessful because in it the action received more highly appreciated than it deserved.
However, this feature is secondary, i.e. it does not cover all stylistically colored words. Yes, indeed, most lofty words denote objects that are assessed positively (Fatherland, very boldly), but there are also such high words, the object of which is either not evaluated at all, or is evaluated negatively (tyrant, despicable, fiend of evil).
Therefore the main meaning stylistic differences we must see that speech itself can be assessed as important, essential for everyone (or many) or, conversely, as having only limited significance: here, now, for those present. These metonymic differences are also transferred to the object of speech, to what is called; The objects themselves, denoted by means of high and colloquial style, may be presented differently. And, as already said, in high style
the solemnity characteristic of a setting in which high-style speech is appropriate can be captured; not solemnity, everyday life (not in a derogatory sense) is captured in a conversational style. These are the meanings conveyed through stylistic distinctions.
Neutral language units characterized by the fact that they are appropriate in any speech. They do not have those colors, those stylistic meanings that are characteristic of high and colloquial styles. No text (written, oral) can be created using colored units alone. In any text, most words and syntactic structures are of a neutral style. Colored units are introduced into the environment of neutral units, and then we perceive the entire text as high or colloquial in style. A glass of tea is water slightly colored with tea, but it is not a “glass of water,” but rather a “glass of tea.” So is the tall (or colloquial) text: most of its units are uncolored, neutral; a few high (or in another case - colloquial) words give color. Let us remember: with the help of stylistic gradation, high - neutral - conversational style, the speech itself is assessed; this is the basis of stylistic distinctions.
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