Orthoepic norms of Russian. Age norms for pronunciation of sounds. The sequence of their appearance

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language- this is a whole set of rules that regulate pronunciation. It is thanks to orthoepic norms that a language acquires beauty, sonority and melody. Orthoepy (Greek orthos - correct, epos - speech) is not only a section of language that regulates and classifies everything spelling standards, these are also the very norms of the language that have developed over many centuries.

The Russian language that we first heard in childhood became so relatively recently, since modern language norms formed by mid-17th century century, and they were based on the norms of the Moscow urban spoken language. Since that time, despite the constant development of the Russian language, orthoepic norms have undergone relatively minor changes.

Orthoepy is a section that is required to study, as to know spelling standards is needed not only by future poets and writers - it is necessary in Everyday life. Man admitting spelling errors, can cause misunderstanding of others, or, worse, indignation and irritation. On the other hand, correct pronunciation indicates the level of education of the speaker. So, let's look at the basic rules of ideal literary pronunciation.

Pronunciation of vowel sounds.

Only those vowels that are located are pronounced clearly and distinctly in the Russian language. under stress. The pronunciation of other sounds in a word is regulated law of reduction (lat.reduce - to reduce). This law explains the less clear and distinct pronunciation of unstressed vowels in a word. Let us consider the manifestation of the law of reduction.

Sounds [O] And [A] pronounced like [A] in case they are at the beginning of the word, but in an unstressed position: d[a]horns, [a]laziness, [a]gon. In other cases, when the letter "O" is in an unstressed position and follows a hard consonant, it is read as a short, unclear reduced sound, something between [s] And [A](depending on position): head, side, side, fiber. It's the sound [ъ] in transcription this reduced sound is conventionally designated. If there is a soft consonant at the beginning of a word , then the letters following it "A" , "e" and "i" reads like something between [e] And [And](the lips stretch as if to pronounce [And], but pronounced [e]): p[i e ]ro - feather, s[i e ]ro - grey, [i e ]zyk - tongue.

After a solid consonant, preposition, or in a continuous phrase, the letter "And" pronounced with a sound [s]: laughter[s]tears - laughter and tears, pedagogical institute - pedagogical institute, to [s]van - to Ivan. In the case of the phrase “laughter and tears” "And" can also be pronounced like [And], if the phrase is not pronounced together, but an intonation pause is made at the place of the conjunction.

Orthoepic norms for the pronunciation of consonants.

When pronouncing consonants, other laws apply as orthoepic norms: likening And stun. So, if a voiced consonant is at the end of a word or before a voiceless one , then he is stunned: friend[k] - friend, hand[f] - sleeve, smo[x] - smog. As you can already understand, as a result of stunning [G] pronounced like [To], [b] How [P], [V] How [f], [z] How [With]. In combinations “gk” and “gch” [g] is read as [X]: le[hk]o, le[hh]e. If the situation is radically opposite, that is, there is a voiceless consonant in front of a voiced consonant, then it, on the contrary, becomes similar to the corresponding voiced vowel: about[z"]ba, [give.

Separately, it is necessary to say about the combination "chn". This combination in Old Moscow pronunciation always sounded like [shn]. Today, in most cases it is pronounced the same as [chn], but there are a few exceptions:

1. In female patronymics: Lukini[sh]a, Kuzmini[sh]a.
2. In single words: starling[shn]ik, sku[shn]o, eggs[shn]itsa and etc.

Consonant pronunciation [h] in the words “what” and “something” is usually considered a sign of some dialect, because normally "h" is stunned and replaced by [w]. Also changing "G" on [V] in the words “whom”, “what”, “some”, etc. To the sound [ cc] the ending of the verbs “-tsya” and “-tsya” changes: dare[ts]a, return[tss]a.

Words of foreign origin.

Orthoepic norms of literary language if the word is of foreign origin, for the most part they remain the same as in the case of native Russian words. But there are still some features of the pronunciation of borrowed words:

• No sound reduction [O]: model, [o]asis.
• Despite the softening of most consonants before "e", in some words the softening does not occur: ant[e]nna, genetic[e]tika.
• In some words of foreign origin, both options are allowed - both softening the consonant and no softening: therapist, terror, claim, etc..

Accent in Russian is not static and can change due to changes in the form of the word, case and much more. In order to find out the correct pronunciation of a particular word, as well as find out which syllable will be correctly emphasized, you can look at Russian spelling dictionary. Such dictionaries can become real helpers for those who want to learn to speak correctly and beautifully.

Competent oral speech is the key successful communication. The ability to correctly express your thoughts will help not only when applying for a job or in business negotiations, but also in everyday life. But in order to perfectly master oral speech, you need to know and follow the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. This is what our article will be devoted to.

What is orthoepy?

The word "orthoepy" consists of two Greek roots - "orthos" and "epos", which are translated as "correct" and "speech". That is, the science of correct speech- that's what orthoepy is.

Graphic abbreviations

Graphic abbreviations include initials next to the surname, designations of volume or distance, for example, liters (l), meters (m), also pages (s) and other similar abbreviations that serve to save space in printed text. When reading, all these truncated words must be deciphered, that is, the word must be pronounced in full.

The use of graphic abbreviations in a conversation can be assessed as a speech error or irony, which may only be appropriate in certain circumstances.

First names and patronymics

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the pronunciation of names and patronymics. Note that the use of patronymics is typical only for our language. In Europe, such a concept does not exist at all.

Using a person's full name and patronymic is necessary when different circumstances both orally and in writing. Such appeals are especially often used in a work environment and official documents. Such an address to a person can also serve as a marker of the degree of respect, especially when talking with elders and elderly people.

Most Russian-language names and patronymics have several pronunciation options, which can vary, among other things, depending on the degree of closeness with the person. For example, when meeting for the first time, it is advisable to pronounce the interlocutor’s name and patronymic clearly, as close to written form as possible.

However, in other cases, the orthoepic norms of the Russian language (pronunciation norms) provide for the historically established oral speech method of use.

• Patronymic names ending in “-evna”, “-evich”. In female versions, it is necessary to comply with the written form, for example, Anatolyevna. For men, a short version is also acceptable: Anatolyevich / Anatolyich.
• On “-aevich” / “-aevna”, “-eevich” / “-eevna”. For both men and women female options a short version is allowed: Alekseevna / Aleksevna, Sergeevich / Sergeich.
• On “-ovich” and “-ovna”. In the male version, contraction of the form is acceptable: Alexandrovich / Alexandrych. For women, full pronunciation is required.
• In female patronymics, formed from names ending in “n”, “m”, “v”, [ov] is not pronounced. For example, instead of Efimovna - Efimna, Stanislavovna - Stanislavna.

How to pronounce loanwords

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the rules of pronunciation of foreign words. This is due to the fact that in a number of cases the laws of the use of Russian words are violated in borrowed ones. For example, the letter “o” in unstressed syllables is pronounced the same as if it were in strong position: oasis, model.

Also, in some foreign words, the consonants preceding the softening vowel “e” remain hard. For example: code, antenna. There are also words with variable pronunciation, where you can pronounce “e” both hard and soft: therapy, terror, dean.

In addition, for borrowed words the stress is fixed, that is, it remains unchanged in all word forms. Therefore, if you encounter difficulties with pronunciation, it is better to turn to a spelling dictionary.

Accentological norm

Now we will take a closer look at the orthoepic and accentological norms of the Russian language. First, let's figure out what an accentological norm is. This is the name for the rules for placing stress in a word.

In Russian, stress is not fixed, as in most European languages, which not only enriches speech and increases opportunities language game, but also provides enormous opportunities for violating the accepted norm.

Let's consider the functions that a non-fixed accent performs. So here it is:

• provides an opportunity for stylistic coloring words (silver - silver) and the appearance of professionalisms (kompas - kompas);
• provides for a change in the etymology (meaning) of the word (melI - meli, Atlas - atlas);
• allows you to change morphological features words (pines - pines).

Also, placing stress can change the style of your speech. So, for example, the word “maiden” will refer to the literary, and “maiden” will refer to the neutral one.

There is also a class of words in which the variability of stress does not carry any semantic load. For example, Butt - butt, barge - barge. The emergence of these exceptions is due to the lack of a unified norm and equal existence of the dialect and literary language.

Also, the placement of stress in some words may simply be an outdated form. For example, music is music, an employee is an employee. In essence, you are only changing the stress, but in fact you are starting to speak with an outdated syllable.

Most often, the placement of stress in a word has to be remembered, since existing rules do not regulate all cases. In addition, sometimes a violation of a literary norm can become an individual author's technique. This is often used by poets to make a poetic line sound smoother.

However, one should not assume that accentology is included in the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. The emphasis and its correct placement are too broad and complex topic, therefore it is usually placed in a special section and studied separately. Those who want to familiarize themselves with the topic in more detail and eliminate violations of the norm of stress placement from their speech are recommended to acquire an orthoepic dictionary.

Conclusion

It would seem that what could be difficult about speaking native language? In fact, most of us have no idea how many norms of the Russian language are violated every day.

Orthoepy- the science of the norms of pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations, as well as the patterns of stress placement, one of the most important sections of the “culture of speech”. Some scientists define orthoepy only as the science of pronunciation, separating the norms of stress placement into a separate science, accentology.

Orthoepic norms are the norms for the pronunciation of words, morphemes, sentences, as well as the stress in them.

For the literary Russian language (i.e., how it is customary to speak in a given historical era) characteristic

• akanye, i.e. pronunciation of a sound close to /a/ instead of /o/ in unstressed syllables (k/a/ rowa)
• hiccups, i.e. pronouncing a sound close to /i/ instead of /e/ in unstressed syllables (pronouncing the word forest as l /i/ sa)
• reduction vowel sounds in an unstressed position (i.e., a change in the quality of vowel sounds in an unstressed position - for example, in the word “mama” unstressed /a/ is not the same as /a/ stressed)
• deafening/voicing consonant sounds (for example, a voiced consonant at the end of a word - oak - du/p/).

The Russian language is characterized by three pronunciation styles (depending on the communicative situation):

• high (nocturne, poet, for example, when reading poetry)
• neutral (nActurn, paet)
• low/colloquial (thousand, right now)

Pronunciation standards just like other norms, change

1. Senior norm: Kone/sh/no
2. Junior norm: Certainly

Norms for pronunciation of vowel sounds

(we describe the most common norms)

• hiccups
• pronunciation of unstressed vowels after zh, sh, ts: sounds /e/, /i/ are pronounced as /y/ - w/y/lka (silk), w/y/l tok (yolk), sound /a/ is pronounced as / e/ - sh/e/gat
• saving O unstressed in foreign words(boa, bolero, radio). It must be said that this norm is going away (we are already talking about a railway station, a restaurant). Ъ here denotes a very short sound that cannot be reduced to either /a/ or /o/.
• pronouncing the sound e in different positions like e, i, s, ъ (tEndEr, Itazh, but/s/rbrod, mod/b/rnization)

Norms for pronunciation of consonant sounds

• pronunciation of the /v/ sound at the endings of adjectives (blue/v/o)
• pronunciation of a hard consonant before /e/ - stand, puree, requiem (the older norm required that consonants be pronounced softly).(Double pronunciation in words is allowed - terrorist, credo, dean. BUT only a soft consonant sound is pronounced in the words beige, brunette, museum, pioneer, rail, term, plywood, overcoat, cream, hair dryer)

• the older norm required that f, sh be pronounced softly in words yeast, reins, buzz, squeal, later, before/zh/i. Now it is permissible to pronounce hard w, sh in the same way as in other words of the Russian language
• pronunciation of the combination of ChN as /shn/ and as /chn/. Tendency to pronounce /chn/. (Check yourself. Do you maintain the pronunciation /shn/, as recommended by dictionaries of recent years in the words: mustard, poor student, of course, eyeglass student, laundry, trifling, birdhouse, boring, scrambled eggs, shopkeeper, candlestick, decent, dog lover, switchman, watchman In the words cordial, hat, milk, double pronunciation is possible depending on the meaning).

• the sound G can be pronounced as /k/ - ko/k/ti or as /x/ - le/x/kiy. In the word God it is pronounced /x/ - Bo /x/

Stress norms

Quite often a derivative word, i.e. a word formed from another word retains the stress of the word from which it is formed: provide - provision, shine - luminescence.

1. Equal rights, i.e. can be pronounced in different ways: barge - barge, Otherwise - otherwise, sharpness - sharpness, born - born
2. Fluctuating, i.e. the old norm is leaving, but the new one has not yet settled: stirring-moving, deep-deep, snow-covered-snow-covered
3. Commonly used – professional, i.e. as they usually say and as they say in professional jargon: production - production (among miners), chassis - chassis (among pilots), convict - convict (among lawyers)
4. Literary - colloquial, i.e. as they say educated people, and so, as uneducated city residents say: catalog - catalog, quarter - quarter, more beautiful - more beautiful.

Attention! Stress on verbs. Just borrow, accept, start!!!

What do you think about pronunciation and stress standards?

We must understand that we speak the way our environment speaks or spoke, that’s how we are used to it. Anything else is perceived as strange.

To change or not to change the pronunciation if we suddenly find out that we are speaking incorrectly. Everyone decides this for themselves, although sometimes correct pronunciation required by profession (announcer, teacher, journalist, actor, etc.)

By the way, there is a story about a Soviet academician. History illustrates a differentiated approach to norms. It happened a very long time ago.

This academician was asked how he says portfolio or briefcase. He replied: “It depends where I am. In my native village I will tell Orfel, otherwise they will think that I am arrogant. At the meeting of the Academy of Sciences I will say the briefcase, otherwise Academician Vinogradov will wince.”

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Orthoepic norms are based on phonetic laws currently in force in the Russian language. Norms determine the pronunciation of vowels and consonants, as well as individual grammatical forms.

In the area of ​​vowel sounds, the Russian literary language is characterized by akanye , that is, pronunciation in place of the unstressed [ O ] sound [ A ]. Thus, in the first pre-stressed syllable and at the absolute beginning of the word the sounds [ A ] And [ O ] coincide in a sound close to [ A ], which in transcription is denoted as [ ^ ]: st[^]ly.

In the modern Russian literary language, i?kanye dominates, that is, the coincidence in the first pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants of all vowel phonemes, except < at > , in the sound [ And ], more precisely [ and uh ]: [p'i?ly] - [saw?], [r'ek]- [r'ika?], [nose]- [n'isu?], [p'a?ty] - [p'ita?k]. In the 19th century, the literary language was dominated by e?kanye (it is still found in literary pronunciation) - a coincidence in the same position in the sound [ e and ] vowel phonemes of non-upper rise: [ r'e and ka?], [n'e and su?], [p'e and tak?k], But [ saw?].

Akanye and hiccups are the norm of Russian literary pronunciation. Pronunciation norms for individual words. For individual words, the pronunciation rate is with [ ^ ] does not apply. In relation to such words, pronunciation not with [ ^ ], and with [ s ], which is a hyperphoneme< i/e >. This includes first of all the word and[s]fly (regret) and its derivatives: to coolant[s]laziness, as well as in words LOL[s]noah, w[s]ket, in forms plural “horse”: losh[s]dey, losh[A]dyam.

So the pronunciation and[^ ]fly,and[^ ]ket,Losh[^ ]dey, although widespread, cannot be considered a literary norm and in some cases even has a dialect flavor.

In the twentieth century, first in colloquial speech, and from about the middle of the century and in the neutral style of the spoken language in place of the stressed [ ы ъ ] in non-final and final closed syllables the pronunciation [ ъ ], which has now become dominant: o?p[ы ъ]You, you m[ы ъ]l, but more often o?p[ъ]You, you m[ъ]l. IN Lately in a neutral style became possible [ ъ ] and in pre-stressed syllables, except for the first pre-stressed one: V[ы ъ]walk And V[ъ]walk, b[ы ъ]product and used[ъ]product. But the option with [ ы ъ ].

In colloquial speech, in place of the reduced [ at ] 2nd degree pronunciation occurs [ ъ ] after a hard consonant: G[ъ]Berna?tor, With[ъ]mato?ha, To[ъ]squirm, for?m[ъ]jam, try?[ъ]th And [ and uh ] after soft: comm[and uh]Nick?, have?[and uh]ongoing. In a codified literary language, such pronunciation occurs only in the form of reservations.

Proclitics 1 and enclitics 2 may not obey the norms of vowel reduction. Unstressed [ O ], [uh ], unstressed [ A ] after soft consonants and sounds embodying < j > , unstressed covered [ A ] not in the first pre-stressed syllable; compare: he's a sexton [d'ja?k-on] - deacon [d'ja?kun]; those forests [t'e-l'i e sa?] - bodies [t'i e l'i e sa?]; I'm with her [ya-s'-n'e?y] - I'm with her [yi e s’n’e?y]. In some proclitics, the first pre-stressed syllable has [ ъ ]: promised, so fulfill it [tak-you?pln’i]; you and me [You? dj-ja?].

In some complex and complexly abbreviated words and words with some prefixes, as in clitics, it is possible to pronounce vowels without qualitative reduction: etc.['uh]non-Russian, With[O]editor,page[O]yotrya?d, m['uh]ZhINSTITUTE, m[A]office?, tr[A]nssibi?rian, tr['O]temple, V['A]loteku?schie, [yea]dreaming. Under certain phrasal conditions, these vowels may receive side stress.

Basic norms of pronunciation of the Russian language

Issues of correct literary pronunciation are studied by a special linguistic discipline - orthoepy (from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Orthoepic rules and recommendations have always been the focus of attention of Russian philologists, as well as representatives of those professions whose activities are directly related to public speaking before an audience: government and public figures, lecturers, announcers, commentators, journalists, artists, translators, teachers of Russian and foreign languages, preachers, lawyers. But in last years There has been a noticeable increase in interest in the problems of oral culture among various sectors of society. This is facilitated by socio-economic changes in our country, democratization of all aspects of life. The practice of broadcasting parliamentary debates and hearings, speeches in live: statesmen, leaders of parties and movements, political commentators, specialists in various fields of science and culture.

Mastery of the norms of literary pronunciation, the ability to expressively and correctly formulate spoken speech is gradually being recognized by many as an urgent social necessity.
Historically, the development and formation of the rules of Russian orthoepy developed in such a way that the basis of literary pronunciation was Moscow pronunciation, on which some variants of St. Petersburg pronunciation were subsequently “layered.”
Deviation from the norms and recommendations of Russian literary pronunciation is regarded as a sign of insufficient speech and general culture, which reduces the authority of the speaker and scatters the attention of the listeners. Regional peculiarities of pronunciation, incorrectly placed emphasis, “reduced” conversational intonation, and ill-considered pausing distract from the correct, adequate perception of a public speech.
Erroneous pronunciation through radio and television is “replicated” to a huge audience, wittingly or involuntarily assimilated and reinforced, thereby eroding the idea of ​​correctness and purity of speech, which is necessary for every cultured person. In addition, there are certain negative socio-psychological consequences of profanity, which tends to spread (especially in conditions of round-the-clock broadcasting). Since the majority of the listener first of all pays attention to the content side of the information, the sound side of speech is not controlled by him, but is recorded on a subconscious level. In these cases, everything that contradicts the established tradition of designing Russian sounding speech: a violation of the intonation pattern of the phrase and the text as a whole, unjustified logical stress, pauses that do not correspond to the natural “flow” of speech, causes an intuitive feeling of protest in the listener, creating a feeling of anxiety and psychological discomfort.

Working on your own pronunciation and improving your pronunciation culture requires a person to have certain knowledge in the field of orthoepy. Since pronunciation is largely an automated aspect of speech, a person “hears” himself worse than others, controls his pronunciation insufficiently or does not control it at all, is uncritical in assessing his own pronunciation, and is sensitive to comments in this area. The rules and recommendations for spelling, reflected in manuals, dictionaries and reference books, seem to him to be overly categorical, different from the usual speech practice, and common spelling errors, on the contrary, are very harmless.

Therefore, in order to successfully master the orthoepic norm or deepen knowledge of Russian literary pronunciation, it is necessary, from the point of view of methodological recommendations:
- learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;
- learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;
- listen and study exemplary literary pronunciation, which is mastered by radio and television announcers, masters of literary expression;
- consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;
- correct them through constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The study of the rules and recommendations of literary pronunciation should begin with the distinction and awareness of two main styles of pronunciation: full, recommended for public speaking, and incomplete (colloquial), which is common in everyday communication. A complete style is characterized primarily by compliance with basic requirements spelling norm, clarity and distinctness of pronunciation, correct placement of verbal and logical stress, moderate pace, correct pausing, neutral intonation pattern of the phrase and speech in general. With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is excessive reduction of vowels, loss of consonants, unclear pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, excessive emphasis on words (including function words), inconsistent speech tempo, and unwanted pauses. If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

Pronunciation of vowel sounds The main feature of Russian literary pronunciation in the area of ​​vowels is their different sound in stressed and unstressed syllables with the same spelling. In unstressed syllables, vowels are reduced. There are two types of reduction - quantitative (when the length and strength of the sound decreases) and qualitative (when the sound itself changes in an unstressed position). Vowels in the 1st pre-stressed syllable undergo less reduction, and more in all other syllables. The vowels [a], [o], [e] are subject to both quantitative and qualitative reduction in unstressed syllables; The vowels [i], [ы], [у] do not change their quality in unstressed syllables, but partially lose their duration.1. Vowels in the 1st pre-stressed syllable: a) after hard consonants in place of o and a, a weakened sound [a] is pronounced: in [a] yes, n[a] ga, M[a]skva, s[a]dy, z[a]bor; after the hard hissing zh and sh, in place of a and o, a weakened sound [a] is also pronounced: zh[a]ra, zh[a]ngler, sh[a]gi, sh[a]fer.

Note 1 . After hard hissing w, w and after c before soft consonants, a sound like [s] with an overtone [e] is pronounced, conventionally designated [ee]: zh[ye]let, to coz[ye]leniyu, zh[ye]ket, in in the plural forms of the word horse: losh[ye]day, losh[ye]dyam, etc.. in the forms of indirect cases of numerals in -twenty: twenty[ye]ti, thirty[ye]ti, etc.; V in rare cases The sound [ые] is pronounced in place а in the position before hard consonants: rzh[ye]noy. w[ye]smin.

Note 2 . Unstressed [o] is pronounced in conjunctions but and what, and is also allowed in some foreign words, for example: b[o]á, b[o]mond. rococo. F[o]res.

Note 3 . Preservation of o in unstressed syllables is a feature of regional pronunciation, therefore the pronunciation is M[o]skva, p[o]kupka, p[o]edem, v[o]zit. the station is not up to standard;

b) after the hard hissing w, sh and c, in place of e, a reduced sound like [s] with an overtone [e] is pronounced, conventionally designated [ые]: zh[ye]na, sh[ye]ptat, ts[ye]luy;

c) after soft consonants in place of the letters i and e, as well as after soft hissing ch and shch in place of a, a weakened sound [i] with an overtone [e] is pronounced, conventionally designated [ie]: m[ie]snoy, R[ie ]zan, m[ie]sti, ch[ie]sy, sh[ie]dit, as well as in the plural forms of the word area: area[ie]day, area[ie]dyam, etc.;

d) in place of i and e at the beginning of the word, the sound [i] is pronounced with the overtone [e], denoted [ie] in combination with the preceding [th]: [yie]zda, [yie]antar, [yie]ytso.

Note.Preservation of [a] in an unstressed syllable after soft consonants is a feature of regional pronunciation, therefore the pronunciation of [v’a]zat, bina, ch[a]sý, [ya]ytsó, [ya]vitsya does not correspond to the norm.

2. Vowels in other unstressed syllables :

a) at the absolute beginning of a word, in place of the letters a and o, a weakened sound [a] is always pronounced: [a] watermelon: [a] knó, [a] car, [a] deflection;

b) after hard consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the 1st pre-stressed syllable, in place of a and o a reduced sound is pronounced, average in sound between [a] and [ы], short in duration, conventionally designated [ъ]: g[ъ] lova, k[b]randash, apple[b]k[b];

c) after soft consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the 1st pre-stressed syllable, in place of a/ya and e, a reduced one is pronounced, average in sound between [i] and [e], short in duration, designated conventionally [b]: [p' b]tachok, [l'j]sorub, you[n'j]su, h[b]lovek.

3. The vowel and at the beginning of the root after a prefix or preposition ending in hard consonants is pronounced as [s]: from the institute - i[zy]institute, with Igor - [sy]gor; maintaining [and] in this position and softening the consonant before it is a regional feature of pronunciation and does not correspond to the norm.

4. Stressed vowel sounds in place of e and e. Difficulties arise in the pronunciation of a number of words due to the indistinguishability of the letters e and e in printed text, because to designate them only the letter e is used (except educational literature for younger schoolchildren and foreign students). This situation leads to a distortion of not only the graphic, but also the phonetic appearance of the word, and causes frequent pronunciation errors. Therefore, it is recommended to remember two sets of words:

a) with the letter e, in the place of which it sounds [e]: scam, spineless, bluff, being, black ice, firebrand, grenadier, stout, life, alien, procession(but godfather), fishing line, non-existence, perplexed, unappreciated, guardianship, sedentary (settled life), successor, assignee, surveillance, modern, yoke, barley, etc.;

b) with the letter е, in its place it sounds [o]: hopeless, veder, engraver, bile (permissible bile), bilious (permissible bile), mockery, traveling salesman, priest (but priest), maneuvers, mercenary, convicted, brought in , translated, brought, sturgeon, fable, laid down, brought, brought, obscene, scrupulous, belt, smart, tesha, fur (coarse-haired), lye, etc.

In some pairs of words different meaning is accompanied by different sounds of the stressed vowel [o] or [e]: expired (term) - expired (with blood), catechumen (shouting like a catechumen) - catechumen (decree), perfect (singing) - perfect (opening).

Pronunciation of some consonants

1. The consonant [g] in literary pronunciation is explosive, instant sounding, and when deafened, is pronounced as [k]: sn[k], bere[k]. Pronouncing the “Ukrainian” g in its place, conventionally designated [h], does not correspond to the norm: [h]ulyát, sapo[h]í. The exception is the word God, at the end of which there is an [x].

2. Instead of h in the words of course, boring, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, laundry, rag, rag-picker, in female patronymics ending in -ichna (Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, Ilyinichna, etc.), as well as in the words that so that nothing is pronounced [sh].

3. In the words, a man, a defector in place of the combination of zhch, in the form comparative degree adverbs tougher, harsher (and harsher) in place of stch, as well as in place of combinations зч and сч pronounced [ш]: loader, customer, carver, subscriber, sandstone, happy, happiness, account, electronic counting, counter, self-financing, count and etc.

4. When several consonants accumulate in some combinations, one of them is not pronounced:

a) in combination stn is not pronounced [t]: uchá[s'n']ik, vé[s']nik, ché[sn]y, mé[sn]y, known[sn]y, nena[sn]y , ardent;

b) in the combination zdn it is not pronounced [d]: pó[zn]o, prá[zn]ik, naé[zn]ik, but in the word abyss it is recommended to leave a weak sound [d];

c) in the combination stl, [t] is not pronounced: happy[s’l’]ivy, envious[s’l’]ivy, conscientious[s’l’]ivy; in the words bony and postlat [t] is preserved;

d) in combination stl, [t] is not pronounced; in this case, a double consonant [ss] is formed: maximal [ss]ky, turic [ss]ky, rasic[ss]ky.

5. In some words, with the accumulation of consonant sounds stk, zdk, ntk, ndk, the loss of [t] is not allowed: daughter-in-law, trip, agenda, typist, bulky, laboratory assistant, student, patient, Irish, tartan, but: scottla fabric [nc] A.

6. Hard consonants before soft consonants can be softened:

a) necessarily softens in front of soft s and s: pé[n’s’]iya, preté[n’z’]iya, recé[n’z’]iya, lycé[n’z’]iya;

b) in combinations tv, dv, t and d can be softened: Thursday, Tver, hard [t’v’] and [tv’]; door, two, move [d’v] and [dv’];

c) in combinations of sound and sv, z and s can be softened: beast, ring [z’v’] and [zv’]; light, candle, witness, saint [s’v] and [sv’], as well as in the word snake [z’m’] and [zm’];

d) n before soft t i d softens: ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n't']il, a[n' t']ichny, ko[n't']text, remo[n't']irovat, ba[n'd']it, I[n'd']iya, stip[n'd']iya, zo[n'd']irovat, i[n'd']ivid, ka[n'd']idat, blo[n'd']in.

Pronunciation of individual grammatical forms

Some grammatical forms of verbs, nouns, and adjectives are characterized by special rules for the pronunciation of sounds in suffixes and endings.

1. In verbs with the particle -sya indefinite form and in the third person singular and plural, at the junction of the ending and the particle, it is pronounced [ts]: meet, meet - meet [ts], mark, mark - mark [ts], check in - mark [ts], say goodbye - goodbye [ts].

In the shape of imperative mood in place of the combination - there are two sounds soft sound[t’s’y]: mark – mark [t’s’y], meet – wind [t’s’y].

2. In endings genitive case masculine and neuter forms of adjectives, numerals, pronouns -ogo/-ego in place g is pronounced [v]: big house (lake) – bolshʹ[v], blue flag (sea) – sine[v]. The same rule applies to the words today - se[in]day, total - ito[in]o.

Note . In surnames ending in -ago (Shembinago, Zhivago), the sound [g] is pronounced.

3. Graphic abbreviations found in the text, for example, initials with a surname, as well as abbreviations such as l (liter), m (meter), kg (kilogram), ha (hectare), p/y (" Mailbox"), etc. (etc.), with (page), etc. in reading are "deciphered", i.e. "expanded" into full words. Graphic abbreviations exist only in written speech for visual perception only, and their literal reading is perceived either as speech error, or as irony, appropriate only in special situations.

Features of pronunciation of names and patronymics

Peculiarities of pronunciation of Russian names and patronymics
The combination of first name and patronymic is used in different situations both in written and oral speech: in official decrees on awards, appointments, in orders, lists, for example, on personnel records, composition of production and study groups, in business and private correspondence, in addressing the interlocutor, in introducing and naming third parties.
In an official setting, business communication between people, especially in the work of a teacher, translator, editor, lawyer, businessman, government or commercial employee, there is a need to address people by name and patronymic. Many Russian names and patronymics have pronunciation options that it is advisable to take into account in a given communication situation. So, when meeting a person, when introducing a person for the first time, a distinct, clear pronunciation that is close to the written form is recommended.

In all other cases, incomplete, contracted forms of pronunciation of names and patronymics, which have historically developed in the practice of literary oral speech, are acceptable.
1. Patronymics formed from male names starting with -i (Vasily, Anatoly, Arkady, Grigory, Yuri, Evgeniy, Valery, Gennady) end in the combinations -evich, -evna with the separating element ь preceding them: Vasilievich, Vasilyevna; Grigorievich, Grigorievna. When pronouncing female patronymics, these combinations are clearly preserved: Vasilievna, Anatolyevna, Grigorievna, etc. In male patronymics, full and contracted variants are allowed: Vasí[l'jьv']ich and Vasi[l'ich], Anató[l'jьv']ich and Anató[l'ich], Grigó[р'jьв']ich and Grigo[r'ich], etc.
2. Patronymics formed from male names ending in -ey to -ay (Aleksey, Andrey, Korney, Matvey, Sergey, Nikolay) end in the combinations -eevich, -eevna, -aevich, -aevna: Alekseevich, Alekseevna, Nikolaevich, Nikolaevna. In their pronunciation literary norm allows both full and contracted versions: Alekseevich and Aleksé[i]ch, Alekseevna and Alek[s’évna; Sergeevich and Serge[i]ch, Sergeevna and Ser[g’e]vna; Korneevich and Korne[i]ch, Korneevna and Kor[n’e]vna; Nikolaevich and Nikola[i]ch, Nikolaevna and Nikola[in]a, etc.
3. Male middle names, ending in an unstressed combination, -ovich can be pronounced both in full and contracted form: Antonovich and Anton[y]ch, Aleksandrovich and Aleksandr[y]ch, Ivanovich and Ivan[y]ch, etc. In female patronymics ending in the unstressed combination -ovna, the full pronunciation is recommended: Aleksandrovna, Borisovna, Kirillovna, Viktorovna, Olegovna, etc.
4. If the patronymic begins with and (Ivanovich, Ignatievich, Isaevich), then when pronounced with a name ending in a hard consonant, and goes into [s]: Pavel Ivanovich - Pavel[y]vanovich, Alexander Isaevich - Alexander[y]saevich .
5. Usually, ov is not pronounced in female patronymics from names ending in n and m: Iva [n:]na, Anto [n:]a, Efi [mn]a, Maxi [mn]a.
6. The unstressed -ov is not pronounced in female patronymics from names ending in v: Vyachesla [vn]a, Stanisla [vn]a.

Pronunciation of borrowed words
Some of the borrowed vocabulary in the Russian language has some orthoepic features that are fixed in the literary norm.
1. In some words of foreign language origin, the sound [o] is pronounced in place of the unstressed o: adagio, boa, beaumond, bonton, cocoa, radio, trio. In addition, stylistic fluctuations in the text are possible high style; preserving the unstressed [o] in words of foreign origin is one of the means of attracting attention to them, a means of highlighting them. Pronunciation of the words nocturne, sonnet, poetic, poet, poetry, dossier, veto, credo, foyer, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Foreign-language names Maurice Thorez, Chopin, Voltaire, Rodin, Daudet, Baudelaire, Flaubert, Zola, Honore de Balzac, Sacramento and others also retain the unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation.
In some borrowed words in literary pronunciation, after vowels and at the beginning of the word, the unstressed [e] sounds quite clearly: duelist, muezzin, poetic, aegis, evolution, exaltation, exotic, equivalent, eclecticism, economy, screen, expansion, expert, experiment, exhibit, ecstasy, excess, element, elite, embargo, emigrant, emission, emir, energy, enthusiasm, encyclopedia, epigraph, episode, epilogue, era, effect, effective, etc.
In borrowed words starting with the prefix de-, before the vowels des-, as well as in the first part difficult words, starting with neo-, with a general tendency towards softening, fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard dkn are observed, for example: devaluation, deideologization, demilitarization, depoliticization, destabilization, deformation, disinformation, deodorant, disorganization, neoglobalism, neocolonialism, neorealism, neofascism.

Firm pronunciation of consonants before e is recommended in foreign languages proper names: Bella, Bizet, Voltaire: Descartes, Daudet, Jaurès, Carmen, Mary, Pasteur, Rodin, Flaubert, Chopin, Apollinaire, Fernandel [de], Carter, Ionesco, Minnelli, Vanessa Redgrave, Stallone, etc.

In borrowed words with two (or more) e, often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains hard before the e strap [rete], genesis [gene], relay [rele], genetics [gene], cafeteria [fete], pince-nez [ pe;ne], reputation [re;me], secreter [se;kre;te], ethnogenesis [gene], etc.

In relatively few words of foreign language origin, fluctuations in the pronunciation of the consonant before e are observed, for example: with the standard pronunciation of a hard consonant before e in the words businessman [ne; me], annexation [ne], pronunciation with a soft consonant is acceptable; in the words dean, claim, soft pronunciation is the norm, but hard [de] and [te] are also allowed; in the word session variants of hard and soft pronunciation equal rights. It is non-normative to soften the consonants before e in the professional speech of representatives of the technical intelligentsia in the words laser, computer, as well as in the colloquial pronunciation of the words business, sandwich, intensive, interval.

Stylistic fluctuations in the pronunciation of the hard and soft consonant before e are also observed in some foreign-language proper names: Bertha, “Decameron,” Reagan. Major, Kramer, Gregory Peck, et al.

3. Hard [sh] is pronounced in the words parachute, brochure. The word jury is pronounced with a soft hissing [zh’]. The names Julien and Jules are also pronounced.