The starting point of a business is always an idea, an initial impulse and a desire to engage in income-generating activities. The question is which direction to choose, what business will go better, it is better to decide before opening your own individual entrepreneur, LLC or other legal status of the company.
Entrepreneurial people are not inclined to develop strategies on paper; those who are familiar with drawing up a proper business plan can be counted on one hand. But in vain, because it is this financial and economic instrument that helps in advance, before the start active work, calculate possible errors.
Most people ignore the importance of developing an action plan, considering it unnecessary. However, we have to face situations when the owner of his own business is forced to prepare a business plan. An emergency “plan” is drawn up with ephemeral numbers that are far from reality, but attractive to investors or, for example, to the credit department of a bank.
An entrepreneur who decides to present his miracle project in this way is waiting in best case scenario a simple refusal, or at worst a damaged reputation. Don't underestimate the potential of a real, well-thought-out business plan. In fact, it is needed not for investors, but for the entrepreneur himself, so as not to burn out in the very first months from the start of the business.
2. The procedure for developing a business plan for a small enterprise
If you put together all the goals for which this tool is created, then the basis of the plan is strategic planning. Yes, it is desirable, even mandatory when opening a business. On the other hand, planning in economics is a key point and the key to success.
Therefore, not only newcomers, but also companies that have been working for more than one year develop business plans. For what? To stay afloat. As a rule, in large, reputable companies, an entire department is involved in planning. Having ready-made figures for the company’s work over the past years, it is much easier to analyze and make plans than for pioneers.
So, let's try to explain where to start and how to finish. Let's agree that the business plan is used as a concept for doing business. This means that it is necessary to work out the following key points:
- - why the business is being created;
- – what is the result of expectations;
- – managerial potential;
- – flexibility of the model;
- – exposure to external factors;
- - financial stability;
- – competitiveness.
3. How to correctly draw up a business plan for a small enterprise
A company's business plan contains goals and plans for which time frames are established. There is no need to rush here, so as not to draw castles in the air. The tasks should be realistically achievable and at the same time a little ambitious.
It is important for potential investors to see the potential of the business and the results of the company’s activities if it has been operating for several years.
The more goals are achieved, the higher the reputation.
It is unnecessary to give specific dates of events in the plan, because you will have to attach schedules and a set of goals to them. Being behind the calendar will cause a negative impression.
For internal use, you can draw up more detailed schedules, and in the business plan you can simply highlight important stages.
Leave dates only where they can be accurately calculated.
There is no point in completely abandoning the description of the main stages of business development. the best option. The reviewer will criticize the dummy plan; in the case of drawing up a development project solely as a personal reference book, the stage-by-stage implementation of goals will more clearly demonstrate the fidelity of the adopted strategy or reveal its shortcomings.
4. Example of a small business business plan
Below is a sample development plan for a small business in the service sector.
Paragraph 1.
The resume is an introductory paragraph; it is dedicated to those whom the company wishes to interest in order to obtain additional funds for development.
It is recommended to write a summary after completing work on the entire plan. Why? Because in fact it states summary intentions described in detail in each paragraph. The main role of a resume is to interest and encourage further reading.
Example.
This business plan introduces a service company office equipment“Epson Service Center”, hereinafter referred to as the SC, with the aim of attracting investments in the amount of 1 million rubles, which will increase the list of services offered and expand the customer base.
SC is a developing company created individual entrepreneur, who is currently the sole and legal owner. Address for contacts: city, street, telephone.
Since the beginning of the business (2008), the entrepreneur regularly underwent training at Authorized Service Centers in Moscow and Novosibirsk.
For the repair of Epson office equipment, there are certificates confirming the level of qualifications, signed by the management of the Japanese company.
Previous work experience allows us to repair printers, scanners, faxes, monitors, plotters, copiers from leading manufacturers of office equipment.
A survey of market potential allows us to draw conclusions about the possibility of expanding the boundaries of activity.
There are no highly qualified specialists in city N; the nearest Epson service center is located 25 km from the city.
In addition, budgetary organizations and credit organizations do not have the opportunity to apply for equipment maintenance to a neighboring city, since it is located in another subject of the Russian Federation.
These organizations are forced to send equipment for maintenance to city A, located 450 km from city N... etc.
Point 2.
If you skip the “resume” item, open the business plan with the “goals and objectives of creating a business” item.
A consistent description of goals is given, where the main task is the benefit of your vigorous activity. It is clear that the owner expects profit; the consumer, on the contrary, is not ready to give away his savings just like that - he wants to see the benefit, the benefit for himself.
Usually, the main points are described here, if they were not previously indicated in the first paragraph, such as the legal form of the business, the availability of own funds, funds, human resources, marketing mix, and assessment of competitors.
Point 3.
Description of the proposed works and services.
The paragraph answers the questions:
- – what your company offers to consumers;
- – description of the list of services (product names);
- – target audience who is able to become interested in these services, works, goods;
- – why the range of services will arouse interest among a certain category of people;
- – why the target audience might be interested in a similar offer from other companies, etc.
Point 4.
Detailed marketing plan.
A marketing plan serves as a tool that determines where to sell. What is to be sold, where, how, why there; how to interest, how to sell, where to look for your consumer.
Market analysis based on marketing research in order to determine the demand for a business product, the possibility potential clients pay for services, work, goods, price range of interests.
Point 5.
Market segment competition analysis.
It is necessary to assess the capabilities of rivals as fully as possible, identify obvious and hidden competitors, and consider options for protecting against the capture of the entire sales market.
Point 6.
Companies planning to engage in the production of goods supplement the business plan with a “production plan” clause.
1. The financial plan reflects all likely expenses, for example:
- – business registration (in person or through a specialized company);
- – organization of the workplace (purchase of furniture, equipment),
- – rent of premises and equipment;
- – advertising company (ads, signboards, business cards);
- - employee training;
- – taxes;
- – purchase of consumables.
2. All income is taken into account.
It is advisable to be a real optimist: draw up a price list and calculate the amount of possible income.
3. Based on income and expenses, the profitability of the company and the payback period are calculated.
4. Calculation of economic risks.
5. Determination of sources of financing.
Point 7.
Development concept.
Business development plan: where it begins, vision of the business in the future.
5. Download business plans for small businesses for free
Planning and developing an economic concept is titanic work for the common man. There are plans designed for many small business models that are freely available. Any Internet user can download the finished plan. What audience are business plans intended for?
– your company has been firmly on its feet for a long time, nothing overshadows confidence in the future, there is no time to draw up plans, but investors, founders, and credit companies require a business plan;
– you are taking your first steps in the chosen market segment; understanding the nuances is long and difficult.
6. Conclusion
Entrepreneurship, even if it is small, requires knowledge of the basics of economics and tax legislation. The market mechanism operates according to a long-established supply-demand system. You can rely on luck, supernatural instinct, chance. Business loves a pragmatic approach and clear planning.
While enjoying the first profit, the main thing is not to miss the moment when the current costs of increasing the sales market begin to cover the income. An activity plan is created precisely to avoid fatal mistakes that lead to bankruptcy and the collapse of business. Calculate the risks with ready-made business plans, make a reliable investment that guarantees income.
Watch video: “The most successful small business in the world”
It is a document that highlights all the characteristics of the future organization and carries out an analysis possible problems and risks, their prediction and methods by which they can be avoided.
Simply put, a business plan for an investor is the answer to the question “Should I finance the project or throw it in the trash?”
Important! A business plan is drawn up on paper, taking into account some procedures and rules. This presentation of the project to some extent materializes your idea and shows your desire and willingness to work. Also, putting it on paper makes it easier for investors to perceive the idea.
Drawing up a business plan yourself
Making a business plan yourself is not that difficult, you just need to think about the idea carefully. Before you grab a calculator and calculate your income, there are several steps you need to take.
- Identify the “pros” and “cons” of the idea that has arisen. If the number of “minuses” is off the charts, don’t rush to give up. Some aspects can be turned into the opposite side, think about ways to solve such “cons”.
- Important characteristics are competitiveness and market sustainability.
- The sales market needs to be thought through to the smallest detail.
- The payback of the product (service) and the time of receiving the first profit will allow you to determine (approximately) the required amount for investment.
If after such a superficial analysis you don’t want to abandon your brainchild, then it’s time to take a clean slate and start creating a business plan.
It is important to know! Unified structure and step by step instructions there is no way to calculate a business plan. Therefore, the presence and order of items included in the plan are determined independently. However, experts have established the most optimal plan structure option. If you have no experience in drafting such documents, you need to use these recommendations to correctly compose your work.
Structure and procedure for drawing up a business plan
The structure of a good business plan, according to economists, should include 12 points. Each of them is described below.
Title page
The following parameters are specified here:
- name of the project;
- name of the organization where the project is planned to be implemented, indicating telephone numbers, addresses and other contact information;
- head of the above organization;
- developer (team or manager) of a business plan;
- date of document preparation;
- It is allowed to include the most significant indicators of financial calculations for the project on the first sheet.
This document is necessary to protect the copyright of the idea and business plan. This reflects the reader's awareness that he does not have the right to distribute the information contained in the document without the permission of the author. There may also be an instruction prohibiting copying, duplicating the document, or transferring it to another person, or a requirement to return the read business plan to the author if the investor does not accept the agreement.
An example of a confidentiality memorandum can be seen below.
The next 2 sections of the plan are “Brief Summary” and “ main idea project” – introductory. They can be used as a preliminary proposal (for review) to partners and investors until negotiations are scheduled.
Brief summary
Although a brief summary of such a document is at the beginning, it is written at the final stage, as a summary. A summary is a short description of the project idea and a list of the most significant characteristics of the financial component.
The following questions will help, answering which can lead to an excellent resume:
- What product does the company plan to sell?
- Who would want to buy this product?
- What is the planned sales (production) volume for the first year of the company’s operation? What will be the revenue?
- What is the total cost of the project?
- How will the enterprise be formed according to its organizational and legal form?
- How many workers are planned to be recruited?
- What volume is needed? capital investments for the implementation of the project?
- What are the sources of funding for this project?
- How much is the total profit (profitability) for a specific period, the payback period, the amount of cash at the end of the first year of operation of the enterprise, profitability. Net present value.
It is important to know! The summary is read by the investor first. Therefore, it depends on this section further fate project: the investor will either become interested or bored. This part should not exceed 1 page.
Main idea of the project
- What is the main project goal?
- What are the objectives of the enterprise to achieve main goal?
- Are there any obstacles to your goal and how to get around them?
- What exact actions does the author propose to perform in order to as soon as possible achieve results and achieve goals? What are these deadlines?
Important! It is necessary to provide clear, real and explicit arguments that will confirm confidence in the profitability and success of the project. The volume of this part is optimal within 1-2 pages.
In this section, it is customary to use the conducted SWOT analysis – assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the enterprise, opportunities (prospects), as well as possible threats. It is unlikely that you will be able to make a business plan correctly and as completely as possible without such an analysis.
A SWOT analysis reflects two aspects that influence the life of an organization: internal, relating to the enterprise itself, and external (everything outside the company that it cannot change).
Do not forget: You are describing a company, not a product! A common mistake authors make is that they start writing product characteristics in the “strength” column.
Here are some parameters you can use to describe strengths or weaknesses:
- high-tech production;
- service and after sales service;
- versatility of the product (without affecting its specific properties);
- level of qualifications and professionalism of employees;
- level technical equipment enterprises.
External factors (“opportunities” and “threats”) include:
- market growth rate;
- level of competition;
- political situation in the region, country;
- features of legislation;
- features of consumer solvency.
Example
Characteristics of the industry on the market
- dynamics of sales of similar products in the industry for last years;
- market industry growth rate;
- trends and features of pricing;
- comprehensive assessment of competitors;
- search and identification of new and young enterprises in the industry, as well as characteristics of their activities;
- description of the consumer market, their desires, intentions, requirements, opportunities;
- assessment of the possible impact of scientific, social, economic aspects;
- prospects for development in the market.
Essence of the project
This section reveals the idea, the subject of the business plan. It also reflects the level of preparedness of the enterprise to go “into the world”, the availability of all the funds required for this.
The most important provisions in this section:
- primary goals;
- description of the target consumer segment;
- key performance factors for market success;
- a detailed presentation of the product, the characteristics of which must be within the market segment defined above;
- stage of product development (if production has started), patent and copyright purity;
- characteristics of the organization;
- the total cost of the project, indicating the financing schedule by periods and investment amounts;
- required initial expenses for a marketing campaign and the formation of a coherent organizational structure.
Marketing plan
The objectives, goals of marketing policy and methods for solving and achieving them are indicated here. It is important to indicate which task is intended for which personnel, in what time frame it is required to be completed and with the help of which tools. The funds required for the latter also need to be indicated.
Marketing plan is a strategy, a set of sequential and/or simultaneous steps created to attract consumers and provide effective returns on their part.
The investor will be attentive to such points as:
- a well-developed system of comprehensive market research and analysis;
- the planned volume of sales of goods (services) and its assortment, scheduled by time periods until the enterprise reaches full capacity;
- ways to improve products;
- description of product packaging and pricing policy;
- procurement and sales system;
- advertising strategy – clearly formulated and understandable;
- service planning;
- control over the implementation of the marketing strategy.
Production plan
Everything that directly concerns the creation of products is reflected in this part. Therefore, it is advisable to compile this section only for those companies that plan not only distribution, but also production of products.
Points that must be specified:
- required productive capacity;
- detailed interpretation technological process;
- a detailed description of the operations entrusted to subcontractors;
- necessary equipment, its characteristics, cost and method of purchase or rental;
- subcontractors;
- required area for production;
- raw materials, resources.
It is important to indicate the cost of everything that requires expenses.
Organizational plan
At this stage, the principles of organizational strategic management of the company are developed. If the enterprise already exists, then this point is still mandatory: the compliance of the existing structure with the intended goals is determined here. The organizational part must certainly contain the following data:
- name of the organizational and legal form (individual entrepreneur, JSC, partnership and others);
- an organizational management system that reflects the structure in the form of a diagram, regulations and instructions, communication and dependence of departments;
- founders, their description and data;
- management team;
- interaction with staff;
- supplying the management system with the necessary material and technical resources;
- location of the company.
Financial plan
This chapter of the business plan provides a comprehensive economic assessment of the written project, accompanied by calculations of the level of profitability, payback period, and financial stability of the enterprise.
A financial plan is very important for an investor; here it determines whether the investment is attractive to him or not. this project.
Here you need to make some calculations and summarize them:
Risk analysis
In a risk analysis, the author must examine the project and identify potential threats that could lead to decreased revenue. It is necessary to take into account financial, industry, natural, social and other risks. In this case, it is necessary to develop detailed and effective plan preventing them or minimizing their impact on the company. Therefore, the business plan must indicate:
- a list of all potential problems;
- a set of techniques and tools that prevent, eliminate or minimize risks;
- models of the company’s behavior when events occur that are not conducive to its development;
- justification for the low probability of such problems occurring.
Applications
This is the last link in the structure of a business plan. It includes documents, quotes, sources, copies of contracts, agreements, certificates, letters from consumers, partners, statistical data, calculation tables used in the preparation of this document. It is required to insert links and footnotes to the appendices in the text of the business plan.
General requirements for the document
- it is necessary to write a business plan in clear, precise language, without long and complex formulations;
- desired volume – 20-25 pages;
- the business plan must cover all the information required by the investor in full;
- the document must necessarily be based on real facts, substantiated rational proposals;
- the plan must have a strategic foundation: strict, delineated and complete, with clear targets;
- interconnectedness, complexity and consistency – important features drawing up a plan;
- the investor must see the future, prospects for the development of the project idea;
- The flexibility of the business plan is a significant plus. If adjustments can be made, amendments to the written project are a pleasant bonus for the investor;
- conditions and modes of control over the functioning of the enterprise should become part of the business plan.
Making a business plan from scratch without the help of a specialist is not easy, but it is possible. It is important to adhere to the above rules, construction structure and avoid mistakes.
The most common mistakes
- Illiterate syllable
The rules of language cannot be ignored. It often happens that the most incredible and promising idea goes into the trash bin along with a bunch of plans of mediocre IP specialists. And all because errors in spelling, vocabulary, punctuation and poor presentation of the text completely discourage any investor.
- Careless design
The design should be the same throughout the document: bullets, headings, lists, font, size, numbering, spacing, etc. Contents, headings, numbering, names of figures and tables, designation of data in graphs are required!
- Incomplete plan
To properly draw up a business plan, you need a comprehensive amount of information. The sections of the document listed above are the minimum that should be unconditionally included in the project.
- Vague plan
The work should be “like in a pharmacy on a scale.” Clear, defined, specific statements of goals and (important!) ideas.
- Too many details
An abundance of technical, financial, and marketing terms will only help in exams. For a business plan, you need to select only the most significant details. If there is a great need for a thorough description of a process, then you can add it to the appendix.
- Unrealistic data
Business proposals like these are based on assumptions. Therefore, the author needs to approach the idea rationally and have a reasonable background, a real reason, supported by calculations.
- Few facts
For each assumption there is its own justification - real, valid. Facts give work meaning and confidence. You shouldn’t create a fountain of facts either, but if you get carried away, then look at the rule about details.
- “We have no risks!”
The main rule: there is no business without risk. There is no such business in which it is “quiet and calm.” The investor knows this, and the author should know this. Therefore, it’s time to come down from the clouds to the ground and study, explore, analyze.
- “And we have no competitors either!”
There is always a competitor, as well as a risk. It can be direct or indirect. Study this topic carefully and meticulously, and a rival will definitely appear on the horizon, waving his hand at you.
- Neglecting outside help
Creating a business plan yourself does not mean doing absolutely everything yourself. Moreover, obtaining high-quality results is possible with common effort several specialists. Don't be afraid of helpers!
Business plan for small businesses: 4 main sections of the document + 2 specific examples business plans.
Small business business plan– a document that is the basis of any business.
It performs several important functions:
- helps to structure information;
- allows you to see gaps in planning and identify risks;
- serves as a presentation for banks or potential investors;
- becomes a step-by-step instruction for the entrepreneur.
Do you have a desire to create own business, but you can’t plan and formalize your idea properly?
In the article you will see an overview of the main sections of a standard business plan for a small business. Use the structure below as a template.
For a better understanding of the material, below are 2 ready-made business plan for the implementation of various ideas for small businesses.
Don’t put off implementing your idea until the mythical “later”: in 90% of cases, the “right moment” never comes.
Grab a piece of paper and a pen and start sketching out your plan right now.
What is a small business?
Small business is one of the types of entrepreneurship.
This format provides that the number of employees will not exceed 100 people, and annual revenue will not exceed 800 million rubles.
For a beginning entrepreneur without a serious material (financial) base and experience, opening a small business is the only opportunity to “get on his feet.”
A feature of this format is quick payback + comparative simplicity in implementing the organizational plan.
The implementation of any idea requires the creation of a clear plan with accurate calculations.
A business plan is a “guide” for an entrepreneur, in which it is necessary to describe each stage of the process of turning your idea into reality.
Business plan structure for small businesses
So, it is important to comply generally accepted standards in the preparation of this document.
The point is not at all that there are strict legislative standards for, without compliance with which it will be considered invalid.
But why reinvent the wheel when you can take years of experience from others in the small business industry and come up with a general form for the document?
Section 1: Small Business Summary
The business plan summary is a brief but informative description of the products being manufactured + the timing of the small business project and a determination of its financial feasibility.
The main purpose of a resume is to demonstrate the concept of a product (service).
- Ceiling height from 3 meters + special moisture-resistant coating.
- The floor is concrete or covered with moisture-resistant durable tiles. If conditions are not as specified, rubber sheets must be used (especially in the storage area).
- They ensure constant air circulation, since fermentation processes are accompanied by the release of harmful substances.
- Electrical wiring must support three phases - 380 V.
- The sewer system is provided with sufficiently voluminous outlet channels to drain large amounts of liquid.
- Water supply is required. If funds and location of the brewery allow, you can supply the production with water from your own well.
List of necessary equipment for a private brewery
Staff
Start-up investment
Monthly investment
Payback period
With a stable production of 100 liters of beer per day, you can expect to earn 200,000 rubles per month (80,000 net profit per month).
Payback will be from 19 months.
Only the entrepreneur who puts his whole soul into beer production will be able to achieve High Quality products.
The profitability of the enterprise directly depends on the quality of the products sold, since the cost of beer is quite high + this drink is very popular in Russia.
For a novice entrepreneur who wants to open his own business, beer production is one of the current options.
To achieve top positions in the market, you will have to go a long way, because there is no activity that would generate income without any effort.
Business plan for a small business: “On-site car service”
It’s hard not to pay attention to the ever-growing number of cars on Russian roads.
If you doubt the profitability and feasibility of opening a project, evaluate the following fact: the number of cars is growing along with the average age of transport.
Just pay attention to the percentage of cars that are more than 7 years old!
Vehicle fleet of the Russian Federation (“Age breakdown of the vehicle fleet”):
In this state of affairs, a situation where a car breaks down on the road is not uncommon.
In this case, qualified assistance from a car mechanic is required.
Where there is a need among people, there is an opportunity for an entrepreneur to benefit.
The goal of such a small business, the idea of which is discussed in our business plan, is to provide repair services not in a specific service station, but “on the road.”
The work pattern is as follows: the secretary receives a client’s call and transmits information about the type of breakdown to the mechanics. They, in turn, go to the scene of the incident.
Cost of services in field conditions much higher.
This factor affects the profitability of the enterprise.
Premises for mobile car service
To open such a car service you will need 2 premises:
- Office (approximately 30 sq. m.).
- Garage (50 sq.m.) for storing tools and car repairs in emergency situations, as well as placement of the enterprise’s personal vehicle fleet.
Standard office space requirements:
- electricity;
- stable water supply;
- telecommunications;
- office furniture;
- ventilation system;
- fire safety at the proper level;
- stable heating.
Garage requirements:
- electricity: 3 phase 380 V;
- water supply;
- concrete floor (or tiled flooring);
- ventilation system;
- stable heating;
- high level of fire safety;
- heating;
- wide entrance gates.
Renting two premises will cost approximately 75,000 rubles. monthly.
Equipment for mobile car service
| Equipment | Qty | Cost per piece (rub.) | total amount |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total: | 26 | RUB 1,278,200 | |
| Jack (2.5 t.) | 2 | 1 500 | 3 000 |
| Jack (8 t.) | 2 | 4 500 | 9 000 |
| Compressor (tire inflation) | 2 | 7 000 | 14 000 |
| Compressor (oil suction) | 2 | 5 000 | 10 000 |
| Set of wrenches (reverse, open-end, socket, ring) | 2 | 12 000 | 24 000 |
| Flashlight (lamp power 100 Watt) | 2 | 300 | 600 |
| Flashlight (power 300 Watt) | 2 | 500 | 1 000 |
| Impact wrench | 2 | 5 000 | 10 000 |
| Oil can | 4 | 150 | 600 |
| Car vacuum cleaner | 2 | 2 000 | 4 000 |
| A set of high-quality cleaning products for the car | 2 | 1 000 | 2 000 |
| Passenger car for mechanic's visit | 2 | 600 000 | 1 200 000 |
Staff
Initial investment in the project
| Attachment article | Amount (rub.) |
|---|---|
| Total: | RUB 1,463,200 |
| Register an enterprise | 10 000 |
| Renting premises | 75 000 |
| Employees | 80 000 |
| Marketing | 20 000 |
| Equipment | 1 278 200 |
- 1. Sample business plan
- 1.1. Sections of a business plan
- 1.2. Project Description
- 1.3. Production plan
- 1.4. Marketing plan
- 1.5. Financial plan
Each company, in the course of its activities, must clearly understand the needs for all types of resources, and also be able to accurately calculate the volume necessary funds to realize your business ideas. IN market economy it is necessary to be able to plan, regularly analyze internal and external environment, assess your own prospects and capabilities. For clarity, consider a sample business plan with calculations. Also at the very end of the article you can download detailed business-plan grocery store.
Business plan for a web studio - sample with calculations
1. Sample business plan
The article presents a sample business plan with calculations for opening a website development company. Today, many companies decide to open their representative office on the Internet. As a result, there is a need to create an official website.
A business plan is an official document that will subsequently be presented to potential investors and partners. Therefore, when developing it, certain principles should be adhered to.
1.1. Sections of a business plan
- introduction,
- (a brief description of project and main financial indicators),
- project description,
- analysis of enterprise capabilities,
- production plan,
- marketing plan,
- financial plan,
- risk analysis,
- conclusion,
- links to sources.
1.2. Project Description
The company being designed is created for the purpose of developing websites and subsequently posting them on the Internet. The product of the enterprise is the website, made in accordance with the client’s requests, selected concept and functionality. The average price of a website (at the arithmetic mean) will be 64 thousand rubles.
On this moment the project development stage is assessed as a business idea. The goal of the project is to position itself on the market as a professional company for creating websites of varying complexity, with a modern concept and user-friendly interface.
When recruiting personnel, it is planned to look for professional layout designers and web designers based on an assessment of their portfolio (resume).
1.3. Production plan
It is planned to spend 200 thousand rubles of own funds and 800,000 rubles of borrowed funds in the form of a bank loan, i.e. All in all 1 million rubles.
All information is given as an example - this business plan is a sample with approximate calculations
Currently, the IT technology segment is in a stage of dynamic growth. As a result of the penetration of broadband access into Russian regions, the development of mobile and wireless networks data transmission, there is an increase in Internet users.
The preparatory period for the opening of the project is planned to be completed in full within six months.
The company's staff will consist of 6 people: CEO, accountant, employees and four programmers, each of whom is responsible for a specific project and is a highly specialized specialist.
Web studio company staff
Proposed fund wages will be 1659 thousand rubles. in the first year, 1893 thousand rubles. in the second year and 1962 thousand rubles. in the third year of the project.
Planned revenue for the first year will be 3793.93 thousand rubles, for the second year - 6140.19 thousand rubles, and for the third year - 6278.12 thousand rubles.
Acquisition costs fixed assets are estimated at 634.88 thousand rubles. Sum depreciation charges is not calculated, since the organization will operate under a simplified taxation system.
Cost of services provided will amount to 3918.55 thousand rubles in 2015, 3491.906 thousand rubles in 2016 and 3527.547 thousand rubles in 2017, respectively. The decrease in cost in 2016 compared to 2015 is due to the write-off of the cost of fixed assets, and the increase in cost in 2017 compared to 2016 is due to an increase in the cost of paying staff and purchasing consumables for the subsequent creation of services. It should be noted that business plan calculation samples depend on the specific economic situation in the country.
1.4. Marketing plan
Marketing expenses are estimated at 13% of revenue in 2015, 4.2% in 2016 and 4.15% in 2017.
1.5. Financial plan
The financial results of the project are assessed as follows. In the first year of activity financial results will be negative and the loss in 2015 will be 124.62 thousand rubles.
In 2016, the profit will be 2,648,284 rubles, and the maximum profit of 2,750,573 rubles will be achieved in 2017.
Net profit on an accrual basis at the end of 2015 will be -230.807 thousand rubles, at the end of 2016 – +1813.725 thousand rubles, and at the end of 2017 – +4215.028 thousand rubles.
We will calculate the efficiency of investments for the project
- Net present value:
NPV = 2947.435 rub. - Internal rate of return (IRR):
2947.435 / (1 + x) 3 = 100 * 0.579;
2947.435 = 57.9 * (1 + x) 3;
(1 + x) 3 = 50.91;
x = 2.71, IRR = 271%. - Profitability Index (PI):
PI = A / KV = 2947.435 / 1000.0 = 2.647
Investment return index > 1. This indicates that this project is effective. - Payback period (PP):
PP = 2 + = 2 + 0.7 = 2.7 quarters - Discounted payback period (DPP):
DPP = 3 + = 3 + 0.74 = 3.74 quarters
Thus, the payback period of the business project is 3.74 quarters; also, a year after the start of the project, there will be a guaranteed repayment of the loan and receipt of income if the specified conditions for the project are met.
2. How to write a business plan - video + ready-made sample
This sample includes all the highlights and necessary calculations and can be used as an example of a business plan for your own developments. It should also be noted that a detailed business plan sample with calculations can be purchased from specialized companies.
You can also view a detailed grocery store business plan
3. Create and implement a business plan
Now that you know the basic principles of writing a concrete business plan, try to implement your long-held business idea. Carefully consider each step; the business plan should be drawn up taking into account the characteristics of the market you are going to enter.
Not a single entrepreneurial project is complete without a business plan. This document is detailed instructions opening a commercial business, where the tasks that need to be solved to achieve the final goal (that is, obtaining maximum profit), as well as the methods and means that the entrepreneur is going to use, are described step by step. Without a business plan, it is impossible to receive investment in a commercial project or apply to a bank for a loan for business development. However, even if an entrepreneur does not plan to attract third-party funds, he still needs a business plan - for himself.
Why is this document needed, and what is its exceptional importance? A well-written business plan, which contains verified information and verified figures, is the foundation of a commercial project. It will allow you to analyze in advance the state of the market and the severity of competition, predict possible risks and develop ways to minimize them, estimate the size of the required starting capital and the total amount of investment, as well as the expected profit - in a word, find out whether it is advisable to take a financial risk and invest money in this idea.
"Business idea"
The basis of any project is a business idea - that is, for the sake of which, in fact, everything was conceived. An idea is a service or product that will bring profit to the entrepreneur. The success of a project is almost always determined the right choice ideas.
- Which idea is successful?
The success of an idea is its potential profitability. So, at any time there are directions that are initially favorable for making a profit. For example, some time ago it was fashionable to import Russian Federation yoghurts - this product instantly gained popularity among the population, and in proportion to this popularity, the number of companies involved in import grew. Only a completely unlucky and incompetent entrepreneur could fail a project in this area and make the business unprofitable. Now, the idea of selling yoghurts with a high degree of probability will not be successful: the market is already oversaturated with domestically produced products, imported goods are unlikely to be favorably accepted by consumers due to the high price and customs difficulties, moreover, the main players in this segment have already established themselves in the market and established supply and sales channels.
Most entrepreneurs, when choosing an idea for making a profit, think in the categories of the majority - they say, if this business brings income to my friend, then I can also improve my business. However, the more “role models” there are, the greater the level of competition and the less opportunity to dictate their prices. In a mass business, approximate prices have already been established, and a newcomer, in order to increase its competitiveness, has to set prices below market prices in order to attract customers - which, of course, does not contribute to making a big profit.
Potentially highly profitable ideas now are those proposals that help an entrepreneur occupy a free market niche - that is, offer something that other businessmen have not yet thought of. To find an original business idea, sometimes all you need to do is look around and think about what consumers are missing in a certain area. Thus, a successful idea was the production of mops that allow you to wring out a rag without getting your hands wet, or special lamps that cannot be dismantled without the use of special tools - this know-how has significantly reduced the number of thefts of light bulbs in hallways.
Often, you don’t even need to generate original ideas yourself - you can use new products that have been successfully implemented in other countries or cities, but have not yet occupied the corresponding market niche in your region. By following this path, you will become the first to offer this know-how to consumers in your region or country, and, therefore, you will be able to set prices for this product (service).
However, originality alone is not enough for a successful business idea. There are two objective prerequisites for a business to be successful:
- - a potential buyer needs your product or at least understands its usefulness (for example, a person may not yet know about a certain medicine, but he realizes that something similar can cure his illness);
- - the buyer is ready to pay for your product or service) exactly the price that you plan to ask (for example, almost everyone wants to buy a car - however, as we know, not everyone can afford a car).
And one more note regarding innovative business ideas - excessive originality can only harm profits, since the potential audience may simply not be ready for your proposal (most consumers are conservative by nature and have difficulty changing their habits). The least risky option is to stick to the golden mean - that is, to bring already familiar goods or services to the market, but in an improved form.
- How to determine if a given business idea is right for you?
Even a potentially successful business idea may not turn out to be successful in practice if it is not suitable for a particular entrepreneur. So, opening a beauty salon is relatively easy - but if you do not understand the intricacies of the salon business, then your brainchild is unlikely to bring you good profits. A business idea must be supported by the entrepreneur’s experience, knowledge and, of course, capabilities. What indicators indicate that your project will be within your capabilities?
- - Professionalism. You can have specialized education in your chosen field, or you might as well be a passionate self-taught person. The main thing is that you have understanding production process and other necessary knowledge in the chosen field.
- - Passion. You must like what you are going to do and offer. Moreover, you should like not only the final product, but also the process itself, because you won’t be able to give all your strength to something you don’t like, which means it will be difficult to bring it to fruition. good level. Remember the famous proverb: “find a job you love and you will never have to work a day in your life.”
- - Personal characteristics. If you are a closed and uncommunicative person and feel uncomfortable in the company of other people, then it will be difficult for you to negotiate. And if you, for example, are a convinced vegetarian, then there is no point in considering trading semi-finished meat products– even if this business can bring good profits, you will still feel uncomfortable doing it.
- - What you have (land, real estate, equipment, etc.). Starting any kind of production will be much less expensive if you already have the appropriate equipment. And if you inherited, say, a private house not far from the road, then this good opportunity to make a profit from roadside trading, because your competitors, if they are found, do not have such a good location, and this advantage can overcome even your inexperience.
Competition: how to become special:
As mentioned above, to apply your entrepreneurial efforts, it is most advisable to choose those areas where competition is frivolous or absent altogether. However, in most cases, entrepreneurs one way or another have to face competitors, and businessmen are faced with the question - how to stand out from them? This can be done due to the following advantages:
Competitive advantages
When introducing yourself to potential consumers, try to immediately draw their attention to the advantages that distinguish your offer from similar ones, so that buyers see that it is you who can satisfy their needs in the best possible way. Don’t be shy to highlight your merits and don’t rely on consumers’ ingenuity - they are unlikely to guess why your product (service) differs from the product (service) of your competitors for the better. For example, if the recipe for the bread you bake involves enriching the product with vitamins and other useful substances, then be sure to convey this fact to your future customers. You should not position your bread simply as a tasty and fresh product, because your competitors have exactly the same product - it is unlikely that anyone will sell tasteless and expired goods. But vitamins are your competitive advantage, and the buyer must definitely find out about it, so advertising needs to be thought out accordingly.
So, we have examined some of the nuances of preliminary preparation for writing a business plan, and now we can closely pay attention to this particular document and its main sections.
1. Title page.
Title page– this is the “face” of your business plan. This is what your potential investors or bank employees see first when deciding whether to issue you a loan for business development. Therefore, it should be clearly structured and contain all the key information about your project:
- - Project name (for example, “Production of self-squeezing mops” or “Creation and development of a commercial Internet radio station called “XXX”);
- - The organizational and legal form of the project and the name of the legal entity (if there are several such entities, then a list indicating areas of responsibility is required);
- - Author and co-authors of the project
- - Annotation for the project (for example “ this document represents step by step plan foundation and development of a commercial radio station...");
- - Project cost (required starting capital)
- - Place and year of creation (“Perm, 2016”).
2.Resume.
This item represents short description ideas for the project, timing of its implementation, main goals and objectives for implementing the idea, estimated turnover and production volumes. forecast of key indicators - project profitability, payback period, initial investment, sales volume, net profit, etc.
Despite the fact that the summary is the first section of the business plan, it is compiled after this document has already been completely written and double-checked, since the brief description covers all other sections of the business plan. The summary should be concise and extremely logical and fully disclose all the advantages of the project, so that investors or a potential lender see that this business idea is really worth investing in it.
3.Market analytics
The section reflects the state of the market sector in which the project will be implemented, an assessment of the level of competition, characteristics of the target audience and industry development trends. It is very important that the market analysis is carried out on the basis of high-quality marketing research containing real indicators (falsified or inaccurate analysis reduces the value of the business plan to almost zero). If an entrepreneur is not competent enough in the chosen field, then in order to avoid inaccuracies and errors, he should outsource marketing research by ordering it from a trusted marketing agency.
This section usually takes up at least 10% of the total volume of the business plan. His approximate plan is as follows:
- - general description selected industry (dynamics, trends and development prospects - with specific mathematical indicators);
- - Characteristics of the main market players (that is, direct and indirect competitors), an indication of the competitive advantages and features of your business project compared to other entities;
- - Characteristics of the target audience ( geographical position, age level, gender, income level, type of consumer and user behavior, etc.). Creating a portrait of a “typical client” indicating the main motives and values that guide him when choosing a product (service), pessimistic forecasting (that is, the minimum flow) of consumers of the product (service);
- - Review of the most effective channels and ways to promote goods (services);
- - Review and identification of the most likely risks that an entrepreneur may encounter in this market segment and suggesting ways to eliminate or minimize them (it must be remembered that risks are external circumstances and factors that do not depend on the entrepreneur);
- - Forecast possible changes in this market segment, as well as an overview of factors that may affect the profitability of the project.
4. Characteristics of goods (services) and their sales
This paragraph describes in detail the goods that the entrepreneur is going to produce, or the services that he is going to sell. Particular attention should be paid to the competitive advantages of a business idea, that is, what will distinguish this proposal from the general variety. However, one should not remain silent about the shortcomings and weak points ideas, if any, it is better to play fair with investors and creditors, besides, they can analyze this point on their own, and in the case of a one-sided description, you risk losing their trust, and with it the hope of financial investment in your idea.
The presence of a patent will make the idea described especially attractive - if an entrepreneur offers some kind of know-how and has already managed to patent it, then this fact must be reflected in the document. A patent is both a competitive advantage and a basis for a greater likelihood of obtaining loans or investments.
The chapter must include:
- - brief description of the idea;
- - ways of its implementation;
- - description life cycle product (service);
- - percentage of secondary purchases;
- - the possibility of creating additional product lines or service options, the possibility of segmenting the offered product;
- - expected modification of supply in accordance with changes in the market situation and factors affecting profit.
5. Ways to promote business (marketing and strategic plans)
In this chapter, the entrepreneur describes exactly how he intends to inform potential consumer about his product and how he will promote this product. Shown here:
6.Description of the production process
A production plan is a detailed description of the complete algorithm for producing a product from its being in its raw material state to the moment when the finished product appears on store shelves. This plan includes:
- - a description of the necessary raw materials and the basic requirements for them, as well as the suppliers from whom you plan to purchase these raw materials;
- - reception, processing and pre-production preparation of raw materials;
- - actually technological process;
- - exit finished product;
- - the procedure for testing the finished product, its packaging and transfer to the warehouse and subsequent delivery to the buyer.
In addition to the actual description of the production process, this chapter should also reflect:
- - characteristics of the equipment used, as well as the premises where the production process will be carried out - indicating all the necessary standards and requirements;
- - list of main partners;
- - the need to attract resources and borrowed funds;
- - calendar plan for business development - from the launch of production until the time when the funds invested in the project begin to pay off.
7. Enterprise structure. Personnel and management.
This chapter describes internal circuit functioning of a business project, that is, an administrative and organizational plan. The chapter can be divided into the following subsections:
- - organizational and legal form of the enterprise (LLC, individual entrepreneur, etc.);
- - internal structure enterprises, distribution of responsibilities between services, channels of their interaction (it would be best if this sub-item is further illustrated with appropriate diagrams);
- - staffing table, a list of the responsibilities of each employee, his salary, channels and criteria by which the selection of personnel will be carried out;
- - list of activities on the personnel policy (training, training, personnel reserve, etc.)
- - participation in business development events (competitions, conferences, fairs, grants, government programs, etc.).
8.Risk assessment. Ways to minimize risks.
The purpose of this paragraph is a preliminary assessment of possible negative circumstances that will affect the achievement of the desired indicators (business income, customer flow, etc.) - the basis for this assessment is, again, marketing market research. Risks are divided into external (for example, tightening competition and the emergence of new strong players in this segment, an increase in rental rates and utility bills, natural disasters And emergencies, changes in tax legislation towards increasing rates, etc.) and internal (what can happen directly inside the enterprise - equipment breakdowns, unscrupulous employees, etc.).
If an entrepreneur has information in advance about what exactly he should be afraid of in the implementation and promotion of his project, then he can think in advance about the ways in which he will neutralize and minimize negative factors. For each risk, a number of alternative strategies should be proposed (a kind of table of emergency measures). You should not hide certain risks from investors or creditors.
Special attention should be paid to such a form of protection as insurance against various risks. If an entrepreneur plans to insure his business, then this must be mentioned - indicating the selected insurance company, the amount of insurance premiums and other details related to the matter.
9.Forecasting financial flows
Perhaps the most important chapter of a business plan. Because of its importance, it should be written by professionals if the entrepreneur himself does not have a financial and economic education. Thus, many startupers who have creative ideas, but do not have sufficient financial literacy, in this case resort to the services of investment companies, which later put their certification visa on the business plan - this is a kind of guarantee of reliability of calculations and will give the business plan additional weight in the eyes of investors and creditors.
The financial plan of any business project includes:
- - balance sheet of the enterprise;
- - calculation of expenses (employee payroll, production expenses, etc.);
- - profit and loss statement, as well as cash flow statement;
- - size required external investment;
- - calculation of profit and profitability.
The profitability of a project is a key indicator that has a decisive influence on investors’ decisions regarding investing in a given business. Calculations on this topic cover the period from the entry of start-up capital and third-party investments into the project until the moment when the project can be considered break-even and begins to generate net profit.
When calculating profitability, the basic formula R = D * Zconst / (D - Z) is usually used, where R is the profitability threshold in monetary terms, D is income, Z is variable costs, and Zconst - fixed costs. However, in long-term calculations, the calculation formula should also include such indicators as the inflation rate, renovation costs, contributions to the investment fund, increases in wages for enterprise employees, etc. As a visualization method, it is again advisable to use a Gantt chart, which is convenient for tracking the level of growing income and reaching the break-even point.
10.Regulatory framework
All documents that are necessary for legal support of a business are indicated here - certificates and licenses for goods, permission for certain types of activities, acts, permits, etc. – with a description of the conditions and terms of their receipt, as well as the cost. If the entrepreneur already has any documents in his hands, this must be indicated, and this fact will also be an advantage in the eyes of investors.
11.Applications
At the end of the business plan, the entrepreneur provides all calculations, diagrams, graphs and other supporting materials that were used to draw up financial forecasts, market analysis, etc., as well as all materials that visualize the points of the business plan and facilitate its perception.
“The main mistakes when drawing up a business plan”
At the end of the article, I would like to say a few words about the most common mistakes that inexperienced entrepreneurs make when drawing up business plans. So, what should you avoid if you don't want to scare potential investors away from your project?
Excessive bloating and bulk. A business plan is not homework, where big size written increases the chances of a good grade. The approximate volume of a business plan is usually 70-100 sheets.
Difficulties of presentation. If an investor reading your plan cannot understand your idea after reading two or three sheets, then there is a high probability that he will put the BP aside.
Absences necessary explanations. Remember that an investor is not required to understand the area of the market in which you are offering him to invest money (and in most cases, he really does not understand it, otherwise he would have already launched an independent business). Therefore, you need to succinctly introduce the reader to the main details.
Streamlined phrases-characteristics (“huge market”, “ great prospects" etc.). Remember: only accurate and verified information and forecasts.
Providing estimates that are unverified or knowingly false financial indicators. We have already focused on this topic above, so no comments.
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