ARTICULATION OF VOWEL SOUNDS
Let's assume that you have already learned how to breathe correctly. Now make sure that the exhalation is accompanied by correct articulation of the lips, the correct position of the tongue, and the correct direction of the air flow during exhalation. Do the exercises in front of a mirror. The exhalation should be silent and almost silent - only a hint of sound.
Let's start with the sound [A]. The mouth is open in the shape of a large ring. You can place two fingers stacked on top of each other between your teeth. The upper teeth are slightly open, the lower teeth are closed with the lip. Inhale, hold, exhale to a very quiet sound. [A] - Duration of exhalation according to one of the schemes of the previous exercises.
[U]- The mouth takes the form of a proboscis, a tube extended forward.
[ABOUT] - The mouth is in the shape of a ring, a “half-trunk.” Air should pass freely through this half-proboscis.
[E] - The lips are stretched, the distance between the teeth is placed between them thumb. Make sure that the air comes out into the GAP between the teeth, and does not rest against the roof of the mouth or the upper teeth.
[s]- The distance between the teeth is the little finger, the lips are open, the lower jaw is slightly pushed forward. The air comes out BETWEEN THE TEETH, without getting lost in the oral cavity.
[AND] - The lower jaw is in normal position. Between the teeth is the tip of the little finger. Exhale only into the gap between the teeth, and nothing else. Otherwise you will whistle.
This stage of exercise should get you used to correct articulation. The problem of voice development, and this is a special section of classes, lies ahead. In the meantime, move on to the next series of exercises. Practice mastering the correct articulation of consonant sounds.
ARTICULATION OF CONSONANTS
Just like vowels, consonant sounds must be pronounced with the correct exhalation. It should be remembered that each person may have some deviations in the structure of the speech apparatus (bad bite, missing teeth, size of the tongue, etc.). Sometimes it is very important to be able to adapt your apparatus yourself to pronounce a particular sound. But if you do not have noticeable deviations of this kind, then you can try classical methods of pronouncing consonants.
[P]- Lips tightly compressed. When pronouncing the sound [P], an explosion occurs. The lips suddenly part. The lower jaw drops slightly. The distance between the teeth depends on the previous vowel sound. I repeat: sound is formed by the sharp opening of closed lips without the participation of ligaments.
[B]- The same as [P], but with more closed lips (the upper lip slightly hugs the lower), and the exhalation is more active than when producing the sound [P]. If you put your palm on your throat, you can feel the vibration of the ligaments.
[T]- The tip of the tongue rises towards upper incisors With inside. Under the pressure of exhaled air, the tongue is sharply pushed away from the teeth. BE PARTICULARLY CAREFUL that the air is directed precisely to the tip of the tongue, and does not leak between the tongue and palate (otherwise there will be a lisp [T]) and does not touch the ligaments (which can give a compressed, hoarse sound).
[D]- The tongue is pressed with greater force against the upper incisors than when producing the sound [T], and is torn off by the downward pressure of air. Working the tongue to create the sounds [D] and [T] helps eliminate tongue sluggishness.
[X]- 0 is formed when the back of the tongue approaches the soft palate. The sound must be pronounced with a soft, “warm” exhalation, since a strong exhalation will give the sound a guttural tone.
[TO] - It is formed similar to the sound [X], but the exhalation is stronger. Instant release of air - the sound should be clear and short. The tip of the tongue rests on the roots of the lower teeth, the back of the tongue is strongly curved and touches the border of the hard and soft palate. The sound should be clear, without any admixture [X].
[M]- 0 is formed by opening tightly closed lips. Try to “moo” with your lips closed, and then break them apart with a weak air stream. Do not direct the sound into your nose, otherwise you will sound nasal. Direct the sound to your lips.
[F] And [IN] - Upper lip raised, the lower one is slightly pulled towards the upper incisors, the upper teeth are exposed. With the sound [F], a stream of air is pushed into the hole between the lower lip and upper teeth, hitting the upper lip and nose. When sounding [B], the lower lip is slightly pressed to upper teeth. The exhaled air seems to seep between the lower lip and upper teeth, creating a sound reminiscent of the rattling of a tense cello string. The air stream should not be very strong so that the sound [B] does not lose its sonority and does not resemble the sound [F].
[L]- The tip of the tongue is raised towards the upper incisors. With a hard [L], the tip of the tongue is not tense, the root part of the tongue is raised. With a soft [L] the tip of the tongue is very tense, the root part of the tongue is lowered. A strong stream of air hits the front of the tongue, pressing it against the upper teeth. First try to form a sound without lifting your tongue, and then with lifting it off.
[R]- With a hard sound, the tip of the tongue is raised and vibrates at the roots of the teeth, with a soft [Pb], vibration occurs directly at the upper incisors.
[H]- Lips softly parted. The space between the teeth is very narrow, the front of the tongue is pressed against the roots of the lower teeth. A quick and strong exhalation releases sound along with a stream of air. The sound should be short, without an admixture of vowels.
[Ts]- The tongue is raised towards the upper teeth. Teeth exposed. A strong and short exhalation is directed into the gap between the teeth, onto the lower lip and chin.
[WITH]- The lips are open, the distance between the teeth is 1 mm, the tongue is raised to the upper teeth, concave, there is a longitudinal groove in the middle of the tongue. The exhalation is very strong and prolonged, a stream of air falls on the chin. If the sound is lisping or lisping, it means that the tongue either appears between the teeth, or is lowered and flaccid, or the upper lip is very “hard”. If the sound is whistling, then the tongue should be lowered slightly or pay attention to defects in the structure of the teeth (one tooth is shorter than the other, or there is a large gap between the front teeth, or the bite is incorrect).
Articulation of sound C.
Articulation of sound C
The lips are stretched, slightly pressed against the teeth. There is a small gap between the incisors. The tip of the tongue is lowered, pressed against inner surface lower incisors. The front part of the back of the tongue is lowered, the middle part is raised, the back part is lowered. The tongue is in the “slide” or “bridge” position. The lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars. The front part of the back of the tongue forms a gap with the alveoli, in the middle of the tongue there is a groove that directs the exhaled air stream in the center. The soft palate is raised (C - oral sound). Vocal folds
open (C – dull sound).
About the production of the C sound here.
Articulation of sound Z
Articulation of sound Z
Exactly the same as when pronouncing the sound S. The only difference is that the vocal
the folds are closed (Z – ringing sound).
Articulation of the sound Сь
Articulation of the sound Сь
The middle part of the back of the tongue is more raised upward, the groove is destroyed, the anterior part of the back of the tongue is more curved.
Articulation of the sound Зь
Articulation of the sound Зь
Exactly the same as when pronouncing the sound Сь. The only difference is that the vocal folds close (Зь – voiced sound).
Articulation of sound C
The lips are slightly tense and stretched. There is a small gap between the incisors, the tip of the tongue
Articulation of sound C
pressed against the lower incisors. At the first moment of articulation, the anterior part of the back of the tongue is raised and closes with the anterior edge of the hard palate. At the second moment of articulation, it descends, forming a gap with the palate. The middle part of the back of the tongue is raised, the back part is lowered. The lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars. The soft palate is raised (C - oral sound). The vocal folds are open (C – dull sound).
About the production of whistling sounds. Defects in the pronunciation of whistling sounds are called sigmatism.
Types of sigmatism
1.Labiodental sigmatism. The lower lip approaches the upper incisors. (C, C resembles F, G - C) Predisposing factors of labiodental sigmatism: prognathia, wasting of the muscles of the tip of the tongue with dysarthria.
2. Interdental sigmatism. When pronouncing a sound, the tip of the tongue is pushed between the teeth. The result is a lisping sound. Predisposing factors for interdental sigmatism: anterior open bite, flaccid tongue, prognathia, weakness of the tongue tip muscles due to dysarthria, missing anterior teeth, adenoids, excessively large or long tongue, weakness of the orbicularis oris muscle.
3. Labial sigmatism. When pronouncing a sound, the tip of the tongue near the teeth at the level of the gap between the teeth produces not a whistling, but a dull noise (the sound resembles T or D). The predisposing factors for predental sigmatism are the same as for interdental sigmatism.
4. Lateral sigmatism. The lateral edges do not touch the upper molars; a gap is formed on the side through which part of the air stream escapes. Lateral sigmatism can be unilateral or bilateral. Predisposing factors for lateral sigmatism: lateral open bite, long narrow tongue, pareticity of the lateral edges of the tongue with dysarthria.
5. Nasal sigmatism. The soft palate does not close tightly with the back wall of the pharynx. Some of the air passes through the nose. Predisposing factors of nasal sigmatism: pareticity of the soft palate, clefts.
6. Hissing pronunciation of whistling sounds. Mechanism: the tip of the tongue is retracted deeper oral cavity, the back of the tongue is raised, a groove is not formed. Predisposing factors: increased tone of the tongue muscles with dysarthria, with open organic rhinolalia.
Parasigmatism
If the sounds С and Сь, З, Зь, Ц are replaced by other sounds, then this disorder is called parasigmatism of whistling sounds. Sound substitutions are a phonemic defect, i.e. they indicate imperfection phonemic awareness. This is very important to take into account when making corrections.
The sound S is most often replaced by F, Сь, Ш, Т, З.
The sound З is most often replaced by В, Зь, С, Д, Ш, Ж.
The sound C is most often replaced by S, T, S', T', Sh.
About the production of whistling sounds.
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1. Introduction
2. Articulatory characteristics of vowel sounds in the Russian language
3. Articulatory characteristics of vowel sounds in English
4. Sonograms and oscillograms of English and Russian vowel sounds
6. List of references used
Introduction
Phonetics is the science of the sound side of human speech. This is one of the main branches of linguistics (linguistics). The word "phonetics" comes from the Greek. phonetikos "sound, voice" (phone sound). The special position of phonetics as a science is determined by the fact that it, the only one of all linguistic sciences, studies such units of language, the nature of which is material. The material carrier of sounding speech is air vibrations specially generated by the speaker. The listener receives information about the meaning of what is being conveyed talking messages primarily based on your auditory perception.
The sound of speech is the minimal, indivisible unit of speech flow perceived by the ear. This is a real sound spoken specific person at a specific point in time. The variety of speech sounds is endless. Each speaker pronounces sounds in his own way; it is not for nothing that you can recognize a person by hearing his speech. On the other hand, we are able to evaluate certain speech sounds as identical, from the point of view of belonging to one or another sound type. This sound type, the standard of sound that exists in the linguistic consciousness of speakers, is called the sound of the language. It combines similar, close speech sounds and is an abstract unit.
In this work I want to consider the formation of vowel sounds in English and Russian. And also make a comparative analysis of them.
All speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. They differ articulatory and acoustically.
1. When forming vowels, the air stream passes through the mouth freely, without encountering any obstacles. When consonants are formed, the air stream overcomes an obstacle in the oral cavity. This basic articulatory difference between vowels and consonants determines their other differences.
2. Vowels are tonal sounds; they are formed as a result of vibration vocal cords at the moment a stream of air passes through the larynx. These vibrations are periodic, they create a tone, a musical sound. Consonants are characterized by the presence of noise. Noise is a non-periodic sound; it arises as a result of an air stream overcoming various obstacles.
3. Vowels are characterized by a weak air stream, and to overcome an obstacle when pronouncing consonants, a stronger air stream is needed.
4. When forming vowels, muscle tension spreads almost equally throughout the entire oral cavity, and when forming consonants, muscle tension is concentrated in the place where the obstruction occurs.
5. V.A. Bogoroditsky called vowels mouth-openers, consonants - mouth-closers: the louder we want to pronounce a vowel, the wider we should open our mouth, the louder we want to pronounce a consonant, the closer we should bring the organs of speech together.
6. M.V. Panov cited another difference between vowels and consonants: vowels can be shouted, but it is impossible to shout with consonants alone.
Articulatory classification of vowel sounds in the Russian language.
Vowels are purely tonal sounds. Having arisen in the larynx as a result of vibrations of the vocal cords, the musical tone and voice acquires a special timbre in the supraglottic cavities. The mouth and pharynx are the resonators in which differences between vowels are formed. These differences are determined by the volume and shape of the resonating cavities, which can change as a result of the movement of the lips, tongue and lower jaw. Each vowel is pronounced in a special position of the speech organs, characteristic only of this sound.
The classification of vowel sounds is based on three characteristics:
· participation of lips
degree of elevation of the tongue vertically relative to the palate
degree of tongue advancement or retraction along the larynx
Based on the participation of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded (labialized) and unrounded (non-labialized) (from the Latin labium - lip () abialized and unrounded () long (about this sound, the position of the ragons can change as a result of the movement of the lip timbre). When rounded vowels are formed, the lips come closer together, rounded and protruded forward, reducing the outlet and lengthening the oral resonator. The degree of rounding can be different: less at [o], greater at [u]. Vowels [a], [e], [i], [s] are unrounded.
According to the degree of rise in relation to the palate, the vowels of the upper rise differ: [i], [s], [y]; medium rise [e], [o]; lower [a]. When articulating high vowels, the tongue occupies the highest position. In this case, the lower jaw usually moves slightly away from the upper, creating a narrow mouth opening. Therefore, high vowels are also called narrow vowels. When articulating low vowels, the lower jaw is usually lowered to its lowest position, creating a wide mouth opening, which is why such vowels are also called wide.
Vowels differ according to the degree to which the tongue moves forward or moves backward horizontally. front row: [i], [e]; middle row: [s], [a] and back row: [y], [o]. When articulating front and back vowels, the tongue is concentrated in the front or back of the mouth, respectively. The shape of the tongue can be different: when forming front vowels, the front part of the tongue rises towards the front of the palate, and when forming back vowels, it rises towards the back of the palate rear end language. When forming vowels of the middle row of the tongue, it either concentrates in the middle part of the oral cavity and rises middle part to the middle part of the palate, as sometimes happens when pronouncing [ы] (a number of such vowels are otherwise called central), or lies flat, as when pronouncing [a] (a number of such vowels are otherwise called mixed).
The simplest table of Russian vowels is:
A different pattern is represented by the vowel triangle:
More accurately represents the articulatory space of trapezoidal vowels. It reflects the structural features of the oral cavity and the possibilities of tongue movements: in the lower and back parts of the mouth they are more limited than in the upper and front.
But the division into three rows and three rises does not reflect the full richness of vowel sounds. So, in addition to [and], there is also a sound pronounced with a slightly greater openness of the mouth and a slightly lower rise of the tongue. This sound is called "[and] open"; in a more accurate transcription it is “[and] prone to [e].”
Shades of sounds can be considered as special sounds. Then the table should be more detailed. M.V. Panov proposed a table with five rows and five rises (although, of course, not all vowels of the Russian language are shown in it):
The vowel [e] is one of the most frequent sounds literary language. It is pronounced in some unstressed syllables, for example in the words p[e]khod. It occurs extremely rarely under stress, for example in the affirmative Yes, pronounced with a tinge of regret [de?] (“?” Means a sharp closure of the vocal cords, a blow to the glottis). Isolated [e] can be pronounced if you form a continuous series of transitional sounds from [s] to [a] and stop in the middle.
The vowels [a], [e], [o], [u] are advanced and upward compared to [a], [e], [o], [u]. They are pronounced between soft consonants: five[p΄ät΄], aunt[t΄ö t΄]i, tulle[t΄t΄].
The upward shift and closedness of the front vowels [i], [e] between soft consonants can be indicated in transcription in another way: [i], [e], or [i], [e], or [i], [e]. A “cover” over a vowel is also used to indicate the tension of the vowel.
The closed vowel [e] in the first pre-stressed syllable after a soft consonant is usually indicated by the sign [e]: v[e]sna, b[e]ga, r[e]dy. This pronunciation is characteristic of ekanya - the older literary norm, in contrast to the dominant one in modern literary language hiccups: in and] c na, b[i]ga, r[i]dy.
The vowel [e] is pronounced under stress after hard consonants: ant[enna]nna, m[er]r, sh[é]st.
Vowels [i], [s], [a] are only in an unstressed position: [i]skrit, d[y]shi, in [a]da. For some speakers, instead of [a], the sound is [l], an unrounded vowel, the position of the tongue is intermediate between [a] and [o]. Such pronunciation, as a rule, is a trace of the previous okanya - the distinction between unstressed [a] and [o].
Of course, not all vowel sounds are represented in these tables. A more detailed examination will reveal more subtle positional dependencies of sounds. For example, in words I'll give And gave usually transcribe the same vowel [a]. But in reality, different sounds are pronounced here: [a] of the middle row in the word I'll give and [a] mid-back in a word gave. The sound [l] causes the preceding vowel to shift backward. In words Houses And gave usually transcribe the same pre-stressed vowel [a]. But with a more accurate transcription, one should distinguish between [dama] and [dla]: the consonant sound [l] here affects the pre-stressed vowel in the same way as the stressed one.
Sounds IN And F- occur when o di nave position of the mouth. Upper lip rip dressed, upper teeth exposed, lower lip in contact ka fits with upper teeth.
When articulating sound F strength n th air flow supplied to the engine en diaphragm, tends to penetrate the narrow opening between ve upper teeth and lower lip.
At the sound IN lower lip eg ka presses against her teeth. Exhaled air percent e lives, reminiscent of the sound of a cello. By purity swarms relationship, the sound B is one of the most difficult days s. At first, the air stream should be insignificant so that it does not ri the sound of F and V was interfered with and did not lose sound h ness.
Articulation of sound L- in the beginning al e tongue is pulled to the palate, and the tip is ra is formed in the upper teeth in the same place where T is formed. Strong p oto to the air, getting to the front of me PS ka, makes sound. The larynx opens at the same time. Do it co just once, without taking your tongue away. When meh feel the formation of the tongue clearly, say L from the open in the m of the language.
Sound R- turns from fast to ol fucking or vibrating the front of the tongue s ka. If the tip of the tongue is little mobile, thick, strongly zn Repeat the sound D and sr several times az it has the sound R. It turns out: drrrr.
Sound H- lips softly skr yty. The lower lip does not press against the teeth. Russ That The gap between the teeth is very narrow, the front part of the tongue is whether presses against the dental part of the palate. For production n Yesenia pure Ch great importance has the power of exhalation. Strong co ro gentle movement of the diaphragm m give it greatest number air without exhaling. For duration flax om exhale CH sounds like Shch.
Sound C- language articulates to er fuck your teeth. The lower lip is not pressed against the teeth. AND on Why will there be a lisp? Strong and short exhalation, for example R applied to the lower lip and chin. At dl it As soon as you exhale, C will turn into S.
To C And H were short ki Mi, you need to close your mouth immediately after releasing the sound.
Sound WITH- tongue is easily soldered days yat to the teeth. Open lips, lower nya I keep my lip slightly behind my lower teeth to prevent a lisp. Etc otya gentle and strong exhalation, flow into building ear directed towards the chin. Make sure that the tip of the tongue yk but was not between the teeth.
Sound Sh- teeth are exposed, lips are ra sk dug, the distance between the teeth is unknown ah literal. The tongue is free, not pressed anywhere, articulates to the tooth ac you palate. Air jet n Apr pressure on the lower teeth, causing them to feel cold. If the lower lip is Izh ata to the teeth, or lower jaw boo de t in front of the top, it will cause a lisp.
Sound SCH- polo and mouth - as with Ш, but the front part is PS ka articulates closer to the dental part of the palate. Requires a very drawn out and si exhale.
Sound Z- put en e mouth - as with S. The sound Z feeds slightly shi m amount of air. The air stream barely perceptibly falls down. tip i PS it is brought into slight vibration. If I PS k will stop vibrating, the sound Z may be joined ini to be S. Therefore, for the sound Z to be pure, well and but say it briefly and immediately close your mouth.
Sound AND- teeth about on wife, lips softly open, distance between dec The tongue is small, the tongue is raised, but does not come into contact with the palate and teeth. Co. whether quality of exhaled air is unknown cheat Indeed, its vibration is felt on the tongue.
The consonant sounds T, D, P, B, K and G are formed by op gentle air movement. These sounds are not lz I will stretch without adding anything to them bo vowel.
In the sounds X, L, R, Zh, Sh, Shch, N, M, V, F, Z, S, k ro me strength, there is and lasting OS There is no sound. These sounds are produced both on the lower and on the ve Let's take a deep breath.
Sounds H And C, if there are otya no, contact Shch and S. For ease and tko In order to pronounce the sounds Ts and Ch, they should be repeated as often as possible A further, connecting with sounds:
P-H, T-H,
TO- Ch, F-Ch, S-Ch, X-Ch, Sh-Ch, C-Ch, Ch-Ch.
P-C, T-C, K-C, F-C, S-C, H-Ts, Sh-Ts, Ts-Ts, Ch-Ts
After the oh We are all in strong agreement, let’s get to work on me soft consonants. Some consonant sounds are pronounced OS are only solid (C, W, F), others only m yagk o (Shch, Ch). All the rest - soft or hard, everything depends si t from the vowel that follows them. When zn osim soft consonants the column of air that feeds them ae t, much weaker.Particular attention should be paid to YES And TH, T ak as often mixed with Дь no Xia is the sound Z, and to Ть is the sound C. It needs to be wider from roofs open your mouth The tip of the tongue is directed towards the front eats parts of the palate.
LH- softened us th tongue moves deeper into the mouth, it is He The cheek touches the palate. The air flow does not tend to the tip PS ka, but creeps along him bo cam.
Pb- tongue vibration iru is lower than with solid P, near and e to the upper teeth. Sometimes it happens that the tongue fluctuates badly. In such a word uch ae train: dr, dr b-d- ry... Then move on to pure rye. Make sure that instead of Pb there is no I'm a moose RI.
All segmental units of the phonetic system, sounds, are traditionally divided into vowels and consonants. This division is universal for all languages. Depending on the role played by vowels and consonants in the phonetic system of a particular language, all languages of the world are divided into vocal (Italian, Spanish, Japanese), consonantal (Russian) and mixed (German) languages.
Consonants differ from vowels in their articulation features, acoustic characteristics and functional.
Articulatory difference: vowels are formed without the presence of an obstacle, the air stream passes quite freely through the oral or nasal cavity. When forming consonants, the presence of one or another type of obstruction is necessary, therefore V.A. Bogoroditsky called vowels “mouth openers” and consonants “mouth openers”. When forming consonants, as noted by I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay, tension occurs only in one part of the pronunciation apparatus, it is localized; when pronouncing vowels, tension is present throughout the entire sound, i.e. vowels are characterized by non-localized articulation.
Acoustic difference: vowels are formed using the tone of the voice (harmonic, periodic vibrations), and when consonants are formed, there must be noise (non-harmonic vibrations).
Functional difference: vowels are syllable-forming sounds, consonants rarely form a syllable, they are mostly adjacent to the vowel. In addition, consonants are information-laden units; they convey lexical meaning words (pr'takl, zv'kvy); vowels are considered informationally redundant; they are more associated with grammatical meaning words.
However, there is no clear opposition between these groups of sounds. So, for example, sonorant consonants were previously semivowels, transitional sounds, glides, so they can also be syllabic. Sonorant J, occupying a middle position between consonants and vowels, in weak position is a semivowel sound.
Vowels
When forming vowels, the horizontal and vertical position of the tongue, the participation of the lips, and the volume and shape of the oral cavity are important. Depending on the vertical rise of the tongue and lower jaw, vowels in the Russian language are divided into three groups: upper (I, Y, U), middle (E, O), lower (A) rise. According to the degree of horizontal advancement of the tongue, vowels of the front row (I, E), middle or mixed (I, A) and back row (O, U) are distinguished. The active participation of the lips is characteristic of labialized vowels (O, U). The remaining vowels are non-labialized (A, I, Y, E).
Non-high vowels located in unstressed positions are reduced and change their articulatory characteristics. Thus, the vowel [L] of the first pre-stressed syllable after hard consonants is characterized as the sound of the middle-low rise of the middle-back row; a vowel of the second degree of reduction, appearing in other unstressed syllables, is characterized as a vowel of the middle row of the middle rise - [ъ]. In the position after soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable, the front vowel of the upper row appears - [ie], and in other unstressed syllables - the vowel of the middle-upper row of the front row - [b].
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