Populist organization "Land and Freedom". "Land and Freedom", a secret revolutionary society of populists in the 70s. 19th century Founded in St. Petersburg in 1876. The name “Land and Freedom” was given to the society at the end of 1878, with the appearance of the printed organ of the same name; former name: “Northern Revolutionary Populist Group”, “Society of Populists”. Prominent figures of “Land and Freedom” since its founding were M. A. and O. A. Natanson, A. D. Mikhailov, A. D. Oboleshev, G. V. Plekhanov, A. A. Kvyatkovsky, D. A Lizogub, V. A. Osinsky, O. V. Aptekman, etc. Later S. M. Kravchinsky, D. A. Klements, N. A. Morozov, S. L. Perovskaya, L. A. Tikhomirov joined it , M.F. Frolenko (all are former Tchaikovsky members). The “Land and Freedom” platform was shared and collaborated with by V. N. Figner’s circle (A. I. Ivanchin-Pisarev, Yu. N. Bogdanovich, A. K. Solovyov, etc.). “Land and Freedom” had a close connection with the revolutionaries active in Kyiv, Kharkov, and Odessa.
The formation of “Land and Freedom” was preceded by a discussion of the experience of “going to the people” in 1873-75. As a result, the foundations of a political platform were defined, which was called “populist”. The Land Volunteers recognized the possibility of a special (non-capitalist path of development of Russia, the basis for which was to be the peasant community. They considered it necessary to adapt the goals and slogans of the movement to the independent revolutionary aspirations that, in their opinion, already existed in the peasantry. These demands, summarized in the slogan “Land and freedom!”, were reduced by the program of society to the transfer of all land “into the hands of the rural working class” with its “uniform” distribution, to “complete secular self-government”, to the division of the empire into parts “according to local desires”.
"Land and Freedom" defended the need to create permanent "settlements" of revolutionaries in the countryside in order to prepare a popular revolution. The landowners saw the main revolutionary force in the peasantry; the labor movement was assigned a subordinate role. Based on the inevitability of a “violent revolution”, the landowners put “agitation” at a particularly important place, mainly “through action” - riots, demonstrations, strikes. They represented the “rebellious” stream in the revolutionary movement of the 70s. A significant merit of the Land Volunteers, noted by V.I. Lenin, was the desire “... to attract all the dissatisfied to their organization and direct this organization to a decisive struggle against the autocracy” (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 6, p. 135). The principles of the organization were discipline, mutual comradely control, centralism and secrecy.
To establish their “settlements,” landowners chose Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Astrakhan, as well as Tambov, Voronezh, Pskov provinces, Don region, etc. Attempts were made revolutionary activities in the North Caucasus, Urals. “Land and Freedom”, on a wide scale for underground conditions, carried out the publication and distribution of revolutionary literature (the release of “Land and Freedom”, “Leaflet “Land and Freedom””, etc.), conducted propaganda and agitation among the workers; landowners took part in several strikes in St. Petersburg in 1878-79. “Land and Freedom” influenced the development of the student movement. She organized or supported demonstrations in St. Petersburg, including the so-called Kazan demonstration of 1876, to which “Land and Freedom” first openly declared its existence.
The “Land and Freedom” program also included actions aimed, in the opinion of its members, at “disorganizing the state,” in particular the destruction of “the most harmful or prominent persons from the government.” The most significant terrorist act of “Land and Freedom” was the murder of the chief of gendarmes N.V. Mezentsov (1878). However, “Land and Freedom” did not yet consider terror as a means of political struggle against the existing system, regarding it as self-defense of revolutionaries and revenge on their government. Disappointments in revolutionary activities in the countryside, increased government repression, a sharp escalation of political discontent during the period Russian-Turkish war 1877-78 and the maturation of the revolutionary situation contributed to the emergence and development of new sentiments within the organization. In “Land and Freedom” a faction of terrorist-politicians gradually formed, which founded its organ “Listok “Land and Freedom”” in March 1879. Disagreements between supporters of continuing the previous line of society - “villagers” (Plekhanov, M.R. Popov, Aptekman and etc.) and “politicians” - defenders of the transition to political struggle through the systematic use of terrorist methods (Mikhailov, Morozov, Tikhomirov, Kvyatkovsky, etc.), demanded the convening of the Voronezh Congress in June 1879, which led only to a formal and short-term compromise between these two groups. In August 1879, “Land and Freedom” finally split into 2 independent organizations: “People’s Will” and “Black Redistribution”.

At the end of the 70s, the country was turbulent: students were worried, liberals demanded a constitution, and trials of populists continued. The failure of revolutionary propaganda among the peasants and the repressions of the authorities pushed some of the populists to terrorist activities. At the beginning of 1878, Vera Zasulich, a member of the Land and Freedom organization, seriously wounded the St. Petersburg mayor Trepov. In April 1879, the populist Soloviev made another unsuccessful attempt on the tsar's life. “Land and Freedom” was turning into a terrorist organization. Disagreements began among the Land Volyas on the issue of methods of struggle. The final split occurred in 1879. “Land and Freedom” split into two organizations: "Black redistribution" And "People's Will". Members of the “Black Redistribution” considered the main thing to be propaganda among the peasants and the preparation of the revolution. The tactics of the “Narodnaya Volya,” in addition to the methods of revolutionary propaganda, were to intimidate the government through individual terror and prepare an uprising. The Narodnaya Volya believed that it was enough to overthrow the autocracy and a social revolution would occur. We must seize power through a conspiracy of the minority. The Black Redistribution organization, headed by P. G. Plekhanov, abandoned the tactics of individual terror, initially setting as its task propaganda among the peasants. Later, members of the organization came to the conclusion about the need for propaganda among workers and recognition of the political struggle. In 1882, the organization broke up into several circles and ceased to exist.

Social democratic movement. The founder of Russian social democracy is Plekhanov. In 1883, the “Group for the Liberation of Labor” was created in Geneva. The main areas of its activity:

· translation into Russian and dissemination of the works of Marx and Engels in Russia;

· ideological struggle against populism;

· analysis of the development of Russia from the point of view of Marxism.

The spread of Marxism began in Russia in the 80s. There were many circles, among them: the circle of Blagoev, Brusnev, Fedoseev, etc. In the 90s, an ideological struggle emerged between populism and Marxism. In Marxism, “legal Marxism” arises (under the leadership of Struve). In 1895, a citywide organization headed by Lenin was created in St. Petersburg under the name “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.” In 1898, the first congress of the RSDLP was held in Minsk. The final formation of this movement takes place at the Second Congress, and at it the division of the RSDLP into two movements took place: the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. In 1901, the Esser Party (Chernov) was formed on the basis of the revolutionary populists.

Peculiarities political movements in Russia:

· they arise much later than in the West. This is due to Russia's backwardness in socio-economic terms;

· in Russia, parties were in an illegal or semi-legal position (this led to radicalism in their actions);

· the formation of parties went from the periphery to the center (first regional parties arose, and then all-Russian ones);

· the formation of parties went from left to right (socialists, liberal democrats, conservatives). This led to dominance in society socialist parties And radical methods struggle;

· none of the parties had experience in government.

CONCLUSION: To end of the 19th century- at the beginning of the 20th century, socio-political movements in Russia reached such a degree of maturity that made it possible to create political parties all directions.

Land and Will- a secret revolutionary society that arose in Russia in 1861 and existed until 1864, from 1876 to 1879 it was restored as a populist organization.

Second composition 1876-1879

The second composition of “Land and Freedom,” which was restored in 1876 as a populist organization, included such figures as A. D. Mikhailov, G. V. Plekhanov, D. A. Lizogub, later S. M. Kravchinsky, N. A. Morozov, S. L. Perovskaya, L. A. Tikhomirov, N. S. Tyutchev. In total, the organization consisted of about 200 people. “Land and Freedom” relied on a wide circle of sympathizers in its activities.

The name “Land and Freedom” was given to the society at the end of 1878, with the appearance of a printed organ of the same name; former name: “Northern Revolutionary Populist Group”, “Society of Populists”.

The organization’s propaganda was based not on the old socialist principles, incomprehensible to the people, but on slogans emanating directly from the peasantry, that is, the demands of “land and freedom.” In their program they proclaimed “anarchy and collectivism” as the goal of their activities. The specific requirements were the following:

§ transfer of all land to peasants

§ introduction of full community self-government

§ introduction of freedom of religion

§ granting nations the right to self-determination

The means of achieving these goals included organizational (propaganda, agitation among peasants and other classes and groups) and disorganization (individual terror against the most objectionable government officials and secret police agents). The organization had its own charter.

The organization consisted of a main circle (divided into seven special groups by type of activity) and local groups located in many major cities empires. "Land and Freedom" had its own press organ with the same name. Agent of “Land and Freedom” N.V. Kletochnikov was introduced into the Third Department. Landlords organized village settlements as a transition to “sedentary” propaganda. However, this action, as well as “going to the people,” ended in failure. After this, the populists concentrated all their efforts on political terror.

Landlords took part in several strikes in St. Petersburg in 1878-79. "Land and Freedom". influenced the development of the student movement. She organized or supported demonstrations in St. Petersburg, including the Kazan demonstration of 1876, which was called “Land and Freedom”. for the first time openly declared its existence. Kazan demonstration of 1876, the first political demonstration in Russia with the participation of advanced workers. Caused by the growth of the strike movement in the country. It took place on December 6 on the square of the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg. Organized and carried out by the land populists and members of workers’ circles associated with them. About 400 people gathered in the square. passionate revolutionary speech G. V. Plekhanov spoke to the audience. Young worker Ya. Potapov unfurled a red flag. The demonstrators resisted the police. 31 demonstrators were arrested, 5 of whom were sentenced to 10-15 years of hard labor, 10 were sentenced to exile in Siberia, and three workers, including Y. Potapov, were sentenced to imprisonment for 5 years in a monastery. The Kazan demonstration of 1876 marked the beginning of the conscious participation of Russians. working class in the social movement.

Lipetsk Congress of Members populist organization"Land and Freedom". Took place in June 1879 in Lipetsk. Convened in an atmosphere of heightened disagreement among the revolutionary populists on the issue of the future direction of the organization's activities. A. D. Mikhailov, A. A. Kvyatkovsky, L. A. Tikhomirov, N. A. Morozov, A. I. Barannikov, M. N. Oshanina, A. I. Zhelyabov, N. I. Kolodkevich, G. D. Goldenberg, S. G. Shiryaev, M. F. Frolenko. The congress decided to include in the program “Land and Freedom” recognition of the need for a political struggle against autocracy as a priority and independent task. Participants in the Lipetsk Congress declared themselves the Executive Committee of the Social Revolutionary Party and adopted a charter based on centralism, discipline and secrecy. The Executive Committee, in the event of the agreement of the general congress of “landers” in Voronezh with new program had to take upon himself the implementation of terror.

Voronezh Congress of Members of the Populist Organization "Land and Freedom", convened in June 1879 in Voronezh in connection with disagreements among the revolutionary populists on the issue of the future direction of activity. About 20 people took part, including G. V. Plekhanov, A. D. Mikhailov, A. I. Zhelyabov, V. N. Figner, S. L. Perovskaya, N. A. Morozov, M. F. Frolenko, O. V. Aptekman. Supporters of the “politics” of political struggle and terror (Zhelyabov, Mikhailov, Morozov, etc.) came to the congress as a united group, which was finally organized at the Lipetsk Congress (June 1879). Plekhanov’s supporters (“villagers”) took a conciliatory position, considering the main task to be work among the peasants: they did not, in essence, object to terror. Plekhanov, who proved the danger of being carried away by terror for the prospects of working among the people, formally resigned from Land and Freedom and left the congress.

The resolutions of the congress were of a compromise nature: along with activities, the people also recognized the need for political terror.

The organization existed until 1879, after which it disbanded. The terrorist wing formed a new organization, “Narodnaya Volya,” and the wing that remained faithful to purely populist tendencies was the “Black Redistribution” society. After the split of “Land and Freedom” at the Voronezh Congress, the Executive Committee of the Lipetsk Congress laid the foundation new organization"People's Will".

populist organization of the 1870s, founded in St. Petersburg in 1876 (name since 1878). Leaders: M. A. Nathanson, A. D. Mikhailov, G. V. Plekhanov and others. Branches in Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkov, etc. The program provided for the nationalization of land, the replacement of the state with a federation of communities through a peasant revolution. Members of "Z. and V." they created settlements among the “people,” conducted propaganda among workers and intelligentsia, and published the newspaper “Land and Freedom” (1878-79). Disagreements between supporters and opponents of the political struggle led to a split (1879) between the Z. and V. to "People's Will" and "Black Redistribution".

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"LAND AND WILL"

1 . secret revolutionary society in Russia in the beginning. 60s 19th century The appearance and activities of "Z. and V." associated with the situation of the first revolution. situation, with the rise of the mass movement and democratic struggle. intelligentsia, with the expectation of a widespread cross. uprising, which was predicted by the revolutionaries for 1863 (with the end of the deadline set for the entry into force of the Regulations on February 19, 1861). Education and first practical steps "Z. and V." relate approximately to con. 1861, but the idea of ​​the organization arose somewhat earlier. "Z. and V." had in mind the unification on a federal basis of already existing circles and those newly emerging with her participation in both capitals and in the localities, the creation of a common governing organization. Important role at the base of "W. and V." belonged to the brothers N.A. and A.A. Serno-Solovyevich, A.A. Sleptsov, N.N. Obruchev, S.S. Rymarenko, V.S. Kurochkin and others. The teacher and inspirer of the group of organizers "Z. and V." was N.G. Chernyshevsky. The leaders of the organization were simultaneously connected with the editorial office of Kolokol in London, and N.P. Ogarev took a particularly active part in defining and implementing the tasks of the secret society. Subsequently Ch. foreign representative of "Z. and V." officially considered A.I. Herzen. With "Z. and V." M.A. Bakunin was also closely associated. All R. 1862 Chernyshevsky, N.A. Serno-Solovyevich, Rymarenko were arrested, A.A. Serno-Solovyevich was forced to emigrate. Later, among the leaders of "Z. and V." N. I. Utin, P. V. Pushtorsky and others were located. At the end of summer - beginning of autumn 1862, the center "Z. and V." finally took shape under the name. "Russian Central People's Committee" and then, apparently, the name was adopted for the society. “Land and Freedom” (Academician M.V. Nechkina believes that this name was adopted by the society since the end of 1861). The center is located in St. Petersburg. k-ta - acted also local office"Z. and V." Committees and groups "Z. and V." existed, in addition, in Moscow, Kazan, N. Novgorod, Perm, in Ukraine and in certain other places. In con. 1862 to "W. and V." Russian joined military-revolutionary organization that arose in the Kingdom of Poland under the leadership. A. A. Potebni (see Committee of Russian Officers in Poland). The landowners turned around quite a lot. illegal publishing activities addressed to the people, the army, to " educated classes": they issued a number of proclamations (printed partly in Russia in underground printing houses, partly abroad), two issues of the leaflet "Freedom", began to print the magazine "Land and Freedom". The Zemlya Voltsy also carried out oral propaganda in various social strata, using, between other things, Sunday schools, open societies. institutions. At the beginning of their activities, the landowners recognized as a common platform the article-appeal by Ogarev, “What do the people need?”, published even before the founding of the society (in mid-1861) in Kolokol. The article put forward demands to assign to the peasants all the land that was in their use (with an addition if there were insufficient plots) without burdening them with any land. specialist. payments, reducing the army by half (later in the land Volga documents the demand was put forward to replace the “recruitment” with a people’s militia), freeing the people from bureaucracy and establishing a genuine cross. self-government, the introduction of district and gubernia. self-government and a general state endowed with broad rights. adv. representative offices. The article "What do the people need?" called for gathering strength in order to unitely and firmly “defend the worldly land, the people’s will and human truth against the king and nobles.” Then at the center of the agitation and propaganda activities of "Z. and V." the slogan of the classless "Zemsky Sobor" or "People's Assembly", convened after the revolution, was raised. overthrow of autocracy. “Everyone’s right to land and an elected and federal government” - this is how the main one was explained. maintenance of the earthwolves. programs by Herzen and Ogarev in the beginning. 1863 (at this time, under the editorship of “Kolokol”, the Council “Z. and V.”) was created. There is reason to believe that "Z. and v." in 1862-63, she was inclined to the need to declare all lands state after the coup. property with their release for use for the duration of the village. communities. In 1863, in the activities of "Z. and V." Issues related to the uprising in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus occupied an important place. Shortly before the January uprising of 1863 in Poland, the center of "Z. and V." in St. Petersburg, and earlier Herzen, Bakunin, Ogarev, Potebnya abroad, held negotiations with representatives of the Polish. national liberation movements, establishing friendships with them. and alliance relations. During the uprising "W. and V." has stated more than once that advanced Russians. people “have nothing in common with the tsar and his bloodthirsty government” and want the liberation of Poland from the yoke that oppresses the Russians. people. Connected ideologically with "G. and V." and "Bell" revolutionary. elements among Russian the military in Poland sided with the rebels. During 1863 the revolution. the situation in Russia has virtually exhausted itself. The general peasant (or military-peasant) uprising, which the revolutionaries were guided by, did not happen. Polish the uprising was suppressed. In the privileged community, the reactions sharply intensified. and chauvinistic. moods. Revolutionary-democratic the intelligentsia carried heavy losses in an unequal struggle with the government; pl. landowners were arrested, some fled abroad. Under these conditions, the revolutionary. work "Z. and V." began to freeze. By the spring of 1864 "W. and V." self-destructed. "Z. and V." went down in history as the largest revolution. unification in Russia in the 60s, around which the most active democrats gradually rallied. elements for preparing revolutionaries. onslaught against autocracy. Activities "Z. and V." contributed to the formation of socio-political positions of the advanced part of the intelligentsia, who expressed the vital interests of the cross. masses of Russia. "Z. and V." strengthened friendship and democratic cooperation. forces of Russia and Poland. Example "Z. and V." 60s had a significant impact on the subsequent release. movement in Russia. Historiography "G. and V." consists of dept. articles and reviews in general essays in Russian. revolutionary movements (see lit. below). Specialist. There is no monograph covering the history of the organization as a whole. Commentaries by M. K. Lemke on the “Complete Works” of A. I. Herzen (1919-25), which essentially contain a detailed and valuable outline of the history of “Z. and V.”, were widely used later by historians. Behind last years study of "Z. and V." has made significant progress (although there is still a lot of uncertainty and debate in its history). Ch. the credit for this goes to the Revolutionary Studies Group. situation in Russia at the end of 1850 - beginning. 1860s Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed by academician. M. V. Nechkina (See: "Revolutionary situation in Russia in 1859-1861", vol. 1-3, M., 1960-63, art. Nechkina, Ya. I. Linkova, V. I. Neupokoeva, etc.). Lit.: Herzen A.I., Complete. collection op. and letters, ed. M. K. Lemke, vol. 10, 15-17, 22, P.-L.-M., 1919-25; him. Past and thoughts. Parts 6-8, Collection. op. in 30 vols., vol. 11, M., 1957; Ogarev N.P., Izbr. socio-political and philosopher production, vol. 1-2, M., 1952-56; Materials for the history of revolution. movements in Russia in the 60s. First supplement to Sat. "State crimes in Russia", ed. B. Bazilevsky, St. Petersburg, (b. g.); (Utin N.I.), Propaganda and organization, "People's Affairs", 1868, No. 2-3; Panteleev L.F., Memoirs, M., 1958; Sleptsova M., Navigators the coming storm(From memoirs), "Links", vol. 2, M.-L., 1933; Reiser S. A., Memoirs of A. A. Sleptsov, in the book: N. G. Chernyshevsky, vol. 3, Saratov, 1962; Herzen, Ogarev and the “young emigration” will enter. Art. B. P. Kozmina, publ. E. N. Kusheva, I. Zverev, in the book: Lit. inheritance, vol. 41-42, M., 1941; “Confession” by V.I. Kelsiev, ibid.; New materials about the revolution. situation in Russia (1859-61). Art. and publ. M. Nechkina, in the same place, t. 61, M., 1953; Letters from Herzen to representatives of the “young emigration”, publ. B. Kozmina, ibid.; Unpublished and uncollected prod. Ogareva, intro. art., publ. and comments by Ya. Chernyak, ibid.; Letters from I. I. Kelsiev to Herzen and Ogarev, publ. P. G. Ryndzyunsky, in the same place, t. 62, M., 1955; Was N. N. Obruchev the addressee of the letter taken during the arrest of Chernyshevsky?, comm. Ya. Z. Chernyak, in the same place; N.A. Serno-Solovyevich - Herzen and Ogarev, ibid.; Letters from N. I. Utin to Herzen and Ogarev, publ. B.P. Kozmina, ibid.; Letters from Herzen and Ogarev to to different persons, ibid., t. 63, M., 1956; About the memoirs of A. A. Sleptsov, message by V. E. Bograd, ibid., vol. 67, M., 1959; Alexander Serno-Solovievich. Materials for biography. Art. and publ. B.P. Kozmina, ibid.; Nechkina M.V., N.P. Ogarev during the revolutionary years. situations, "IAN USSR, Series of History and Philosophy", 1947, No. 2; hers, “Land and Freedom” of the 1860s. (According to consequent materials), "ISSSR", 1957, No. 1; Revolutionary the situation in Russia in 1859-61, vol. 1-3, M., 1960-63; Lemke M., Essays will liberate. movements of the “sixties”, 2nd ed., St. Petersburg, 1908; him, Politich. processes in Russia in the 1860s, 2nd ed., M.-P., 1923; Kozmin B.P., From the history of revolution. thoughts in Russia, Izbr. works, M., 1961, Levin Sh. M., Society. movement in Russia in the 60-70s. XIX century, M., 1958; Linkov Ya. I., The role of A. I. Herzen and N. P. Ogarev in the creation and activities of the Earth and Freedom society, VI, 1954, No. 3; him, Osn. stages of revolutionary history Society "Land and Freedom" of the 1860s, "VI", 1958, No. 9; him, A.I. Herzen and the revolutionary. organizations - predecessors of the first "Land and Freedom", "VI", 1962, No. 4; Belyavskaya I.M., A.I. Herzen and the Polish national liberation. movement of the 60s XIX century, M., 1954; Kovalsky Yu., Russian revolutionary. democracy and the January uprising of 1863 in Poland, trans. from Polish, M., 1953; The uprising of 1863 and the Russian-Polish revolutionaries. connections of the 60s Sat. Art. and materials, M., 1960; Smirnov A. P., Revolution. connections between the peoples of Russia and Poland in the 30-60s. XIX century, M., 1962; Rus. underground and foreign press. Bibliographical index, vol. 1, Donarovolch. period. 1831-1879, c. 1. Books, brochures, leaflets, M., 1935. Sh. M. Levin. Leningrad. 2 . secret revolutionary society of populists in the 70s. 19th century Basic in St. Petersburg in 1876. She was the most important and major revolutionary for her time. org. Name “Z. and V.”, associated partly with the tradition of the 60s, according to the testimony of most memoirists, was given to the society in the end. 1878, with the appearance of a printed organ of the same name; former names (according to memoir sources): “Northern revolutionary-populist group”, “Society of Narodniks”. In the composition of "Z. and V." a number of participants in the “walking among the people” who survived the arrests entered, as well as younger revolutionaries. Prominent figures of "Z. and V." from its founding there were M. A. and O. A. Natanson, A. D. Mikhailov, A. D. Oboleshev, G. V. Plekhanov, A. A. Kvyatkovsky, D. A. Lizogub, V. A. Osinsky , O.V. Aptekman and others. Later S.M. Kravchinsky, D.A. Klements, N.A. Morozov, S.L. Perovskaya, M.P. Frolenko, L.A. Tikhomirov joined it (all - b. "Tchaikovsky") Platform "Z. and V." shared and collaborated with the circle of V. N. Figner (A. I. Ivanchin-Pisarev, Yu. N. Bogdanovich, A. K. Solovyov, etc.). "Z. and V." had close ties with the revolutionaries operating in Ukraine - in Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkov, where the work of its individual members (Osinsky, Lizogub) took place. Education "Z. and V." preceded by a discussion of the experience of "going to the people" 1873-75. As a result of the well-known revision of program tactics. and organizational views, the foundations of the updated platform were determined, and at the same time the participants themselves gave the name “populist”. Like other representatives of the populist. worldview (in in a broad sense this concept), the landowners recognized the possibility special way(non-capitalist) socio-economic. development of Russia, the basis for which was to serve as a cross. community. Finding the activities of their predecessors too divorced from the real conditions of Russia, the landowners considered it necessary to adapt the goals and slogans of the movement to independence. revolutionary aspirations that, in their opinion, already exist in the peasantry. “We are narrowing down,” said the program “Z. and c." - our demands to those that are actually feasible in the near future, that is, to the popular demands as they are at the moment." These demands, summarized in the slogan “Land and Freedom!”, were reduced by the society’s program to the transfer of all land “into the hands of the rural working class” with its “even” distribution, to “full secular self-government” with one form or another of “intercommunal and external relations"(it was allowed to transfer a possibly more limited share of social functions to community unions), to divide the empire into parts "according to local desires." The landowners believed in the socialism of the "radical character traits" of the peasantry, thanks to which the implementation of immediate demands would be the foundation for "further successful progress of social affairs in Russia." "Z. and V." defended the need to create permanent "settlements" of revolutionaries in the countryside in order to establish strong ties among the peasantry with the goal of ultimately preparing a people's revolution. The program "Z. and V." also proposed "the establishment of relations and connections in the centers of concentration of industrial workers"; but the landowners assigned a subordinate role to the labor movement, they saw the main revolutionary force in the peasantry. Serious importance was attached to work among the intelligentsia, primarily from the point of view of replenishing the ranks of the revolutionary .org-tions. Based on the inevitability of a “violent coup”, among the means of preparing it, the landowners put forward to a particularly important place “agitation”, both verbal and mainly “through action” - riots, demonstrations, strikes; they, in general, supported Bakuninist tradition, represented the "rebellious" stream in the revolutionary movement of the 70s. A significant merit of the Zemlya Volyas was the desire to create a strong and disciplined, truly combat-ready revolutionary organization, noted with great approval by V. I. Lenin. For the organization "settlements" landowners elected first of all certain Volga provinces (Saratov - as the main center, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Astrakhan), as well as Tambov, Voronezh, Pskov provinces. Work was carried out in the Don region, revolutionary attempts were made. activities in the North. Caucasus, Urals. "Z. and V." staged the publication and distribution of revolutionary works on a wide scale for underground conditions. literature (issue of "Land and Freedom", "List of Land and Freedom", many illegal appeals and brochures). In St. Petersburg and some other cities "Z. and V." conducted propaganda and agitation among workers; landowners participated in several. strikes in St. Petersburg in 1878-79. "Z. and V." had great connections among students (primarily in St. Petersburg and Moscow) and influenced the development of students. movements. She organized or supported demonstrations in St. Petersburg, including the so-called. Kazan demonstration 1876, cut "Z. and V." for the first time openly declared its existence. Active activity Land Volunteers for the publication and dissemination of revolutionary articles. literature, the organization of various kinds of protests, the deployment of agitation had a major political impact. meaning. But theoretically "Z. and V." still adhered to anarchist or semi-anarchist views on politics. struggle; the latter only spontaneously burst into her activities. Program "Z. and V." also provided for actions aimed at “disorganizing the state,” in particular the destruction of “the most harmful or prominent persons from the government.” The loudest terrorist act "Z. and v." there was the murder of the chief of gendarmes Mezentsov (1878). However, "W. and V." still did not yet consider terror as a political means. struggle against the existing system, assessing it from the angle of self-defense of revolutionaries and revenge against the government. Difficulties and disappointments in the revolution. activities in the countryside, which did not bring quick and sufficiently tangible results to the landowners, strengthening of governments. repressions, and on the other hand - a sharp aggravation of political discontent in various societies. circles during the Russian-Tourist period. war and the maturation of revolution. situations contributed to the emergence and development of new sentiments within the “Z. and V.” and in the environment close to it. In "Z. and V." A faction of terrorist-politicians gradually formed, which even actually received its own organ in March 1879 - "Leaflet" Z. and in."". Disagreements between supporters of the continuation of the previous line of society (Plekhanov, M.R. Popov, Aptekman, etc.) and defenders of the transition to politics. struggle through systematic use of terrorist methods (A.D. Mikhailov, Morozov, Tikhomirov, Kvyatkovsky, etc.) caused the convening of the Voronezh Congress of “Z. and V.” in June 1879, which led only to a formal and short-term compromise between the two groupings. In Aug. 1879 "W. and E." finally split; Instead, “Narodnaya Volya” and “Black Redistribution” arose. Like other representatives of the revolutionary. populism, landowners of the 70s. were exponents - in a certain form characteristic of them - of utopian ideas. “peasant socialism” and essentially reflected the aspirations of the cross in their activities. the masses of Russia, the struggle of the peasantry for land, its desire for a free and equal life. Material on the history of "Z. and V." contained in its publications, in program and statutory documents (published in the collection: Archives of "Land and Freedom" and "Nar. Will", 1932), in memoirs, letters, testimonies of its participants and figures close to it, and also in some officials. sources (indictments, etc.). The first story intended for publication. essay "Z. and V." was given back in the beginning. 80s in exile by O. V. Aptekman; in printed form, however, it appeared - in an expanded and changed edition - only during the period of the first Russian revolution (a new expanded edition - after October). In the 90s essay on the history of "Z. and V." publ. E. A. Serebryakov. Written from the Narodnaya Volya. positions, this essay was subsequently criticized by Plekhanov. Plekhanov repeatedly touched upon the activities and role of "Z. and V." in their productions both 80-90s and more later years(for example, “Russian worker in the revolutionary movement”, preface to the Russian edition of A. Thun’s book, critical article about Bogucharsky “The Unsuccessful History of the People’s Will Party”, etc.). About the story meaning "W. and V." in the matter of creating an organization of revolutionaries, V.I. Lenin wrote in the beginning. 20th century The newest owl. a work specifically dedicated to “Z. and V.” belongs to P. S. Tkachenko. Lit.: Lenin V.I., What to do?, Works, 4th ed., vol. 5; his, One step forward, two steps back, ibid., vol. 7; Plekhanov G.V., Soch., vol. 1-3, 9, 12, 24, M.-P.-L., 1923-27; Archives of "Land and Freedom" and "People's Will", M., 1932; Revolutionary journalism of the 70s, 2 appendix. to Sat. "State crimes in Russia", Rostov/D., (b. g.); Tkachenko P. S., Rev. populist organization "Land and Freedom" (1876-1879), M., 1961; Serebryakov E. A., Essay on the history of "Land and Freedom", St. Petersburg, 1906; Bogucharsky V. Ya., Active populism of the seventies, M., 1912; Levin Sh. M., General. movement in Russia in the 60-70s. XIX century, M., 1958; Aptekman O.V., Society "Land and Freedom" of the 70s, 2nd ed., P., 1924; Popov M.R., Notes of a landowner, M., 1933; Frolenko M. P., Collection. soch., vol. 1-2, 2nd ed., M., 1932; Figner V., Complete. collection soch., vol. 1, 5, 2nd ed., M., 1932; Morozov N. A., Tale of my life, vol. 2, M., 1962; Tikhomirov L. A., Memoirs, M.-L., 1927; Stepnyak-Kravchinsky S., Soch., vol. 1, M., 1958; Ivanchin-Pisarev A.I., Walking among the people, M.-L., 1929; Bukh N.K., Memoirs, M., 1928; Rusanov N.S., At home. 1859-1882, M., 1931; Lyubatovich O., Distant and recent, M., 1930; Tyutchev N. S., Revolution. movement 1870-80s Art. according to architect mat-lam, M., 1925; Pribyleva-Korba A.P. and Figner V.N., Narodovolets A.D. Mikhailov, L., 1925; Kozmin B., On the history of “Land and Freedom” of the 70s. (Program of the Tambov settlement of landowners), "KA", 1926, t. 6(19); Historical-revolutionary. Sat., t. 2, L., 1924; Tvardovskaya V. A., The crisis of “Land and Freedom” in the late 70s, “ISSSR”, 1959, No. 4; her, Voronezh Congress of Land Volunteers (June 1879), "NDVSh, Historical Sciences", 1959, No. 2, see also lit. at Art. Populism and articles about individual landowners. S. M. Levin. Leningrad. 3 . the printed organ of the secret society "Land and Freedom" in Russia, "social-revolutionary review". No 1 marked 25 Oct. - Nov 1 1878, No. 5 (last) published April 16. 1879. Published in the underground "Petersburg Free Printing House" of the Land Volunteers with a circulation of several. thousand copies. To the editor in different time included S. M. Kravchinsky, D. A. Clements, N. A. Morozov, G. V. Plekhanov, L. A. Tikhomirov, the Crimea also belonged to the b. part lit. mat-lov. Along with the program articles "Z. and v." gave political feuilleton, correspondence about unrest, strikes, student movement, announced secret governments. documents, etc. Text "Z. and v." reprinted by V. Ya. Bogucharsky in the book. "Revolutionary journalism of the 70s." (1905, Paris, 1906 - in Russia). Lit.: Kuzmin D., Narodovolch. journalism, M., 1930; Verevkin B.P., Rus. illegal revolutionary print from the 70s and 80s. XIX century, M., 1960.

Populist organization "Land and Freedom"

The formation of “Land and Freedom” was preceded by a discussion of the experience of “going to the people” in 1873-75. As a result, the foundations of a political platform were defined, which was called “populist”. The landowners recognized the possibility of a special (non-capitalist path of development of Russia), the basis for which was to be the peasant community. They considered it necessary to adapt the goals and slogans of the movement to the independent revolutionary aspirations that, in their opinion, already existed among the peasantry. These demands, summarized in the slogan “Land and Freedom!”, were reduced by the program of society to the transfer of all land “into the hands of the rural working class” with its “even” distribution, to “full worldly self-government”, to the division of the empire into parts “according to local desires "

"Land and Freedom" defended the need to create permanent "settlements" of revolutionaries in the countryside in order to prepare a popular revolution. The landowners saw the main revolutionary force in the peasantry; the labor movement was assigned a subordinate role. Based on the inevitability of a “violent revolution”, the landowners put “agitation” at a particularly important place, mainly “through action” - riots, demonstrations, strikes. They represented the “rebellious” stream in the revolutionary movement of the 70s.

A significant merit of the Land Volunteers, noted by V.I. Lenin, was the desire “... to attract all the dissatisfied to their organization and direct this organization to a decisive struggle against the autocracy.” The principles of the organization were discipline, mutual comradely control, centralism and secrecy.

To establish their “settlements,” the landowners chose Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Astrakhan, as well as Tambov, Voronezh, Pskov provinces, the Don region, etc. Attempts were made at revolutionary activity in the North Caucasus and the Urals.

“Land and Freedom”, on a wide scale for underground conditions, carried out the publication and distribution of revolutionary literature, conducted propaganda and agitation among the workers; landowners took part in several strikes in St. Petersburg in 1878-79.

“Land and Freedom” influenced the development of the student movement. She organized or supported demonstrations in St. Petersburg, including the so-called Kazan demonstration of 1876, to which “Land and Freedom” first openly declared its existence.

The “Land and Freedom” program also included actions aimed, in the opinion of its members, at “disorganizing the state,” in particular the destruction of “the most harmful or prominent persons from the government.” The most significant terrorist act of “Land and Freedom” was the murder of the chief of gendarmes N.V. Mezentsov (1878). However, “Land and Freedom” did not yet consider terror as a means of political struggle against the existing system, regarding it as self-defense of revolutionaries and revenge on their government.

Disappointments in revolutionary activity in the countryside, increased government repression, a sharp aggravation of political discontent during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78. and the maturation of a revolutionary situation contributed to the emergence and development of new sentiments within the organization.

A faction of terrorist-politicians gradually formed in “Land and Freedom”, which founded its organ “Listok “Land and Freedom”” in March 1879.

Disagreements between supporters of the continuation of the previous line of society - “villagers” and “politicians” - with defenders of the transition to political struggle through the systematic use of terrorist methods, required the convening of the Voronezh Congress in June 1879, which led only to a formal and short-term compromise between these two groups.

Thus, the main ideas of the revolutionary populists: capitalism in Russia is imposed “from above” and has no social roots on Russian soil; the future of the country lies in communal socialism; peasants are ready to accept socialist ideas; transformations must be carried out in a revolutionary way. M.A. Bakunin, P.L. Lavrov and P.N. Tkachev were developed theoretical basis three currents of revolutionary populism - rebellious (anarchist), propaganda and conspiratorial.

M.A. Bakunin believed that the Russian peasant is by nature a rebel and ready for revolution. Therefore, the task of the intelligentsia is to go to the people and incite an all-Russian revolt. Viewing the state as an instrument of injustice and oppression, he called for its destruction and the creation of a federation of self-governing free communities. PL. Lavrov did not consider the people ready for revolution. Therefore, he paid most attention to propaganda with the aim of preparing the peasantry. The peasants were to be “awakened” by “critically thinking individuals” - the leading part of the intelligentsia. P.N. Tkachev also did not consider the peasant ready for revolution. At the same time, he called the Russian people “communists by instinct,” who do not need to be taught socialism. In his opinion, a narrow group of conspirators (professional revolutionaries), having captured state power, will quickly involve the people in socialist reconstruction.

In 1874, based on the ideas of M.A. Bakunin, more than 1,000 young revolutionaries organized a mass “walk among the people,” hoping to rouse the peasants to revolt. However, “going to the people” failed; the populists were faced with tsarist illusions and the possessive psychology of the peasants. The movement was crushed, the agitators were arrested. The ineffectiveness of terrorist methods of struggle, which led to increased reaction and police brutality in the country, was once again confirmed.

In general, the activities of the People's Will significantly slowed down the evolutionary development of Russia.

From the mid-1880s, with the development of capitalism, the growth of the labor movement in Russia, and the spread of Marxist ideas, populism gradually began to yield primacy in the liberation movement to revolutionary social democracy.

• Lenin V.I. Full composition of writings. - 5th ed. - v.12. - P.135.