Grishin Denis.

Natural disasters threaten the inhabitants of our planet from the beginning of civilization. Somewhere to a greater extent, elsewhere less. 100% security does not exist anywhere. Natural disasters can bring tremendous damage. In recent years, the number of earthquakes, floods, landslides and other natural disasters is constantly growing. In my abstract, I want to consider dangerous natural processes in Russia.

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Administration of the city of Nizhny Novgorod

Municipal budgetary educational institution

secondary school № 148

Scientific Society of Students

Dangerous natural phenomena in Russia

Performed: Grishin Denis,

student 6A class

Leader:

Sinyagina Marina Evgenievna,

geography teacher

nizhny Novgorod

27.12.2011

PLAN

P.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Dangerous Natural Phenomena (Natural Emergencies).

1.1. The concept of emergency situations.

1.2. Geographic disaster disasters.

1.3. Fichial disasters of meteorological nature.

1.4. Fighhygenic disasters of a hydrological nature.

1.5. Road fires.

Chapter 2. Fichial disasters in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Chapter 3. Measures of the fight against natural disasters.

Conclusion

Literature

Applications

Introduction

In my abstract, I want to consider dangerous natural processes.

Natural disasters threaten the inhabitants of our planet from the beginning of civilization. Somewhere to a greater extent, elsewhere less. 100% security does not exist anywhere. Natural disasters can bring tremendous damage.

Emergencies of a natural nature (natural disasters) in recent years have a tendency to increase. The actions of volcanoes (Kamchatka) are activated, cases of earthquakes (Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Kuriles, Transbaikalia, South Caucasus) are rapidly, their destructive power increases. Almost regular steel floods (Far East, Caspian Lowland, Southern Urals, Siberia), frequently landslide along the rivers of the mountain areas. Out, snow drifts, storms, hurricanes and tornadoes annually visit Russia.

To a great regret, the construction of multi-storey houses continues in the areas of periodic flooding, which increases the concentration of the population, underground communications are laid, dangerous production is functioning. All this leads to the fact that the usual forthese flood places cause more and more catastrophic consequences.

In recent years, the number of earthquakes, floods, landslides and other natural disasters is constantly growing.

The purpose of my abstract is the study of natural emergencies.

The task of my work is the study of dangerous natural processes (natural emergencies) and disaster protection measures.

1. Natural Emergency Concept

1.1. Private emergencies -the situation on a certain territory or water area as a result of the emergence of a source of natural emergencies, which may entail or entail human sacrifices, damage to the health of people or the environment, significant losses and violation of the living conditions of people.

Natural emergencies are distinguished by the nature of the source and scale.

Also in themselves emergency situations are very diverse. Therefore, based on the causes (conditions) of the occurrence, they are divided into groups:

1) dangerous geophysical phenomena;

2) dangerous geological phenomena;

3) hazardous meteorological phenomena;

4) marine hazardous hydrometeorological phenomena;

5) hazardous hydrological phenomena;

6) Natural fires.

Below I want to consider these types of natural emergencies in more detail.

1.2. Natural disasters of geophysical nature

Natural disasters associated with geological natural phenomena are divided into disasters caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

Earthquake - These are underground shocks and oscillations of the earth's surface, caused mainly by geophysical reasons.

In the bowels of the earth, complex processes are constantly occur. Under the action of deep tectonic forces, stresses arise, the layers of earth rocks are deformed, compressed into the folds and with the onset of critical overloads are shifted and rushes, forming faults of the earth's crust. The gap is made by an instantaneous impetus or a series of impetus having a hit character. During the earthquake, the energy is discharged that has accumulated in depths. The energy elected at the depth is transmitted by elastic waves in the thickness of the earth's crust and reaches the surface of the Earth, where destruction occurs.

Two main seismic belts are known: Mediterranean-Asian and Pacific.

The main parameters characterizing the earthquake are their intensity and the depth of the focus. The intensity of the manifestation of the earthquake on the surface of the Earth is estimated in points (seeTable 1 in applications).

Earthquakes are also classified due to their occurrence. They may occur as a result of tectonic and volcanic manifestations, collaps (mountain blows, landslides) and, finally, as a result of human activity (filling the reservoir, water injection in well).

Considerable interest is the classification of earthquakes not only by balletness, but also in numbers (frequency of repeatability) during the year on our planet.

Volcanic activity

arises as a result of constant active processes occurring in the depths of the Earth. After all, the inside is constantly in a preheated state. In tectonic processes, cracks are formed in the earth's crust. Magma rushes on them to the surface. The process is accompanied by the release of water vapors and gases that create huge pressure, eliminating obstacles in their path. When entering the surface, part of the magma turns into a slag, and the other part is poured in the form of lava. From the vapors and gases thrown into the atmosphere, volcanic rocks, referred to as Tefra, are highlighted.

According to the degree of activity, volcanoes are classified on valid, dormant and extinct. The current belongs to those who were erupted in historical time. Furious, on the contrary, did not erupt. Dormants are characterized by the fact that they periodically show themselves, but it does not reach the eruption.

The most dangerous phenomena, accompanying the eruption of volcanoes, is lava flows, pension of tephra, volcanic mud streams, volcanic floods, scorching volcanic cloud and volcanic gases.

Lava flow - These are molten rocks with a temperature of 900 - 1000 °. The flow rate depends on the slope of the volcano cone, the degree of viscosity of the lava and its quantity. The speed range is quite wide: from several centimeters to several kilometers per hour. In some and most dangerous cases, it comes to 100 km, but more often than 1 km / h.

The Phone consists of fragments of frozen lava. The largest is called volcanic bombs, those that the beds - volcanic sand, and the smallest - ashes.

Mud threads - These are powerful ashes on the slopes of the volcano, which are in an unstable position. When new portions of the ashes fall on them, they slide down the slope

Volcanic floods. When melting glaciers during eruptions can very quickly form a huge amount of water, which leads to floods.

The scorching volcanic cloud is a mixture of hot gases and tephra. The affecting effect is due to the occurrence of a shock wave (strong wind), propagating at a speed of up to 40 km / h, and the heat shaft with a temperature of up to 1000 °.

Volcanic gases. The eruption is always accompanied by the release of gases in a mixture with water vapors - a mixture of sulfur and sulfuric oxides, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in a gaseous condition, as well as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in large concentrations.

Classification of volcanoes It is made under the conditions of their occurrence and by nature of the activity. According to the first sign, four types differ.

1) Volcanoes in subduction areas or oceanic plate under mainland zones. Due to the thermal concentration in depths.

2) Volcanoes in rhythic zones. They arise due to the weakening of the earth's crust and the border with the border between the crust and mantle of the Earth. The formation of volcanoes is associated with tectonic phenomena.

3) Volcanoes in large fault zones. In many places, the earth's crust has breakdowns (faults). There is a slow accumulation of tectonic forces that can turn into a sudden seismic explosion with volcanic manifestations.

4) Volcanoes zones "hot spots". In separate areas, "hot spots" are formed under the oceanic bottom in the earth's crust, which focuses especially high thermal energy. In these places, rock rocks are melted and in the form of basalt lava overlook the surface.

By the nature of the activities of volcanoes are divided into five types (see.Table 2)

1.3. Geological disasters of geological nature

The disasters of geological nature can be attributed to landslides, villages, snow avalanches, collaborations, earth-surface drawdowns as a result of karst phenomena.

Landslides - This is a sliding displacement of masses of rocks down the slope under the influence of gravity. They are formed in various breeds as a result of a violation of their equilibrium or weakening of strength. Caused both natural and artificial (anthropogenic) reasons. Natural belongs: an increase in the slopes of the slopes, to remove their bases by marine and river waters, seismic shocks. Artificial are the destruction of slopes by road recesses, excessive removal of the soil, cutting down forest, unreasonable management of agriculture on the slopes. According to international statistics, up to 80% of modern landslides are associated with human activity. They are at any time of the year, but most of the spring-summer period.

Stolzni classifiedscales of phenomenon, the speed of movement and activity, the mechanism of the process, power and the place of education.

The scale of landslides are classified for large, medium and small-scale.

Large causes, as a rule, natural causes and are formed along the slopes of hundreds of meters. Their thickness reaches 10 - 20 or more than meters. The landslide body often retains its monolith.

Middle and small-scale have smaller sizes and are characteristic of anthropogenic processes.

Scale is often characterized by the area involved in the process. The speed of movement is very diverse.

The landslide activity is divided into active and inactive. The main factors here are the rocks of the slopes and the presence of moisture. Depending on the amount of moisture, they are divided into dry, weakly wet, wet and very wet.

According to the mechanism of the process, it is divided: on the shear landslides, extrusion, viscosetic, hydrodynamic removal, sudden ignition. Often have signs of a combined mechanism.

At the place of education, they are divided into mountainous, underwater, adjacent and artificial earthworks (catlings, canals, breed dumps).

Sel (village stream)

Stormy mud or mud-stone stream consisting of a mixture of water and rocks of rocks, suddenly occurring in the pools of small mountain rivers. It is characterized by a sharp rise in water level, wave motion, short-term action (on average from one to three hours), a significant erosion-accumulative destructive effect.

Direct reasons for the origin of the seama are shower, intense melting of snow, breakthrough of water bodies, less often an earthquake, volcanic eruptions.

All sites on the mechanism of origin are divided into three types: erosion, breakthrough and rolling-landslide.

In case of erosion first, the water flow is saturated with a debrid material due to a flushing and erosion of the adjacent soil and then a sealer wave is already being formed.

With rolling-landslide, a mass breakdowns to saturated rocks (including snow and ice). Flow saturation in this case is close to the maximum.

In recent years, technogenic factors have been added to the natural reasons for the formation of the villages: violation of the rules and norms of the operation of mining enterprises, explosions when laying roads and the construction of other structures, the rod of the forest, the incorrect management of agricultural workers and the impairment of soil and vegetation cover.

When the dealer moves, it is a solid flow of dirt, stones and water. Based on the main factors of the occurrence of satmes are classified as follows;

Zonal manifestation. The main factor of formation are climatic conditions (precipitation). They wear zonal character. The gathering is systematically. Movement paths are relatively constant;

Regional manifestation. The main factor of formation is geological processes. The gathering occurs episodically, and the path of movement is inconsistent;

Anthropogenic. This is the result of man's economic activity. Take place where the greatest load on the mountain landscape. New village pools are formed. The descent is episodic.

Snow avalanches - Lowering from the slopes of the mountains under the influence of gravity of snow masses.

The snow accumulating on the slopes of the mountains, under the influence of the severity and weakening of structural connections inside the snowy stratum, slides or crepts from the slope. Starting your movement, he quickly gains speed, exciting all new snow masses, stones and other items along the way. The movement continues to more gentle areas or the bottom of the valley, where it is braked and stops.

Avalanche formation occurs within avalanche focus. Avalanche focus is a plot of slope and his foot, within which avalanche moves. Each hearth consists of 3 zones: nucleation (Lavinolation), transit (tray), avalanche stop (removal cone).

The avalanche-forming factors include: the height of the old snow, the state of the underlying surface, the increase in fresh snow, the snow density, the intensity of the snowfall, the sedimentation of the snow cover, the snowstore redistribution of snow cover, air temperature and snow cover.

The release range is important to assess the possibility of lesion of objects located in avalanche zone. There are maximum emission range and most likely, or average age. The most likely emission range is determined directly on the ground. It is estimated if necessary for placing structures in the avalanche zone for a long period. It coincides with the border of the cone of the avalanche focus.

The permafrost of avalanche is an important time characteristic of avalanche activity. Distinguish between the mid-year and intransicious recipritionability. The density of avalanche snow is one of the most important physical parameters, on which the power of the blow of the snow mass depends, the labor costs for clearing it or the possibility of moving along it.

Like they classified?

By the nature of the movement and, depending on the structure of avalanche focus, there are the following three types: tray (moves along a specific channel channel or avalanche tray), axes (snow landslide, does not have a specific channel channel and slides acridge over the entire width of the site), jumping (arises from tray Where in the drain channel there are sheer walls or sections with a buccaster steepness).

According to the degree of repeatability, they are divided into two classes - systematic and sparodical. Systematic goes every year or once every 2-3 years. Sparodic - 1-2 times in 100 years. The place to determine in advance is quite difficult.

1.4. EFFECTIVE disasters of meteorological nature

All of them are divided into disasters caused by:

Wind including storm, hurricane, death (at a speed of 25 m / s or more, for the Arctic and Far Eastern seas - 30 m / s or more);

Strong rain (with the amount of precipitation of 50 mm and more for 12 hours and less, and in mountainous, selene and liven-grade areas - 30 mm and more than 12 hours and less);

Large town (with a gradine diameter of 20 mm or more);

Heavy snowfall (with the amount of precipitation 20 mm and more than 12 hours or less);

- strong snowstorms (wind speed 15 m / s or more);

With dust storms;

Freezes (with a decrease in air temperature in the growing season on the surface of the soil below 0 ° C);

- strong frosts or severe heat.

These natural phenomena, besides tornado, hail, and shkvalov, lead to natural disasters, as a rule, in three cases: when they occur on one third of the territory of the region (edges, republics), cover several administrative districts and continue at least 6 hours.

Hurricanes and storms

In the narrow sense of the word, the hurricane is defined as the wind of a large destructive strength and a significant duration, the speed of which is approximately 32 m / s or more (12 points on the Bafort scale).

The storm is the wind, the speed of which is less than the speed of the hurricane. Losses and destruction from storms are significantly less than from hurricanes. Sometimes a strong storm is called storm.

The most important characteristic of the hurricane is the wind speed.

The average duration of the hurricane - 9 - 12 days.

For storms are characterized by a lesser than for a hurricane wind speed (15 -31 m / s). Storm duration- from several hours to several days, width - from dozens to several hundred kilometers. Both those and others are often accompanied by the fallout of quite significant precipitation.

Hurricanes and storm winds in winter conditions often lead to the emergence of snow storms, when huge masses of snow are moving at a high speed from one place to another. Their duration can be from several hours to several days. Especially dangerous snow storms, passing simultaneously with snowfall, at a low temperature or with sharp drops.

Classifice of hurricanes and storms.Hurricanes are customary to be divided into tropical and veneropic. In addition, tropical hurricanes are often subdivided into hurricanes, emerging over the Atlantic Ocean and above quiet. The latter is called typhoon.

The generally accepted, the established classification of storms is not. Most often divided into two groups: vortex and streaming. Vortex is complex vortex formations caused by cyclonic activities and extending to large areas. Stream - these are local phenomena of small distribution.

The vortex storms are divided into dusty, snowy and squall. In winter, they turn into snowy. In Russia, such storms are often called Purga, Buran, a blizzard.

Tornado - This is a rising whirlwind, consisting of extremely fast-growing air mixed with moisture particles, sand, dust and other suspensions, it is a quick-repair air funnel hanging out of the cloud and falling to the ground in the form of a trunk.

Arise both above the aqueous surface and above the land. Most often - during hot weather and high humidity, when air instability in the lower layers of the atmosphere appears particularly sharply.

The funnel is the main part of the tornger. It is a spiral whirlwind. The inner cavity in the diameter is from tens to hundreds of meters.

It is extremely difficult to predict the place and time of the appearance of a tornger.Classification of tornado.

Most often, they are divided according to their structure: dense (sharply limited) and blurry (unclear limited). In addition, the tornado is divided into 4 groups: dust vortices, small short action, small long-term action, hurricane vortices.

Small short-acting tents have a path length of no more than a kilometer, but have a significant destructive force. They are relatively rare. The length of the long-term shorter movement path is calculated by several kilometers. Hurricane vortices are larger tens of kilometers at their motion and with their movement.

Dusty (sandy) stormaccompanied by the transfer of a large number of soil and sand particles. They occur in deserted, semi-desert and plowing steppes and are able to transfer millions of tons of dust for hundreds and even thousands of kilometers, falling asleep with an area of \u200b\u200bseveral hundred thousand square kilometers.

Navy storms. Characterized by the lack of dust engagement in air and relatively smaller scales of destruction and damage. However, with further movement, they can turn into a dusty or snowy storm depending on the composition and condition of the surface of the Earth and the presence of snow cover.

Snow storms characterized by significant wind speeds, which contributes to the winter of huge snow masses in the air. Their duration ranges from several hours to several days. Have a relatively narrow strip of action (up to several tens of kilometers).

1.5. Hydrological disasters of hydrological nature and sea hazardous hydrometeorological phenomena

These natural phenomena are divided into disasters caused by:

High water level - floods, in which the flooding of low parts of cities and other settlements, crops crops, damage to industrial and transport facilities;

Low water level when shipping is violated, water supply of cities and national economic objects, irrigation systems;

Villages (in the breakthrough of bombing and naval lakes, threatening settlements, road and other structures);

Snow avalanches (in the threat of settlements, road and railways, power lines, objects of industry and agriculture);

Early ice-bearing and appearance of ice on shipping reservoirs.

To sea hydrological phenomena: tsunami, strong excitement on the seas and oceans, tropical cyclones (typhoons), the pressure of ice and intense drift.

Flood - It is flooded with water adjacent to the river, lake or reservoir of the area, which causes material damage, causes damage to the health of the population or leads to the death of people. If the flooding is not accompanied by damage, it is spilling rivers, lakes, reservoirs.

Especially dangerous floods are observed on the rope and glacial nutrition rivers or with a combination of these two factors.

The flood is annually repeated in the same season considerable and quite a long lifting water level in the river. Typically, the flood is caused by the spring melting of snow on the plains or rain rain.

Flood is an intense, relatively short-term rise of water level. Formed with strong rains, sometimes melting snow at winter thaws.

The most important basic characteristics are the maximum level and maximum water consumption during the flooding time.FROM the maximum level linked area, layer and duration of flooding area. One of the main characteristics includes the rate of water level lifting.

For large river basins, an important factor is a particular combination of the waves of the salons of individual tributaries.

For cases of flood to factors that affect the magnitude of the main characteristics include: the amount of precipitation, their intensity, duration, area of \u200b\u200bcoverage, preceding precipitation, moisture of the basin, the water permeability of the soil, the relief of the basin, the values \u200b\u200bof the rivers, the presence and depth of the proceedings.

Constors and Ice Lights on Rivers

Congestion - This is a cluster of ice in line, limiting the course of the river. As a result, water lifting and its spill occurs.

The jam is usually formed at the end of winter and in the spring during the opening of rivers during the destruction of ice cover. It consists of large and small ice floes.

Burden - The phenomenon is similar to the traffic of ice. However, firstly, the burrow consists of a cluster of loose ice (shuga, small ice floes), while the jam is a cluster of large and lesserly small ice floes. Secondly, Ice burzhod is observed at the beginning of winter, while the jam is at the end of winter and in the spring.

The main reason for the injection formation is the delay in the opening of ice on those rivers where the edge of ice cover in spring is shifted from top to bottom. At the same time, the fragmented ice moving on top meets on its path not yet broken ice cover. The sequence of opening the river from top to bottom is a necessary, but insufficient condition of the occurrence of the congestion. The underlying condition is created only when the surface velocity of the flow of water at the opening is quite significant.

The burgers are formed on rivers during the formation of ice cover. A prerequisite for formation is the emergence of internally ice and its involvement under the edge of ice cover. The surface rate of the flow has crucial importance, as well as the air temperature during the freezing period

Navage - This is the rise of the water level caused by the impact of wind on the aqueous surface. Such phenomena occur in the maritime mouths of large rivers, as well as on large lakes and reservoirs.

The main condition for the occurrence is a strong and long-term wind, which is characteristic of deep cyclones.

Tsunami - These are long waves resulting from underwater earthquakes, as well as volcanic eruptions or landslides on the seabed.

Their source is at the bottom of the ocean,

In 90% of cases, tsunami arise due to underwater earthquakes.

Often, before the beginning of the tsunami, the water retreats away from the coast, exposing the seabed. Then it becomes visible impending. At the same time, the bulk-like sounds created by the air wave, which the aqueous mass bears in front of them.

Possible scales of consequences are classified by ballet:

1 point - tsunami is very weak (the wave is fixed only by appliances);

2 points are weak (can flood flat coast. Only specialists notice);

3 points - average (observed by everyone. The plane coast is flooded. Light vessels may be thrown ashore. Port structures can get weak damage);

4 points - strong (the coast is flooded. Coastal buildings are damaged. Large sailing and small motor vessels can be thrown ashore, and then washed again into the sea. Human victims are possible);

5 points are very strong (coastal areas flooded. Voltolates and moloses are badly damaged, large courts have been thrown ashore. There are human sacrifices. Various damage).

1.6. Natural fires

This concept includes forest fires, fire and breadfire fires, peat and underground fires of combustible fossils. We will dwell only in forest fires as the most common phenomenon bringing colossal losses and sometimes leading to human victims.

Forest fires - This is an uncontrolled burning of vegetation, spontaneously spreading through the forest area.

With hot weather, if the rains do not happen within 15 - 18 days, the forest becomes so dry that any careless handling of fire causes a fire quickly spreading through the forest area. From the thunderstorms and self-burning of peat crumbs there is a negligible amount of fires. The possibility of forest fires is determined by the degree of fire danger. For this, the "scale of estimating forest areas by the degree of danger of fires in them" (seeTable 3)

Forest Fire Classification

Depending on the nature of the ignition and the composition of the forest, fires are divided into lower, rigid, soil. Almost all of them at the beginning of their development are the nature of the lower and, if certain conditions are created, go to the rigging or soil.

The most important characteristics are the rate of spreading and riding fires, the depth of the underground increase. Therefore, they are divided into weak, medium and strong. In the speed of the spread of fire, the grassroots and the rigid are divided into stable and runaway. The combustion intensity depends on the state and reserve of combustible materials, the area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain, the time of day and especially the strength of the wind.

2. Natural Emergencies in the Nizhny Novgorod Region.

The territory of the region has a sufficiently large variety of climatic, landscape and geological conditions, which causes the occurrence of various natural phenomena. The most dangerous of them are those that are able to inflict significant material damage and lead to the death of people.

- dangerous meteorological processes: Squile and hurricane winds, heavy rain and snow, livne, large hail, strong blizzard, strong frost, ice-frozen deposition on wires, severe heat (high fire hazard under weather conditions);agrometeorologicalsuch as freezing, drought;

- dangerous hydrological processes, Such as a flood (in the spring period for the rivers of the region are characterized by high water levels, the coastal ice flood, cooling phenomena), rain flood, low water levels (summer, autumn and winter is likely to reduce water levels to adverse and dangerous marks);hydrometeorological(separating coastal ice floes with people);

- natural fires(forest, peat, steppe and fires on wetlands);

- dangerous geological phenomena and processes:(landslides, cardas, lesing breed drawdown, erosion and abrasion processes, slope washes).

Over the past thirteen years, from all registered natural phenomena, which have had a negative impact on the life of the population and the work of the economy facilities, the share of meteorological (agricultureological) hazards was 54%, exogenous geological - 18%, hydrometeorological - 5%, hydrological - 3%, large forestry Fires - 20%.

The frequency of the occurrence and territory of the distribution of the above natural phenomena in the area of \u200b\u200bunequal. The actual data of 1998-2010 can be attributed to the meteorological phenomena (damage to the damage to the floppy strengthening of wind, passing the thunder fronts with a hail, ice-frozen deposits on the wires) to the most common and frequently observed - annually on average, 10-12 cases are recorded annually.

At the end of winter and the spring period of each year, events are held to save people from the risen coastal ice floes.

Natural fires occur annually and water levels rise during the flood period. The adverse effects of forest fires and high water levels are registered quite rarely, due to the advanced preparation for flooding and fire hazardous period.

Spring flood

The passage of flooding in the territory of the region is observed from the end of March to May. By the degree of danger, the flood in the region refers to a moderately dangerous type, when the maximum levels of water lifting by 0.8 - 1.5 m exceed the levels of the beginning of the flooding, flooding of coastal territories (emergency situations of the municipal level). The area of \u200b\u200bflooding floodplains of the river is 40 - 60%. Locations are usually partial flooding. The repeatability of excess water level over the critical level - every 10 to 20 years. Exceeding critical marks on most areas of the region was registered in 1994, 2005. In one degree or another, 38 districts of the region are subject to the action of hydrological processes during the spring flood. The results of the processes are flooding and flooding of residential buildings, livestock and agricultural complexes, destruction of roads, bridges, dams, dams, power supply damage, the activation of landslides. According to these years, the areas most susceptible to flood phenomena, the Arzamassky, Telboldinsky, Buturinine, Vorotynsky, Gaginsky, Kstovsky, Transzyssky, Pavlovsky, Pokhinkovsky, Pilinsky, Semenovsky, Sosnovsky, Urenesky and Shankovsky were found.

Increased ice thickness can cause the occurrence of congestion on rivers during the autopsy period. The amount of ice congestion on the rivers of the region on average reaches 3 - 4 per year. They are most likely caused by the flooding (floodings) in the settlements located along the banks of the rivers current from the south to the north, the autopsy of which occurs in the direction of the source to the mouth.

Forest fires

In total, in the territory of the area of \u200b\u200b304 settlements in 2 urban districts and 39 municipal areas, which may be subject to negative impact of forestorfyal fires.

The danger of natural fires is associated with the emergence of large natural fires. Fires whose area reaches 50 hectares make up 14% of the total number of large forest fires, fires from 50 to 100 hectares occupy 6% of total, fires from 100 to 500 hectares - 13%; The proportion of large forest fires exceeding 500 hectares is small - 3%. This ratio has changed significantly in 2010, when the bulk (42%) of large forest fires reached the area of \u200b\u200bmore than 500 hectares.

The number and area of \u200b\u200bnatural fires vary significantly from year to year, because they are directly dependent on weather conditions and anthropogenic factor (forest attendance, preparation for fire-hazardous season, etc.).

It should be noted that almost throughout Russia during the period until 2015. It should be expected in the summer periods an increase in the number of days with high air temperature values. At the same time, the probability of extremely long periods with critical temperatures of air will significantly increase. In this regard, by 2015. Compared to current values, an increase in the number of days with fire hazardous decor is predicted.

1. Natural disaster protection measures.

For many centuries, mankind has developed a rather slim system for protection against natural disasters, the implementation of which in various parts of the world could significantly reduce the number of human victims and the magnitude of material damage. But until today, we, unfortunately, we can speak only about individual examples of successful confrontation of the elements. Nevertheless, it is advisable to once again list the main principles of protection against natural disasters and compensation for their consequences. It is necessary to clearly and timely predicting the time, place and intensity of the natural disaster. This makes it possible to promptly notify the population about the expected impact of the element. Properly understood warning allows people to prepare for a dangerous phenomenon by either temporary evacuation, or the construction of protective engineering structures, or strengthen their own homes, livestock premises, etc. The experience of the past should be taken into account, and its heavy lessons must be brought to the attention of the population with clarification that such a disaster may repeat. In some countries, the state buys land in the ranges of possible natural disasters and organizes subsidized crossings from hazardous areas. Insurance has important for reducing losses as a result of natural disasters.

An important role in preventing damage from natural disasters belongs to engineering and geographical zoning of the zones of a possible natural disaster, as well as the development of construction standards and rules that strictly regulate the type and nature of construction.

In various countries, quite flexible legislation has been developed on economic activities in natural disasters. If the natural disaster occurred in the population and the population was not evacuated in advance, emergency and rescue works are produced, after them are the repair and recovery.

Conclusion

So, I studied natural emergencies.

I came to the conclusion that there is a wide variety of natural disasters of natural nature. These are dangerous geophysical phenomena; dangerous geological phenomena; Hazardous meteorological phenomena; Sea hazardous hydrometeorological phenomena; Hazardous hydrological phenomena; Natural fires. There are 6 types of them and 31 views.

Emergency situations of a natural nature may entail human sacrifices, damage to people's health or the environment, significant losses and violation of the living conditions of people.

From the point of view of the possibility of warning events, hazardous natural processes, as a source of emergency situations, can be predicted with a very small advance.

In recent years, the number of earthquakes, floods, landslides and other natural disasters is constantly growing. It can not be unnoticed.

List of used literature

1. V.Yu. Mikryukov "Ensuring Safety of Life Passing" Moscow - 2000.

2. Hwan T.A., Hwan P.A. Safety of vital activity. - Rostov N / D: "Phoenix", 2003. - 416 p.

3. Reference data on emergencies of technogenic, natural and environmental origin: at 3 h. - M.: GO USSR, 1990.

4. Emergency situations: brief description and classification: studies. manual / auth. ADM Hares. - 2nd ed., Act. and add. - M.: Zhurn. "Military. Knowledge", 2000.

natural Catastrophic Danger Extraordinary

There are more than 30 dangerous natural phenomena and processes in Russia, among which the most devastating are floods, storm winds, shower, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, forest fires, landslides, villages, snowy avalanches. Most of the social and economic losses are related to the destruction of buildings and structures due to insufficient reliability and security against dangerous natural impacts. The most frequent on the territory of Russia becomes natural catastrophic phenomena of an atmospheric nature - storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, squalls (28%), further go earthquakes (24%) and floods (19%). Dangerous geological processes, such as landslides and ribs make up 4%. The remaining natural catastrophes, among which forest fires have the greatest frequency, in the amount of 25%. The total annual economic damage to the development of 19 of the most dangerous processes in city territories in Russia is 10-12 billion rubles. in year.

From the geophysical emergency events of the earthquake are one of the most powerful, terrible and destructive phenomena of nature. They arise suddenly, predict the time and place of their appearance and especially prevent their development is extremely difficult, and most often impossible. In Russia, the zones of increased seismic hazards occupy about 40% of the total area, including 9% of the territory refer to 8-9-point zones. More than 20 million people live in seismically active zones (14% of the country's population).

Within the seismically dangerous districts of Russia there are 330 settlements, including 103 cities (Vladikavkaz, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, etc.). The most dangerous effects of earthquakes are the destruction of buildings and structures; fires; emissions of radioactive and emergency chemically hazardous substances due to the destruction (damage) of radiation and chemically hazardous objects; Transport accidents and disasters; Defeat and death of people.

A vivid example of the socitating economic consequences of strong seismic phenomena can serve as a Spary earthquake in Northern Armenia, which occurred on December 7, 1988. At the same time, the earthquake (magnitude 7.0) suffered 21 city and 342 villages; 277 schools were destroyed or were destroyed, 250 health facilities; More than 170 industrial enterprises have ceased to function; About 25 thousand people died, 19 thousand received varying degrees of injury and injury. Common economic losses amounted to $ 14 billion.

Of the geological emergency events, landsluses and villages are greater danger due to the mass character. The development of landslides is associated with displacements of large masses of rocks in the slopes under the influence of gravitational forces. Precipitation and earthquakes contribute to the formation of landslides. The Russian Federation annually creates from 6 to 15 emergencies related to the development of landslides. Walrong landslides in the Volga region, Transbaikalia, in the Caucasus and the Pre-Bakezier, Sakhalin and other regions are widespread. Especially strongly suffer from urbanized territories: 725 cities of Russia are subject to landslide phenomena. The villages are powerful streams saturated with solid materials, descending on mountain valleys at a huge speed. The formation of the sets is in withdrawal in the rains in the mountains, intense melting of snow and glaciers, as well as a breakthrough of bombing lakes. Selene processes are manifested by 8% of Russia and developing in the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, in Kamchatka, the Northern Urals and the Kola Peninsula. Under the straight threat to the villages in Russia there are 13 cities and 42 more cities are located in potentially peasinally resorts. The unexpected nature of the development of landslides and the lads often leads to the complete destruction of buildings and structures, is accompanied by victims and large material losses. From hydrological emergency flood events can be one of the most common and dangerous natural phenomena. In Russia, the floods occupy the first place among natural disasters in frequency, distribution area, material damage and second place after earthquakes in the number of victims and specific material damage (damage coming to a unit of affected area). One strong flood covers the area of \u200b\u200bthe river basin about 200 thousand km2. On average, up to 20 cities over-20, it is addressed to 1 million inhabitants, and in 20 years, almost all the territory of the country is covered with serious floods.

On the territory of Russia annually comes from 40 to 68 crisis floods. The threat of flooding exists for 700 cities and tens of thousands of settlements, a large number of economic facilities.

With floods are associated annually significant material losses. In recent years, the two largest floods occurred in Yakutia on r. Lena. In 1998, 172 settlements were flooded here, 160 bridges were destroyed, 133 dams, 760 km of highways. General damage amounted to 1.3 billion rubles.

An even more destructive was flooding in 2001 during this flooding water in r. Lena rose to 17 m and flooded 10 administrative regions of Yakutia. Lensk was completely flooded. About 10,000 houses were under water, about 700 agricultural and more than 4,000 industrial facilities were injured, 43,000 people were resettled. General economic damage amounted to 5.9 billion rubles.

A significant role in increasing the frequency and destructive force of floods is played by anthropogenic factors - deforestation of forests, irrational making of agriculture and economic development of the understanding. The formation of flooding can lead incorrect implementation of flood protection measures, leading to the Damb breakthrough; destruction of artificial dam; Emergency recesses reservoirs. The aggravation of flooding problems in Russia is also associated with the progressive aging of the basic funds of water management, the placement of economic facilities and housing on the flooding territories. In this regard, the urgent task may be the development and implementation of effective measures to prevent floods and protect against them.

Among the atmospheric dangerous processes occurring in Russia, hurricanes, cyclones, hail, tornado, strong shower, snowfall are the most destructive.

Traditional in Russia is such a disaster as a forest fire. Every year, on the territory of the country, there are from 10 to 30 thousand forest fires on an area from 0.5 to 2 million hectares.

Natural phenomena are usual, sometimes even supernatural climatic and meteorological events occurring naturally in all corners of the planet. It may be familiar from childhood snow or rain, and maybe incredible devastating or earthquakes. If such events go away from a person and do not cause it material damage, they are considered not important. No one will sharpen on this attention. Otherwise, dangerous natural phenomena are considered by humanity as natural disasters.

Research and observation

Characteristic natural phenomena people began to study back in ancient times. However, it was possible to systematize these observations only in the 17th century, even a separate section of science (natural science), which studies these events was formed. However, despite many scientific discoveries, to this day, some natural phenomena and processes remain poorly studied. Most often, we see a consequence of a particular event, and the root causes can only guess and build various theories. The researchers of many countries work on the preparation of forecasts of occurrence, and most importantly, preventing their possible appearance or at least reduction of damage caused by natural phenomena. Nevertheless, despite all the destroying power of such processes, a person always remains a man and seeks to find something beautiful, sublime. What is the natural phenomenon most fascinating? They can be listed for a long time, but probably should be noted such as the eruption of the volcano, tornado, tsunami, are all beautiful, despite the destruction and chaos that remain after them.

Weather phenomena of nature

Natural phenomena characterize the weather with its seasonal changes. Every time of year has its own complex of events. For example, in the spring, the following snowy, flood, thunderstorms, clouds, wind are observed, thunderstorms, clouds. In the summer, the Sun gives the planet the abundance of heat, natural processes at this time are most favorable: clouds, warm wind, rain and, of course, rainbow; But they can be harsh: thunderstorms, hail. In the fall, the temperature is changed, the days are becoming cloudy, with rains. During this period, the following phenomena dominate: fog, leaf fall, frost, first snow. In winter, the plant world falls asleep, some animals are immersed in a hibernation. The most frequent natural phenomena are: icebelivery, blizzard, blizzard, snow, on the windows appear

All these events are ordinary for us, we have not paid attention to them for a long time. Now let's consider the processes that remind humanity that it is not a crown of everything, and the planet Earth just sheltered him for a while.

Dangerous natural phenomena

These are extreme and harsh climatic and meteorological processes that occur in all parts of the world, however, some regions are considered more vulnerable to a certain kind of events compared to others. Dangerous natural natural phenomena go to the discharge of disasters when the infrastructure is destroyed and people die. These losses are the main obstacles to human development. It is almost impossible to prevent such cataclysms, it remains only timely forecasting events in order to prevent victims and material damage.

However, the difficulty lies in the fact that dangerous natural natural phenomena can be held on different scales and at different times. In fact, each of them is unique in its own way, therefore, it is very difficult to predict it. For example, sudden floods and a tornado are though destructive, but short phenomena affecting relatively small territories. Other dangerous cataclysms, such as droughts, can develop very slowly, but are striking entire continents and the entire population. There are such disasters for several months, and sometimes years. In order to control and predict these events, some national hydrological and meteorological services and special specialized centers are entrusted with the tasks of studying hazardous geophysical phenomena. This includes volcanic eruptions, the transfer of ash in air, tsunami, radioactive, biological, chemical pollution, etc.

Now consider a little more detail some natural phenomena.

Drought

The main reason for such a cataclysm is the lack of precipitation. The drought is very different from other natural disasters with its slow development, often its beginning is hidden by various factors. In world history, even recorded cases when this disaster lasted for many years. The drought often has terrifying consequences: they first dry out the sources of water (streams, rivers, lakes, rods), many agricultural crops stop growing, then animals die, poor health and insufficient food become widespread realities.

Tropical cyclones

These natural phenomena are areas of very low atmospheric pressure over subtropical and tropical waters, forming a colossal rotating thunderstorm system and winds in size in hundreds (sometimes in thousands) kilometers in diameter. The velocity wind speed in the tropical cyclone zone can reach two hundred kilometers per hour and even more. The interaction of low pressure and wind-caused waves often leads to the occurrence of coastal storm power - this is a huge amount of waters emitted ashore with a colossal force and high speed, which are all flushed on their way.

Air pollution

These natural phenomena arise as a result of harmful gases in the air or particles of substances generated as a result of cataclysms (eruption of volcanoes, fires) and human activity (works of industrial enterprises, vehicles, etc.). Moch and smoke appear as a result of fires on undeveloped lands and forestry arrays, as well as burning residues of crops and logging; In addition, due to the formation of volcanic ash. These infamicating elements have very serious consequences for the human body. As a result of such cataclysms, visibility is reduced, there are interruptions in the operation of road and air transport.

Deserted locust

Similar natural phenomena make serious damage in Asia, in the Middle East, in Africa and in the southern part of the European continent. When environmental and weather conditions favors the reproduction of these insects, they focus, as a rule, in small territories. However, with an increase in the number, the locust ceases to be an individual creature and turns into a single living organism. Mall groups formed huge flocks moving in search of feed. The length of such a jamb can reach tens of kilometers. During the day, he can overcome the distance to two hundred kilometers, attaching all the vegetation on his way. So, one ton of locusts (this is a small part of the flock) can eat so much food as much as ten elephants or 2500 people eat. These insects create a threat to millions of cattle breeders and farmers living in easily anosecable environmental conditions.

Short term storm flood and flood

Data may occur anywhere after heavy rainfall. Any floods of rivers are vulnerable to floods, and strong storms cause sudden floods. In addition, short-term floods are sometimes observed after drought periods, when very abundant rains fall on a solid and dry surface, through which the aqueous stream cannot leak into the ground. These natural events are characterized by a variety of types: from stormy small floods and to a powerful layer of water, which covers huge areas. They can be caused by tornadoes, strong thunderstorms, monscons, internal and tropical cyclones (their strength can be increased as a result of the impact of the warm current of el-niño), melting snow and ice reasons. In coastal areas, as a result of a tsunami, cyclone or lifting of water levels in rivers, due to unusually high tides, storm hill are often leading to floods. The reason for the flooding of huge territories below the barrier dam is often becoming a flood on rivers, which is caused by melting snow.

Other dangerous natural phenomena

1. Seleva (mud) stream or landslide.

5. Lightning.

6. Extreme temperatures.

7. Tornado.

10. Fires on undeveloped lands or in forests.

11. Heavy snow and rain.

12. Strong winds.

It is known that the earth's crust, along with a part of the upper mantle, is not a monolithic planet sheath, but consists of several large blocks (plates) with a thickness of 60 to 200 km. There are 7 huge plates and dozens of plates smaller. The top of most plates is both the mainland and the ocean terrestrial crust, that is, on these stoves are the mainland, sea and oceans.

The plates lie on a relatively soft, plastic layer of the upper mantle, along which they slowly move at a speed of 1 to 6 cm per year. Neighboring plates come closer, diverge or slide one relatively different. They "float" on the surface of the plastic layer of the upper mantle, like pieces of ice on the surface of the water.

As a result of moving plates in the depths of the Earth and on its surface there are constantly complex processes. For example, in a collision of plates with oceanic earth crust, deep-water depressions (gutters) may occur, and in the collision of plates that are the base of the mainland crust, mountains may form. When the rapprochement of two plates with the mainland crust occurs, their edges along with all the sedimentary rocks accumulated on them are crushed into the folds, forming the mountain ranges. With the onset of critical overloads, the folds are shifted and rushing. The ruptures occur instantly, accompanied by an impetus or a series of impetus, having a character of strikes. The energy elected during the rupture is transmitted in the thickness of the earth's crust in the form of elastic seismic waves and leads to earthquakes.

Border areas between lithospheric plates are called seismic belts. These are the most restless, moving areas of the planet. Here most acting volcanoes are concentrated and at least 95% of all earthquakes occur.

Thus, geological natural phenomena are associated with the movement of lithospheric plates and changes occurring in a lithosphere.

Dangerous geological phenomenon - Event of geological origin or the result of the activities of geological processes arising in the earth's crust under the influence of various natural or geodynamic factors or their combinations that provide or can affect the impact on people, farm animals and plants, economy facilities and the environment.

Dangerous geological natural phenomena includes earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, collaps.

Meteorological natural phenomena

Dangerous meteorological phenomenon - Natural processes and phenomena arising in the atmosphere under the action of various natural factors or their combinations that provide or can affect the impact on people, farm animals and plants, economy facilities and the environment.

These processes and phenomena are associated with different atmospheric processes, and above all with the processes occurring in the lower layer of the atmosphere - the troposphere. In the troposphere is about 9/10 of the entire mass of air. Under the influence of solar heat entering the earth's surface, and the forces of earthly attraction in the troposphere are formed clouds, rain, snow, wind.

The air in the troposphere moves in horizontal and vertical directions. Strong-heated air near the equator expands, it becomes easier and rises up. There is an upward air movement. For this reason, the surface of the earth near the equator is formed a lower atmospheric pressure belt. At the poles due to low temperatures, the air is cooled, becomes more severe and lowered down. There is a downward movement of air. For this reason, the surface of the earth near the pole pressure is high.

In the upper troposphere, on the contrary, over the equator, where the uplink air flows are dominated, the pressure is high, and above the poles - low. The air moves all the time from the field of increased pressure into the area of \u200b\u200breduced pressure. Therefore, the air raised over the equator spreads to the poles. But due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis, the moving air does not reach the poles. Cooling, it becomes harder and descends about 30 ° North and South latitudes, forming high pressure areas in both hemispheres.

Large air volumes Tropospheres with homogeneous properties are called air masses. Depending on the site of the formation of the air masses, four of them are distinguished: the equatorial air mass, or equatorial air; Tropical air mass, or tropical air; moderate air mass, or moderate air; Arctic (Antarctic) Air mass, or Arctic (Antarctic) air.

The properties of these air masses depend on those territories over which they have formed. Moving, air masses have long retain their properties, and meeting, interact with each other. The movement of air masses and their interaction determine the weather in those places where these air masses come. The interaction of various air masses leads to the formation of moving atmospheric vortices in the troposphere - cyclones and anticyclones.

Cyclone - This is a flat ascending vortex with low atmospheric pressure in the center. The cyclone diameter can be several thousand kilometers. The weather during cyclone prevails overcast, with strong winds.

Anticyclone - This is a flat downward whirlwind with high atmospheric pressure with a maximum in the center. In the field of high pressure, the air does not rise, but lowers. The air spiral is spinning in the northern hemisphere clockwise. The weather in anticyclone is cloudless, without precipitation, the wind is weak.

With the movement of air masses, with their interaction, the appearance of hazardous meteorological phenomena is associated, which may cause natural disasters. These are typhoon and hurricanes, storms, snow storms, tornadoes, thunderstorms, drought, severe frosts and fogs.

Hydrological natural phenomena

Water on the surface of the Earth is in the oceans and seas, in rivers and lakes, in an atmosphere in a gaseous state and in glaciers in a solid state.

All waters on Earth, which are not part of rocks, are combined with the concept of "hydrosphere". The volume of all water on Earth is so great that it is measured in cubic kilometers. A cubic kilometer is a cube with the size of each edge of 1 km, fully filled with water. Weight 1 km 3 of water is equal to 1 billion tts. On Earth contains 1.5 billion km 3 of water, 97% of them are the world ocean. Currently, it is customary to divide the world ocean on 4 separate ocean and 75 seas with bays and straits.

Water is in a constant cycle, while closely interacts with the air shell of the earth and with land.

The driving force of the water cycle is solar energy and gravity.

Under the action of sunlight, water evaporates from the surface of the ocean and sushi (from rivers, water bodies, soils and plants) and enters the atmosphere. A part of the water is immediately returning to the rains back to the ocean, the part is overwhelmed by the winds on the land, where it drops onto the surface in the form of rain or snow. Finding on the soil, the water partially absorbed into it, the reserves of soil moisture and groundwater, partially flows into rivers and reservoirs. Soil moisture is part of the plants that evaporate it into the atmosphere, and partly flows into the river. Rivers that feed on surface and underground waters carry water into the world ocean, igniting its decrease. Water, evaporating from the surface of the world ocean, is again in the atmosphere, and the circulation closes.

Such a movement of water between the components of nature and all parts of the earth's surface occurs constantly and continuously for many years.

The cycle of water in nature, as a closed chain, consists of several links. Eight such links are distinguished: atmospheric, oceanic, underground, river, soil, lake, biological and economic. Water is constantly moving from one link to another, tying them into a single whole. In the process of cycle of water in nature, hazardous natural phenomena constantly arise, which affect the safety of human activity and can lead to disastrous consequences.

Dangerous hydrological phenomenon - Event of hydrological origin or the result of hydrological processes arising from various natural or hydrodynamic factors or their combinations that affect the impact on people, farm animals and plants, economy objects and the environment.

Dangerous natural phenomena of hydrological nature include floods, tsunami and villages.

Biological Dangerous Natural Phenomena

Living organisms, including people, interact with each other and surrounding inanimate nature. At the same time, the interaction occurs metabolism and energy, there is continuous reproduction, the growth of living organisms and their movement.

Among the most dangerous natural phenomena of a biological nature that have a significant impact on the safety of human activity, distinguish:

• natural fires (forest fires, fire and breadfire fires, peat fires and underground fires of combustible fossils);
• infectious diseases of people (single cases of exotic and especially hazardous infectious diseases, group cases of hazardous infectious diseases, epidemic outbreak of hazardous infectious diseases, epidemic, pandemic, infectious diseases of people of the Neva-Claimed etiology);
• infectious diseases of animals (single outbreaks of exotic and especially hazardous infectious diseases, enzootia, epizoty, pelleotic, infectious diseases of agricultural animals of non-declared etiology);
• the damage to agricultural plants with diseases and pests (epiphetia, panthettia, disease of agricultural plants of non-declared etiology, mass spread of pests of plants).

Natural fires Forest fires, fire and breadfire fires, peat fires are included. The most common forest fires that occur annually bring colossal losses and lead to human victims.

Forest fires are uncontrolled burning of vegetation, spontaneously spreading through the forest area. With dry weather and wind, forest fires embrace significant spaces.

With hot weather, in the absence of rain for 15-20 days, the forest becomes fire hazard. Statistics indicate that in 90-97% of cases the cause of forest fires is the vital activity of people.

Epidemic - The wide distribution of infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the incidence of incidence in this territory. The usual (minimum) morbidity for a given area is most often non-interconnected communication cases.

Epizootia - Mass infectious diseases of animals.

Epiphetia - Mass diseases of plants.

The mass spread of infectious diseases among people, farm animals or plants is a direct threat to human life safety and can lead to emergency situations.

Infectious diseases - This is a group of diseases that are caused by specific pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi). The characteristic features of infectious diseases are: infectiousness, i.e. the ability to transmit pathogens from a sick organism healthy; Development stage (infection, incubation period, course of illness, recovery).

Space Dangerous Natural Phenomena

Earth is a cosmic body, a small particle of the universe. Other cosmic bodies can have a strong impact on earthly life.

Everyone saw the "falling stars" appear on the night sky. it meteoras - Small heavenly bodies. We are seeing a short-term outbreak of shining glows in an atmosphere at an altitude of 70-125 km. It occurs when the meteor will invade the atmosphere at high speed.

The consequences of the fall of the Tungus meteorite. Photo 1953

If, during the movement in the atmosphere, the solid particles of meteor do not have time to completely collapse and burn, then their remnants fall to the ground. it meteorites.

There are also larger celestial bodies with which the planet Earth can meet. These are comets and asteroids.

Comet - These are quickly moving on the stars of the body of the solar system, moving through strongly elongated orbits. With the approach to the Sun, they begin to glow and they appear "head" and "tail." The central part of the "head" is called the core. The kernel diameter can be from 0.5 to 20 km. The kernel is a leather body of frozen gases and dust particles. The "tail" comet consists of molecules of gases and particles of dust, from the nucleus under the action of sunlight. The length of the "tail" can reach tens of millions of kilometers.

Asteroids - These are small planets, the diameter of which ranges from 1 to 1000 km.

Currently, about 300 cosmic bodies are known that can cross the Earth orbit. In total, according to astronomer predictions, there are approximately 300 thousand asteroids in space and comet.

Falling Sikhote-Alin Meteorite

The meeting of our planet with large celestial bodies is a serious threat to the entire biosphere.

The world of the environment around us is constantly changing, it goes the metabolic processes and energy, and all this, combined, generates various natural phenomena. Depending on the intensity of the manifestation and power of the processes of occurring processes, these natural phenomena can create a threat to human life and an environmental situation of a natural nature.

Check yourself

1. Name the main groups of dangerous natural phenomena.
2. List the main natural phenomena of a geological nature and explain the reasons for their occurrence.
3. What are the main natural phenomena of meteorological and hydrological nature do you know? Indicate their interdependence.
4. Tell us about the dangerous natural phenomena of biological nature. Name the reasons for their appearance.

After lessons

Find out in adults, look at the Internet and bring the main natural phenomena of geological, meteorological, hydrological and biological, meteorological, hydrological and biological origin in your area.

| Materials to lugs for grade 7 | Plan of study for school year | Natural Emergency Situations

Basics of life safety
7th grade

Lesson 1
Natural Emergency Situations

Distinguish concepts "Dangerous Natural Phenomenon" and "disaster".

Dangerous natural phenomenon - This is an event of natural origin or the result of the activities of natural processes, which in its intensity, the scale of distribution and duration can affect the impact on people, objects of the economy and the environment.

TO dangerous natural phenomena include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, tsunami, hurricanes, storms, tuning, landslides, villages, forest fires, sharp thaws, sharp cooling, warm winters, strong thunderstorms, droughts, etc. But not all, but only those that Negatively affect the vital activity of people, the economy and the environment.

Such phenomena cannot be attributed, for example, an earthquake in a desert area, where no one lives, or a powerful landslide in an unstatched mountainous area. These are also not referred to the phenomena that occur in the place of residence of people, but do not cause a sharp change in the conditions of their lives, do not lead to death or injury to people, the destruction of buildings, communications, etc.

Disaster - This is a devastating natural and (or) natural-anthropogenic phenomenon or the process of a significant scale, as a result of which there may be a threat to the life and health of people, the destruction or destruction of the material values \u200b\u200band components of the environment may occur.

They occur under the influence of atmospheric phenomena (hurricanes, abundant snowfalls, heavy rains), fire (forest and peat fires), changes in water levels in water bodies (flood, flood), processes occurring in soil and earth crust (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides , satiest, collaps, tsunami).

An approximate ratio of the frequency of hazardous natural phenomena by their types.

Natural disasters are usually emergency situations of natural nature. They can occur independently from each other, and sometimes one natural disaster entails another. As a result of earthquakes, such as avalanche or collaborators may occur. And some natural disasters occur due to human activity, sometimes unreasonable (abandoned the unspecified cigarette camp or the unspent bonfire, for example, often lead to a forest fire, explosions in the mountainous location when laying roads - to landslides, collaps, snowy avalanches).

So, the emergence of a natural nature situation is a consequence of a natural phenomenon, in which there is a direct threat to life and health of people, and material values \u200b\u200band the environment are destroyed and destroyed.

Typification of natural phenomena in the degree of danger

Such phenomena may have different origins, which has become the basis for the classification of natural emergency situations shown in Scheme 1.

Each natural disaster affects a person and his health in its own way. Most people suffer from floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and droughts. And only about 10% of the damage caused to them falls on other natural disasters.

The territory of Russia is exposed to various types of dangerous natural phenomena. At the same time, there are significant differences in their manifestation compared to other countries. Thus, the historically established strip of the main settlement of the population of Russia (from the European part of Siberia to the Far East) approximately coincides with the zone of the smallest manifestation of such natural dangers such as earthquakes, hurricanes and tsunami (except the Far East). At the same time, the greater prevalence of adverse and dangerous natural processes and phenomena is associated with cold, snowy winter. In general, the damage caused by natural emergencies in Russia is below the average world indicators due to a significantly lower population density and the location of hazardous industries, as well as as a result of the adoption of preventive measures.