Quickly and effectively writing down notes from the words of the teacher, in order to later understand your own squiggles and prepare for the exam, is an impossible task for many students. Before the session, many people photocopy and rewrite other people’s works instead of learning how to take notes correctly themselves.
In our article we will talk about methods and techniques for high-speed note-taking that will be useful not only at university, but also in later life.
Cornell Note-Taking Method
Cornell University professor Walter Pauk asked the question in the middle of the last century: how to create effective technique taking lecture notes? And he created an almost brilliant method. Its essence is to keep notes on paper marked in a certain way. As a result, the information is organized, the main ideas are clear, and there is no confusion in the kilometer records.
The Cornell professor suggested not mechanically transferring the lecturer’s words into a notebook, but recording the main points of the topic with subsequent independent revision of the text.
Without your own conclusions and analysis of the lecture content, the Cornell note-taking method makes no sense.
How do you work on notes?
The work is divided into 3 stages:
- write down important points lectures;
- make brief notes and comments that arise during the lecture;
- we summarize and analyze - we draw our own conclusions on the topic.
Remember that every new topic must begin with new page, otherwise you will get confused and all your efforts will be in vain.
Bill Gates Method
Bill Gates, the creator of Microsoft, a billionaire and the former richest man in the world (now the owner of Amazon), has developed his own method of speed-taking notes.
In 2003, entrepreneur Rob Howard, during negotiations with Bill Gates, drew attention to the fact that, despite his billions and the ability to use the latest gadgets, Bill took notes by hand.
Later he asked how Bill organized his notes. It turned out that he divides the notepad sheet into 4 blocks and writes interconnected data into each.
For example, one part is always occupied with questions that arise during negotiations or interviews. The second - main thoughts, the third - brief notes and comments, and, finally, the fourth - examples.
Similar to Cornell's method? Some experts are of the opinion that Bill Gates' method is nothing more than a revised technique of the Cornell professor. Maybe it is so, but how convenient it is.
By the way! For our readers there is now a 10% discount on
Mind map method
The method of mental maps or mind mapping is a popular writing technique, the essence of which is that the main text of the outline is placed in the middle of the sheet.
Simply put, you write the main idea or concept in the middle of the page, enclose it in a circle or frame (whichever is more convenient for you) and start writing down using arrows that diverge in different directions key ideas and words associated with the main concept.
If you are a fan of brainstorming and are ready to learn how to masterfully change the colors of pens (and you will need them to make the arrows more visible), then this method is for you.
Arrow method
Sentence method
The sentence method is very similar to the standard transcript method. The essence of it is that you are trying to write down everything that the teacher says. The main difference from the transcript method is that each sentence is written on a new line and numbered in order.
Numbering helps you avoid confusion while reading notes and refers you from one sentence to another with one small note (for example, “see No. 69”) - no more need to understand the confusing arrows that cross out half the page and, in addition, half the notes.
Well, if you don’t want to master these note-taking methods or aren’t able to, then the student service is always ready to help. Coursework, diploma papers, essays, tests and others educational work- we’ll write down everything that you haven’t noted down.
In the process of learning any knowledge and skills, we often have to write down new information so that you can play it again later. Because it is difficult or even unnecessary to write down everything, it is important to be able to summarize the information received in the form of a note. In this article you will learn how to take notes correctly using the example of taking notes in history lessons. Concepts such as reference note-taking, speed-taking, shorthand, Cornell method and others will be discussed here. useful ways compact presentation and visualization of information.
What is a synopsis?
Word " abstract"came to us from the German language (der Konspekt); in German it was borrowed from Latin (conspectus), in which it had the meaning “review, outline, appearance, appearance.” In turn, this noun in Latin was formed by combining the prefix con- and the verb specio (to look, look). Thus, the original meaning of the word “note” is a short recording or transcription of something (it does not necessarily have to be a lecture or lesson summary - there are notes of books and articles; in natural sciences verbal information is usually accompanied by visualized formulas and algorithms, which also need to be translated into graphic or text information). In this meaning, concepts such as “compendium” ( summary the sum of the main provisions of any science) and “abstract” (a summary of the contents of an article or book).
However, a summary is not just a word-for-word transmission of what was perceived from external source material. It is also an act of creative comprehension of what is heard and seen, the expression of one’s own thoughts on paper, the moment of forming doubts and questions (Kodzhaspirova G.M., Kodzhaspirov A.Yu. Interdisciplinary Dictionary of Pedagogy. M., 2005. P. 136-137).
A “creative” note is not only copying thoughts from a book by an authoritative scientist or a lecture by a teacher; This is always a reflection on information, accompanied by the development by the author of a summary of a complex system of mnemonic signs that is often understandable only to him (underlining; highlighting text in different colors; constructing tables and logical chains based on available information). Many new genres were born from the methods of taking notes and presenting material in the form of theses. scientific research- from comments on books Holy Scripture and legal codes from the times of the Roman emperors in the Middle Ages to the publication today of courses of lectures by outstanding university professors (including posthumously, by their students).
Differences between note-taking and shorthand
Many students often wonder: if both note-taking and shorthand can restore the original meaning of the material presented, what is the fundamental difference between them? Isn’t a note a special case of a transcript made using not universal notations, but unique to specific person sign systems?
The answers to these questions are provided to us by the work of St. Petersburg professor E.V. Minko (Methods and techniques accelerated note-taking and readings: Educational – Toolkit. St. Petersburg, 2001, pp. 20-25). First, as already mentioned, note-taking is highly individual characteristics an individual; Often even his fellow students are not able to “decipher” the information contained in the notes. This situation is unacceptable for a stenographer: when learning this specialty, it is mandatory to memorize a certain set of universal symbols and signs. Secondly, the outline should be easy to “read”: a person should always be able to return to what has already been written and correct subsequent text. This is precisely why the “Cornell Note-Taking Method” is valuable, which we will discuss later. Thirdly, a summary of a lesson, lecture, visual information is not a copy of what was seen and heard, not a literal rendering of the text, but a transposition of its meaning.
“Rational” (speed) note-taking
"The Cornell Note-Taking Method"
This type of note-taking is called the Cornell note-taking system after the university where Professor Walter Pock, the author of this method, worked (Pauk W. How to study in College. Boston, 1962). It is rightfully considered one of the most common among students and is equally well suited for taking notes in both natural sciences and humanities.
The most important distinctive property of this method is the division of the space of a vertically oriented sheet into three fields: two fields are separated by a solid line vertically (in a proportion of approximately 1:3); At the bottom of the page it is necessary to leave an undivided space about 7 cm wide. The main part when taking notes is the right side of the sheet, where the main thoughts presented by the lecturer/teacher during the lesson are written down. Moreover, when transferring verbal information onto paper, it is important to consistently move from writing main idea to facts and examples that should explain it.
Immediately after the end of the lecture, you can begin reflecting on the material displayed on the right side. To do this, you need to select and enter in the left field maximum amount words or short remarks - questions that will illustrate the main content of the lecture contained in the text from the right field.
In the field at the bottom of the sheet, you must enter (after filling out the two fields above it) a detailed description of the main idea of the entire lesson (i.e. its dominant, in the language of foreign teachers - summaries), note its peculiarity in comparison with other lessons. This will allow, after a long time, to more vividly reproduce in memory the content of the lesson as a whole. In addition, it is useful to allocate 10-20 minutes a day to review the basic facts and patterns displayed in the lesson notes for the lesson. Lately: this will prevent them from being quickly forgotten, analyze and resolve doubts that arise during the lesson itself.
Schematic plan
In part, Cornell notes are reminiscent of the note-taking method of compiling schematic plan. However fundamental difference The first type of recording of material from the second is that in a schematic plan, questions are first written down, to which, in the course of studying the material, it is necessary to give a short answer (consisting of 2-3 logically related offers) answer. Thus, if you combine the principles of filling out a schematic plan and the form for Cornell notes, you will notice that the schematic plan requires filling out the left field first, followed by the right one (i.e., the order of filling is the opposite of the “Cornell method” note-taking").
In such notes, which are written under dictation, special meaning acquires mastery of the technique of speed writing and “coiling” material in writing. For example, many people use such a technique as eliminating vowels and replacing some words with conventional signs. IN historical science conjunctions, words meaning cause-and-effect relationships are especially often replaced, for example, “depends on...”, “mutually depends” (→, ↔), “therefore” (=>), “A is the cause of B” (A→B) . Ligatures are also used, for example, NB (nota bene - Latin “remember well”). Colored markers, pens, and pencils are often used to highlight especially important thoughts. Some students and even schoolchildren who know well foreign languages, can use abbreviated versions of foreign words (for example, def. from to defend instead of “protect”, “defend”; corr. from to correct instead of “correct”, “correct”). Some lessons and lectures, where the explanation of cause-and-effect relationships prevails over the event history (in particular, this applies to any topics that explain the structure and composition of government bodies, their functions), sometimes when recorded take the form of a diagram with one or more key concepts in the center, from which there are branches to more specific terms or phenomena. An example is presented at rice. 1.
Figure 1. Example of Cornell notes
Experience in natural sciences. Supporting notes
Supporting notes developed as a method of memorizing and reflecting material in the 80s. last century Donetsk teacher of mathematics and physics V.F. Shatalov (see, for example, his books: Reference signals in physics for grade 6. Kiev, 1978. 79 pp.; Reference notes on kinematics and dynamics. From work experience. Book for teachers. M., 1989. 142 pp.; Geometry in faces. M., 2006. 23 p.). Nowadays, in school lessons in the humanities (especially in history lessons), the method of compiling supporting notes is becoming increasingly recognized. For example, recently the publication of reference notes for individual lessons and entire educational blocks in history and social studies has intensified (Stepanishchev A.T. Reference notes for the history of Russia. Grades 6-11. M., 2001. 128 pp.). The popularity of this type of note-taking can be explained quite simply: partly due to its unusual, even game form presentation of material, partly due to poor memorability of individual events and dates. Thus, the supporting summary is an attempt to analyze in the most imaginative, visualized form the cause and effect relationships between various events, statements and actions of historical figures. In addition, the lesson material in the supporting notes is presented as whole blocks of topics. If we keep in mind history and social science, then the thematic and temporal coverage of the material varies depending on its specifics (for example, the time of coverage - from several months to several centuries).
Each topic (block - topic) is encrypted in the supporting outline into a system of signs - supports that make up a mini - block. Based on these signs, often unified, an individual note can be “deciphered” by other people. The optimal number of mini-blocks for presenting an entire block-topic is considered to be 8-10.
In addition, the system of supporting notes allows the teacher to implement an individual approach to teaching: if there are different students in the class educational levels compiling such notes allows you to regulate the pace of studying blocks - topics and individual subtopics, make the learning process more understandable and interesting, and introduce an element of creativity into it (when students compile their own system of signs - supports and entire support notes at home).
The main supports in such a summary are symbolic - verbal (letters, syllables, conjunction / disjunction signs, logical connection indicators: →, ↔, causal sign - investigative connection– =>, similarities – ~, etc.), pictorial (pictographic) and conditionally graphic (fragments of plans, terrain diagrams with symbols) signs. An example of compiling a background summary for Russian history presented on rice. 2. It remains to add that the reference summary can be used as an effective means of checking the material covered (then the basis for it is written and drawn at home, and in a lesson or lecture, students reproduce from memory diagrams and logical chains learned at home and consolidate this material by repeatedly drawing them on a piece of paper), and as a means of developing new knowledge, skills and abilities (i.e. when recording what is presented by the teacher new topic or subtopics).
Figure 2. Background notes on history. Subject: " East Slavs in the first half of the 1st millennium AD.” (compiled by S.V. Selemenev.)
Notes as a form of independent preparation for a report at a conference or seminar
Outline:
This type of note-taking is no less widely used in modern pedagogy; This is especially often true for the disciplines of the humanities. To compile such a summary, you need to carry out certain preliminary preparation: before the lecture, you need to write a lesson plan on several sheets of paper, highlighting sections, questions and problems in the presented material with special signs or numbers. Each of these headings can be expanded during the recording process behind the lecturer and supplemented with coherent text illustrating general position. From the above, it should be concluded that ideally, the outline should be as close as possible to the text that the lecturer reads at the pulpit; in the description of this note-taking method one can find many similarities with the Cornell method.
However, the plan-note, as experts in didactics and pedagogy note, has a great advantage over the reference and Cornell notes. Since all the headings of topics and individual sections, as well as a certain amount of factual material, are prepared in advance, it is possible to write them down without abbreviations and symbols. This increases the likelihood of correct and quick decoding of the notes by other students or students.
The latter circumstance is the reason that when preparing for reports at school and seminars at the university, the outline shell of the outline is often used by speakers as the basis for their own message. Firstly, in such a structure it is quite easy to make various kinds of notes. Secondly, it is enough to simply insert the necessary quotes and references to sources into the text of the summary, which is especially important in historical science. If the material is properly organized, they will “stand” directly opposite the corresponding theses. Our example of the basis for a plan - a summary on the topic “First World War 1914-1918." we presented at rice. 3.
Figure 3. Shell plan - outline
Text compression can be done in various ways:
Transformation and reformulation of sentences in order to interpret the content;
Reducing the part of the sentence that does not contain basic information; exclusion of semantic fragments - justifications of the proposed theses, evidence, examples, repetitions, clarifications, etc.
A simple plan consists of a list of main points in the form of headings.
Such a plan can be thematic, where all points are presented in nominal sentences and fix the informative centers of the text.
The question plan allows the reader to focus his attention on the informative centers of the text. When drawing up a question plan, question words are used, and not phrases with the particle whether (Is there).
The plan can be a thesis plan, that is, each point of the plan is represented by a two-part sentence and conveys the main idea of part of the text. The thesis statement usually coincides with the informative focus of the paragraph.
By highlighting subtopics that reveal and detail the main topic, you will get a complex text plan. By revealing the points of a complex plan, relying on the text, you can write a detailed summary.
Attention! First, write a short summary of the text, and you can rely on the plan you have drawn up, since the points of the plan reflect the main provisionstext. Remember that each paragraph of the plan expresses basic information, and each subparagraph expresses additional information that details the main one. Information that can be excluded when short summary, is not included in the plan.
From the point of view of the presence/absence in the summary of the main provisions of the source text, the following are distinguished:
integral notes that convey all the main provisions and the most important semantic connections, i.e. the entire semantic network of the original source, but in a form convenient for the compiler;
selective (selective) summaries, including individual elements of the primary source, which represent novelty and significance for the compiler, but in the aggregate do not reflect the main provisions of the primary source.
Question 4.Note-taking algorithm.
The algorithm for compiling an integral outline includes the following steps:
1. Read the text and make an outline. The outline of the text is formed by a system of supporting words. The content of each semantic part of the text is collapsed and indicated by a reference word, which is sufficient for the subsequent expansion of all the information of this semantic part. The names of the plan points may differ from the names of the semantic parts given in the text of the original source.
3.Reword this information to make it easier to write and write it down. Remember! When taking notes from a text, it is necessary to maintain in the notes the logical sequence of development of the content of the original source. To do this, it is necessary to record known information very briefly, because Previously unknown facts are always connected with already known ones and are comprehended only in this way. If you only write down new information, after a while it will be difficult to remember what it was related to. Question 5.Rules for writing notes.
Rules for preparing an integral summary: Required:
indicate the output data of the original source in full (immediately after the title of the text);
leave margins of at least 1/3 of a page in order to indicate along the notes the points of the plan you have drawn up, the page numbers of the source, and make notes;
in the text of the summary, preserve the rubric of the original source (if any);
enclose quotes in quotation marks, placing an ellipsis where words are missing and indicating the page numbers of the source text;
Mark your notes and comments with special icons, words, etc.
The largest amount of information is contained in the first letters of words. The first part of the abbreviated word must end in consonant letter, For example: quantity - quantity. Usually the middle of the word is shortened; vowels and consonants or only vowels can be shortened: holy - property; smlt - airplane.
The word must be abbreviated so that it can be unambiguously restored in a specific context. For example, reduction noun can be restored as noun, being, existing, essential, exist and so on.
Unfamiliar words, new concepts and terms should be written down in full.
It is advisable to use your own abbreviation system:
a) generally accepted abbreviations: rr – solution, That. - Thus, M.B. - May be, d.b. - must be those. - that is, etc. - and so on;
b) generally accepted abbreviations: media – mass media; c) mathematical signs, symbols, hieroglyphs:< (меньше), >(greater than), = (equal, equal), + (plus, add), ~ (similar), f (function), (sum, total), (hence follows, therefore), = (not equal, not the same), (approximately), | (growth, increase, growing), (decline, decrease), ? (question), @ (analysis), etc.; d) short foreign words, for example if- if.
When shortening sentences, redundant words and phrases (repetitions, clarifications, minor details, etc.) are omitted.
Definitions of new concepts should be written in full as quotations, enclosing them in quotation marks.
Use the following types transformation of sentences: a) lexical transformation - replacing a word with a synonym while maintaining the grammatical structure of the phrase: guide->guide, cost-effective -> profitable and so on.; b) grammatical transformation - simplification of the sentence structure while maintaining lexical content: temperature rises when pressure increases -> temperature rises when pressure increases; c) lexical-grammatical transformation - a change in the structure of a sentence and its lexical content while maintaining the semantic content: the chemical composition of steel affects what its properties will be ->the properties of steel depend on its chemical composition; d) logical-semantic transformation - expression of the content of a text fragment by other language means: new method production, unlike existing ones, does not require large material costs, which has a positive effect on the cost of production -> the new production method is more economically profitable than traditional ones
Didactic material
TEXT 1.
From the point of view of learning languages, people fall into four types. The first type are those who love languages. For them, learning languages is not work, but joy. People of the second type understand that without knowing a foreign language they cannot achieve their goal, so they study it regularly. The third type are those who can study the language if there is a result. And finally, the fourth group is a boundless sea of people who are indifferent to languages and do not want to achieve anything.
So: people of the first type will achieve success in learning languages under any circumstances. People of the fourth type will not achieve anything under any circumstances. Therefore, business advice is addressed to people of the second and third types.
First, there is no single, universal, “best” method for learning other languages. The method is always individual, specific, and its merits depend on specific conditions - who is studying what language, what is the goal.
There is only one way to learn a language - hard work. This method is compared to playing a musical instrument, when it is not enough to understand musical notation, but you need to persistently practice for many years.
One more thing. They often say: “I really want to learn such and such a language, but I don’t have enough time.” It's not a lack of time, but a lack of discipline and willpower. To successfully learn a language, it is enough to spend half an hour a day, which is accessible to everyone in order to have the willpower to withstand this regime.
TEXT 2.
Domestic researchers have developed an environmentally friendly engine. Its advantage is that the reduction in emissions harmful substances into the atmosphere can be 30%, and fuel savings - 15%, reports 24.kz.
Scientists were able to patent the invention, but things have not gone further yet. Recirculation is obtained by simultaneously opening two valves: suction and exhaust. In a classic piston engine they work alternately. Inventor Roman Kachkanyan worked towards this discovery for about 30 years. The secret is that he structurally changed the gas distribution mechanism and manifold. Initially, the mechanic wanted to make the engine economical, but the invention turned out to be also environmentally friendly. However, the problem is that this innovation has not yet been tested; tests have only taken place in the laboratory.
“In order to test it on an industrial scale, to see how the engine performs, we need to develop a pilot industrial prototype. And if these experimental data are confirmed, then it will be possible to further promote it to the market,” said Laura Sadykova, vice-rector on science and investment issues KazATU named after. S. Seifullina.
In order to develop a so-called industrial design, 50 million tenge is needed. However, applications are still under consideration. The university asked the Parasat National Holding to help with financing, and the National Agency for Technological Development was also involved in cooperation. In the meantime, this project will remain idle for at least another year and a half to two years.
You can conclude an agreement with any engine plant. Take their engine, install our camshaft and manifold, and in terms of performance it will be new at the level of world achievements, and it can be considered a Kazakh engine
“You can enter into an agreement with any engine plant. Take their engine, install our camshaft and manifold, and in terms of performance it will be new at the level of world achievements, and it can be considered a Kazakh engine,” notes Roman Kochanyan, a scientist.
The new engine is unpretentious. It can run on any fuel. Using gas, gasoline or diesel.
“Firstly, it will be in demand. Secondly, this engine is environmentally friendly, it will not emit harmful elements that affect the human body and humanity,” said Viktor Bondarenko, a scientist.
By the way, European scientists also worked on such a design, but to no avail. But ours succeeded. But it’s not yet clear whether this project will go beyond a patent. Meanwhile, at the board of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan it was announced that Kazakhstan is “ahead of the rest” in terms of the level of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The air in the country is 37% more toxic than in Russia. We are ahead of the USA by 66%, and Germany by 75%.
Work on mastering the material (tasks, questions)
Exercise 1. Read the texts. Find general scientific and highly specialized terms. Try to determine their meaning from the context. Title the texts and make question, title, and thesis plans for them. What is the difference? Give reasons for your answer.
Task 2 . Make a complex plan for the proposed texts and write a short summary based on it.
Task 3 . Give examples that show scientific achievements in the area of your future specialty.
Task 4 . Using material from the official website of your university, compose a short scientific article about the scientific achievements of famous scientists from your university. Make a thesis, title, and question plan for it. List the features of drawing up these plans.
Task 5. Perform an analysis of the composition of one of the notes. If necessary, correct any errors found. To complete this task, select one of the free notes you compiled at a lecture in one of the disciplines you studied.
Assignment for SRO. Write a detailed integral summary of a text in your specialty.
Compiled by: Ph.D. Mukazhanova L.G.
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Introduction
Notes for the student -- good help which will help you quickly remember educational material, to prepare for test work or an exam. This is an excellent tool for organizing information in your head. Of course, one note is not enough for good preparation: without your own reflection and generalization, without effort in class and without working with scientific sources, it is difficult to achieve excellent results in your studies. But the outline represents a kind of foundation, a “compass”, if you like, which will help on the path to mastering knowledge. The ability to reproduce material read or listened to depends on the ability to take notes. Therefore, the first thing a student should learn is note-taking.
You need to understand that listening and recording a lecture is complex look university work. Attentive listening and note-taking of lectures involves intense mental activity of the student.
Human attention is very unstable. Staying focused requires willpower, so it is important to systematically control yourself in this regard while listening to lectures.
Taking notes develops the mind, attentiveness, and helps to consolidate knowledge in memory. If students switch off during a lecture and start taking dictation, this leads to degradation. Mechanical, mindless dictation is pointless.
A note is an abbreviated recording of an oral or written text that a student creates for personal use, so each note is unique, unique and unlike the note of his desk neighbor. This is not an exact recording of the lecture text word for word, but a recording of the meaning, the essence of the lecture, the most important thing. When a student writes a note, he performs a kind of “folding” of information, leaving only the most important, key points. Everything else is thrown out: first of all, these are words and phrases that organize the coherence of the text or are the author’s comments on what was said. Such elements can be removed from the notes without fear for the integrity of the information, especially since they can be easily recalled by reviewing the key notes noted down.
In addition to the ability to take notes, it is important to learn how to work productively with your notes. After all, each of the notes will be useful not only when preparing for certain exams, but also during the entire training and subsequent passing of state exams.
Note-taking examples. Let us recall the basic note-taking techniques. They can be divided into three groups. 1. Abbreviation of words, phrases, terms. These techniques are the easiest to master and include: hyperabbreviation of terms (the initial letter of the term is outlined with a line), quantification (reversing the initial letter), hieroglyphics and pictography (working with pictures), methods of writing endings.
2. Reworking the phrase. These are the most effective, but difficult to master techniques. These include: spatial notation (using the length and width of a piece of paper). bringing a phrase to an equivalent form, using context and macro context.
3.Use of color. Includes fairly easy-to-learn techniques: rubrication. highlighting significant details with color, working with color depending on the degree of importance of the text and the correspondence of parts of the text.
1.Write words, phrases, terms
Abbreviations
An abbreviation is a compound word formed from initial letters or initial elements of words (ATS, foreman). This effective remedy, which speeds up writing and allows you to avoid repeating frequently used words.
Currently, the following types of abbreviations are used in abbreviation:
abbreviations of words meaning settlements(city - city, region - region);
names of months and dates (15.06.02);
telegraphic graphic abbreviations (tchk, zpt);
symbols of quantities and units of measurement (Ohm, V, km, cm);
abbreviations adopted in planning and accounting documentation (State Bank, receipt No.);
official names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, their divisions (SM, AN, economic unit, main board, financial department);
names of some materials (kozhimite, lavsan);
names of products, machines and devices (moped, hydroelectric power station, radar, spare part);
names of documents (GOST, OST, ORM, TU, TZ, state order);
names of positions, academic titles (academician, corresponding member, prof., head, deputy, acting)
There are certain abbreviation rules. When introducing abbreviations, special care must be taken to ensure that they are consistent throughout the entry.
An abbreviation must not be the same form as an existing word or the same as another abbreviation. The abbreviation must be reversible, that is, the resulting abbreviation can be unambiguously expanded into the full name. Abbreviations must meet the standards of Russian pronunciation. Abbreviations that are the names of institutions, enterprises, organizations, as well as designating product brands, etc., are written with a capital letter.
The word “year” after the dates is shortened, leaving one letter “g.”, and after several dates the letters “yy.” (no dot is placed between them). For example: 2001, 1996-2000. Academic and financial years are written separated by a slash, abbreviating Last year to the first two digits and using the word year in singular. For example, in the 1998/99 academic year.
Rubles and kopecks are abbreviated as “rub.” and “kop.”, if they are used separately. In mixed numbers they are abbreviated - “r.” and "k." For example, 2000 rubles, 80 kopecks, 2000 rubles. 80 k.
Hyperabbreviation
A hyperabbreviation is an abbreviation with one letter. There are two main techniques for using this method of high-speed note-taking. 1. Designation of a word by an initial letter with a dot (for example, K. - abstract, S. - system, A. - audit, etc.). This method is often used in dictionaries. But it is permissible to use it on a short interval of homogeneous text. 2. A method called the use of letters “in a wrapper”. For example, - algorithm, - system, - economics, etc.
Most often, this technique is used to abbreviate terms.
Use of hieroglyphic notation. Hieroglyphs are the most ancient figurative signs. Most of the hieroglyphs were phonograms; they denoted either a combination of 2-3 consonant sounds or individual consonants. Among the hieroglyphs there were also ideograms, that is, signs denoting individual words and concepts. From hieroglyphic writing, italics and ligatures developed. Italic is a typographic font style with a slant to the right, close to handwriting, which arose as a result of the desire for speed and convenience of writing without taking away the pen.
Ligature is a letter or sign formed from combining elements of two or more letters or signs into one, conveying one sound (for example, in German sch - “w” or tsch - “h”).
Writing in hieroglyphs alone is not very convenient. But using their individual elements when taking notes is very effective.
We use hieroglyphs all the time, especially in mathematical texts, but they can also be used in other texts to replace several words with one sign. When taking notes, it makes sense to use the simplest hieroglyphs, both generally accepted and invented.
In the group of generally accepted ones, these are, first of all:
mathematical and logical symbols: +, -, =, x, :, >,<;
Affiliation sign, component (for example, A?B);
The implication sign is one of the logical operations; it corresponds to the connective “if... then”;
& is a conjunction sign, one of the logical operations; reflects the use of the conjunction “and” in logical deductions;
V - disjunction sign; corresponds to the conjunction “or”; ? - negation sign, one of the logical operations; reflects the use of the expression “it is not true that...”. As successful examples of the use of invented hieroglyphs, we can cite: /\/ - contradiction; N - vice versa; ? - interconnected, etc.
Use of pictograms. Pictography - displaying the content of a message in the form of a picture. The drawing does not specify the words in which the message should be expressed, nor the language of the message. Conventional symbolism is possible in the pictogram (for example, two connected hearts - “love”). Elements of pictographic writing can be successfully used when taking notes, as they have increased clarity. Examples of pictograms when taking notes: F(x)? - is the function increasing, F(x)? - decreases, F(x)? - increases and is limited from above. The pictogram creates an image, which is important for using the visual memory mechanism. Therefore, pictograms not only speed up recording, but also significantly improve the perception of notes, promote memorization of material, as they force visual memory to work and make it possible to perceive not words, but images. All circuitry is based on pictographic writing. Examples of pictograms:
In the field of humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines, this reduction technique is rarely used, since the concepts of these disciplines are difficult to depict in the form of a picture. Although you can find options for using icons, for example: ? - plan, ? - documentation.
Methods for high-speed note-taking of words. These techniques are individual and require a creative approach. As general recommendations, we can offer: 1. Designation of frequently used words and phrases with initial and final letters. For example: m.b. - May be; d. - must; those. - that is; because - because; etc. - and so on; and so on. - etc; and others - and others; etc. - and others; r-m - consider; p-m - we will receive; s-t - exists.
2. Compression of a word by underwriting vowels as uninformative signs that provide mainly euphony of speech. A striking example of such a technique is the well-known technique of “writing without vowels.” For example, the phrase “Who sent you a letter without vowels?” can be replaced by the clearly readable but difficult to pronounce “kt psl tb psm bz glsnkh?” A series of consonants that form words carry more information than vowels. To compare the information content of consonants and vowels, we can cite the same phrase written only in vowels: “about oa ee io e ay.” Since when writing without vowels, information about cases and other grammatical features is lost, you can use a mixed technique, that is, retain vowels only in endings, for example, trbvnia, trgvlya, zrbtnaya plta. Abbreviations of words by a break in the outline on a vowel letter (for example, abolition of private property - note cha sbstvti; untimely payment of wages - nsvrmaya vy zrbtnoy plty).
Omissions of letters and designation of missing letters with a hyphen (for example, work - r-ta; management - m-nt; marketing - m-ng; commerce - k-tion). Abbreviation of a word by designating parts of words at the beginning and end with several letters (for example, conference - conf or kf, quantity - klvo). Abbreviated designation of frequently occurring pronouns (for example, which - kryy, so that - chby).
2. Quick note-taking of phrases
The considered methods of writing words, symbols and phrases are simple and, after a short training, are performed automatically. Techniques for taking notes on phrases are more complex, as they require comprehension and creative processing of the text. But they give a much greater effect both in the speed of recording and in the subsequent perception and memorization of the text. The main idea is to recode and fold text. The objective premise of this idea is the redundancy of language. Studies have shown that the Russian language has a redundancy rate of about 80%. That is, if you remove up to 80% of the characters from the text, you can understand what is being said. It is this redundancy that makes it easy to understand each other, despite the peculiarities of each person’s pronunciation (accent, unclear pronunciation of endings, incorrect stress) and natural interference (noise, musical and visual background). True, after removing 80% of the characters, the text has to be deciphered rather than read, which is unacceptable for note-taking.
If you remove not 80% of the text, but fewer characters and words, then you can shorten the text, and it will not be difficult to read. Collapsing a phrase using context. The essence of this technique is that when taking notes, those words that can be easily restored in meaning are removed from the text. The author of any text (textbook, lecture text) cannot omit such words, otherwise his speech will become dry, lose its harmony and will be perceived worse. Therefore, the reduction must be performed by the listener.
First of all, the subject group can be removed from the phrase, since it coincides with the content of the context and is therefore easily reconstructed from it. For example, if the topic of the lecture is rational note-taking, then from the phrases “notes are used for...”, “the advantages of notes are...” you can leave “used for...”, “advantages...”. What this refers to is easily restored in meaning: the whole lecture is about the notes, which means these phrases also refer to it. Secondly, part of the phrase is removed from the phrase, which in meaning duplicates its other part.
For example, if in a lecture the characteristics of an airplane wing and a helicopter rotor are compared, then there is no need to use the fully named phrases in the notes, but they can be shortened to “wing” and “rotor”, since it is already clear which aircraft they refer to. The next candidate for deletion is the predicate group. In this group, verb words, especially those associated with enumeration (such as “there are”, “consists”, “include”), are replaced by graphic symbols, for example, a fork or a parenthesis.
Phrase conversion. The use of this technique requires understanding the text being noted, its creative processing and high speed of thinking. This technique is most effective in speeding up recording. Its essence is to find a phrase equivalent to the given one, but shorter. The search for such a phrase can be carried out in several directions: select shorter synonyms for the words that make up the phrase (for example, using well-known words of a foreign language); formulate the same thing in other words, eliminating, for example, some adjectives that perform only the functions of “decoration”; choose a shorter text using a system of abbreviations of words and phrases. It is advisable to begin training this technique by taking notes on printed texts, since this gives time for comprehension and condensation of the text with gradual acceleration.
3.Use of color
Color carries additional information, promoting better memorization and focusing attention when reading notes.
You can use colored markers for this. Fears about additional time spent on this are in vain, since the use of other techniques, for example, underlining, outlining, using different letter sizes, etc., leads to even greater loss of time and is also less informative.
Color highlighting is a feature of handwritten notes. This is due to the fact that it is difficult to make, for example, font highlighting in a manuscript, and in books, color printing is much more complex and expensive, so printing often uses a combination of different fonts (bold, italics, different typefaces).
It's helpful to learn a few basic techniques for using color.
Start a new topic, paragraph or point with a red line in the literal sense of the word, that is, highlighting headings with colors or crossing out the ends of points. This technique is especially effective if the notes are used for reference purposes.
You can use the “traffic light” rule, that is, highlight with red prohibitive colors what should not be done, and green colors that permit what should be done.
You can highlight work by color according to importance. Therefore, red in the notes highlights those places that the lecturer draws attention to: definition, formulation of laws, theorems, etc. By developing this idea and introducing not only red into the notes, but also green, blue and others, you can highlight in different colors parts of a note in a note that have different significance.
It is convenient and effective to use this technique when taking notes on mathematical texts. For example, theorem statements are highlighted in red, definitions in green, and other text in blue or black. If you read the outline (especially when re-reading in the process of preparing for an exam) mainly in red and green, you get what can be called the skeleton of the discipline, i.e., positions that deserve primary attention are highlighted. Such reading does not scatter attention and allows you to more clearly see the goals facing the sections, the connection between them, individual provisions and definitions.
The idea behind color matching is as follows: interconnected parts of the material are written in the same color.
Most often this technique is used when it is necessary to highlight:
description of structures consisting of several parts, while the component parts of the diagram are depicted in different colors and their description is given in the same color; recording the dynamics of processes, while the position of parts of the structure is shown in different colors and their description is given in the same color;
image and description of options for any solution that have slight differences; at the same time, different options are shown and described in different colors instead of re-representing them.
Image in different colors and, if necessary, description of families of curves, especially if they are non-monotonic.
But you should not use many colors, preferably no more than three or four.
information note-taking phrase recording
The technique of rational note-taking is one of the basic skills of students, teachers and researchers. Knowledge, skills and abilities in this area must be taught in the same way as we teach everything else, since a self-invented note-taking technique usually turns out to be primitive.
Naturally, everyone must choose the specific system of these techniques, especially abbreviations, based on their own needs and tastes. At the same time, it is clear that such a summary can only be read by its author, which creates the right attitude towards the lecture and increases the efficiency of the educational process.
As a general recommendation, it can be noted that cursive writing techniques, especially contractions, should be introduced gradually 3-5 times a week to give you time to get used to them. In this case, it may be useful to keep track of their vocabulary along with abbreviations.
Experience shows that 50-70 abbreviations are sufficient for subjects studied at a university, some of which will be standard, and some will be individual. You can master them in a few months.
An educated person actively uses about 2,000 words of his native language, and about the same amount is his passive vocabulary (for comparison: in Ozhegov’s dictionary there are about 57,000 words). Multiplication tables, grammar rules, first names, last names, addresses, telephone numbers, etc. are added to the memory load.
So 50-70 contractions constitute a small fraction of the total amount of information available in memory (less than 0.1%). And after the necessary training, contractions will be perceived as completely natural.
References
1. G. Alder, “Techniques for the development of intelligence”, “Peter”, St. Petersburg, 2001.
2. E. Bono, “Non-standard thinking”, “Medley”, Minsk, 2000.
3. T. Buzan, “Make the most of your mind”, “Medley”, Minsk, 2000.
4. T. Buzan, “Teach yourself to think”, “Medley”, Minsk, 2000.
5. B. Depoter, M. Henaki, “Quantum learning”, “Potpourri”, Minsk, 1998.
6. M. Zdenek, “Development of the right hemisphere”, “Potpourri”, Minsk, 1997.
7. D. Kehoe, “The subconscious can do anything”, “Medley”, Minsk, 2000.
8. E. Minko “Accelerated note-taking and reading”, “Peter”, St. Petersburg, 2003.
9. H. Silva, B. Goldman “Intelligence management using the Silva method”, “Medley”, Minsk, 2000.
10. R. Sternberg, “Hone your intellect”, “Medley”, Minsk, 2000.
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One of the basic principles of effective note-taking is: write down the main points. During the lecture, they are recorded most accurately and in detail. the following aspects:
Title of the lecture;
Sources;
Concepts, definitions;
Principles;
Ideas should be formulated in the form of abstracts. Examples can be labeled with memory keywords. From the very beginning of studying at the institute, it is important to develop a useful habit of analyzing the content of a lecture and flexibly changing the method of taking notes depending on its type.
Practice shows that many students are able to learn how to quickly take notes on lectures using special methods and techniques for recording educational information. The formation of an individual quick note-taking technique is based on certain principles:
1. A summary is not an exact recording of the text of the lecture, but a recording of the meaning,
essence of educational information.
2. A summary is a note to oneself, and not to an arbitrary reader, so the notes in it can only be understood by the author.
3. The notes are written for later reading, and this means that the recording forms should be made in such a way that they can be easily and quickly read after some time.
4. The notes should make it easier to understand and remember educational information.
Speed-taking notes involves preliminary preparation for the lecture. You need to be ready to take notes even before the teacher enters the room. This means that it is necessary:
Firstly, psychologically prepare yourself for listening and taking notes of the lecture. Remember or look in your notes at the topic of the previous lesson and the questions that were discussed in it. If students have a thematic plan for studying an academic discipline, then it is recommended that they become familiar with the topic of the upcoming lecture and think about what is already known on this issue. It is important to prepare yourself for the fact that there will be hard work to understand, comprehend and take notes on the educational material;
Secondly, prepare a workplace for taking notes from the lecture. Remove everything unnecessary from the table. Prepare a notebook, pen, 2-3 colored pencils or felt-tip pens, and a ruler in advance. Check and, if necessary, draw 3-4 cm wide fields in the notebook on the left side of the page. As a rule, the date, the name of the lecturer, and other various notes are written on them.
Taking notes on a lecture begins with a complete and accurate recording of the topic, educational questions and a list of literature recommended for study. In order to increase the speed of taking lecture notes, it is advisable to use the following techniques:
Abbreviation of words, phrases and terms;
Accelerated note-taking of phrases;
Use for taking notes using colored pencils, pens, markers, etc.
Technique for writing words and phrases. The uniqueness of the Russian language is that it has many long words, including a prefix, a root, 1-2 suffixes and an ending. Writing them takes quite a lot of time. Therefore, the main reserve in time comes from abbreviating words when writing them. Words are abbreviated in the following ways:
1. By skipping letters in the middle of a word, when only a few initial and last letters are written. For example:
document - doc
legal – legal
office work – office work
2. By writing only the main part of the word, while omitting suffixes and endings. For example:
Judicial Department – Fates dep-t
possible – possible
3. Using an abbreviation - a word formed from the initial letters of the words included in the phrase. For example:
Supreme Court of the Russian Federation – RF Armed Forces
Evidence - VD
Examination of the value of documents – ECD
A significant reduction in time when taking notes on words is facilitated by the use of special signs and symbols that the student develops independently.
Note-taking phrases. Spatial recording– this method allows you to fully use the entire space of a sheet of paper.
The main methods of spatial recording are: highlighting paragraphs, writing statements on a separate line, indenting different amounts from the beginning of the line, writing information on different sides of the sheet, etc. So, for example, taking notes on a lecture on organizing office work in courts of general jurisdiction, information on this type of activity in district courts can be written down on the left side of the page, and in the supreme courts of republics, regional and regional courts, courts of federal cities, courts of an autonomous region and autonomous districts - on the right.
Spatial recording is a method that most concentratedly expresses the essence of note-taking. It speeds up recording, improves its perception and memorization. With active use of such a record, the outline takes the form of a structural and logical diagram, and each page is different from the other and easier to remember.
Using context. Context is a semantically complete passage of speech that accurately defines the meaning of the phrase included in it. The essence of this method of note-taking is that you do not need to write down all the words, but only those that carry the main semantic load. It is not necessary to write down introductory words (of course, obviously, in my opinion, etc.), epithets, comparisons, etc. You can also shorten words that belong to a group of subjects. For example, if the topic of the lecture is office work in military courts, then you do not need to write the phrase “office work in military courts” every time; it is enough to limit yourself to the words: “Serves for...”, “Includes”, “Characterized.” It is clear that these briefly recorded phrases relate specifically to office work in military courts.
Phrase conversion. This method of note-taking is used when recording the meaning, rather than the text itself, is important. The use of this method requires an unconditional and complete understanding of the material being noted, its creative processing and a fairly high speed of thinking. Its essence is to find and write down a phrase equivalent to that expressed by the teacher, but shorter. This can be done in several ways.
Firstly, select shorter synonyms for the words that make up the phrase. For example, instead of long words, you can choose shorter synonyms:
impact – influence
personally – personally
improve – improve
Secondly, formulate the idea expressed by the teacher in other words. At the same time, the sentence, while maintaining the essence of the thought expressed by the teacher, becomes several times shorter.
During a lecture, in a number of cases, complete accuracy of the text is required, for example, when writing down definitions, provisions of the relevant law, names of legal acts, etc., where every word may be significant. In these cases, the phrase cannot be changed and reduction techniques should be used with great caution.
Mastering a rather complex technique of high-speed note-taking, such as phrase transformation, can cause certain difficulties at the initial stage. To overcome them you need training. But first, it is better to practice not during a lecture, but with printed sources, when there is no time limit.
Use of colored pens, pencils, markers when taking notes. A summary colored in different colors is easier and faster to read and is better remembered. The main ways to use color when taking notes are:
1. Categories- highlighting the beginning of headings, formulas, quotes, paragraphs, subparagraphs, and enumeration in the text of the abstract with different colors. Categories speed up the search for the necessary information and make it easier to remember. To do this, it is necessary to develop a certain system: the size of letters, shape, color of signs must be constant to highlight the same headings. For example, headings are highlighted in red, paragraphs in black, subparagraphs in yellow, etc.
2. Concentration of attention- highlighting, underlining, coloring phrases, formulas, definitions, headings. The text in this case appears to be written on a corresponding colored background. It is best to use pale green, pink, light brown, yellow for this purpose. In this case, headings are painted over in one color, quotes in a second, and main ideas in a third. Coloring the text does not save time, but it makes it much easier to read the outline and highlight important details.
3. Color work by importance- highlighting parts of the abstract with different colors that have different significance. It is convenient and effective to use this method when taking notes on lectures in legal disciplines. Law titles can be written in red, definitions in green, and other text in blue or purple. Such a summary does not scatter attention and allows you to see the most important and significant things in the educational material, to discover the connections and differences between definitions and concepts.
When using different methods of working with color, you should not use a large number of colors. Three is enough, maximum four. The use of color slightly speeds up writing, but it can significantly improve the perception and memorization of text.
Summarizing all that has been said, we can formulate brief methodological recommendations for mastering the technique of high-speed lecture note-taking:
1. Creatively and carefully think through your own individual system for abbreviating words, their notations, recording phrases, and highlighting text. Carefully write it down on a separate thick sheet of paper or in a notebook and use it as a cheat sheet during training.
2. Remember the developed system well and gradually introduce
her into note-taking practice. First, when studying printed sources, and then, as you master it, during lectures. If some abbreviations, designations, symbols are difficult to remember or can be interpreted ambiguously, improve them.
3. Be sure to finalize the notes written during the lecture.
It is not always possible to write down well what the teacher said, something needs to be copied from the textbook. Psychologists warn: 70% of the information a person hears is forgotten in the first 10 hours. So remember: the notes must be finalized on the day on which the lecture is given.
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