The Sura River is the second largest influx of the Volga. Languages \u200b\u200bbelieve that its name comes from the ancient Volga language, which in our days there are no carriers. The length of the river is 841 km. It proceeds through the Ulyanovsk, Penza and Nizhny Novgorod regions, as well as through the territory of Mordovia, Chuvashia and the Republic of Mari El. Her picturesque shores are a favorite holiday destination tourists. Surek, carp and pike are spawn in the quiet planes. Fishermen catch Somka, Zhereh, Perch, Czech and crucian, and in the old days, the river was found in the river.
In the XVIII century, the forest was fused and transported various goods (mostly bread, alcohol, hemp oil, potash) from Penza to Vasilsursk. From the end of the XVII century in the forest dachas, Chayadaevka, Paul-Kurakino and the pedourg were made, flat-bottomed vessels and small semi-bourges. In the Penza itself, since 1801 began to build so-called dries. The length of these vessels reached 60 seats, load capacity - 25 thousand pounds. Storks loaded goods, and they moved along the course on their own. During the Great Patriotic War, the forest was fought for heating children's institutions and hospitals.
To the most sources
According to archival sources, at the end of the XIX century, the Sura River took its beginning near the village of Surie Verse. It belonged to the Syzrans of the Symbirian province, and today it is the Barysh district of the Ulyanovsk region. Then the source of Sura was two streams, which, merging together, formed a small river, which leaks through this village. In the area of \u200b\u200bTimoshkinsky forest giving, Kramol fell into it and several small streams. In this place, Sura became a full-fledged multi-water river.
Nowadays, the oldest origin almost stopped existence due to the cutting of the surrounding forests. In addition, the construction of the dam in these places led to the skiing of the springs that fed to Sura. Its source now consider another river flowing from the feling forest nearby.
The characteristic features of the sura are rather fast for the flat river the flow, winding row and high steep shores. This is explained by a significant bias of the bed, towards the Volga. At the top section, the flow rate is approximately 0.7-0.8 m / s. Here the river flows almost from the east to the West, and then makes a sharp turn and heads to the northeast. The largest tributaries on this site are left: True, Cadadada, Uza.
On the territory of the Reserve "Volga forest-steppe" Sura flows only 10.7 km - on the largest of five plots, which is called - "The Ripos of Sura". Here, the main water artery of the Penza region is quite small, only begins to gain strength, and it gives the reserve an exceptional water protection value.
"Verkhovy Sura" entered the reserve in 1991. The area of \u200b\u200bthe site is 6334 hectares, and it is located at an altitude of 293 m, on the density of the susoluge elevation, known as the Surisian bump. To the west of the site there is a clock village, and to the south - Tikhmenovo. Relief area hilmist, with well-prominent valleys of the river stream.
Reserved waters
Forest streams are flowing through the reserve, a handler, black river and trusters, quick and winding. The total length of forest streams is about 30 km. They feed in the main melting and to a small degree of groundwater. Their beds are winding, but a flow rather quickly. Most of the streams originate in the beams and ravines with springs. There are shoes here and most of the transition type. Their total area is 42.6 hectares. These swamps are formed mainly on watersheds, as well as in the floodplains and valleys of rivers. In the heart of the site there is a lake of light suffosionic origin. Its shores are wetlaries, and on the east side are surrounded by a splaweline with shrubs of willow and sphagnum.
Forests: Ancient and modern
In the "surah, 19 species of trees and 28 shrubs grows. Home value - old-age (up to 300 years) sections of pine and oak forests. However, the most of the territory occupies forests derivatives: birchings with an admixture of aspen, linden, poplar and pine or oxes. This is the composition of the upper tier.
In the undergrowth there are rowan ordinary, Tatar Maple, Volanki Kalina, Crošk Brick, Geese Laxative, Apple Tree, Bearded Beer, etc.
In the floodplains of rivers and streams for raw wetlands, the cherry and various types of IV are growing. In the same places there are completely impassable Olds. Due to the swampy soil, trees are raised on powerful roots. When this is a whole group with a common basis, strange okhovy islands appear among the swamp. In birchings on low raw plots - solid and very thick herbal cover. Omlo is also growing, Omsk, benik seating, praying blue, puffy twisted, medicinal heel, female jar.
The unique place of this area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve is a juniper grove.
Coastal residents
Numerous inhabitants of the righteousness of sura-butter-pointed frogs. They are interested in what spring, in the marriage, males acquire a bright blue color. Often there are hypers and ordinary. From the viper, it is distinguished by orange or yellow spots behind the head. In the "Surapays", European redheads and a forest mouse are numerous. There are even wolves, lynx, roots and boys.
In the upper reaches of Sura also winter up to 30 salts. They often damage young trees, biting their branches. Here the real taiga species nests: the deaf, a deaf cuckoo and a three-pailed woodpecker. Major aunt and Ryabchik, there are wanders: Waldshnepe and Bekas.
IT'S IMPORTANT TO KNOW
Splavine, or Zybun, is one of the stages of taking a reservoir from the surface. It consists of aqueous and voluminous plants: a canthamist, rubbish, watch and green moss. As the global increases from its lower surface, pieces of peat and plant residues are broken, completely or partially overloaded. Thus, at the bottom there is a powerful layer of semi-liquid il, gradually filling the entire water. As a result, the swamp develops in its place.
Sura (Chuvash. Săr, Gornyar. Shur, Erz. Sura Lei) - the large right influx of the Volga, the second largest river of the Ulyanovsk region. Proceeds through the Ulyanovsk, Penza and Nizhny Novgorod regions, Mordovia, Mari El and Chuvashia. The largest city in Sura - Penza. At Sura, the city of Sursk, Alatyr, Yadrin, Shumerlya, in the mouth - Pier Vasilsursk.
The length of the river is 841km (within the Ulyanovsk region, Sura flows 160 km, taking 10 tributaries here), the area of \u200b\u200bthe pool 67 500 km2, the annual stock - 8.16 cubic meters (Domanitsky et al. 1971). The density of the river network is 0.47 (twice as high in Central Russia); Lotness and wetlands are less than 1%, only in the upper reaches the wetlability is 2%.
1. The origin of the name.
Soviet Language B.A. Silventmen did not exclude that the name of the river could be obliged to one of the extinct Volga languages, which in the Surya basin could precede Mordovsky.
The surfactant river basin is connected to the territories of the most ancient habitat of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region - Mordov and Marijtsev, who preceded here the Turkic-speaking peoples - Chuvasham and Tatars. It is possible that in the upper reaches of the river, the ancient Finno-Ugrons in contact with the ancient Iranian-Sarmatian tribes, and the name could have an Iranian-speaking basis. In a number of Iranian languages \u200b\u200band at present, a nominal Sur, Surh is used in the "brown" value, "red", which means the color of clay shores and the brought tint of water, the currently-clay channel. The Finno-Ugric origin of this Hydronime is not excluded - Suuri - "Big", "Great").
Mariy residents call the Sura River by the word shore, which correlates with the Udmurt nine Shur - "River". In Mordovian, the name of the river sounds as well as in Russian - Sura (sometimes Suro).
2. Historical information.
According to the Sura River, the formation of Mordovian tribes in the Ulyanovsky Volga region took place. The Western border of Volzhskoy Bulgaria took place along the Sura River. Up to 16th century, Sura took place the eastern border of the Moscow principality. In 1552, the Barancheev settlement (p. Baryshskaya Sloboda, Surie district), the shelves of the princes of Kurbsky, Silver, Mstislavsky and Vorotnsky, which go to "fight Kazan" were transported through Sura. From Sura to the Volga stretched "defensive lines" and "Delicious features", saving from nomad raids. Through the territory of the modern Ulyanovsk region from the industrial zone, the Undorchina damn trash stretched (the start of construction is estimated at 1550). In 1647, the construction of a symbirsk-karsunsky die-eyed feature began (stretching from the surfactant progress to Simbirsk).
From 18 to early 20 century The Sura River was one of the most important transport arteries of the Symbirian province. It allowed to move various goods to the central regions of Russia. The time of the mass alloy in Sura was flooded when the water level was noticeably increased. The flood has happened on Sura earlier than on the Volga, so loads, and in particular the famous surfactant bread, were delivered to the Exchange of Nizhny Novgorod and Rybinsky earlier Volzhsky. From the marins that existed on Sura in the middle of the 19th century, the larger was considered the Promzinskaya Pier. From the "Description of the village of Promzino" (I. Tokmakov, 1895 g), "half of all bread departed from the industrial pier, purchased to send from the surfactant. In addition, some products, such as fat, Potash, linen seed are almost exclusively loaded on this pier; Potash, however, loads in the neck. In total, from the marigos of Alacy and Karsunsky counties, 1865, the following amounts of different kinds of bread and products were sent .... in the amount of 2000,000 rubles. Ser.
One of the five expeditions of the scientific and ornithologist S.A. Buturlin took place on average. In 1919-1921 S.A. Buturlin, already scientist with world name, together with Professor B.M. Zhitkov was led by the Surisk Expedition created by the USSR, which was engaged in collecting the ornithological collection for the Institute of Natural Resources in the city of Alatyra (Chuvashia). Created in 1985 (the order of the head of the RSFSR of 28.01.85), the surfactant Republican zoological reserve carries the name S.A. Buturlin.
In 1996, the Forwarding "Forps of Fatherland" was organized and conducted, dedicated to the 350th anniversary of Simbirsk-Ulyanovsk. The expedition passed along the former defensive line of the 17th century - the Belgorod-Simbirsk feature on the entire length of its length, including in the interfluve of Sura and Barysh rivers. According to the results of the expedition, 11 releases of TV shows were prepared, a number of articles were published in local editions.
3. Geographical information.
Sura takes the beginning of the hills of the surviving stove (at an altitude of 293 m), flowing to the West, then from Penza mainly to the north, almost in the meridional direction and flows into the Volga in Vasilsursk. The mouth lies at an altitude of 193 m. The total fall is 101 m. Belong the Volga River basin.
Sura takes more than 40 tributaries. Left tributaries are numerous and multi-way right. The largest tributaries are drunk, Alatyr and Barysh.
Surya pool 67.5 thousand km2, (which is more than twice the area of \u200b\u200bBelgium) and is located on the Volga Hills and on the elevation of interfacia. Most of the catchment takes place within the forest-steppe zone.
Sura is customary to divide on 3 parts: the upper part of the river - from the source to the mouth of the bond, the middle section - from the mouth of the bond to the mouth of the River Barysh, and the lower plot - from the mouth of the River Barysh to the mouth of Sura from the city of Vasilsursk.
Source.
The source of the river is located on the hills of the surviving cone (south-west of the Ulyanovsk region), at an altitude of 293 m.
In the mid-20th century, the source of the river was 10-12 km east of the village of Surie Verse. 20 years ago, the source was the southeastern outskirts of the village of Surie vertices, but now it is in fact there. It is explained by the fact that forests around are very exterminated, and the preserved are very exterminated, and the preserved strongly spoken and lost their water-protection value. In the log, where Rodniks were located, there used to be a lot of Evnyak. Wins grew, which were largely cut down. But, most importantly, the dam was created in the log and appeared by water, as a result, all the spokes were condensed. Today's actual source of Sura in the form of a stream of 20-30 cm and 1.2 - 2.0 m wide begins somewhat below Philippov key when merging the black and karmala rivers, and is 2 km south-west of the outskirts of the village of Surie vertices. It is a monument of nature (the source of the Sura River is approved by the Nature Monument by the decision of the Ulyanovsky Regional Executive Committee No. 204 of May 8, 1988).
Upper section of the Sura River.
The upper part of the river (from the source to the mouth of the bond) has a length of 170 km. The valley of the upper sura is narrow - 150-170 m and has a mountain character. Many forests. The bed of the river is constantly, as it passes among the indigenous rocks and stony clay. For 70 km, proceeds between Ulyanovskaya, then the Penza region, the Sura in the intermedium has an average depth of 50-60 cm and the width of 3-4 m. In May, after the spring flood, in the village of Sosnovoborsk (Penza region), the river has About 10-15 m width, a depth of 1 m. The river is interrupted with a depth, not exceeding 20 cm. only when p. Teschnar, and especially Forest Cadadada, Sura becomes more complete. Cadadada and Uza are the large right tributaries of Sura. Usty bond ends upper plot.
The middle section of the Sura River.
Below the mustache, the valley comes out of indigenous rocks, increases to 3 - 12 km. The floodplains becomes a monotonous smooth surface. From the mid-70s, the plot from the mouth of the dirty to the city of Penza is watered by the waters of the Penza reservoir, the dam has a height of 6 m. For the dam area 50-60 km stands out against the background of the rest of the river with its extremely maliciousness. This site is polluted by industrial and domestic runoff of Penza. Only after 100 km, to the mouth of the right influx of quince, Sura becomes relatively clean. Here it has a width of 50-60 m and a depth in yarra 3-4 m. Takes in a well-pronounced valley from 3 to 5 km. Below the mouth of the quince to the mouth of the next tributary of Inza (the source on the hills of the surviving cones), and further to Sabaeva (Mordovia), the Sura is strongly relevant and has many focate - pebble, sandy, stony. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe mouth of Inza, the river is close to the right, high shore of the valley. The flow rate here reaches 1 m / s. Stony ridges go to Sura. The same ridges are in the town of Alatyre, above G. Shumerlya, above the city of Yadrin.
At a distance of 200 km from Penza, in the area with. Large Berezniki River width increases to 120 m, and the depth is up to 4-5 m. From the village. SURSKOY TO G. Alatyr Farwater River is often changing, and the width in some places does not exceed 50 m. Y with. Baryshskaya Sloboda Usti r. Barysh (right inflow, length 247 km) is the bottom limit of the middle section of the sura. The length of this plot from the bonds to the lady is 360 km.
Lower portion of the Sura River.
Below G. Alatyr, which costs 296 km from the mouth, in Surah, the largest influx is flowing - the Alatyr River (length 307 km). From the city of Alatyre River becomes wider, engaged, but deep plots are still interrupted by shallow water.
118 km from the mouth to Sura, another major influx is poured - the drunk river.
In the lower flow, severe changes occurred associated with the construction of the Cheboksary reservoir. As a result of the waters of the water, the waters of the reservoir were formed a surfactant bay, about 120 km long.
Features of the Sura River.
A characteristic feature of the Sura River is the extremely weak development of higher water vegetation along the entire length of the river, with the exception of the site located between the Lunino and the Penza. In places there may be only small curtains of the source, a ramp. One of the reasons is a high turbidity of water in the river. Of other reasons - the mobility of the soil due to the constant erosion both at the shores and on the straightener under the influence of high flow rates.
4. Hydrology.
Annual stock 8.16 km3 per year (3 km3 less than 120 years ago). Water content in the middle course (s. Kadeshevo, Karsunsky district, Ulyanovsk region) from 14.3 cubic meters. in sec. In winter aircraft, up to 1050 cubic meters. in sec in spring flood of water. Average water consumption (s. Kadyshevo) 96, 7 cubic meters. in sec.
Surya flow rates are high for flat river. This is explained by a significant bias of the bed (12 cm \\ km (Volga - 7 cm \\ km)). At the top section, the flow rate is on average equal to 0.7 - 0.8 m / s. Between quince and Inz prevailing the flow of 0.7 - 1.0 m \\ s, even a little higher on the cargo. Below Sabeva to large birchings - 0.2 - 0.5 m / s. In the middle and lower flow, the rate from 0.1 to 0.5, on the cargo to 0.7 m / s.
The feature of the soil is their mobility. In the upper course, pure large grainy sands predominate (about 80% of the bottom area). Else soils occur only in the sections of calm water - below the brain, at the bottom of the pool, below the flowing tributaries.
On average, the planting of the soil is enhanced, especially from the coast and at the bottom of the film. According to the neck of the river, in addition to pure sandy soils there are pebble-tight ones. Sometimes clay soils (Persci, Sur region) come across.
In the lower course, the degree of cure is even more intensified. Especially large layer of il in the last 15 km from the mouth and at the very mouth (up to 1 m).
Transparency. Under the conditions of clear weather and the absence of rains in the middle course, transparency is 20-30 cm (disc sequel (white disk, serves to determine the transparency of water) visible at a depth of 20-30 cm), less frequently 50-60 cm. After severe rain rains transparency Reduced to 0-5 cm.
The turbidity is 100-200 g \\ m3, during the spring flood to 1500 g \\ m3, which characterizes the high erosion activity of modern sura.
According to the chemical composition of the water, the surais refers to the hydrocarbonate class (nitrogen; phosphates; fluorides; copper; iron; mineral bonoval. Suiche. Residue; petroleum products; spawning anionactive).
The average date of opening (the beginning of the spring ice drift) at the R.P. Surassky April 9-11, the average duration of the spring ice drift is 4 days. The average freezing date (beginning of the ice station) - November 20. Autumn ice-frequency - the phenomenon is uncharacteristic.
5. Literature.
1. Baranov A.A., Lobin N.V. Society. ed. Geographical location, Ulyanovsk, "Promotion Technology Corporation", 2002;
2. Barashkov V.F. In the footsteps of the geographical names of the Ulyanovsk region. Ulyanovsk, "Simbirskaya Book", 1994;
3. Bodrikova V.N. Ot. ed. Agroclimatic resources of the Ulyanovsk region. Leningrad, Hydrometeorological Publishing House, 1968;
4. Blagoveshchensky V.V. Ot. ed. Specially protected natural territories of the Ulyanovsk region, Ulyanovsk, "House of Press", 1997;
5. Gurkin V.A. New about the basis of Simbirsk. - in Sat. - Man in the culture of Russia. Ulyanovsk, 1997, p. 64-66;
6. Domanitsky A. P., Dubrovina R. G, Isaeva A. I. Rivers and Lakes of the Soviet Union (reference data) / Ed. prof. A. A. Sokolova. - Leningrad: Hydrometeoisdat, 1971. - P. 38;
7. Dushin A.I., Buzakova A.M., Kamenev A.G. Fauna River Sura. Saransk, Mordovian Book Publishing House, 1983;
8. Kalyanov K.S., Vesnina G.Z. Geography of the Ulyanovsk region. Publishing House of Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, 1997;
9. Kleyolykin A.V. Native Season, Volga Book Publishing House, Ulyanovsk Office, 1974;
10. Kuzminsky N.A. The edge is our native. Volga Book Publishing House, Ulyanovsk Office, 1975;
11. Lobin N.V. Ot. ed. Dictionary of geographic names of the Ulyanovsk region. Ulyanovsk, "Promotion Technology Corporation", 2004;
12. Materials of the regional scientific and practical conference of employees of education "local history in the general secondary education system". Ulyanovsk, 1997.
13. Superansky M .. Simbirsk and his past, Ulyanovsk, "Lab Culturologists", 1993;
14. Preobrazhensky R.A. Handwritten book about the village of Promzino, Promzino, 1913;
15. Sirotin K.F. Essays from the history of shifting. R.P. Surie, 1976;
16. Tokmakov and .. Description of the village of Promzino-Gorodishche, Moscow, Typography Wilde, 1895;
One of the most sacred rivers of Russia, the Russian people was considered the Sura River. And this river has no one address. One sura - the influx of the sacred Dnieper, the other - the influx of the sacred Volga Mother. Many and other notable places associated with the name of Sura.
Researcher of Souroogian Rus, Ruscolani S. Lialashevsky in the work "Rus Preistoric" (with a support for the studies of famous American professors of Russian origin, S.Ya.paremova and N.F. Spripnika) notes that "SUR" means "Sun". He also find that Sura is a sacrifice drink.
The chronicler Nestor, touching the times of pagan, it tells that the Russes were going for prayer from Rodnikov instead of temples: "Drink Sura in the glory of our gods."
Late aliens on the Volga Sura - Mordovian settlers. Penza researcher M.S. Polyuboyarov recorded the Mordovian legend, born no earlier than the XVIII century:
"In the old days, Erizan lived here, but in another place. They knew that near the Volga land rich and free. And decided to move to the Volga. They came, and there everything is already occupied by other peoples. Old people began to keep advice: back to return or somewhere to try happiness? Outside the shore of a river. No one knew her name. One old man says: "Let's go along this river. She, like a thumb, direction indicates. " I obeyed this advice. From the Volga rose up and found free lands ... here and settled. And the river was called Sur. In Erzyanski "Sur" means "finger".
How did this Mordva come to the river, a major tributary of the Volga, where "everything is already occupied by other nations" and "no one knew her names"? That is unlikely. Mordva is a very smart way. What a real suver knew confirms the presence of a drink "Sura" in the Mordovian cuisine. Sura she is Sura, and not some finger. Sanskrit is also known the word "komasura"; Apparently, Kvass and Sura drinks are related.
"Surya" - on Sanskrit (the oldest written language of the Brahman religion; Indo-European family of languages) means the sun. On Sanskrit "Surabahi" - a goddess in the image of a wonderful cow, capable of giving gold instead of milk, precious stones and other values. On Sanskrit, "Sura-Devi" there is a intoxicating drink, which personifies the goddess of Surabahi. Hence the Russian word "Sura", used by swabs in magical rites, and the people of the same occasion and as a being. Toponyms "Sura" are associated with the sacraments of the Magi, their path to shy into the loosening agents for the execution of rites of worshiping the gods.
There is a sura river in the Northern Dvina basin. The Surov River flows in the Mogilev region of Belarus. Large drain and small drain - in Bashkiria.
Another sura (perhaps the first in the Russian plain) flows into the Dnieper, at the Dnieper thresholds, in a place where everything is saturated with the Russian spirit and beliefs of ancient Russia. The current name of the river Mokra Sura. There is here and the island of Surisky, and the Surie threshold. The wet sury has two tributaries - a crimplex sura and dry sura, which emphasizes the stability of this hydronime in the area. In addition to the right bank of Ukraine there are rivers: SURSH, Sura Podlovaya, two SURGIs and Groundhog.
The places of worship of the Old Russian gods in Ukraine and Belarus are many. The names of the ancient temple inherited the vintage cities. In the former Vitebsk province there is such a city on the Arrow of the Dvina and Casp. There is a surcoor under Grodno on the river Narev. There was a village of Surazichi on the Eputeuge River, since 1781 the city of Surazh. Some toponyms are not one thousand years old. Sera Sura is known in the Arkhangelsk and Penza regions, Surava - in Tambov, Surazh - District Center in Bryansk, Surinsk - in Samara. And spread down to Altai, where Groundur, and the Primorsky Territory, where surasagiyevka. There are Surguts and Surgodi ...
Where Russian people, there and "Sura", "Sumor". Already a long time ago, there is no in the Alps of Slavic Death, where the origins of the Rivers of the Danube, Ron, Rhine, Adiphe, but also there are still a tract, which gave the name of the village of Sura (SURA). Yes, in some gorges of the Alpine Mountains, the third millennium lives several tens of thousands of Slavs - the remains of the glorious reality.
From the labor of the Byzantine writer, the proof "On the buildings", written in 560 (g. "Herald of Ancient History", 1939, № 4), it is known about the fortress of Sura in Thrace.
For ancient Ross Wilders and hunting more expensive gold udes
Immediately, in the Crimea, from ancient times the Russian city of Sourozh is known. In the country with ancient, rich culture rolled hordes ready, Gunnov, Tatar-Mongols; Sourozh Rus destroyed. And the memory remained.
The state formations are prepared in Crimea, Byzantium, later - a shard of the Golden Horde, the Khonhood of the Crimean Tatars, Vassal Turkey.
However, the name of the SUROG has been preserved in everyday life, and in the church Orthodox language ... from a number of sources, including from the "power book", it is known about the Holy Archbishop Stefan Surozhsky. The arrival was called not somehow, but at the old way - Surozhsky.
In the old days of the Greeks and later the Italians founded many cities-colonies on the Black Sea coast. Trade Greeks called the former surge of the inappropriate name of Sugdey. Has the Greeks of the Greek-Italian in the XIV century called the city in their own way, but also consonant with Soldia.
Only here are Russians, including chronicles, the name of the city is still souro. In 852, Novgorod Prince Braclin made a campaign to the Crimea, which captured the chronicler: "And the Knocking of the Slavs from Novgorod, Prince Brovalin and the fighting Greeks and Walking Greek Earth from Kherson to Kerchev to Surge ..."
Once again, we note the stability of old legends, which is sometimes stronger than paper and creme image. For a long time in the Crimea, there is no sutvous city a city A, and Moscow and other merchants, who led trading with the Crimean cities, and in the XIV century, and at the beginning of the XVI century called "Surozhan", "guests-Suuryzan". So wrote in the documents, in the chronicles. Trading people went not from the Genoese Soldia, but with sob face, as in antiquity.
In the Russian chronicles of the XII century and the Azov Sea is called Souroogsky. The Azov it became, apparently, with the construction of the Turks of the Azov Fortress.
Sura, Su Razh, Surah, Sourozhsky Rus is not consonant, and hit in the name of the fans of the Sun, driving the sacred suver.
Now on the site of the Crimean city of Surazh village of urban-type Sudak. And Russian people live there. Similarly, the Sun made another cycle ... However, we see the old truth here: the Russians always come (or come back) there, from where they comes from the threat. Russian, like trout, float against the current. If only to wake them up. And it is very unlikely to repeat and remember.
In 1717, during a raider of the Kuban Highlanders and the Crimean Tatars in the territory, today, enshrined behind Saratov, Penza, Ulyanovsk regions were burned, over a hundred Russians, Mordovsky and Chuvash villages, erased from the face. Thousands and thousands of people died. Tens of thousands are sold in slavery in Crimea, Bukhara, Turkey, Egypt ...
1717 - Time of the Petrovsk Russian Empire, when the Swedish army is already crushed under Poltava, for 1709, he was considered the strongest in Europe, read in the world. But even at this time, the Asian habit of the slave trade did not fade, the predation of the slave traders had an incredible scope. This does not remain without consequences. As a result, in the 19th century, five hundred thousand horses were evicted to Turkey in the XIX century, and from Crimea - near the six hundred thousand Crimean Tatars.
Only now the names of Russia, the souro in the Crimea did not return. This is the lack of pre-revolutionary figures ...
The remnants of the Crimean Tatars Encaudeshniki were evicted during the Second World War. This state officials were not afraid, but to return historical titles even with Khrushchev and his successors were afraid of scary. Do not be afraid of us. Russian people are peaceful if they do not touch them.
As officials neither tried, but completely erased from the people's memory of Sura and did not succeed. And we are not entitled to refuse our history.
The sacred river Sura has an influx, the Sacred River Alatyr. About this in the next chapter.
The origins of the Sura River are surrounding vertices.
Barysh district, Ulyanovsk region.
Latitude: 53 ° 23'1 "N (53.383667).
Longitude: 46 ° 56'18 "E (46.938375).
according to Yandex.Cartam
The Sura River - or, as she is also called, the "younger sister" of Volga - the second largest influx of the most famous water artery of Russia, takes his beginning in the Ulyanovsk region, in the village with the multi-speaking name of the Surie vertices. It is from here that from a small stream (according to the official version) and begins his long, stretched at 841 kilometers, the path to the mouth, the main river of the Surie region - the Penza region. As well as one of the most significant rivers of the republics of Mordovia, Chuvashia and Mari El, Ulyanovsk and Nizhny Novgorod regions.
Therefore, it is from the surfactant vertices, from the sources, on the fifty bridges, located on all over the course of the Sura, and our mini-expedition began, called "". During which, we, four participants in this journey, Vladislav, Anatoly, Daniel and I, not only met with all the facilities, somewhere connecting two shores of Sura, but once again they were convinced that the river, which gave the name to the Surisky region , indeed, an interesting, changing, differentifective, but most importantly, of course, very very beautiful. Especially in the crimson paints of early autumn.
The village of Surie vertices in the Baryshsky district of the Ulyanovsk region - the place of the beginning of Sura, wears the status of the official sources of the river, on the one hand justified, on the other hand - perhaps, no. So, how to determine 100% exactly - from what particular spring, our favorite water artery is emerging, now, it is impossible. Moreover, in the village itself there are at least two rejuvenated water damasters, which, with a certain prophence of reliability, can claim that it is the surfactants (or, more precisely, "Nadistoki"). But, according to archival data, Rodnikov merging together and gave once the beginning of Sura, so, in general, were not in the surfactant peaks, but a little higher village, in the forest. But, the forest cut down, the streams blocked the dam, the rods were dragged and now, the sources of the suras are indicated where they are indicated.
Namely, in the furnace of lowland, which is located behind the extreme house, on the left side of the old store in the center of the village. If you do not know where this place is specifically not to ask for local, then, perhaps, find the beginning of Sura will not work immediately. From the height of the slope, if not to go closer, the spring, marked as the official origins of the river, simply not visible. However, after a relatively recent renovation of the source, the Suru-Rodnik is easier to find in the surfactants.
Now, the place of origins, instead of a dilapidated well, refers to a blue polycarbonate booth with a bright red roof. And once, during the search, something red flashed in the ravine, then the source of Sura strictly in front of you.
As can be seen, according to the accompanying booth, the representatives of the Cadet School on Affairs and EFC No. 70 G. Penza, and, probably, have some deputies about "United Russia", who have decided to remain unknown to the landscaping of the origins of Sura.
Their joint efforts of the Spring beats from the ground, concluded in the concrete ring. And the wooden flooring was built over it and put the team, on the screws, the house-greenhouse. Which not only closes a source of a source from bad weather, but also acts as a noticeable guideline for those who want to find the surfactants.
We have a girlfriend or tool with you, for further improvement of the spring-sura, unfortunately, was not. Therefore, we placed our expeditional sticker in the corner of the information stand.
In honor of the start of the journey from the sources to the mouth. And so to speak, as a talisman "For good luck" to implement all the goals set before this trip.
Then, took photos with our expeditionary flags on the background of the spring, they scored a test tube for analyzes of the first surfactant water, drank the same surfactant water, but already from glasses and went to search for the first bridge over Suru.
Leading on the other side of the ravine, in which, according to the current official data, the main water artery of our surfactant is originated. Running forward, I can say that the first bridge over Suru turned out to be very funny, in terms of engineering thought, building. However, in detail about it and about the title, which we were given this wooden constructions, read the next post on the topic.
In the meantime - the scan scheme of the sources of Sura. Spring (from the bottom, on the left), which, in fact, is indicated, as the surfactants, highlighted in a red point. Above, the Dama-Dam is clearly visible, collecting water from the springs north of the village. Another similar dam is the north-west of the village. And both are that the most interesting, according to Yandex-cards are signed as ... Sura. This is the question of what the origins of the esister consider the true sources.
Video Bonus:
Full catalog of all bridges Sura see
Sura is one of the most picturesque tributaries of the medium Volga. Staining with a surfactant cone - the highest part of the Volga Hills - south, the river then unfolds to the north and prevents his way to the Volga on a hilly forest-steppe.
(Savish Sair, Gornomy Schur) - The right influx of Volga River, length of 828 km, pool area 67.5 thousand km². Takes the beginning on the Volga Hills and flows on it first to the West, then mainly to the north. It takes on the Ulyanovsk, Penza regions, Mari El, Mordovia, Chuvashia, Tatarstan. Length within the Ulyanovsk region is about 150 km. Proceeds through Baryshsky, Inzensky, Karsunsky, Surie regions of the Ulyanovsk region. Within the same area, the river takes 10 tributaries (the largest river Barysh). The characteristic features of the river - the rapid flow, winding bed, sandy braids and steep shores. The width of the river in the flood is more than 1 km, to the integrity - up to 100 m. The depth on the cargo is up to 1 m. In the lower reaches, the ground and shipping, but above the village of Surie court go irregularly. The river is held in the river, Karas, Guster, Lin, and others. The initial source of the river was located on the southeastern outskirts of the village of Surie Verseins (formerly large marks) of the Barysh district, but due to the extermination of forests and the creation of the dam, all the spokes were stolen. Currently, Sura actually begins 1.5-2 km from the former source. Growing high-seat pine forests, springs on the slopes in many places, which feed the Riphews of Sura. Used for industrial water supply. Powered mainly snow. Forewide in April - May. Frozen in November - December, revealed at the end of March - April.
At Sura, the cities of Surc, Penza, Alatyr, Nadrine, the village of New Sloboda, in the mouth - Pier Vasilsursk.
Left tributaries Sura
Alatyr, Imza, Drunk, Uza, Shuksha, Courty.
Right tributary surya
Algasha, Barysh, Abyss, Inza, Kumashka, Keery.
Planning for Sura is usually started in Penza. You can start the alloy and above, from Inerki (st. Suzumum), however, before the surahs are harder to get, and from the Pioneer platform (near Art. Chaadaevka) to the banks of the shore of Sura are quite tightly populated (the railway passes near the river), after the channel For several tens of kilometers, the river is a reservoir from which Penza is supplied with water.
From railway and road stations in Penza to the banks of the river about 1 km. After 2 km - the dam, requiring the elbow (on the right shore). Here is the width of the Sura 30 - 40 m, the sand is sandy, to Grabovo river loops in meadow flood, more far. Then the valley is narrowed; Especially beautiful is the mountainous right shore, which has a predominantly pine forest, which sometimes forms sandy-stony cliffs. This nature of the river retains for about 100 km (this is its most picturesque part, Surie Zhiguli); There are no obstacles, the flow is quite fast. You can finish the journey from Art. Sura of the Railway Syzran - Ruzaevka - Moscow (where the right influx of Sura, r. Inza flows at 300 meters from the station), since it will not be below such a convenient place to transplantation to the railway.
A few tens of kilometers of Sura are very beautiful, but in the area of \u200b\u200bB. Bereznikov Valley of the River expands, the shores are down, the forests are less, and from the village. Surie on the river begins local shipping.
Floating ends on the left bank of Sura, in the old Savish city of Alatyr. Here to the railway station (Rozaevka - Kazan road) about 2 km.
Coordinates: 53 ° 01 "24.6" N 45 ° 22 "59.1" E
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