Military SPK "Beech" (9k37) It was intended to fight under the conditions of radioprotection with aerodynamic objectives flying with speeds up to 830 m / s, on medium and small heights, maneuvering with overloads up to 10-12 units, on the range up to 30 km, and in perspective - and with ballistic missiles "Lans ".
The development was launched by the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the SM of the USSR of January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation of developers and manufacturers, according to the main composition of the corresponding "Cube" SPC. At the same time, the development of the SPC was determined M-22 "Hurricane" For the navy using a united with a complex "beech" zur.
Developers of the complex and its systems
The developer of the SPK "BUK" as a whole was determined by the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (NIIP) of the Scientific and Design Association (NPO) "Phazotron" (General Director of V.K. Grishin) MRP (the former OKB-15 GKAT). The main designer of the complex 9K37 as a whole was appointed A.A.Rastov, the command item (KP) 9c470 - G.Valayev (then - V.I. Sokiran), self-propelled fire facilities (SOU) 9A38 - V.V. Mantyshev, A semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for Zur - I.G.Kopyan.
Starting installations (ROM) 9A39 Created in the engineering design bureau (ICD) "Start" MAP (former SKB-203 GKAT) under the direction of A.I. Yaskin. Unified tracked chassis for combat vehicles of the complex were created in the OKB-40 of Mytishchinsky Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) of the Ministry of Transport Mechanical Engineering by the team headed by N.A. Astrov. Development of rocket 9m38. We instructed the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau (SMKB) "Novator" MAP (formerly OKB-8), led by L.V. Lulev, refusing to attract the KB of the plant No. 134, which previously developed Zur for the Cube complex. Detection and target design station (social) 9C18 ("Dome") Developed in the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments (NIIIP) MRP under the guidance of the main designer A.P. Voshko (then - Yu.P. Schekotova).
The completion of the development of the complex of the complex was envisaged in the II kV. 1975
SPK "BUK-1" (9k37-1)
However, for an early strengthening of air defense of the main shock forces of the land forces - tank divisions - with the buildup of the combat capabilities of the "Cube" bidding in these divisions of these divisions by increasing twice the channels for the purposes (and ensure that the full autonomy of these channels in the process of operation From detection to defeat target). By the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the SM of the USSR of May 22, 1974, it was prescribed to make the creation of a "beech" SPT in two stages. Initially, Zur and Self-Proper Fire Installation of SPE "beech", capable of carrying out the launch of 9m38, and 3m9m3 from the Cube-M3 complex, was proposed at first accelerated pace. At this database using other means of the Cube-M3 complex, it was envisaged to create a "BUK-1" SPR (9k37-1), providing its exit to joint tests in September 1974, retaining previously prescribed volumes and timing of the work on the complex "Bech "In full specified composition.
For the "BUK-1" SPC, it was envisaged in each of the five anti-aircraft missile batteries "Cube-M3" regiment, in addition to one self-propelled setting of exploration and guidance and four self-propelled launchers to have one self-propelled fire installation. 9A38 From the composition of SPK "beech". Thus, due to the use of self-propelled fire installation with a value of about 30% of the costs of all other batteries in the cube-MH anti-aircraft missile shelf, the number of target channels increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combat zur - from 60 to 75.
In the period from August 1975 to October 1976, the SPK "BUK-1" in the composition of the self-propelled installation of exploration and guidance 1C91M3, the self-propelled fire unit 9A38, SURGO-propelled launchers 2p25m3, zur 3m9m2 and 9m38, and maintenance machines (MTO) 9V881 passed state tests at the Embune Polygon (the head of the Polygon B.I.Vashchenko) under the leadership of the Commission, which was headed by P.S. Bimbash.
As a result of the test, the detection range of radar aircraft by the self-propelled fire unit was obtained offline operations from 65 to 77 km at the heights of more than 3000 m, which at low heights (30-100 m) decreased to 32-41 km. Helicopters at low altitudes were found at a distance of 21-35 km. In centralized operation, due to the limited features of the outstanding target designation of self-propelled installation and guidance of 1C91M2, the range of airplane detection was reduced to 44 km for the heights of 3000-7000 m and up to 21-28 km at small heights.
The working time of the self-propelled fire unit offline (from the detection of the target before the start of Zur) was 24-27 seconds. Charge time and discharge Time 3m9m3 or 9m38 amounted to about 9 minutes.
When shooting Zur 9M38, the defeat of airplanes flying at altitudes more than 3 km was provided on the range from 3.4 to 20.5 km, and at a height of 3.1 m - from 5 to 15.4 km. The lesion zone in height was from 30 m to 14 km, in the course parameter - 18 km. The probability of damage to the aircraft of one zur 9m38 was 0.70-0.93.
The complex was adopted in 1978. Due to the fact that the self-propelled fire installation 9A38 and ZUR 9M38 were funds only supplemented by the Funds of the Cube-MH SP, the complex was called "Cube-M4" (2k12m4).
The "Cuba-M4" air defense systems, which appeared in the troops, made it possible to significantly increase the efficiency of the air defense divisions of the Soviet army of the Soviet army.
The worst thing in war is an opponent's aviation blow. And the best place for applying a preventive strike is considered to defeat the army columns on the march. Enemy exploration flows the goal and leads the assault aviation group consisting of various types of aircraft. And from the parts following the front, there are miserable demoralized remnants. The troops at the forefront do not receive proper support, the planned military operations are broken, the front edge of the defense collapses.
The aviation cover of the columns is not always able to ensure the protection of ground troops. The exit from this situation was to enter the composition of the tank and rifle units of the moving anti-aircraft missile complex (SPK), which ensures reliable cover of its columns throughout the march.
History of creation
To fully ensure safe movement on the rocks of military columns and improve the air defense of the main shock parts and units of the Soviet Army, the Government of the USSR decided to create a new mobile zenith complex.
Such a complex was SPK 9k37 "Beech". The main task for the desired complex was the struggle in the conditions of radio-electronic counteraction of the enemy with high-speed (Vmax \u003d 830 m / s) aerodynamic objects capable of maneuver with maximum overloads up to 12G.
"Beech" was created to replace the well-served complex "Cube". All tasks for the design and creation of a new car were assigned to the Tikhomirov instrument making. Works started in early 1972. At the same time, the development of the anti-aircraft complex for the fleet began. He received the designation "Hurricane". Both new complexes had a single anti-aircraft ammunition.
The developers of the SPK were raised by the tight deadlines for the work.
Completed after three years should have been included in the troops. Therefore, all work on the development and adoption of a complete set of weapons was divided into two stages:
- Partial input of self-propelled fire plants with a new controlled anti-aircraft missile (Zur) is part of the current anti-aircraft complexes 2k12.
- Setting the full complex 9k37.
At the first stage, a new managed anti-aircraft rocket 9m38 was created at an accelerated pace and a new self-propelled fire unit 9A38. Such an installation was mounted on the chassis of the caterpillar machine of the Mytishchinsky Machine-Building Plant. It provided the use of both new ZUR and the included 3m9m3 missiles complex.
The composition of the anti-aircraft missile batteries of the Cube complex was administered on one new installation from the complex "beech", which were armed with already new anti-aircraft missiles 9m38. Such an extraordinary move has significantly raised the combat capabilities of existing units:
- Increased twice the number of simultaneously processed target channels.
- The range of defeat of goals from 22 to 24 kilometers has increased.
- Significantly reduced the minimum height of the use of missiles from 100 to 30 meters.
- There was an opportunity to destroy more speed purposes. The speed of the combat part has increased by 100 m / s.
- The number of warning anti-aircraft missiles has increased from 60 to 75.
Such a combined division entered polygon tests already in 1974. Tests were successful. Four years later, the anti-aircraft complex of the combined type 2k12-m4 was adopted. Simultaneously with the modernization of existing units, work was carried out on the creation of a single complex "Beech".
At the end of the summer of 1975, a complete set of 9k37 complex was presented for polygon tests. He included:
- Command Point Machine 9C470.
- Station of detection and guidance on target 9C18.
- Self-propelled fire setting 9A310.
- Punchargeting machine 9A39.
- An anti-aircraft controlled rocket 9m38.
Tests were carried out up to 1979. The Commission of the Military Industrial Complex and the Ministry of Defense was assessed by the qualities of the new complex.
He was adopted under the nomenclature "Beech" -1. According to the NATO designation SA-11 "Gadfly".
Construction device 9K37
The anti-aircraft missile complex "Beech" has a combined method of targeting a target. At the initial stage of the exit to the trajectory of the flight carried out inertial guidance. Correction was carried out by radio signals from a start-up or command item. On the end branch of the trajectory, the rocket homing automatics was connected, such a system is in a geashing mode.
The whole complex was put on the tracked chassis of high passability GM-569. All chassis are equipped:
- Communication means providing an uninterruptible reception channel and data transmission.
- Orientation and navigation devices allowing to be binding to the area in the shortest possible time.
- Individual power units carrying out autonomous existence.
- Systems of life support and crew protection, providing combat work under the conditions of applying the enemy of the nuclear and chemical attack of the enemy.
All this provides greater autonomy and high maneuverable qualities when conducting hostilities at rough terrain.
The item is designed for automated control of the SPC by means of transmitting coded signals over wired or radio communication channels. The Command Point of Complex simultaneously work with six firing installations and one goal detection station. At the same time, he can maintain a steady connection with a higher command clause.
The instructing machine of the command item allows you to solve the following tasks:
- Automatic selection of shooting mode;
- Automatic support of the most dangerous objects up to 15 pieces;
- The ability to process up to 75 radar marks;
- Independent distribution of goals and guidance on them;
- Ensuring uninterrupted work in conditions of strong radioprotection or at the failure of the radar of one of the OU;
- Preservation of information about the combat operation of the complex;
- Monitoring the status of combat installations;
- Conducting comprehensive training with imitation of the air situation.
Designed to detect an object. Definitions of state affiliation of aircraft. Processing and transferring information about the air situation in the area of \u200b\u200bcombat duty on the command of the command item or other command posts of air defense troops. Soc - this is nothing but a three-coordinate radar of a centimeter range.
Its indicator detection range is up to 160 kilometers.
The overview of the space is carried out in two modes:
- Regular. Air survey is carried out in the mode of unshakam defense.
- Sector. The survey is carried out in the mode of anti-missile struggle.
The machine works using a single antenna and two transmitters of impulse and continuous radiation.
One of the transmitters detects and determines the goal, as well as performs its automatic support.
The second transmitter highlights the selected target and controlled missile running with the OU. The target rate definition error is not more than 20 m / s. The maximum range of range is less than 175 meters. An error in determining the angular coordinates may not be more than half of the division of the grid.
Socials "Dome" has protection against various radar interference used by the enemy. The blocking system of the detection and maintenance station, when accompanied by its aircraft, blocks the starting system. Thus, not allowing the shot.
Such a car can act as a division controlled by the command item and independently. It is intended for the following tasks:
- detection and maintenance of the air object;
- capture the purpose and determination of its coordinates;
- definitions of flight task for rocket;
- starting Zur;
- developing and transferring commands to correct the target path to the target;
- transmission of information on the state of airspace, detected and accompanied by objects on KP, as well as about the process of combat work;
- the destruction of aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles of the enemy;
- providing training launches;
In combat operation in the part of the unit, it can be used as a start-up installation with third-party target. Also can take part in the group determination of the location of a particular purpose.
Translation into combat condition was carried out in less than 5 minutes, with a change of OPs not more than 20 seconds. Recharge Four rockets is less than 12 minutes from the ROM, from a transport car for 16 minutes.
Running machine 9A39
The machine is designed for: transportation and storage of missiles (one ammunition on the start-up installation ready for starting, the second ammunition is located on transport supports), charging the fire installation, control of the technical condition of missiles, pre-trading, conducting alternate launches of rockets. To solve these tasks, the machine includes:
- transport and starting device;
- transport supports for transporting missiles;
- calculating machine;
- loading unit.
The rocket is designed to defeat the enemy objects in the duty area of \u200b\u200bthe air defense complex.
The composition of the rocket:
- head;
- transition splint;
- motor installation;
- tail compartment.
The layout of the nodes and units of the rocket is made so as to ensure a clear movement along the trajectory to the target. It has a special guidance system with a sective principle of work.
Muscular installation Single-stage with mixed solid fuel. The main affecting element is a fragant-of-grade combat part weighing 70 kilograms. The undermined is made at a distance of no more than 17 meters from the target. The lesion is carried out by fragments and exposure to an explosive wave. The total mass of the rocket is 685 kilograms.
Modifications of the complex
The opponent's aircraft is constantly improving. New technologies are introduced to counter anti-aircraft rocket armament. Therefore, the modernization of anti-aircraft complexes is underway. The potential laid in the basic complex allows you to carry out work to improve the system.
After the adoption of the basic complex, work on its modernization immediately began. 1982, they ended with successful launches. The complex was admitted and received the name 9k37m1 with a rocket 9m38m1. Compared to the primary variant of the complex, the zone of complete defeat increased significantly.
Complex "Beech" -M1Founding the ability to determine the various types of aircraft: aircraft, helicopters, ballistic missiles. Improved opposition to opponent anti-cancers. For export, this complex was supplied under the name "Gang".
SPK 9K37M1-2 "Beech" -M1-2
The development of this complex was completed by 1997. This complex received a new controlled 9M317 missile. The improvement of almost all means of the complex has been carried out.
The aggregate of the new rocket and modernization of control blocks and guidance allowed to destroy the Ballistic missiles of the Lance type.
Also, it was possible to defeat surface objects to 25 km., Front-line and army control points for troops. The combat radius of defeat of the goals is increased by range up to 45 km and up to 25 km in height. Improved efficiency of destroying air targets of various nature.
SPK 9K317 "Beech" -M2
This system has become the result of the deep upgrade of the base complex. The zone of defeat goals increased significantly. The likelihood of the lesion of the rolling machines and rockets to 80% increased. Because of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the "Beech" complex - M2 did not go to the series. The serious financial situation of the state affected. After 15 years, the project documentation has been finalized under the modern base. In 2008, he entered the existing parts of the Russian army.
SPK 9K317M "Beech" -M3
The complex has been created since 2007, the Russian army entered the armament of the units of the Russian army in 2016. Each installation is already six missiles. They are located in transport and starting containers. All natural elements are subject to him. Objectives can be affected in the air, on Earth and on water. The complex works on the principle - did the start and forgotten. The rocket itself will give the goal. New radar guidance and reference implements all the possibilities of the complex.
According to experts, the likelihood of destroying goals is almost 100%. One million dollar fraction does not count. The combat operation mode of the complex is based on the principle of complete autonomy.
SPK 9K317E "Beech" -M2E
This system is an anti-aircraft missile complex "Beech" -M2. But the chassis of the Minsk Automobile Plant MZKT-69221 was chosen for him for him. This modification comes to export to other countries.
SPK 9K37MB "beech" -mb
The basic complex was created by the Soviet MCC. Therefore, he is the property of all Republics of the CIS. Engineers of the Republic of Belarus conducted an independent modernization of this system. It was introduced to the general public in 2005 in Minsk under the abbreviation 9k37MB "Beech" -mb.
The complex was modernized in the Agat Snop. The updated system received new radio electronic equipment. It has been improved noise immunity. A new set of data exchange with KP has been established. Improved ergonomics of crew jobs.
Tactical and technical characteristics
| Data | 9k37 | 9k37m1 | 9k37m1-2 | 9k317 | 9k317m | 9k317E. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Location zone by range, km | ||||||
| aircraft | 3-25 | 3-32 | 3-45 | 3-50 | 2-70 | 3-40 |
| BR "Lance" | Less than 20. | Up to 20. | 2-70 | Up to 20. | ||
| Anti-Collegiate | Less than 20. | Up to 20. | 2-70 | Up to 20. | ||
| Winged rocket | Up to 25. | Up to 25. | Up to 26. | Up to 26. | 2-70 | Up to 26. |
| Ship | Up to 25. | Up to 25. | 2-70 | Up to 25. | ||
| The lesion zone in height, m | ||||||
| aircraft | 15-25000 | 15-22000 | 15-25000 | 100-25000 | 15-35000 | 100-25000 |
| BR "Lance" | 2000-16000 | 2000-16000 | 15-35000 | 2000-16000 | ||
| Anti-Collegiate | 100-15000 | 100-15000 | 15-35000 | 100-15000 | ||
| The likelihood of defeat of one ur | ||||||
| Plane | 0,8-0,9 | 0,8-0,95 | 0,9-0,95 | 0,9-0,95 | 0,9999 | 0,9-0,95 |
| Helicopter | 0,3-0,6 | 0,3-0,6 | 0,3-0,6 | 0,7-0,8 | 0,7-0,8 | |
| Winged rocket | 0,3-0,5 | 0,4-0,6 | 0,5-0,7 | 0,7-0,8 | 0,7-0,8 | |
| Shelled targets at the same time, pcs | 18 | 18 | 22 | 24 | 36 | 24 |
| Max target speed, m / s | 800 | 800 | 1100 | 1100 | 3000 | 1100 |
All modifications of the complex are fully capable and can withstand any opponent.
Combat Application and Results
SPECA "Beech" was successfully applied during the first Chechen company, when they struck the small aircraft of the rebellious Republic. In the Abkhaz-Georgian conflict, the air defense officer of the ABKhazia air defense system was shot down. In South Ossetia, Russian Air Force lost four aircraft. They were destroyed by fire "Buka". Even the destruction of the Boeing-777 aircraft in the airspace of Ukraine is attributed to this complex.
The air defense system is one of the main components of the capacity not only to army divisions, but also civil objects.
SUP complexes of Soviet and Russian time are used in modern reality.
In places of concentration and on the march, armored vehicles under the cover of these complexes may feel confident. Neither the rocket, no bomb should fall on the location. Especially this is not a bad contribution to the state budget, since the complex is in demand in the weapon market.
Video
Anti-aircraft missile complex of medium-range "Beech-M2" (Russia)
"Beech-M2" - Multifunctional high-free anti-aircraft missile complex (SPC) of medium range.
"Beech-M2"rednidal To defeat tactical and strategic aviation aircraft, winged rockets, helicopters (including hanging) and other aerodynamic aircraft in the entire range of their practical use in the conditions of intensive electronic and fire counteraction of the enemy, as well as to combat tactical ballistic, aviation missiles and other elements of high-precision weapons in flight, the lesions of the surface and shelling of terrestrial radiocontrase purposes.
SPK "BUK-M2" can be used for air defense of troops (military facilities), in various forms of hostilities, administrative and industrial facilities and territories of the country.
Composition of the complex 9K317 "Beech-M2"
Combat
- anti-aircraft controlled rockets 9m317
- Self-propelled fire installations (SOU) 9A317 and 9A318 (tow)
- Punctioning installations (ROM) 9A316 and 9A320
- Management tools
- Command Paragraph 9C510
- Radar station detection of targets 9c18m1-3
- Radar Station Lighting and Guidance Rockets (RPN) 9c36
In the complex 9k317, the use of fire sections of two types is provided:
Up to 4 sections as part of 1 SO and 1 ROM, providing simultaneous shelling up to 4 targets (relief height up to 2M)
- up to 2 sections as part of 1 RPN 9C36 and 2 ROMs providing simultaneous shelling up to 4 goals (elevation elevation up to 20m)
Charms readiness time: 1st section - 5 min; 2nd section - 10-15 min.
For changing positions With the equipment included only 20 seconds.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the "beam-m2" SPC:
Loop Zone:
f-15 type aircraft
By range: 3-50 km
- Height: 0.01-25 km
TBR type LANCE
By range: 15-20 km
- Height: 2-16 km
Kr type ALCM
By range at an altitude of 30m: 20 km
- by range at an altitude of 6000m: 26 km
PRI type HARM
By range: up to 20 km
- Height: 0.1-15 km
nourishing purposes: 3-25 km
radio-contrast terrestrial purposes:10-15 km
The likelihood of the defeat of one rocket:
Not a maneuvering aircraft type F-15: 0.9-0.95
- TBR type LANCE: 0.6-0.7
- KR type ALCM: 0.7-0.8
- PRR type HARM: 0.5-0.7
- helicopter: 0.7-0.8
The number of simultaneously shelled goals: up to 24.
Maximum speed of affected purposes:
Approaching: 1100 m / s
- Removable: 300-400 m / s
Shooting paced: 4 seconds
Reaction time: 10 seconds
Deployment / coagulation time: 5 minutes.
Common resource of combat: 20 years
Anti-aircraft controlled rocket 9m317 It has an extended lesion zone up to 45-50km in terms of range and up to 25 km - in height and parameter, as well as a large nomenclature of affected purposes. It provides for the use of an inertial-corrected management system with a new semi-active Doppler radar GSN 9E420.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the 9M317 rocket
| Combat part | sodle |
| Weight | 70 kg |
| Radius of target damage zone | 17 M. |
| Flight speed | up to 1230 m / s |
| Overload | Up to 24 g. |
| Mass rocket | 715 kg |
| Wingspan | 860 mm |
| Engine | Double-mode RDTT |
The rocket has a high level of reliability, fully assembled and equipped rocket does not require checks and settings during the entire period of operation - 10 years.
Self-propelled fire installation (SOU) 9A317
Made on the tracked chassis GM-569. In the process of combat work, the SEO detects, identifying, auto driving and objectivity recognition, the development of the flight task, the solution of the starting problem, the launch of the rocket, the target refill and the transmission of the radioocorrection commands on the rocket, the evaluation of the shooting results. SO can lead the shelling of the goals as in the composition of the anti-aircraft missile complex in order to target the command item and autonomously in a predetermined sector of responsibility.
Radar Station Sou 9A317Unlike previous options for the complex, it is made on the basis of a phased antenna lattice with electronic beam scanning.
Object detection area:
azimuth - ± 45 °
at the corner of the place - 70 °
by range - 20km (EPR \u003d 1-2 m 2, height - 3 km), 18-20 km (EPR \u003d 1-2 m 2, height - 10-15 m)
Number of purposes detectable: 10.
The number of shelled goals: 4.
Sou 9A317 Equipped with an optical-electronic system based on submatractive thermal imaging and CCD matrix television channels, which ensures the possibility of all-time work and significantly increases the noise immunity and the survivability of the SPC.
Punchargeting installation 9A316
Made on the tracked chassis of GM-577, towed 9A320 - on a wheel semi-trailer with a craving. | Number of rockets on launchers | 4 things |
| Number of rockets on transport supports | 4 things |
| Self-operation time | 15 minutes |
| Charge time | 13 min |
| Crane load capacity | 1000 kg |
| Weight | 38/35 tons. |
| Gabarits. | 8x3,3x3,8 M. |
| Crew | 4 people |
Command Paragraph 9C510.
This is a high-purpose, multipurpose complex that ensures the successful conduct of combat work both in a hearty atmosphere and in conditions of intensive radioperism. In addition to the aerodynamic purposes of all types, it may affect an extensive range of rockets: tactical ballistic and anti-cancer, special aviation and winged rockets. This SPC can be shifted by surface ships (for example, the Classes "Esminets" and "Rocket Boat"), as well as terrestrial radio contact purposes. SPC can be used for the air defense of the troops (military facilities) in various forms of hostilities, administrative and industrial facilities and the country's territory.
Head Developer VNK "Buk-M2E" - OJSC Research Institute named after V.V. Tikhomirova ", the head manufacturer -" Ulyanovsky Mechanical Plant ". Both enterprises are part of the Almaz - Antey Air Defense Concern.
SPK "Buk-M2E" is functionally consisting of combat and technical means. The first includes: a command post (KP) 9C510E, the detection station of targets (social) 9c18m1-3E; Up to six firing groups of two types (self-propelled fire plants (SO) 9A317E with a single commissioning unit (ROM) 9A316E and a downlight radar (RPN) 9C36E with two start-charging settings 9A316E).
Communication combat operations are carried out by command clause (CP) receiving information about the air situation from the target detection station (social) or a higher command item (WCP), and the target designation and management teams for fire groups (up to six groups). Each fire group has four target channels and eight shooting channels. The shelling of accompanied goals are made both single and volleune launches of anti-aircraft controlled missiles (Zur).
The highly efficient zur 9m317 with a solid fuel rocket engine and flexible adaptable to different types of combat equipment, allows you to confidently hit the targets in the entire range of the complex of the complex of the complex's damage: by range - 3.0-45 km, in height - 0-25 km. The use of modern computing systems in combat means of modern computing systems, phased antenna arrays, the effective hardware and software implementation of complex special combat operation modes allow the complex at the same time to accompany and with a minimum time interval to affect up to 24 goals. Complex reaction time - 10-12 seconds. The probability of damage to the aerodynamic objectives of one rocket is 0.9-0.95. The maximum speed of affected tactical ballistic missiles is 1200 m / s. The detection zone and the likelihood of damage to small-sized and low-tech targets increase by 1.5 times due to the use of the reference and guidance radar complex (RPN 9C36E), in which the antenna post rises to the height of 21 meters.
Placing combat vehicles on high-speed self-propelled tracked or wheel chassis, the minimum deployment time and coagulation of the SPC (no more than 5 minutes without RPN), the ability to change the positions of the main combat with the equipment included for 20 s cause high mobility of the complex.
The presence of interference channels to function by combat facilities of the complex in intensive active interference with a capacity of up to 1000 BT / MHz, an effective optical electronic system (OES), implemented on the basis of two matrix channels (thermal imaging and television) and allowing everyone to work the main combat facility of the complex - Sou 9A317E in OES (practically without microwave radiation), ensure high noise immunity and the survivability of the complex.
In 2009-2010 SPC "Buk-M2E" was a real check in the conditions of the most close to combat, with the conduct of multilateral, volumetric flight and firing tests on landfills of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the foreign customer in the most complex meteorological conditions (ambient temperature - up to + 54 ° C, a big dustiness air, wind up to 27 m / s) with imitation of the effects of active noise interference. These tests confirmed the high tactical and technical characteristics of the complex and its high reliability.
In combat facilities, including Zur 9m317, there are significant modernization opportunities in order to improve their tactical and technical characteristics, including in connection with the additional requirements of customers.
SPK "BUK-M2E" is noticeably superior in its tactical and technical characteristics of existing foreign analogues: KS-1A Sprink (China), Hawk (USA), NASMS (Norway), Spayder (Israel), Samp-T (Eurosam), Akash ( India). The complex is in high demand in the international weapon market and in the segment of the military SPC of medium-range and, undoubtedly, is one of the best in the world.
Modernized anti-aircraft set. 23 mm quarreled anti-aircraft setting (ZSS) "Shilka" - low-range air defense agent. It is intended for anti-heart defense of combat orders of troops, columns on march, stationary objects and railway echelons from the air enemy attack at altitudes up to 1500 m and ranges up to 2500 m. ZSS can be used to defeat movable ground and surface targets to 2000 m, and goals discharged on parachutes.
Successfully passing the combat check in various regions of the world, ZSU "Shilka" and today's criteria has high firing power and tactical mobility, while has an established and branched structure of repair and training personnel. But the time, of course, required the need to modernize the ZSU "Shilka".
Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant held work on the modernization of the ZSS "Shilka". The updated zras has the best tactical and technical characteristics compared with earlier modifications. It introduced a more advanced fire management system: entered the instrument and data transfer equipment to exchange information SSS with a higher command item; Changed the method of processing secondary information - with analog on digital; Radar station replaced by the new radar of the same frequency range; All equipment (with the exception of the transmitter) is translated into a solid-state element base; The system of noiselessness and range finders are translated into a digital method of processing information; Instead of an analog countdown, the coordinate tools and the coordinate converters, a digital computing system made on a modern serial-produced digital computing machine is applied with a large capacity memory.
The built-in simulator mode provides the possibility of effective training of radar operators without the use of aviation. Introduction to the SSU of a set of equipment that ensures the shooting of anti-aircraft missiles of type "needle" made it possible to increase the range of defeat targets up to 5 km.
Anti-aircraft self-propelled installation "Tunguska-M1". Zras "Tunguska" was developed in the 70s of the 20th century. It is designed to detect, identify the state affiliation and the destruction of aircraft, helicopters (including those hanging and suddenly emerging) and other low-fat goals when working in motion, from the place and with short stops. ZSU ensures the destruction of ground and surface targets and goals discharged on parachutes.
The many years of experience of operating ZSS has shown that it has insufficient noise immunity in shooting rocket weapons on targets equipped with optical interference. In addition, it is not equipped with an automated reception equipment and the implementation of target designation from the higher command item, which reduces the effectiveness of the combat use of the SSA battery during the massive opponent's tax.
That is why a number of technical solutions have been implemented in ZSA Tunguska-M1, which allowed us to expand its capabilities. A new rocket with a pulsed optical respondent was applied and the rocket control equipment was upgraded, which made it possible to significantly increase the obstacle from optical interference and increase the likelihood of damage to the goals acting under the cover of these interference. Equipment of the rocket with a radar non-touching fuse has significantly increased efficiency in combating small-sized targets. Increasing the time of operation of the rocket elements increased the range of damage to the objectives of a rocket from 8,000 to 10,000 m.
The automated reception equipment and processing of external target designation is introduced into the ZSSU, which is associated with the battery command. This allowed from the command item to automatically distribute the goals between the Battery SSA (the battery is included with 6 ZSS), which significantly increases the efficiency of combat use in a massive goal. SSA on the command post is transferred information on target actions.
The system "unloading" of the gunner is also introduced. With it, it is automatic, high-speed, two-coordinate support of the target with an optical sight. This greatly simplified the process of semi-automatic support of the target target with a simultaneous increase in accuracy of accompaniment and reducing the dependence of the efficiency of combat use of rocket arms from the level of professional preparedness of the gunner.
In the SSU, television and thermal imaging channels with an accompaniment automaton were introduced, which ensures the passive mode of maintenance of the target and the highness of the application of rocket weapons. In the upgraded digital computing system, a new calculator has been applied, which has greater speed and large amount of memory, which increased the frequency of solving problems, reduced the calculation errors. At the same time, the functionality of the CCC was expanded when solving combat and control objectives.
The development of the "BUK" complex was launched by the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the SM of the USSR of January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation of developers and manufacturers, according to the main composition of the corresponding "Cube" seek the CDC. At the same time, the development of the M-22 "Hurricane" for the Navy using a united with a complex "beech" zur was determined.
The military SPC "BUK" was intended to fight in conditions of radioprotection with aerodynamic objectives flying with speeds up to 830 m / s, on medium and low heights maneuvering with overloads up to 10-12 units, on the range up to 30 km, and in perspective - and With Ballistic missiles "Lans".
Developers of the complex and its systems
The developer of the "beech" SPC as a whole was defined by the research institute of instrument making (General Director of V.K. Grishin). The main designer of the complex 9K37 as a whole was appointed A.A.Rastov, the command item (KP) 9c470 - G.Valayev (then - V.I. Sokiran), self-propelled fire facilities (SOU) 9A38 - V.V. Mantyshev, A semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for Zur - I.G.Kopyan.
Starting installations (ROM) 9A39 were created in the engineering construction bureau (ICD) "Start" under the direction of A.I. Yaskin. Unified tracked chassis for combat vehicles of the complex were created in the OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant by the team, headed by N.A. Astrov. The development of 9M38 missiles was commissioned by the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau "Novator" headed by L.V. Lulev. The detection and targeting station (social) 9c18 ("Dome") was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Devices under the guidance of the main designer A.P. Voshko (then - Yu.P. Schekotova).
In the West, the complex received the designation SA-11 "Gadfly".
Structure
The composition of the VNK "Beech" includes the following battle:
- Zur 9m38;
- Command Paragraph 9C470;
- Station of detection and target designation 9C18 "Dome";
- Self-propelled fire installation 9A310;
- Starting installation 9A39.
Zur 9m38
The anti-aircraft missile 9m38 is made using a two-mode solid fuel engine (total working time - about 15 seconds), according to a normal aerodynamic scheme with "X" -Motion of the wings of small elongation.
In the front of the rocket, a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a combat part are sequentially placed. To reduce the scatter of the flight time of flight, the Cegration Camera RDTT is located closer to the middle of the rocket and the nozzle block includes an elongated gas duct, around which the elements of the steering drive are located. The rocket does not have parts separated in flight. For a rocket, a new GES was developed with a combined control system. The complex was implemented by the navigation of Zur according to the proportional navigation method. The combat part is a fragant-fugasy type.
Command Paragraph 9C470.
Located on the chassis GM-579 command paragraph 9C470 provided:
- reception, display and processing information about the objectives received from the 9C18 detection and target designation station and six self-propelled fire facilities, as well as with higher KP;
- the choice of dangerous purposes and the distribution of them between self-propelled fire installations in manual and automatic modes, the task of their responsibility sectors, the display of information on the presence of zur on them and on commissioning installations, on the literal transmitters of the reference of self-propelled fire plants, about their work on the purposes, modes of operation of the detection and target designation station;
- organization of the work of the complex under conditions of interference and applied by an opponent of anti-radication missiles;
- documenting the work and training of the CP calculation.
The command post processed reports of 46 targets at heights up to 20 km in the zone of a radius of 100 km per cycle of the detection station of detection and target designation and issued for self-propelled fires up to 6 target designations with an accuracy of 1 ° in azimuth and at the corner of the place, 400-700 m - range.
The mass of KP with a combat calculation of 6 people did not exceed 28 tons.
Station of detection and target designation 9c18 ("Dome")
The three-coordinate coherent and impulse station of detection and target designation 9C18 ("dome") of a centimeter range with an electronic beam scanning in the sector at an angle of place (30 ° or 40 ° is installed) and mechanical (circular or in the specified sector) by rotation of an azimuth antenna (using an electric drive or hydraulic) was designed to detect and identify air targets on the range up to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight height of 30 m) and transmission of information about the air atmosphere on KP 9c470.
The pace of view of the space, depending on the installed sector at the corner of the location and the presence of interference, ranged from 4.5 to 18 seconds with a circular review and from 2.5 to 4.5 s when viewed in the 30 ° sector. Radar information was transmitted via a telephone line at KP 9C470 in the amount of 75 marks for the review period (4.5 s). The range of mean-square errors (approximations) of the target coordinates were: not more than 20 "- in azimuth and at the corner of the place, not more than 130m - by range, resolving the distance by the range is not worse than 300m, in azimuth and at the corner of the place - 4 °.
To protect against targeted interference, the carrier frequency from the pulse to the pulse was used, from the response - the same and blanking range of the range through the auto counterpart channel, from incommary pulsed - change of the linear-frequency modulation slope and the blanking areas of the range. With noise barrier interference and the external cover of the specified levels, the detection and target design station ensured the detection of the fighter aircraft for a distance of at least 50 km. The station provided wiring targets with a probability of not lower than 0.5 against the background of local objects and in passive interference using the selection scheme of moving targets with the wind speed of wind speed. The station was protected from anticulate rockets by implementing a carrier frequency reduction for 1.3 s, transition to circular polarization of sounding signals or in intermittent radiation mode (flicker).
The station included an antenna post consisting of a reflector of a truncated parabolic profile, an irradiator in the form of a full-water line, providing an electronic beam scanning in the angular plane, a rotary device, an antenna addition device; transmitting device (with an average power up to 3.5 kW); Receiver (with noise coefficient no more than 8) and other systems.
The time of transfer of the station from a hiking position to combat was not more than 5 minutes, and from the duty regime to the working - no more than 20 s. The mass of the station with a calculation of 3 people is not more than 28.5 tons.
Self-propelled fire installation 9A310
Translation time from a hiking position in combat was not more than 5 minutes. The transfer time of the installation of the duty regime into a worker, in particular, after changing the position with the equipment included, was no more than 20 s. The charging of the self-propelled fire unit 9A310 Four Zur with a commissioning unit was carried out in 12 minutes, and from the transport machine - in 16 minutes.
The mass of the self-propelled fire installation with a combat calculation of 4 people did not exceed 32.4. The length of the self-propelled fire installation was 9.3 m, width -3.25 m (9.03 m in the working position), height - 3.8 m (7.72 m).
9A39 start-charging setup
Putting on the GM-577 chassis 9A39 was intended for transportation and storage of eight zur (4 on the starting device and on fixed lifes), start 4 zur, self-loading of its starting device Four zur from lifesters, self-equipping eight zur from the transport machine ( For 26 min), with soil lifes and from transport containers, charge and discharge of self-propelled fire installation Four Zur. In addition to the starting device with a power tracking, the crane and lodges included a digital computing machine, the instrument of navigation, top acceptance and orientation, telecommunications, power supply and power supply units. Mass of the installation with a combat calculation of 3 people - no more than 35.5 tons.
The length of the commissioning installation was 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.
Tactical and technical characteristics
| Loosity zone, km: - by range - in height - by parameter |
3,5..25-30 0,025..18-20 before 18 |
| The likelihood of defeat the purpose of one zur - type of fighter - type helicopter - type winged rocket |
0,8..0,9 0,3..0,6 0,25..0,5 |
| Maximum speed of affected targets M / s | 800 |
| Reaction time, with: | 22 |
| Flight speed Zur, m / s | 850 |
| Mass rocket, kg | 685 |
| Mass combat part, kg | 70 |
| Rocket length, m | 5.55 |
| Case diameter, m | 0.4 |
| Starting weight, kg | 685 |
| Weight of bch, kg; | 70 |
| Salted channel | 2 |
| Channel in zour | 3 |
| Deployment time (coagulation), min | 5 |
| Number of zur on a combat | 4 |
Testing and operation
Joint tests of the "BUK" complex in the full predetermined composition of funds were conducted from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Embune Polygon (Head of Polygon V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of the Commission headed by Yu.N.Pertov.
The team point of the complex was filmed with the KP anti-aircraft missile 6Pigid "beech" (ACS "Polyana-D4) and from the station detection and target information about the air situation, processed it and issued for self-propelled fire facilities, which were searching and captured on the auto repair of the goals. At the entrance The goal in the defeat zone was launched Zur. Guidance of rockets was made by the method of proportional navigation, which ensures high accuracy of targeting the target. When adjusting to the goal of the GSN, the team issued to the radio drive to the closest echoing. When rapprochement, a combat part was undermined for a distance at a distance of 17 m. When disgraceing the zur zur, Survivited. If there is no defeat of the goal, the second zur has been launched.
Compared to the preceding complexes of a similar purpose (Cuba-M3 and Cube-M4) complex, the Buk complex had higher combat and operational characteristics and provided:
- simultaneous shelling by a division of up to six purposes, and if necessary, performing up to six independent combat missions in the autonomous use of self-propelled fire facilities;
- great reliability of the detection of goals due to the organization of a joint view of the space of the station detection and target designation and six self-propelled fire installations;
- increased noiselessness due to the use of the on-board calculator of the GSN and the special type of reference signal;
- great efficiency of targeting the target due to the increased power of the combat part of Zur.
According to the results of shooting tests and modeling, it was determined that the "beech" SPC provides shelling of non-lawing goals flying at a speed of up to 800 m / s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, on the range from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speed up to 300 m / s) in the course parameter up to 18 km with a probability of lesion of one zur, equal to 0.7-0.8. When shooting on targets maneuvering with overloads up to 8 units. The probability of lesion decreased to 0.6.
Organizational SPK "BUK" was reduced to the anti-aircraft missile brigades, which included: KP (the military department of the brigade from the ACU "Polyana-D4"), four anti-aircraft missile divisions with their KP 9C470, a station of detection and targeting 9C18, communication platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries with two self-propelled fire settings 9A310 and one commissioning unit 9A39 each, as well as technical support and maintenance units.
Management of the anti-aircraft missile brigade "Beech" was to be carried out with the CAP air defense of the army.
The Buk complex was adopted by the military air defense forces in 1980.
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